9 Thiet-Bi-Say-Bang-Tai

Nhm 2-HTP3 Thit b sy bng ti
TRNG .
KHOA
---------
TIU LUN
ti:
Thit b sy bng ti

NI DUNG TIU LUN.........................................................................................3
TN! L"# !$# #%& 'U( T)*N! +,-..............................................................3
Trang 1/./
0T LI1U 23......................................................................................................... 3
4h5n 678i 9:t 6i;< =>................................................................................................. 3
? @i< Ai;n bBnh thCDng 4
EEE
F4G t F /H3
7
E thB I
EEE
FJK/L AgM>
3
..............................L
? @5y: #
AAA
: nhi;t N<ng OiPng QRS AhTng AhU AhTK V nhi;t @W t...................................L
...................................................JX
S ng!y"n #$ h%&t 'ng ()a thit b sy*.............................................................J3
Ehi @Y: ..................................J3
+i,! - . / ()a 0h1ng 0h2 3m
................................................................................................................................. JZ
S m4y sy 1 (5 67 bi,! 8i9n ()a :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/........................J[
S m4y sy nhi<! (5 67 bi,! 8i9n ()a :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/.................J[
S m4y sy t!=n h%7n 67 bi,! 8i9n :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/........................J.
NG L"# !$# #%& 'U( T)*N! +,-..........................................................JH
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3
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>4( y! t? nh h@Ang n thBi gian syC................................................................JL
3at AhbQK N' F S.`.]t
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s
_.NT................................................................................./X
4!cdNG 4!(4 0e T!IfT ^g +,-....................................................................//
S hD th?ng sy ?i #@!....................................................................................../3
S my sy bng ti m't (hEng m't t=ng.........................................................../.
F4y sy bng ti #%&i m't (hEng*............................................................................/.
F1 h;nh m4y sy bng ti 8&ng m't (hEng . ba t=ng*............................................/h
S m4y sy bng ti m't (hEng . hai t=ng........................................................./L
F4y sy bng ti #%&i ba (hEng*............................................................................../L
S m4y sy bng ti ba (hEng............................................................................3X
G@Hi bng ti ( bn tIa ti5 hJ5*..........................................................................3X
F1 t sI :!an trKng ()a m4y ti5 #iD!*...................................................................33
Trang 2/./
F4y ti5 #iD! r!ng................................................................................................... 33
F't #%&i (hi bng ti*............................................................................................3Z
Q = h.A.T............................................................................................................. 3[
iT: QhPnh 6;Qh nhi;t @W gijS Nkng AhU 9 sn lh=>................................................3[
Q = h
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+" ÎfN mI #!,T LcnNG T!"# 4!23 T)oNG 'U( T)*N! +,- 0e
^po 'UpN............................................................................................................ ZJ
Bng 3..................................................................................................................... Z.
Bng 4..................................................................................................................... ZH
F4y sy bng ti 6Hi 0h1ng 0h2 nng tr%ng thL5 0h1ng rM.......................................[J
F4y sy bng ti thI( 5h3m.................................................................................... [/
F4y sy bng ti..................................................................................................... [/
F1 h;nh m4y sy bng ti........................................................................................ [3
S ()a m't m4y sy bng ti..............................................................................[3
G%&i th@Bng 8Nng.................................................................................................... [Z
NI DUNG TIU LUN
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Trang 3/./
# KH$I NI%&
+y 6 q OS Ahri 9:t 6i;< bsng nhi;t. Nhi;t @CtQ Q<ng Ql Qh7
9:t 6i;< bsng Nun nhi;tK @vi 6C<K bwQ x8 h7aQ nng 6Ctng @i;n tOCDng QY tyn sv QS7.
3zQ @UQh QRS q gi> Ahvi 6Ctng QRS 9:t 6i;<K tng @W bn 9 b7
q<n @CtQ tvt.
TO7ng q V b >at 9 bPn tO7ng 9:t 6i;< 9 s~ QhPnh 6;Qh
bl s<t h|i OiPng lhyn QRS nC{Q t8i b >at 9:t 6i;< 9 >Ti tOCDng Qh<ng q<Snh. +y
6 >Wt q QRS 9:t 6i;< thSy @i th7 AhTng giSn 9 thDi
giSn.
'at: tnh 6~Q hQ 9 @Wng 6~Q hQ:
- TO7ng tnh 6~Q hQK s xbQ @nh @CtQ >vi q<Sn h; gijS QbQ thTng sv @y< 9
Q<vi QRS 9:t 6i;< sy 9 QbQ tbQ nh5n sy N~S tOPn lhC|ng tOBnh Q5n bsng 9:t Qht
nng 6CtngK t @Y xbQ @nh @CtQ thnh lhyn 9:t 6i;<K 6Ctng tbQ nh5n sy 9 6Ctng
nhi;t Qyn thit.
- TO7ng @Wng 6~Q hQK s Ah7 sbt >vi 6iPn h; gijS s~ bin thiPn QRS @W =>
9:t 6i;< 9{i thDi giSn 9 QbQ thTng sv QRS q<b tOBnh. 0U Nz nhC tUnh Qht 9 Q< tOQ
QRS 9:t 6i;<K AUQh thC{Q 9:t 6i;<K QbQ @i< Ai;n thRy @Wng 6~Q hQ QRS tbQ nh5n sy
T @Y xbQ @nh @CtQ Qh @W syK tvQ @W sy 9 thDi giSn sy thUQh htl.
T'NH L() H*) )+A QU$ TR,NH -./
VT LI%U 0&
1h2n 3456 789 36:; <=
Th7 q<Sn @i> h7b 6K 9:t => 6 >Wt h; 6iPn At lh5n tbn gijS lhS lh5n tbn
9 >Ti tOCDng lh5n tbn. 4hS lh5n tbn 6 >Wt Qht QY Q< tOQ >8ng hSy Ah<ng
AhTng giSn t Qht On lh5n @< tO7ng >Ti tOCDng lh5n tbn ]6 >Wt Qht AhbQ_.
D~S th7 tUnh Qht 6 hQK ngCDi tS QY th QhiS 9:t => OS thnh bS 678i:
Trang O/./
- 0:t 6i;< A7 @aQ tOCng: 6 9:t QY tUnh N7 N7 QY Q< tOQ h8t. NC{Q h7aQ =>
V N8ng 6iPn At hl thz 9 th=> th<. #bQ 9:t A7 QY @aQ @i> Qh<ng 6 Ahi sy b
Q7 ngYt Ahb nhi<K nhCng 9un gij @CtQ tUnh N7. 0U Nz: g6StinK QbQ sn lh=> t bWt
nh7K tinh bWt...
- 0:t 6i;< >S7 Nun xvl: nC{Q h7aQ => V N8ng 6iPn At Q| hQ N7 bl 6~Q >S7
q<n hSy Qkn gi 6 6~Q >S7 Nun. 0:t 6i;< ny thCDng Nkn hy< nhC AhTng Q7 68i 9
N Nng 6> nhr ]9 9zn_ sS< Ahi 6> AhT. 0U Nz: @CDng tinh thK ><vi nK 9.9...
- 0:t 6i;< A7 xvl >S7 Nun: bS7 g> tUnh Qht QRS hSi nhY> tOPn. 0 Q<
tOQ QbQ 9:t ny th<WQ xvl >S7 NunK nhCng 9 bn Qht 6 QbQ 9:t A7K QY nghS 6
thnh >S7 Nun QRS Qhng QY tUnh N7K Ahi ht => QbQ >S7 Nun QRS Qhng tOC|ng
6PnK Ahi sy AhT thB Q7 68i. L78i 9:t 6i;< ny Qhi> lhyn 6{n QbQ 9:t 6i;< sy. 0U Nz:
ng QvQK QbQ h8t h @:<K bbnh >BK OS<K q<K 9.9...
#.>.>. )?@ A5ng 36Bn CD9 9E4ng 789 36:; <=
#bQ 6iPn At gijS => 9{i 9:t AhT QY nh hCVng Ot 6{n @n q thCDng 6 t:l htl QRS bS lhS: OnK
6rng 9 AhU ]h|i_. #bQ 9:t On @> @i sy thCDng 6 QbQ 9:t xvl >S7 Nun h7aQ A7
xvl >S7 Nun. TO7ng QbQ >S7 Nun QY QhwS => 6rng Qng 9{i hn htl h|i AhU QY th
tUQh Ot 6{n ]th tUQh xvl_ nhCng t 6; Ahvi 6Ctng QRS nY s7 9{i lhyn On 9 lhyn =>
6rng QY th br q<S. D7 9:y tO7ng A th<:t sy thCDng Q7i 9:t th Qh g> lhyn On
AhT 9 Qht 6rng.
D~S 97 bn Qht QRS 6i;n At ngCDi tS xl thnh bS nhY> 6iPn At QhUnh:
6iPn At h7b hQK 6iPn At h7b 6 9 6iPn At Q| 6.
0.1.1.1. Lin kt ho hc
LiPn At h7b hQ gijS => 9 9:t AhT Ot bn 9jng tO7ng @YK QbQ lh5n t nC{Q
@ tOV thnh >Wt bW lh:n tO7ng thnh lhyn h7b hQ QRS lh5n t 9:t =>. L78i =>
ny gi 6 => 6iPn At Qh QY th tbQh OS Ahi QY lhn wng h7b hQ 9 thCDng lhi
n<ng nYng @n nhi;t @W QS7. +S< Ahi tbQh => tUnh Qht h7b 6 QRS 9:t thSy @i. 2>
ny QY th tn t8i V N8ng 6iPn At lh5n t nhC tO7ng ><vi hyNOSt 3g#6
/
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/
o h7aQ
V N8ng 6iPn At i7n nhC #S]o!_
/
.
TO7ng q 6iPn At hYS
hQ.
Trang P/./
0.1.1.2. Lin kt ho l
LiPn At h7b 6 AhTng @ki hri nghiP> ngat 9 t 6; thnh lhyn 6iPn At. #Y
hSi 678i: 6iPn At hl lhz ]hl thz_ 9 6iPn At th=> th<. LiPn At hl lhz QRS nC{Q
QY gn 6in 9{i QbQ hi;n tCtng xy OS tOPn b >at gi{i h8n QRS QbQ lhS ]On h7aQ
6rng_. #bQ 9:t => thCDng 6 nhjng 9:t A7K QY Qt t87 h8t. ^bn AUnh tC|ng @C|ng
QRS h8t t JX
-L
- JX
-H
>. D7 Q< t87 h8t nPn 9:t A7 QY b >at bPn tO7ng Ot 6{n. 0B
9:y nY QY nng 6Ctng b >at t~ N7 @bng A. Ehi til xQ 9{i AhTng AhU => hSy tO~Q
til 9{i =>K => s x5> nh:l 97 QbQ b >at t~ N7 ny t87 thnh 6iPn At hl lhz
gijS => 9 b >at.
LiPn At th=> th< 6 s~ 6iPn At h7b 6 gijS nC{Q 9 9:t On Ahi QY s~ QhPnh
6;Qh nng @W QbQ Qht h7 tSn V tO7ng 9 ng7i t b7. Ehi nC{Q V b >at 9:t th
bSy h|i thB nng @W QRS N<ng NQh V @Y tng 6Pn 9 nC{Q V s5< bPn tO7ng s th> OS
ng7i. NgCtQ 68iK Ahi tS @at 9:t th 97 tO7ng nC{Q thB nC{Q s th> 97 tO7ng.
0.1.1.3. Lin kt c l
5y 6 N8ng 6iPn At gijS => 9 9:t 6i;< @CtQ t87 thnh N7 swQ Qng b >at
QRS => tO7ng QbQ >S7 Nun hSy tOPn b >at ng7i QRS 9:t. LiPn At Q| hQ bS7 g>
6iPn At Q< tOQK 6iPn At >S7 Nun 9 6iPn At NUnh C{t.
- LiPn At Q< tOQ: 6 6iPn At gijS => 9 9:t 6i;< hBnh thnh tO7ng q tO7ng tOCDng htl 6iPn At Q< tOQ tS QY th 6> Qh7 =>
bSy h|iK nn l 9:t h7aQ lhb 9 Q< tOQ 9:tK... +S< Ahi tbQh =>K 9:t b bin N8ng
nhi<K QY th thSy @i tUnh Qht 9 th:> QhU thSy @i Q tO8ng thbi lhS.
- LiPn At >S7 Nun: nhi< 9:t => QY Q< t87 >S7 q<n. TO7ng QbQ 9:t th ny
QY 9T sv QbQ >S7 q<n. #bQ 9:t th ny Ahi @ tO7ng nC{QK nC{Q s th7 QbQ >S7
q<n x5> nh:l 97 9:t th. Ehi 9:t th ny @ tO7ng >Ti tOCDng AhTng AhU => thB
h|i nC{Q s ngCng tz tOPn b >at >S7 q<n 9 th7 QbQ >S7 q<n x5> nh:l 97
tO7ng 9:t th.
- LiPn At NUnh C{t: 6 6iPn At N7 nC{Q bb> NUnh 97 b >at 9:t. 2> 6iPn At
NUnh C{t N tbQh Ahri 9:t bsng lhC|ng lhbl bSy h|i @ng thDi QY th tbQh OS bsng
QbQ lhC|ng lhbl Q| hQ nhC: 6S<K th>K thiK 9t.
#.>.F. )?@ GH@ 9EIng 9E5ng 9h?6 <= @JK 789 36:;
Trang Q/./
Nhjng 9:t @> @i sy thCDng QhwS >Wt 6Ctng => nht @nh. TO7ng qK Qht 6rng bSy h|iK @W => QRS nY gi> @i. TO8ng thbi QRS 9:t 6i;< => @CtQ
xbQ @nh bVi @W => 9 nhi;t @W QRS nY.
0.1.2.1. m tuyt i
^r q<S Ahvi 6Ctng AhU 9 h|i AhTng @bng AK ngCDi tS QY th Q7i 9:t 6i;< =>
6 hn htl Q| hQ gijS Qht AhT t<y;t @vi 9 =>.
> F >
7
\
? @5y: >: Ahvi 6Ctng ng<yPn 9:t 6i;< =>.
>
7
: Ahvi 6Ctng Qht AhT t<y;t @vi.
\ ]h7aQ >n_: Ahvi 6Ctng =>.
m tuyt i: 6 t sv gijS Ahvi 6Ctng => \ 9 Ahvi 6Ctng Qht AhT t<y;t
@vi >
7
QRS ng<yPn 9:t 6i;<:
OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN]_
thSy @i t X @n h.
GijS Ahvi 6Ctng Qht AhT >
X
K Ahvi 6Ctng Qh<ng > 9 @W => t<y;t @vi QY
>vi q<Sn h;:
0.1.2.2. m tn
i
L t sv gijS Ahvi 6Ctng => \ tOPn Ahvi 6Ctng Qh<ng QRS ng<yPn 9:t 6i;<:
JXX]_
@W => tC|ng @vi QRS
ng<yPn 6i;< => thSy @i t X @n J. 0{i F X nghS 6 9:t 6i;< AhT t<y;t @viG 9{i
>
X
FXK nghS 6 Qh QY => thB FJ.
TOC{Q Ahi sy Ahvi 6Ctng QRS ng<yPn 6i;< => 6 >
J
9 @W => tC|ng @vi 6
J
K
sS< Ahi sy 6 >
/
9
/
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7
AhTng thSy
@i nPn tS QY:
>
7
F >
J
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/
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/
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T @Y tS QY:
Trang R/./
TO7ng bi< thwQ tOPn QY Z
@8i 6CtngK nhCng n< 3 @8i 6Ctng @ bit thB t @Y tS QY th tUnh @CtQ @8i 6Ctng thw
tC.
Nng s<t QRS >Wt >by sy QY th xbQ @nh th7 Ahvi 6Ctng => ]\ tbQh OS t
ng<yPn 9:t 6i;< tO7ng q
J
- >
/
3<vn q<Sn sbt qWt QbQh O Ong ]t87
thnh @i> <vn gijS hSi @78n sy_ ngCDi tS thCDng s Nzng @W => t<y;t @vi K Qkn
9{i @W => tC|ng @vi thCDng bi< th tO8ng thbi => QRS ng<yPn 9:t 6i;<.
0.2. !"# $%&'() *+"() *+, -!
EhTng AhU 6 678i tbQ nh5n sy QY sn tO7ng t~ nhiPnK AhTng g5y @WQ h8i 9
AhTng g5y b=n sn lh=> sy. EhTng AhU 6 hn htl QRS nhi< Qht AhU AhbQ nhS<.
Thnh lhyn QRS AhTng AhU bS7 g> QbQ QhtK QhR y< 6 N
/
K o
/
K h|i nC{QK ng7i OS
Qkn QY J sv Qht AhU AhbQ nhC: #o
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K AhU tO|K !
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3
...EhTng AhU 6 >Wt AhU th~QK
nhCng th~Q t AhTng AhU s Nzng @ sy thCDng V bl s<t thl ]bl s<t AhU q<yn_
9 nhi;t @W AhTng QS7 ]t hng QhzQ @W @n NC{i 9i tO> @W_. 0B 9:yK Ahi s Nzng
QY th Q7i AhTng AhU 6 AhU 6 tCVngK >aQ N tO7ng AhTng AhU QY QhwS h|i nC{QK
nhCng bl s<t OiPng lhyn QRS nY AhTng 6{n. TO7ng QbQ @i< Ai;n nhC tOPnK Ahi Q7i
AhTng AhU 6 AhU 6 tCVng thB sSi sv gal lhi 6 Qhl nh:n @CtQ ]3_. EhTng AhU
QY QhwS h|i nC{Q 6 AhTng AhU =>. Ehi nghiPn Qw< AhTng AhU =>K ngCDi tS Q7i nY 6
hn htl AhU 6 tCVng QRS / thnh lhyn: AhTng AhU AhT 9 h|i nC{Q. ? @5y AhTng
AhU AhT @CtQ Q7i nhC 6 thnh lhyn Qv @nh nhC J Qht AhU 6 tCVng ]3 F/L 9 sv
ng<yPn t AhU tO7ng lh5n t 6 /_. Thnh lhyn thw /: h|i nC{Q 6 thnh lhyn 6<Tn
thSy @i tO7ng AhTng AhU =>. #bQ thTng sv Q| bn QRS AhTng AhU => nhC sS<:
#.F.>. LM <= 9;N:9 GO6
L 6Ctng h|i nC{Q ]tUnh bsng g h7aQ Ag_ QhwS tO7ng J >
3
AhTng AhU =>K twQ
6:OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN
Trang S/./
I thSy @i t X @n I
>Sx
K Ahi nhi;t @W QRS AhTng AhU => thSy @i thB I
>Sx
Qng
thSy @i.
#.F.F. LM <= 9IPng GO6
L t sv gijS 6Ctng h|i nC{Q QhwS tO7ng AhTng AhU => 9{i 6Ctng h|i nC{Q
6{n nht QY th QhwS tO7ng AhTng AhU => @Y V Qng >Wt nhi;t @W.
!Sy nYi QbQh AhbQ: @W => tC|ng @vi 6 t sv gijS @W => t<y;t @vi tOPn @W =>
t<y;t @vi 6{n nht wng 9{i nhi;t @W n7 @Y QRS AhTng AhU =>.
W => tC|ng @vi 6
thTng sv q<Sn tOng QRS AhTng AhU =>K nY 6 @8i 6Ctng @aQ tOCng Ah nng ht =>
QRS AhTng AhU. Gib tO t<y;t @vi QRS @W => tC|ng @vi Qng nhr thB @i< Ai;n Q5n
bsng Qng AhbQ nhS<K Ah nng sy QRS AhTng AhU Qng 6{n.
W => tC|ng @vi QRS AhTng AhU lhz th<WQ 97 nhi;t @W.
(l Nzng lhC|ng tOBnh tO8ng thbi tS QY:
OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN ]AgM>
3
_
3
_
OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN
#.F.3. HQ= <= RST @JK ChUng ChV <=
L 6Ctng h|i nC{Q QhwS tO7ng J Ag AhTng AhU AhT.
D7 Ahvi 6Ctng QRS h|i nC{Q Ut nPn ngCDi tS thCDng Nng thw ng<yPn 6 ]gMAg
EEE_
OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN ]gMAg EEE_
h7aQ OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN ]AgMAg EEE_
(l Nzng lhC|ng tOBnh tO8ng thbi 9{i )
hn
Fh3JZMJh MAgE 9
)
EEE
Fh3JZM/LMAgEK tS QY:
#.F.4. KhO6
3IWng E6Bng @JK ChUng ChV <=
EhTng AhU => @CtQ Q7i 6 hn htl QRS AhTng AhU AhT 9 h|i nC{Q:
I
hh
F I
EEE
I
hn
TO7ng @Y: I
hn
F . I
EEE
. 0:yK I
hh
F I
EEE
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Trang T/./
? @i< Ai;n bBnh thCDng 4
EEE
F4G t F /H3
7
E thB I
EEE
FJK/L AgM>
3
(l Nzng lhC|ng tOBnh tO8ng thbi AhUK tS QY:
#Tng thwQ tOPn
Qhwng tr Osng: Ahvi 6Ctng OiPng QRS AhTng AhU => lhz th<WQ 97 / thTng sv thSy
@i tO7ng q @iK nhCng tO7ng q x<vng nhSnh h|n tvQ @W tng QRS bl s<t
OiPng lhyn ]th7 QTng thwQ_ nPn @CS @n 9i;Q I
hh
tng O O;t h|n 9 At q< 6 Ahvi
6Ctng OiPng QRS AhTng AhU => tng 6Pn tO7ng q 6 hn htl QRS AhU 6 tCVng thB QY th xbQ @nh nhi;t
N<ng OiPng QRS AhTng AhU => th7 QTng thwQ nhi;t N<ng OiPng QRS hn htl AhU 6
tCVngK twQ 6:
? @5y: #
AAA
: nhi;t N<ng
OiPng QRS AhTng AhU AhTK V nhi;t @W t
#.F.Y. Nh6:9 GM Z[; ChU R9
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(hit ./u kh0^ 6 nhi;t @W QRS hn htl AhU @CtQ xbQ @nh bsng nhi;t A
thTng thCDng.
(hit ./u 1t^ @aQ tOCng Qh7 Ah nng Ql nhi;t QRS AhTng AhUK @ bSy
h|i nC{Q Qh7 @n Ahi AhTng AhU b7 hkS h|i nC{Q. 0:y t
C
6 nhi;t @W bSy h|i QRS
nC{Q 97 AhTng AhUK n< t
A
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s~ bSy h|i QRS nC{Q s ngng 68i. ' QRS AhTng AhUK ngCDi tS gi 6 th sy ]twQ 6 @Wng 6~Q QRS q A h7aQ bsng nhi;t A bQ 9i C{t.
#.F._. Nh6:9 GM G6`= aIPng R9
a
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4
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Trang 1U/./
L nhi;t @W QRS AhTng AhU => tC|ng wng 9{i tO8ng thbi b7 hkS ]OO7O:
)OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN. 0:y nhi;t @W @i> sC|ng Qh O V tO8ng thbi h7n t7n
b7 hkS h|i nC{Q tO7ng AhTng AhUK n< til tzQ gi> nhi;t @WK s xy OS q. LM <= @2n Zbng
N< tS QY >Wt 9:t => @at tO7ng >Ti tOCDng AhTng AhU => s xy OS s~ tOS7
@i nhi;tK => gijS 9:t => 9 >Ti tOCDng AhTng AhU. ' lhz th<WQ 97 QhPnh 6;Qh bl s<t OiPng lhyn QRS h|i nC{Q tOPn b >at 9:t 9 QRS
h|i nC{Q tO7ng AhTng AhU =>. N< bl s<t OiPng lhyn tOPn b >at 9:t => 6{n h|n bl
s<t OiPng lhyn tO7ng AhTng AhU s xy OS qK @W => QRS 9:t
gi> @i ]9:t 6i;< AhT h|n_.
N< ngCtQ 68iK bl s<t OiPng lhyn tOPn b >at 9:t => nhr h|n l s<t OiPng
lhyn tO7ng AhTng AhU thB 9:t 6i;< => s hl thz =>K @W => tng 6Pn.TO7ng Q hSi
tOCDng htl bl s<t OiPng lhyn QRS h|i nC{Q tOPn b >at 9:t => s tin Nyn t{i tO sv
bl QRS OiPng lhyn QRS h|i nC{Q tO7ng AhTng AhU =>. Ehi hSi tO sv bl s<t OiPng
lhyn ny bsng nhS< thB 9:t 9 >Ti tOCDng V tO8ng thbi Q5n bsng =>. LQ ny 9:t
AhTng ht => Qng AhTng thi =>. W => QRS 9:t 6Q ny gi 6 @W => Q5n bsng
\Qb. W => Q5n bsng lhz th<WQ 97 bl s<t OiPng lhyn QRS h|i nC{Q tO7ng AhTng
AhUK twQ 6 lhz th<WQ 97 @W => tC|ng @vi QRS AhTng AhU . '<Sn h; h> sv:
\QbF]_ QY th @CtQ xbQ @nh bsng th~Q nghi;> 9 @CtQ gi 6 @CDng @ng nhi;t.
vi 9{i q t >Ti tOCDngK @CDng Q7ng \QbF]_ gi 6 @CDng hl thz
@ng nhi;t. vi 9{i q t 9:tK @CDng Q7ng x5y N~ng @CtQ 6
@CDng thi => @ng nhi;t ]hBnh 9 J.J_. Ng7i OSK @W => Q5n bsng Qkn lhz th<WQ
97 thnh lhyn h7b hQK 6iPn At => 9 >wQ @W n7 @Y 97 tO8ng thbi QRS ng<yPn
6i;< th~Q lh=>. S sv sn lh=> th~Q lh=> Ahi nhi;t @W tng thB \Qb gi>. ThDi
giSn tO<yn => @n Q5n bsng lhz th<WQ 97 nhi< y< tv nhC: nhi;t @WK @W => QRS
AhTng AhU 9 9:t =>K tvQ @W QRS AhTng AhUK Q< tOQ QRS 9:t =>.
W => Q5n bsng QY nghS 6{n tO7ng 9i;Q Qhn Qh @W sy thUQh htl Qh7
tng 678i sn lh=> th~Q lh=>. NgCDi tS thCDng Qhn @W => Q<vi Qng QRS sn
Trang 11/./
lh=> sy bsng @W => Q5n bsng QRS sn lh=> @Y @vi 9{i gib tO tO<ng bBnh QRS @W
=> tC|ng @vi AhTng AhU tO7ng b7 q<n.
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9h
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F JXX gi 6 @W => t{i h8n \th. W => ny 6 gi{i h8n QRS q
QRS 9:t hSy 6 gi{i h8n QRS @W => 6iPn At. +S< @Y ><vn tng @W => QRS 9:t lhi
nhng 9:t 97 tO7ng nC{Q h7aQ QY nC{Q ngCng tz tOPn b >at 9:t. 2> th5> nh:l
97 9:t sS< ny gi 6 => t~ N7 ]hBnh 9 J./_. TOPn @CDng Q7ng 9:n tvQ syK \th 6
@i> <vn gijS giSi @78n 9:n tvQ sy AhTng @i 9 giSi @78n 9:n tvQ sy thSy @i.
W => t{i h8n @CtQ xbQ @nh bsng QbQh @7 @W => Q5n bsng QRS 9:t 6i;< 9{i
AhTng AhU bS7 q<Snh 9:t th @Y QY @W => tC|ng @vi JXX K h7aQ bsng @CDng Q7ng
hl thz @ng nhi;t QRS 9:t th. W => t{i h8n QRS ng<yPn 6i;< h7aQ sn lh=> Qng
6{n thB Ah nng ht => Qng 6{n Ahi b7 q<n tO7ng AhTng AhU =>.
0.;. :< => *? $+38$ =@A
Trang 12/./
Hdnh 7e >.F^ TO8ng thbi tC|ng tbQ
gijS => 9 >Ti tOCDng.
Hdnh 7e >.>^ CDng Q7ng hl thz
9 thi => @ng nhi;t.
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ChV
Ehi sy AhTng AhU nYng QY h> => thl til xQ 9{i b >at 9:t 6i;< => 9
Q<ng Ql nng 6Ctng @ bvQ h|i tO7ng 9:t 6i;< => 97 Nkng AhUK hn htl AhTng AhU
=> s tng h> => 9 @i OS ng7i.
+| @ ng<yPn 6 h78t @Wng QRS thit b sy bsng AhTng AhU @CtQ >T t tOPn
hBnh J:
S ng!y"n #$ h%&t 'ng ()a thit b sy*
0:t 6i;< sy bSn @y< QY @W => QS7 @CtQ @CS 97 thit b syK @CtQ sy AhT
tO7ng lhkng sy Oi @i OS ng7i. EhTng AhU bPn ng7i @CtQ NCS q<S bW lh:n @vt
nYng @ giS nhi;t 6Pn t{i nhi;t @W sy Qyn thitK sS< @Y 97 lhkng sy @ til xQ 9{i
9:t 6i;< syK Ql nhi;t Qh7 nC{Q tO7ng 9:t 6i;< @ bvQ h|i. TO7ng q bW lh:n @vt nYng b s<ng tO7ng lhkng sy.
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Trang 13/./
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- ^r q<S tn tht nhi;t: 'ttFX
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q tO7ng 9:t 6i;<_ AhTng @bng A: i\9 F X
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Trang 1O/./
+i,! - . / ()a 0h1ng 0h2 3m
- bQ @nh tO8ng thbi AhTng AhU =>.
- bQ @nh nhi;t @W @i> sC|ng.
#.X.F. TVnh 94?n @h4 =?N afN =M9 @fl
Trang 1P/./
S m4y sy 1 (5 67 bi,! 8i9n ()a :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/
- 78n J-3: tiP< tvn nhi;t q tUnh th7 lhC|ng tOBnh q F NiMNxK gib tO QRS nY QY
th @Q tO~Q til t @ th i- th7 @CDng s7ng s7ng 9{i @CDng J-3 q<S tOzQ tC|ng
wng QRS @ th i-.
- Nh< Qy< nhi;t: Qh lhz th<WQ 97 tO8ng thbi @y< 9 Q<vi QRS qWt 6Ctng => QS7 h|n ]3 - J_ thB ngCDi tS
Qyn lhi @<n nYng AhTng AhU V nhi;t @W QS7 h|n ]t/ t/_ 9 nh< Qy< nhi;t q Qng
lhi 6{n h|n twQ 6 @78n thng J-3.
#.X.3. &?N afN nh6m; @fl
Trang 1Q/./
S m4y sy nhi<! (5 67 bi,! 8i9n ()a :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/
Nh< Qy< nhi;t OiPng s @CtQ tUnh th7 QTng thwQ:
+7 sbnh 9{i >by sy
>Wt Ql:
- Nh< Qy< nhi;t bsng nhS< n< @W => bSn Q<vi QRS AhTng AhU sy givng
nhS<K tO7ng Ahi nhi;t @W @<n nYng AhTng AhU thl h|n nhi<.
- Nh< Qy< nhi;t nhr h|n n< nhi;t @W @<n nYng AhTng AhU sy givng nhS<K
tO7ng @Y s~ thSy @i NiMNx xy OS tC|ng t~ nhC >by sy >Wt Ql.
#.X.4. &?N afN 9;[n h4Qn
Trang 1R/./
S m4y sy t!=n h%7n 67 bi,! 8i9n :!4 tr;nh sy tr"n th i-/
- 3by sy t<yn h7n @CtQ s Nzng 9{i nhjng sn lh=> nh8y Q> 9{i nhi;t
@W sy 9 AhTng AhU sy @i 97 Qyn @CtQ gij V tO8ng thbi Ut b thSy @iK twQ 6 Ut lhz
th<WQ 97 @i< Ai;n thDi tit bPn ng7iK Ahi @Y AhTng AhU >{i ]AhTng AhU bPn ng7i_
@CtQ hn htl 9{i >Wt lhyn AhTng AhU sy @i OS Ahri >by sy.
- #5n bsng hn htl:
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Trang 1S/./
vi 9{i >by sy 6 th<yt tS QY:
q F 6.]i
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>Sng OS Q5n bsng 9{i nhi;t @<ng nYng b s<ngK q nhi;t AhTng @i nghS 6 I F II.
- N< q
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tt
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sn lh=> 9 tOSng b 9:n Qh<yn_K q nhi;t tng ]III_.
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9:t 6i;< => t{i b >at QRS nYK => bSy h|i V b >atK Qh<yn NDi => V N8ng h|i t b
>at 9:t 6i;< @n 6<ng AhTng AhU sy bS7 q<Snh 9:t 6i;< sy.
2> Qh<yn NDi t b >at 9:t 6i;< sy OS >Ti tOCDng sy Qh<ng q<SnhK Qyn
@CtQ @n b bsng QbQh Qh<yn => t bPn tO7ng 9:t 6i;< sy OS @n b >at QRS nY.
LCtng => bSy h|i 9 Qh<yn t b >at 9:t 6i;< OS >Ti tOCDng x<ng q<Snh QY
th tUnh th7 lhC|ng tOBnh:
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6;Qh => gijS QbQ 6{l b >at 9 QbQ 6{l bPn tO7ng QRS 9:t 6i;< syK @CtQ th~Q hi;n
nhD 6~Q Ah<Qh tbnK th=> th<K 6~Q >S7 q<nK ...
Trang 1T/./
II
I
D7 QY @W Nun => > => Qh<yn NDi V th 6rng Ahi @W => 6{n h7aQ V th h|i
Ahi @W => bK th7 hC{ng t tO<ng t5> OS @n b >at QRS nY.
TO7ng giSi @78n 9:n tvQ sy AhTng @iK => Qh bvQ h|i V b >at 9:t 6i;< sy.
+S< @i> t{i h8n thw IK q x<t hi;n V bPn tO7ng QbQ >S7 q<n.
TO7ng giSi @78n 9:n tvQ sy gi>K => @CtQ Qh<yn t bPn tO7ng 9:t 6i;< OS
@n b >at thCDng V th h|iK > h|i ny @CtQ t87 OS V 6{l bSy h|i hSy Qkn gi 6
>ng sy V s5< tO7ng 9:t 6i;< 9 A> th7 s~ Ah<Qh tbn V th 6rng.
+S< @i> t{i h8n thw II s~ Qh<yn NDi => tO7ng sn lh=> sy hy< nhC Qh V
th h|i.
LCtng => Qh<yn NDi N7 @W => Nun => q<S b >at `K sS< thDi giSn TK t >Wt
@i> QRS 9:t 6i;< QY @W => \
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E: h; sv Nun =>K lhz th<WQ 97 6~Q 6iPn At => tO7ng 9:t 6i;< sy 9
tUnh Qht QRS 9:t 6i;< ]>
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\: @W => QRS 9:t 6i;< sy AgMAg Qht AhT.
b: Ah7ng QbQh gijS hSi @i> QY nng @W => AhbQ nhS< ]>_
Ng7i OSK => Qkn QY th Qh<yn NDi nhD hi;n tCtng Nun nhi;t =>. 'S7 q<nK nhi;t Qh<yn NDi th7 hC{ng t n|i QY nhi;t @W QS7 @n n|i QY
nhi;t @W thl h|nK nghS 6 t b >at nYng nht lhUS ng7i 97 s5< tO7ng 9:t 6i;< ]t
ng7i 97 tO7ng_ 9 A> th7 =>.
LCtng => Qh<yn NDi q<S b >at ` 9 sS< thDi giSn T t @i> QY nhi;t @W t
J
@n @i> QY nhi;t @W t
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TO7ng @Y:
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b: Ah7ng QbQh gijS / @i> tO7ng 9:t 6i;< QY nhi;t @W AhbQ nhS< t
J
9
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Trang 2U/./
!i;n tCtng Nun nhi;t => 6> Qn tOV Qh<yn @Wng QRS => t bPn tO7ng OS @n
b >at 9:t 6i;< syK O nht 6 bt @y< giSi @78n tbQh => 6iPn At hl lhz 9 th=>
th<.
Tng At q tO7ng q
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\: 6Ctng => bSy h|i tO7ng thDi giSn sy ]AgMh_
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T: thDi giSn sy ]h_
N< 9:n tvQ sy AhTng @iK Ahi bit 9:n tvQ syK thDi giSn sy QY th @CtQ
tUnh th7 QTng thwQ:
OO7O: )OnQ s7<OQ n7t 7<nN ]h_
TO7ng @Y:
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: Ahvi 6Ctng 9:t 6i;< sy tUnh th7 Ahvi 6Ctng AhT t<y;t @vi ]AgMh_
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sn lh=> AhT t<y;t @vi.
>4( y ! t? nh h@Ang n thBi gian syC
- ^n Qht QRS sn lh=> sy: Q< tOQK thnh lhyn h7b hQK @aQ tUnh QRS 6iPn
At =>...
- !Bnh Nbng 9 tO8ng thbi QRS sn lh=> sy.
- W => bSn @y<K bSn Q<vi 9 @W => t{i h8n QRS sn lh=> sy.
- Nhi;t @WK @W => 9 9:n tvQ QRS tbQ nh5n sy.
- #hPnh 6;Qh nhi;t @W bSn @y< 9 bSn Q<vi QRS tbQ nh5n sy.
- #< t87 QRS >by syK lhC|ng thwQ sy 9 Qh @W sy.
#._.F. )?@ g6K6 G45n 78n 9O@ afN
@Bng (%ng 6Wn t?( syC bi< th q<Sn h; gijS 9:n tvQ sy 9 @W => QRS sn
lh=> syK @CtQ xbQ @nh bsng th~Q nghi;>.
Trang 21/./
' Q5n bsng g> QbQ giSi @78n QhUnh:
- GiSi @78n @vt nYng sn lh=> syK tC|ng wng 9{i @78n &^.
- GiSi @78n 9:n tvQ sy AhTng @i ]@ng tvQ_K @78n Ê
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th
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hi;n => t~ N7.
0i;Q xbQ @nh hSi giSi @78n sy QY nghS q<Sn tOng @ thit 6:l Qh @W sy
lh htl 9{i tng giSi @78n sy 9 tng 678i sn lh=> sy.
#._.3. TVnh 94?n 78n 9O@ afN
0.S.3.1. )iUi oVn WXn tc YZy kh0n [i
2> @CtQ tbQh OS QhR y< 6 N7 bvQ h|i t b >at QRS sn lh=> syK N7 @Y:
N\Fb.N'K tO7ng @Y b: h; sv t 6;.
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Trang 22/./
4hC|ng tOBnh tUnh 9:n tvQ sy tO7ng giSi @78n @ng tvQ s 6:
/
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Wng 6~Q QRS qK > Qkn bsng s~ QhPnh 6;Qh nhi;t @W gijS tbQ nh5n sy 9 b >at sn lh=> sy.
Ng7i OS nY Qkn @CtQ bi< Nin bsng hi;< sv bl s<t OiPng lhyn QRS h|i nC{Q b7
h7 QRS AhTng AhU 4
bh
tC|ng wng 9{i nhi;t @W bSy h|i V b >at sn lh=> sy 9 bl
s<t OiPng lhyn tO7ng AhTng AhU 4hK h7aQ bsng hi;< sv QRS h> => AhTng AhU tOPn
b >at 9:t 6i;< sy
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h7_ 9 h> => QRS AhTng AhU sy
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' <vn. @|n gin h7b 9 9{i >wQ @W gyn @ngK ngCDi tS QY th Q7i nhC 9:n tvQ
sy gi> th7 @CDng thng.
Wng 6~Q QRS q QRS sn lh=> sy 9 @W =>
Q5n bsng QRS nY 9 lhC|ng tOBnh QY N8ng:
/
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TO7ng @Y:
\: @W => QRS sn lh=> sy ]AgMAg Qht AhT_
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A
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ThDi giSn sy 6 >Wt thTng sv @aQ bi;t q<Sn tOng @CtQ s Nzng tO7ng tUnh
t7bn thit A 9 9:n hnh thit b sy.
ThDi giSn sy lhz th<WQ 97 nhi< y< tv nhC 678i 9:t 6i;< syK hBnh NbngK
AUQh thC{Q hBnh hQ QRS 9:t 6i;<K @W => @y< 9 Q<vi QRS 9:t 6i;<K 678i thi t b syK
lhC|ng lhbl Ql nhi;tK Qh @W sy. D7 @Y 9i;Q xbQ @nh thDi giSn sy bsng gii tUQh
gal nhi< AhY Ahn.
0B 9:y tO7ng tUnh t7bn th~Q t QbQ thit b sy thDi giSn @CtQ xbQ @nh th7
th~Q nghi;> 9 Q th7 Ainh nghi;> 9:n hnh.
Trang 23/./
T<y nhiPn tO7ng nghiPn Qw< QbQ thit b sy >{i 9 @ sy QbQ 9:t 6i;< Ahi
QhCS QY Ainh nghi;> ngCDi tS lhi N~S 97 6 th<yt gii tUQh h7aQ nS gii tUQh nS
th~Q nghi;> @ tUnh t7bn thDi giSn sy.
#.o.F. Ng;NBn 9q@ r?@ Ghnh 9hp6 g6Kn afN Zbng g66 9V@h
J- 5y N~ng >T hBnh 9:t 6 lh htl 9{i 9:t 6i;< Qyn sy 9 9{i >Wt thi t b
sy n7 @Y lh htl 9{i lhC|ng lhbl Ql nhi;t 9 Qh @W sy.
/- T >T hBnh 9:t 6 thit 6:l >T hBnh t7bn hQ QRS bi t7bn tO<yn nhi;t
tO<yn QhtK nghS 6 9it h; lhC|ng tOBnh tO<yn nhi;t tO<yn Qht Qng 9{i QbQ @i<
Ai;n @|n tO tC|ng wng. TO7ng h; lhC|ng tOBnh tO<yn nhi;t tO<yn Qht lhi th hi;n
>T hBnh 9:t 6 >Wt QbQh t7n Ni;nK QhUnh xbQ nhCng Qng 6CtQ br nhjng nh5n tv
lhz @ >T hBnh t7bn hQ @|n gin 9 QY th gii @CtQ.
3- Gii >T hBnh t7bn hQ @ xbQ @nh thDi giSn sy: D7 tO7ng >T hBnh 9:t 6
9 Q >T hBnh t7bn hQ @ @CtQ br @i >Wt sv nhjng y< tv 9B 9:y thDi giSn sy xbQ
@nh bsng gii tUQh s sSi AhbQ 9{i th~Q tK Qh7 nPn Qyn lhi tOi q<S th~Q nghi;> @
Qhnh 6 Qh7 lh htl.
1HsNG 1H$1 Vt THIuT Bv -./
+y QY th @CtQ QhiS OS hSi 678i: sy t~ nhiPn 9 sy bsng thit b ]sy nh5n
t87_.
+y t~ nhiPn: q<b tOBnh lh|i 9:t 6i;< ng7i tODiK AhTng QY s Nzng thi t b.
#bQ lhC|ng lhbl sy nh5n t87 th~Q hi;n tO7ng QbQ thit b sy.
#Y nhi< lhC|ng lhbl sy nh5n t87 AhbQ nhS<. #n Qw 97 lhC|ng lhbl
Q<ng Ql nhi;t QY th QhiS OS QbQ 678i: sy @vi 6C<K sy bwQ x8K sy til xQK sy
thng h7SK sy bsng @i;n tOCDng Nkng QS7 tynK sy @i;n tOV...
Thit b sy bng ti 6 thit b h78t @Wng N~S tOPn lhC|ng lhbl sy @vi 6C<.
0B 9:yK ti< 6<:n Qh @ Q:l @n lhC|ng lhbl sy @vi 6C<.
0.a. $+#b$ Fc =@A T# L&3
Ng!y"n #$ h%&t 'ngC
- EhTng AhU nYng h7aQ AhYi 6k @CtQ Nng 6> tbQ nh5n sy QY nhi;t @WK @W
=>K tvQ @W lh htlK Qh<yn @Wng Qhy tO> 6Pn 9:t sy 6> Qh7 => tO7ng 9:t sy
bSy h|i Oi @i th7 tbQ nh5n sy.
Trang 2O/./
- EhTng AhU QY th Qh<yn @Wng Qng Qhi<K ngCtQ Qhi< h7aQ Qt ngSng
Nkng Qh<yn @Wng QRS sn lh=>. ^ng /.J s7 sbnh QbQ lhC|ng lhbl Qh<yn @Wng
AhbQ nhS< QRS tbQ nh5n sy.
- +y @vi 6C< QY th th~Q hi;n th7 > ]gibn @78n_ hSy 6iPn tzQ. TOPn hBnh 9
NC{i 6 s| @ ng<yPn 6 sy @vi 6C< bsng AhTng AhU nYng.
S hD th?ng sy ?i #@!
J q<8tK / QS67OilhK 3 b<ng sy
- +n lh=> sy QY th 6y OS Ahri b<ng sy th7 > h7aQ 6iPn tzQ tC|ng wng
9{i n8l 97. #S67Oilh / @vt nYng AhTng AhU QY th 6 678i QS67Oilh @i;nK QS67Oilh
h|i nC{Q 9.9...
- Et Q< th~Q QRS h; thvng Ot @S N8ngK lhz th<WQ 97 nhi< y< tv nhC: Qh
@W 6> 9i;QK N8ng 9:t syK bl s<t 6> 9i;QK QbQh n<ng nYng AhTng AhUK Qh<yn
@Wng QRS tbQ nh5n syK s| @ 6> 9i;QK Q< tOQ b<ng sy...
Bng > ^+7 sbnh QbQ hBnh thwQ Qh<yn @Wng AhbQ nhS< QRS tbQ nh5n sy.
Trang 2P/./
HI]ng @h;N`n
GMng 9?@ nh2n afN
c< @i> NhCtQ @i>
#ng Qhi<
TvQ @W sy bSn @y< QS7K Ut
b Q7 ngYtK t tOng thlK
sn lh=> Ut hC hrngK Ut
ng<y Q| hC hrng N7 0+0
AhY @8t @CtQ @W => Q<vi
thl 9B AhTng AhU ng<Wi 9
=> thi q<S sn lh=> sy.
NgCtQ Qhi<
Nng 6Ctng @CtQ s Nzng
Ainh t h|nK @W => Q<vi
Qng thl h|n.
+n lh=> N b Q7 ngYtK
hC hrng N7 nhi;t. #Y ng<y
Q| hC hrng 0+0 N7 AhTng
AhU =>K > gal ng<yPn
6i;< C{t.
Dkng AhU th7bt V tO<ng
t5>
Et htl C< @i> QRS sy
Qng Qhi< 9 ngCtQ
Qhi< nhCng AhTng bsng
sy bsng Nkng AhU thi Qt
ngSng.
4hwQ t8l 9 @t tin h|n
s7 9{i sy >Wt Qhi<.
Dkng AhU thi Qt ngSng
Ei> s7bt @i< Ai;n sy
6inh h78t bsng QbQ 9ng
nhi;t @CtQ Ai> s7bt OiPng
bi;tG tvQ @W sy QS7.
y< tC tOSng bK 9:n hnh
9 b7 NCng thit b lhwQ
t8l 9 @t tin.
vi 9{i q gi> s~
tht th7bt nhi;tK tit Ai;> nng 6Ctng. 0U Nz:
- #bQh nhi;t b<ng sy 9 h; thvng vng Nun.
- T<yn h7n AhU thi q<S b<ng sy
- + Nzng thit b tOS7 @i nhi;t th< hi nhi;t t AhTng AhU th7bt OS @ @<ng
nYng AhTng AhU h7aQ ng<yPn 6i;< 97.
- + Nzng nhi;t tO~Q til t 6S @vt AhU t~ nhiPn 9 t QbQ 6k @vt QY Q| Q<
6> gi> nng @W AhU 7xit nit|.
- +y thnh nhi< giSi @78n ]9U Nz: At htl sy tyng sTi 9{i sy thng h7aQ
sy lh<n At htl 9{i sy tyng sTi_.
- #T @aQ tOC{Q ng<yPn 6i;< 6rng @n nng @W Qht On QS7 nht QY th.
Trang 2Q/./
- Ei> s7bt t~ @Wng @W => AhTng AhU bsng >by tUnh.
0.10. $+#b$ Fc =@A Fd() $Q#
#.>#.>.G6]6 9h6:; 7m =?N afN Zgng 96
3by sy bng ti 6 >by sy @S nng nht @CtQ s Nzng @ sy nhi< 678i sn
lh=> 9{i AUQh QK Q< t87 9 hBnh N8ng AhbQ nhS<. 0U Nz: h8nh nh5nK thwQ n giS
sQK thSnK QS7 s<0i;Q hi< sSi 9 qby sy
s Nun @n gi> nng s<tK tiP< hS7 nng 6Ctng 9 Qht 6Ctng sy AhTng @ng @<.
#.>#.F.)f; 954 =?N afN Zgng 96
NhBn Qh<ng 678i >by sy ny thUQh htl @ sy 9:t 6i;< N8ng h8t QY @CDng
AUnh t J [X>>K AhTng thUQh htl @ sy 9:t 6i;< >ng 9 h<yn lh @aQ.
' xl Qhng 6Pn nhS< nhCng AhTng
q s gi> @CtQ AUQh thC{Q
thit b 9{i >Wt thDi giSn sy Qh7 tOC{Q.
Nhjng sn lh=> nhr 9 nh AhY giS QTng QY th @CtQ sy tO7ng >by sy
bng ti n< >by sy @CtQ thit A @ng. 0U Nz: thit A >Wt >by sy bng ti QY
Qhi< Nkng AhU t tOPn hC{ng x<vng s gij @CtQ sn lh=> tOPn bng ti. ThDi giSn
sy >t Ah7ng [ /ZX lht. ThDi giSn sy QY th Ni h|n @bng A tO7ng nhjng
>by sy bng ti Ot 6{n.
#bQ >by sy bng ti QY Q< hBnh N~S tOPn s~ sl xl bng ti 9 Qhi< Nkng
AhU.
0.10.2.1. !y YZy ]Vn mt chen f mt t/n
S
my sy
bng
ti m't
(hEng
m't
t=ng
Trang 2R/./
F4y sy bng ti #%&i m't (hEng*
L 678i >by sy bng ti @|n gin nht Qh QY >Wt bng ti @|n @ 9:n
Qh<yn sn lh=>. +n lh=> @CtQ lh5n lhvi tOPn bng ti V lhUS Ql 6i;< 9 @CtQ
bng ti 9:n Qh<yn q<S s<vt >by sy. TO7ng Ahi @YK nhjng q<8t thi AhU gn tOPn
9r >by thi AhTng AhU @i t tOPn x<vng x<yPn q<S nY @CtQ s Nzng nhC >Ti tOCDng
6> 68nh.
^<ng AhU thCDng @at bPn Q8nh bng ti QY tbQ Nzng Q<ng Ql AhTng AhU
nYng 9 th< AhU thi OS Ahri >by sy. 3Wt sv >by sy 678i ny QY @n hSi b<ng AhU
Qh7 lhl @i< Qhnh Nkng AhU 6inh h78t 9 sy @< h|n.
4hUS Q<vi >by sy QY bW lh:n @ 6> 68nh nhjng sn lh=> b @aQ 68i tOC{Q
Ahi @Yng gYi. N< nhi;t @W 6> 68nh 6{n h|n nhi;t @W >Ti tOCDng x<ng q<SnhK thB
Trang 2S/./
AhTng AhU tO7ng >Ti tOCDng s @CtQ @CS 97 6> 68nh tO~Q til tO7ng >by syK
ngCtQ 68i thB lhi @CtQ 6> 68nh tOC{Q.
X!4 tr;nh 8Yng 0h2
(h!y,n 'ng tr%ng
m4y sy m't (hEng .
m't t=ng 6Hi m't
b!ng 0h2 n*
cU I3
3by sy
@CtQ QhiS thnh nhi<
Ah< 9~Q sy @WQ 6:lK
V @Y QY ng<n nhi;t
9 q<8t t<yn h7n OiPng nPn sy @ng @< h|n.
Nhi;t @WK tvQ @W QRS Nkng AhU QY th @CtQ @i< Qhnh Ahi 9:t 6i;< @i q<S >by
sy.
+~ t<yn h7n QRS bng ti Qh7 lhl Qhi s8Qh bng Ahi sy 9 t87 @i< Ai;n
Qh7 bW lh:n 6> s8Qh h78t @Wng N Nng.
3by sy >Wt Qhang >Wt tyng thUQh htl sy nhjng sn lh=> AhTng NUnh
9{i nhS< 9 AhTng bb> 6Pn bng ti. aQ bi;tK @vi 9{i nhjng 9:t 6i;< gikn AhTng th
9:n Qh<yn t bng ti tOPn x<vng bng ti NC{i.
N!cn# I3
Dkng AhU lhi x<yPn q<S ht Qhi< Ny QRS 6{l 9:t 6i;< q{i
@CtQ h7n thnh.
#bQ sn lh=> QY th sy tOPn 678i >by sy ny: nhjng sn lh=> b gin nV
9B nhi;tK h8nh nh5nK gK thSnK QbQ sti tng htl 9 QbQ l76y> siP< hl lhz
0.10.2.2. !y YZy ]Vn mt chen f nhigu t/n
EhQ lhzQ @CtQ nhCtQ @i> QRS >by sy >Wt Qhang >Wt tyng 6 Nkng
AhTng AhU AhTng Qyn lhi x<yPn q<S ht b Ny 6{l 9:t 6i;< tOPn >Wt bng.
Trang 2T/./
F1 h;nh m4y sy bng ti 8&ng m't (hEng . ba t=ng*
Nhi< sn lh=> QY th xl Qhng 6Pn nhS< Ny h|n sS< Ahi Qhng @CtQ sy
OiPng tng lhyn.
3by sy >Wt Qhang nhi< tyng Qh7 lhl @i< Ahin nhjng bng ti Qh8y
9{i tvQ @W AhbQ nhS<. ^sng QbQh Qh7 tyng sS< Qh8y Qh:> h|n tyng tOC{QK ngCDi tS
QY th tng Qhi< Ny QRS 6{l 9:t 6i;<. 4hC|ng lhbl ny 6> gi> AUQh thC{Q thit
b s7 9{i >by >Wt Qhang >Wt tyng 9{i Qng >Wt thDi giSn sy xbQ @nh. +~ Ni
Qh<yn QRS sn lh=> t tyng tOPn x<vng tyng NC{i 6> b gy nhjng Ahvi sn lh=>
@ At NUnh t87 @i< Ai;n @ sy @ng @<.
3by sy >Wt Qhang nhi< tyng 6 >by sy @S nng nht tO7ng QbQ 678i >by
sy bng ti. EhTng Qh @i< Qhnh @CtQ nhi;t @W 9 9:n tvQ Nkng AhU q<S 6{l sn
lh=> > Qkn @< Qhnh @CtQ b Ny QRS nY.
L78i >by sy ny QY >Wt h8n Qh 6 gib thnh QS7 9 @ki hri AhTng giSn 6l
@at 6{n.
#bQ sn lh=> QY th sy bsng 678i >by sy ny 6: ng QvQK h8nh nh5nK OS<
q<K sti tng htl
Trang 3U/./
S m4y sy bng ti m't (hEng . hai t=ng
0.10.2.3. !y YZy ]Vn nhigu chen
#Y nhi< C< @i> nhC >by sy >Wt Qhang nhi< tyng. Nhjng bng ti
@CtQ xl Qhng 6Pn nhS< 9 Qh<yn @Wng ngCtQ Qhi< nhS<. 0:t 6i;< @CS 97 >by
V bng tOPn Qng 9 Ni Qh<yn x<vng nhjng bng lhUS NC{i. #< hBnh >by sy Ai<
ny thCDng QY / h7aQ 3 QhangK sv Qhang nhi< h|n 3 hi> thy. 3by sy 678i ny
Qh7 lhl @i< Qhnh b Ny sn lh=> >Wt QbQh 6inh @Wng. NhCng N7 AhY QhiS 9ng
sy nPn AhTng @i< Qhnh @CtQ nhi;t @W 9 tvQ @W Nkng AhU. QY th QhiS 9ng thB
Qyn bv tOU Nkng AhU 6iPn htl tO7ng b<ng AhU 9 Ah< 9~Q ng<n nhi;t.
Trang 31/./
F4y sy bng ti #%&i ba (hEng*
0i;Q bv tOU nhi< 6{l bng ti N8ng ny s 6> Qh7 9i;Q 6> s8Qh bng ti gal
AhY Ahn h|n s7 9{i >by >Wt Qhang nhi< tyng. 3aQ N QY nhjng nhCtQ @i> @Y
nhCng >by sy bng ti nhi< tyng 6 >by sy bng ti thTng Nzng nht tO7ng nhi<
ngnh QTng nghi;l. Gib 9 AhTng giSn 6l tC|ng @vi nhrK Ah nng @i< Qhnh b
Ny sn lh=> Ahin nY tOV thnh >by sy 6 tCVng Qh7 nhi< q @CtQ sy bsng >by sy ny: thwQ n giS sQK ng QvQK
QbQ 9:t 6i;< N8ng lSst
Trang 32/./
S m4y sy bng ti ba (hEng
#.>#.3. )?@ ZM lh8n =?N afN Zgng 96
0.10.3.1. + thn .hn t\i
!; thvng bng ti 9:n Qh<yn sn lh=> q<S >by sy. #hng @CtQ 6l @at
QhQ Qhn @ Qh< swQ nang QRS sn lh=> 9 QY th 9:n Qh<yn sn lh=> 6iPn tzQ
hng n> > Ut Ahi hC hrng. #hng thCDng @CtQ 6> t 6C{i Ai> 678i h7aQ t> Ai>
678i @CtQ @zQ 6K nhjng 6 @Y thCDng QY N8ng 6 tOkn hSy Onh tOknK nhjng Onh tOkn
QY Ah nng gij sn lh=> A> h|n 6 tOkn ng78i tO sn lh=> Nt.
Trang 33/./
G@Hi bng ti ( bn tIa ti5 hJ5*
0i;Q 6~S Qhn QhUnh xbQ AUQh thC{Q 6 9 lhyn tO> AUQh thC{Q 6 h7aQ AUQh
thC{Q 6C{i QY tUnh q<yt @nh @n h78t @Wng QhUnh xbQ QRS >by syK nY lhi @R 6{n
@ Nkng AhU QY th @i x<yPn q<S sy sn lh=> nhCng lhi @R nhr @ gij sn lh=>
AhTng O{t x<vng bng NC{i. NhCng 6 nhr thCDng b ht bVi sn lh=> nhrK >n hSy
N8ng 9:t 6i;< >ng 6> Qh7 Nkng AhU AhTng @i q<S @CtQ nPn tvQ @W sy 9 s~ @ng
@.
^ng ti @CtQ Qv @nh bVi nhjng Q7n Qh8y h7aQ bVi Ah<ng Qh< 6~Q Ni @Wng
nhs> Qh< swQ nang QRS sn lh=>. ^n t~S @ Qv @nh t> Ai> 678i @zQ 6 bS7 g>
t7n bW g5n Qh< 6~Q @CtQ thit A @ Qh< swQ nang QRS sn lh=> > AhTng Qyn
Q7n Qh8y h7aQ At Q< Qh< 6~Q AhbQ. NY thCDng OWng JXX 3XX >> th7 hC{ng
Qh<yn @Wng 9 J Z> th7 Qhi< ngSng QRS >by.
Trang 3O/./
^ng ti @CtQ tO<yn @Wng tO~Q til bVi bng ti AhbQ h7aQ bVi N5y @Si @CtQ
gn 6in 9{i hSi bPn Q7n Qh8y QRS bng. TO<yn @Wng bsng Q7n Qh8y thCDng gal h|n
tO7ng sn x<t.
Et Q< QRS bng ti lhz th<WQ 97 9:t 6i;< @CtQ sy. +n lh=> @CtQ tUnh
t7bn tOC{Q >wQ tiP< thz QRS Q7n ngCDi h7aQ QY tUnh Qht n >kn @ki hri bng ti
bsng thl AhTng gK thCDng Nng &I+I 3XX. 0U Nz nhC 3XZ hSy 3J. 6 thTng Nzng
nht. T<y nhiPn >Wt sv 678i &I+I ZXX nhC ZXL Qng @CtQ s Nzng. Nhjng sn lh=>
AhbQ @CtQ sy bsng thl QSQb7n. 3in 6 s~ @Tng NaQ tOPn bng ti @CtQ tObnh Ahi
>by sy ngng h78t @Wng thB bng ti 6> bsng thl QSQb7n Qng bn nhC bng ti
6> bsng thl AhTng g.
Ehi sn lh=> @CtQ xl Qhng 6Pn t /[>> @n J> tOPn bng ti thB >Wt sv
lhC|ng lhbl gij sn lh=> V hSi bPn QRS bng lhi @CtQ htl nht 97 tO7ng thit
A. 0i;Q ny @CtQ h7n thnh bVi Onh Nun hC{ng V hSi bPn. )nh @Wng @CtQ nvi
6in 9{i bn t~S @ Qv @nh lhyn NC{i QRS bng ti 9 Onh tnh @CtQ gn 9{i Ah<ng
QRS >by sy. Eh hV gijS thSnh Nun @Wng 9 thSnh Nun tnh lhi AhTng Ok O sn
lh=> 9 h8n Qh tvi @S s~ Qh<yn Nkng QRS AhTng AhU. TO7ng >Wt sv tOCDng htl
thSnh Nun tnh QY th @CtQ @;> AUn tO~Q til 9{i bng ti @ Ni Qh<yn > AhTng
Qyn s Nzng thSnh Nun @Wng.
0.10.3.2. 7i my YZy
0r >by sy @CtQ thit A bsng >Wt Ah<ng thl 9{i bn QbQh 5> 9 QS gij
nhi;t. 0r >by lhi QhwS @CtQ AhTng AhU nYng 9 Qhvng 68i s~ n >kn. Nhjng >by
sy Nng @ sy th~Q lh=>K sy nhjng sn lh=> n >kn h7aQ @CtQ 9; sinh bsng
nC{Q thB QY 9r @CtQ 6> bsng thl AhTng g. 0r >by @CtQ thit A @ng s N Nng
9; sinhK Ai> tOS 9 b7 NCng.
0.10.3.3. 2uVt khj
'<8t s Nzng tO7ng >by sy QY th @CtQ gn tO7ng h7aQ ng7i >by. #Y hSi
678i: q<8t t<yn h7n AhTng AhU q<S QbQ bng ti 9 q<8t x AhU OS t >by sy. '<8t
t<yn h7n @CtQ gn 97 tO7ng 9r >by 6 q<8t 6y t5>K Qbnh q<8t AhTng ns> tO7ng
sQO766 SnK nY 6> tng bl 6~Q V ngn > nY @CtQ gn. '<8t @CtQ thit A @ng 9
@aQ @i> QRS q<8t q<yt @nh @n h78t @Wng QRS bng ti. !y< ht >by sy bng ti
QY th sy @CtQ nhi< 678i sn lh=> V nhi< 6C< 6Ctng AhbQ nhS<. NPn q<8t @CtQ
Trang 3P/./
Qhn AhTng nh8y 9{i s~ thSy @i 9 sn lh=> sy hSy 6C< 6Ctng sy. S sv q<8t
@CtQ s Nzng 6 678i q<8t 6y t5> QY Qbnh nghiPng 9 lhUS sS<. '<8t ny @CtQ Qhn
9B 6C< 6Ctng 6{nK hi;< s<t QS7K Ut ting n 9 gib tC|ng @vi thl.
*

0.10.3.;. (ukn nhit
Nhi;t tO7ng >by sy bng ti thCDng @CtQ Q<ng Ql tO~Q til N7 @vt Qhby AhU
thiPn nhiPn h7aQ gibn til N7 h|i nYng tO7ng Yng x7n. T<y nhiPn >Wt sv ng<n
nhi;t AhbQ Qng @CtQ s Nzng nhC: AhU L^K Ny< >S<tK nhiPn 6i;< 6rng h7aQ 6k n<ng
@i;n. Ng<n nhi;t @CtQ 6l @at ngSy sS< q<8t t<yn h7n. TO7ng >Wt sv tOCDng htl
nhC: Ahi s Nzng Ny< >S<t 9{i th~Q lh=> Qh7 ngCDi h7aQ Ahi >Wt 6Ctng bzi 6{n b
6Ti Q<vn th7 Nkng AhU nhi;t @CtQ tO<yn AhTng tO~Q til q<S thit b tOS7 @i nhi;t
giY giY. 3Wt sv tOCDng htl AhbQ nhC t:n Nzng ng<n AhU thi QY @W => thl
nhCng nhi;t @W QS7 t nhjng qWt lhyn nhi;t 6Ctng Qh7 >by sy.
0.10.3.B. $il liu
3by til 6i;< 6 >Wt tO7ng nhjng bW lh:n q<Sn tOng nht QRS >by sy bng
ti. TO7ng QbQ h; thvng sy @vi 6C< bt b<WQ Nkng AhU q<S sn lh=> lhi @ng @<.
'<b tOBnh tO<yn nhi;t 9 tO<yn Ahvi tO7ng h; thvng ny t 6; 9{i 9:n tvQ Nkng AhU
q<S 9:t 6i;<.
Trang 3Q/./
F't #%&i Zs(r%## [an\
X!&t #y t]m ( (4nh nghi"ng
ra sa!
F1 t sI :!an trKng ()a m4y ti5 #iD!*
Dkng AhU s C< tiPn q<S nhjng Ah< 9~Q QY 6{l 9:t 6i;< >rng h|n N7 tOV 6~Q
nhr h|n. NPn 6{l 9:t 6i;< AhT h|n lhyn Qkn 68i. +n lh=> QY th @CtQ ti 6Pn bng
ti th7 >Wt sv QbQh. NgCDi tS QY th s Nzng 678i >by til 6i;< QY >bng O<ng h7aQ
bng ti O<ng @ Oi @< sn lh=> tOPn bng ti.
F4y ti5 #iD! r!ng
0.10.3.N. :
c .
lhXn
khc
Nhjng sn lh=>
nhC ng QvQ QY Ah<ng
hC{ng NUnh 68i 9{i nhS< h7aQ bb> 6Pn bng ti. Ehvi sn lh=> bb> 6Pn bng ti 6
>Wt 9n @ tO7ng q 6Pn bng ti Qng 6 >Wt 9n @ 6> Qh7 sn lh=> AhTng Ni Qh<yn x<vng
Trang 3R/./
bng ti A til h7aQ @ OS ng7i. 3Wt sv lhz Ai;n QY th gil gii q<yt 9n @ ny.
3by gh @zQ h7aQ >by Ah7SnK bS7 g> >Wt tOzQ q<Sy QY nhjng @inh 6{n. Nhjng
Qbi @inh ny x<yPn q<S 9 b gy Ahvi sn lh=> h7aQ gil g br Qhng OS Ahri
bng ti. Nhjng lhz Ai;n ny lhi @CtQ @at 97 @ng 9 tOU Qyn thitK n< @at sSi 9
tOU QbQ sn lh=> s NUnh 68i 9{i nhS< h7aQ s g5y hC hrng sn lh=>. Nhjng bn
Qhi Qng QY th @CtQ s Nzng @ 6> s8Qh bng ti.
F't #%&i (hi bng ti*
Nhjng lhz Ai;n AhbQ QY th @CtQ thP> 97 >by sy bng ti nhC h; thvng
#I4 ]#6Sn In 46SQ_K h; thvng th< hi nhi;tK h; thvng x AhU thiK h; thvng @i<
Ahin t~ @Wng.
#.>#.4.-n 3nK @hwn =?N afN 7Q CV@h 9hI]@
^C{Q @y< tiPn tO7ng 9i;Q 6~S Qhn >by sy bng ti 6 Qhn Q< hBnh QhUnh
xbQ lh htl 9{i 9:t 6i;< @CtQ sy. TO7ng >Wt sv tOCDng htl Q< hBnh >by sy
AhTng Qh @CtQ q<yt @nh bVi sn lh=> > Qkn bVi gib thnh 9 AhTng giSn 6l
Trang 3S/./
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Trang 3T/./
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Trang OU/./
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Trang O1/./

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Trang O3/./
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Trang OO/./
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Trang OP/./
Nkng AhU. #<vi QngK 9i;Q thit A @CtQ x> 6 thnh QTng Ahi >by sy Qh7 lhl 9;
sinh N Nng tt Q >i 9 tOU bPn tO7ng.
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Trang OR/./
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F XK33. ? @i< @i< Ai;n nyK

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