Solution of Network Analysis M e Van Valkenburg CH 1 2 3 4

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)) 2000-E-4

Conventions for Describing Networks
2-1. For the controlled (monitored) source shown in the figure, re!re ! lot
simil!r to th!t given in Fig. 2-"(b).
v
2
v
1
# $
b
$
b
v
1
# $
!
$
!
i
2
Fig. 2-" (b)
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+,-)
.t is volt!ge controlled current source.
i
2
/$e !0is
v
2
-$e !0is
gv
1
i
2
gv
1
/
v
2
current source
-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2
2-2. 1ee!t *rob. 2-1 for the controlled source given in the !ccom!n(ing figure.
%olution&
.t is current controlled volt!ge source.
v
2
ri
1
i
2
2-2. 3he network of the !ccom!n(ing figure is ! model for ! b!tter( of oen-circuit
termin!l volt!ge $ !nd intern!l resist!nce 1
b
. For this network, lot i !s ! function
v. .dentif( fe!tures of the lot such !s sloes, intercets, !nd so on.
%olution&
3ermin!l volt!ge
v # $ - i1
b
i1
b
#

$ - v

i

#

($ - v

)+1
b
4hen v # 5
i

#

($ - v

)+1
b
i

#

($ - 5

)+1
b
i

#

$+1
b
!m
4hen v # $
i

#

($ - $

)+1
b
i

#

(5

)+1
b
i

#

5 !m
v # 5 i # $+1
v # $ i # 5
i
$+1
b
$ v

%loe&
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !
( # m0 / c
(0
1
, (
1
) # (5, $+1
b
)
(0
2
, (
2
) # ($, 5)
m # ((
2
6 (
1
)+(0
2
6 0
1
) # (5 6 $+1
b
)+($ - 5) # (-$+1
b
)+$ # (-$+1b)(1+$) # -1+1
b
(-intercet # $+1
b
0-intercet # $
%loe (-intercet 0-intercet
-1+1
b
$+1
b
$
2-,. 3he m!gnetic s(stem shown in the figure h!s three windings m!rked 1-17, 2-27,
!nd 2-27. 8sing three different forms of dots, est!blish ol!rit( m!rkings for these
windings.
%olution&
9ets !ssume current in coil 1-17 h!s direction u !t 1 (incre!sing). .t roduces flu0
(incre!sing) in th!t core in clockwise direction.
1 17 2 27 2 27
:ccording to the 9en;7s l!w current roduced in coil 2-27 is in such ! direction th!t
it ooses the incre!sing flu0 . %o direction of current in 2-27 is down !t 27. <ence
ends 1 ) 27 !re of s!me ol!rit( !t !n( inst!nt. <ence !re m!rked with . %imil!rl(
!ssuming the direction of current in coil 2-27, we c!n show !t !n( inst!nt 2 ) 27
h!ve s!me ol!rities !nd !lso 1 ) 2 h!ve s!me ol!rities.
2-=. *l!ce three windings on the core shown for *rob. 2-, with winding senses
selected such th!t the following termin!ls h!ve the s!me m!rk& (!) 1 !nd 2, 2 !nd 2,
2 !nd 1, (b) 17 !nd 27, 27 !nd 27, 27 !nd 17.
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+,>)

1 17 2 27 2 27
(!)
1 17 2 27 2 27
(b)
2--. 3he figure shows four windings on ! m!gnetic flu0-conducting core. 8sing
different sh!ed dots, est!blish ol!rit( m!rkings for the windings.
%olution&
i
1
i
2
i
,
1
(Follow Fleming7s right h!nd rule)
2->. 3he !ccom!n(ing schem!tic shows the e?uiv!lent circuit of ! s(stem with
ol!rit( m!rks on the three-couled coils. Dr!w ! tr!nsformer with ! core simil!r to
th!t shown for *rob. 2-- !nd l!ce windings on the legs of the core in such ! w!( !s
2

, i
2
Coil 1
Coil 2
Coil 2
Coil ,
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "
to be e?uiv!lent to the schem!tic. %how connections between the elements in the
s!me dr!wing.
%olution&
9
2

1
1
1
2
2-". 3he !ccom!n(ing schem!tics e!ch show two inductors with couling but with
different dot m!rkings. For e!ch of the two s(stems, determine the e?uiv!lent
induct!nce of the s(stem !t termin!ls 1-17 b( combining induct!nces.
%olution&
9et ! b!tter( be connected !cross it to c!use ! current i to flow. 3his is the c!se of
!dditive flu0.
M
9
1
9
2
$
i
(!)
$ # self induced e.m.f. (1) / self induced e.m.f. (2) / mutu!ll( induced e.m.f. (1) /
mutu!ll( induced e.m.f. (2)
$ # 9
1
di+dt / 9
2
di+dt / @ di+dt / @ di+dt
9et 9
e?
be the e?uiv!lent induct!nce then $ # 9
e?
di+dt
9
e?
di+dt # (9
1
/ 9
2
/ @ / @) di+dt

2
2

i
2
9
1

9
2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #
9
e?
# 9
1
/ 9
2
/ @ / @
9
e?
# 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@
@
9
1
9
2
i
$
(b)
3his is the c!se of subtr!ctive flu0.
$ # 9
1
di+dt / 9
2
di+dt - @ di+dt - @ di+dt
9et 9
e?
be the e?uiv!lent induct!nce then $ # 9
e?
di+dt
9
e?
di+dt # (9
1
/ 9
2
- @ - @) di+dt
9
e?
# 9
1
/ 9
2
- @ - @
9
e?
# 9
1
/ 9
2
- 2@
2-A. : tr!nsformer h!s 155 turns on the rim!r( (termin!ls 1-17) !nd 255 turns on
the second!r( (termin!ls 2-27). : current in the rim!r( c!uses ! m!gnetic flu0,
which links !ll turns of both the rim!r( !nd the second!r(. 3he flu0 decre!ses
!ccording to the l!w # e
-t
4eber, when t 5. Find& (!) the flu0 link!ges of the
rim!r( !nd second!r(, (b) the volt!ge induced in the second!r(.
%olution&
N
1
# 155
N
2
# 255
# e
-t
(t 5)
*rim!r( flu0 link!ge
1
# N
1
# 155 e
-t
%econd!r( flu0 link!ge
2
# N
2
# 255 e
-t
@!gnitude of volt!ge induced in second!r( v
2
# d
2
+dt # d+dt(255 e
-t
)
v
2
# -255 e
-t
<ence second!r( induced volt!ge h!s m!gnitude
v
2
# 255 e
-t
2-15. .n (!) of the figure is shown ! resistive network. .n (b) !nd (c) !re shown
gr!hs with two of the four nodes identified. For these two gr!hs, !ssign resistors
to the br!nches !nd identif( the two rem!ining nodes such th!t the resulting
networks !re toologic!ll( identic!l to th!t shown in (!).
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+,")
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $
b
1
2
1
2
1
1
! c
1
=
1
,
d
1
,
d c
1
=
%
1
2
b 1
2
!
2-11. 3hree gr!hs !re shown in figure. Cl!ssif( e!ch of the gr!hs !s l!n!r or
nonl!n!r.
%olution&
:ll !re l!n!r.
.n th!t the( m!( be dr!wn on ! sheet of !er without crossing lines.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &
2-12. For the gr!h of figure, cl!ssif( !s l!n!r or nonl!n!r, !nd determine the
?u!ntities secified in e?u!tions 2-12 ) 2-1,.
%olution&
Cl!ssific!tion&
Nonl!n!r
Number of br!nches in tree # number of nodes 6 1 # = 6 1 # ,
Number of chords # br!nches 6 nodes / 1 # 15 6 = / 1 # 15 6 , # -
Chord me!ns B: str!ight line connecting two oints on ! curve7.
2-12. .n (!) !nd (b) of the figure for *rob. 2-11 !re shown two gr!hs, which m!( be
e?uiv!lent. .f the( !re e?uiv!lent, wh!t must be the identific!tion of nodes !, b, c, d
in terms of nodes 1, 2, 2, , if ! is identic!l with 1C
%olution&
(b)
! is identic!l with 1
b is identic!l with ,
c is identic!l with 2
d is identic!l with 2
2-1,. 3he figure shows ! network with elements !rr!nged !long the edges of ! cube.
(!) Determine the number of nodes !nd br!nches in the network. (b) C!n the gr!h
of this network be dr!wn !s ! l!n!r gr!hC
%olution&
Number of nodes # "
Number of br!nches # 11
(b) Des it c!n be dr!wn.
2-1=. 3he figure shows ! gr!h of si0 nodes !nd connecting br!nches. Dou !re to
!dd non!r!llel br!nches to this b!sic structure in order to !ccomlish the
following different obEectives& (!) wh!t is the minimum number of br!nches th!t
m!( be !dded to m!ke the resulting structure nonl!n!rC (b) 4h!t is the m!0imum
number of br!nches (ou m!( !dd before the resulting structure becomes
nonl!n!rC
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+,A)
@!ke the structure nonl!n!r
@inimum number of br!nches # 2
@!0imum number of br!nches # >
2-1-. Disl!( five different trees for the gr!h shown in the figure. %how br!nches
with solid lines !nd chords with dotted lines. (b) 1ee!t (!) for the gr!h of (c) in
*rob. 2-11.
%olution&
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '
1) 2)
2) ,)
=)
b)&
1) 2)
2) ,)
=)
2-1>. Determine !ll trees of the gr!hs shown in (!) of *rob. 2-11 !nd (b) of *rob. 2-
15. 8se solid lines for tree br!nches !nd dotted lines for chords.
%olution&
:ll trees&
1) 2) 2) ,)
=) -) >) ")
A) 15) 11) 12)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4
12) 1,) 1=) 1-)
1>) 1") 1A) 25)
21) 22) 22) 2,)
2=) 2-) 2>) 2")
2A) 25)
:ll trees of
%olution&
1)
2)
2)
,)
Fefore solving e0ercise following terms should be ket in mind&
1. Node
2. Fr!nch
2. 3ree
,. 3r!nsformer theor(
=. %loe
-. %tr!ight line e?u!tion
>. .ntercet
". %elf induction
A. @utu!l induction
15. Current controlled volt!ge source
11. $olt!ge controlled current source
12. Coordin!te s(stem
Network e?u!tions
2-1. 4h!t must be the rel!tionshi between C
e?
!nd C
1
!nd C
2
in (!) of the figure of
the networks if (!) !nd (c) !re e?uiv!lentC 1ee!t for the network shown in (b).
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+">)
/ - / -
(
)
)
2
v(t) i
-
F( kirchhoff7s volt!ge l!w&

*++*H MUH*MM*, (P.B.U.H)

v(t) # 1+C
1
i dt / 1+C
2
i dt
v(t) # (1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
) i dt
.n second c!se
/ -
v(t) C
e?
i
v(t) # 1+C
e?
i dt
.f (!) ) (c) !re e?uiv!lent
1+C
e?
i dt # (1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
) i dt
1+C
e?
# (1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
)
(b) / - ! / -
i C
1
/ i
2
C
2
- C
2
i
1
b
i # i
1
/ i
2
i # C
2
dv
!
+dt / C
2
dv
!
+dt when v
!
is volt!ge !cross !b.
3he e?uiv!lent c!!cit!nce between ! ) b be C
e?
7
3hen i # C
e?
7dv
!
+dt
C
e?
7dv
!
+dt # C
2
dv
!
+dt / C
2
dv
!
+dt
C
e?
7 # C
2
/ C
2
Di!gr!m (b) reduces to
/ -
/
C
1
/
v
C
e?
7
-
-
From result obt!ined b( (!)
1+C
e?
# (1+C
1
/ 1+C
e?
7)
1+C
e?
# (1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
/ C
2
)
2-2. 4h!t must be the rel!tionshi between 9
e?
!nd 9
1
, 9
2
!nd @ for the networks
of (!) !nd of (b) to be e?uiv!lent to th!t of (c)C
%olution&
.n network (!) !l(ing G$9
v # 9
1
di+dt / 9
2
di+dt / @di+dt / @di+dt
v # (9
1
/ 9
2
/ @ / @)di+dt
v # (9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)di+dt
.n network (c)
v # 9
e?
di+dt
.f (!) ) (c) !re e?uiv!lent
(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)di+dt # 9
e?
di+dt
(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) # 9
e?
.n network (b) !l(ing G$9
v # 9
1
di+dt / 9
2
di+dt - @di+dt - @di+dt
v # (9
1
/ 9
2
- @ 6 @)di+dt
v # (9
1
/ 9
2
- 2@)di+dt
.n network (c)
v # 9
e?
di+dt
.f (b) ) (c) !re e?uiv!lent
(9
1
/ 9
2
- 2@)di+dt # 9
e?
di+dt
(9
1
/ 9
2
- 2@) # 9
e?
2-2. 1ee!t *rob. 2-2 for the three networks shown in the !ccom!n(ing figure.
%olution&
/
@
v
i
1
9
1
9
2
loo 1 loo 2 i
2
-
:l(ing G$9 in loo 1
v # 9
1
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt / @di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt - 9
1
di
2
+dt / @di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt / @di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt / (@ - 9
1
)di
2
+dt
:l(ing G$9 in loo 2
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / H-@di
2
+dtI / H-@d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dtI
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt - @di
2
+dt - @d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt - @di
2
+dt - @di
2
+dt / @di
1
+dt
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt - 2@di
2
+dt / @di
1
+dt
5 # (@ 6 9
1
) di
1
+dt / (9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@) di
2
+dt
4riting in m!tri0 form
9
1
@ 6 9
1
di
1
+dt v
#
@ 6 9
1
9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@ di
2
+dt 5
v @ 6 9
1
5 9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@
di
1
+dt #
9
1
@ 6 9
1
@ 6 9
1
9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@
v @ 6 9
1
5 9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@
# (v)( 9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@) 6 5 # (v)(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@)
9
1
@ 6 9
1
@ 6 9
1
9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@
# (9
1
)(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@) 6 (@ 6 9
1
)(@ 6 9
1
)
# (9
1
)(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@) 6 (@ 6 9
1
)
2
# (9
1
2
/ 9
1
9
2
6 29
1
@) 6 @
2
6 9
1
2
/ 2@9
1
# 9
1
2
/ 9
1
9
2
6 29
1
@ 6 @
2
6 9
1
2
/ 2@9
1
# 9
1
9
2
6 @
2

di
1
+dt # (v)(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@)+9
1
9
2
6 @
2

di
1
+dt H(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@)I # v
.n network (c)
v i
1
9
e?
v # 9
e?
di
1
+dt
For (!) ) (c) to be e?u!l
di
1
+dt H(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@)I # 9
e?
di
1
+dt
(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
6 2@) # 9
e?
(b)
/
@
v
i
1
9
1
i
2
9
2
-
:l(ing G$9 in loo 1
v # 9
1
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt - @di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt - 9
1
di
2
+dt - @di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt / @di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
2
+dt
v # 9
1
di
1
+dt - (9
1
/ @)di
2
+dt
:l(ing G$9 in loo 2
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / @di
2
+dt / @d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt / @di
2
+dt / @d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt / @di
2
+dt / @di
2
+dt - @di
1
+dt
5 # 9
2
di
2
+dt / 9
1
di
2
+dt - 9
1
di
1
+dt / 2@di
2
+dt - @di
1
+dt
5 # - (9
1
/ @) di
1
+dt / (9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) di
2
+dt
4riting in m!tri0 form
9
1
- (9
1
/ @)

di
1
+dt v
#
- (9
1
/ @) 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@ di
2
+dt 5
v - (9
1
/ @)
5 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@
di
1
+dt #
9
1
- (9
1
/ @)

- (9
1
/ @) 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@
v - (9
1
/ @)
5 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@
# (v)( 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) 6 5 # (v)(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)
9
1
- (9
1
/ @)

- (9
1
/ @) 9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@
# (9
1
)(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) - (9
1
/ @)(9
1
/ @)
# (9
1
)(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) - (9
1
/ @)
2
# (9
1
2
/ 9
1
9
2
/ 29
1
@) - @
2
- 9
1
2
- 2@9
1
# 9
1
2
/ 9
1
9
2
/ 29
1
@ - @
2
- 9
1
2
- 2@9
1
# 9
1
9
2
6 @
2

di
1
+dt # (v)(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)+9
1
9
2
6 @
2

di
1
+dt H(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)I # v
.n network (c)
v i
1
9
e?
v # 9
e?
di
1
+dt
For (!) ) (c) to be e?u!l
di
1
+dt H(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@)I # 9
e?
di
1
+dt
(9
1
9
2
6 @
2
)+(9
1
/ 9
2
/ 2@) # 9
e?
2-,. 3he network of inductors shown in the figure is comosed of ! 1-< inductor on
e!ch edge of ! cube with the inductors connected to the vertices of the cube !s
shown. %how th!t, with resect to vertices ! !nd b, the network is e?uiv!lent to th!t
in (b) of the figure when 9e? # =+- <. @!ke use of s(mmetr( in working this
roblem, r!ther th!n writing kirchhoff l!ws.
%olution& 1-<
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+"")
1-<
1-<
1-<
1-<
1-< 1-<
1 17
1-< 1-<
1-<
1-<
i+-
i+2
i+- i+2
i+- i+2
i i+2 i i+2 i i+2 i
i+2 i+2 17
1
i+2 i+- i+2
i+-
i+-
1+2-< 1+--< 1+2-<
9
e?
# 1+2-< / 1+--< / 1+2-< # =+--<
2-=. .n the networks of *rob. 2-,, e!ch 1-< inductor is rel!ced b( ! 1-F c!!citor,
!nd 9
e?
is rel!ced b( C
e?
. 4h!t must be the v!lue of C
e?
for the two networks to be
e?uiv!lentC
%olution&
'en (our book ) see the figure (*+"")
-- --
-- --
.
-- --
2 - 2
C
e?
# 1+2 / 1+- / 1+2 # 1.2 F
2--. 3his roblem m!( be solved using the two kirchoff l!ws !nd volt!ge current
rel!tionshis for the elements. :t time t
5
!fter the switch k w!s closed, it is found
th!t v
2
# /= $. Dou !re re?uired to determine the v!lue of i
2
(t
5
) !nd di
2
(t
5
)+dt.
node 1
/ G /
15$ 1
-
2 1
i
2
v
2
1+2h
-
8sing kirchhoff7s current l!w !t node 1
v
2
6 15+1 / v
2
+2 / i
2
# 5
v
2
6 15 / v
2
+2 / i
2
# 5
2v
2
+2 / i
2
# 15
i
2
# 15 6 2v
2
+2
!t t # t
5
i
2
(t
5
) # 15 6 2v
2
(t
5
)+2
i
2
(t
5
) # 15 6 2(=)+2 # 2.= !m.
:lso
v
2
v
2
# i
2
(1) / 9di
2
+dt
v
2
# i
2
(1) / (1+2)di
2
+dt
di
2
+dt # (v
2
6 i
2
)(2)
di
2
(t
5
)+dt # (v
2
(t
5
) 6 i
2
(t
5
))(2) # (= 6 2.=)(2) # (2.=)(2) # = !m+sec.
2->. 3his roblem is simil!r to *rob. 2--. .n the network given in the figure, it is
given th!t v
2
(t
5
) # 2 $, !nd (dv
2
+dt)(t
5
) # -15 $+sec, where t
5
is the time !fter the
switch G w!s closed. Determine the v!lue of C.
%olution&
/ v
2
2$ 2 /
-
1
C
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2!
-
8sing kirchhoff7s current l!w !t node
v
2
6 2+2 / v
2
+1 / i
c
# 5
2v
2
+2 / i
c
# 2+2
:t t # t
5
2v
2
(t
5
)+2 / i
c
(t
5
) # 2+2
2(2)+2 / i
c
(t
5
) # 2+2
i
c
(t
5
) # - 2+2
!lso
!t t # t
5
i
c
(t
5
) # cdv
2
(t
5
)+dt
- 2+2 # c(- 15)
c # 2+25 5.1=-F
3he series of roblems described in the following t!ble !ll ert!in to the network of
(g) of the figure with the network in : !nd F secified in the t!ble.
2-" (!)
%olution&
/
v
1
2
v
2
J-h
-
'en (our book ) see (*+"A)
v
2
(t) 5 5KtK1
v
2
(t) 1 1KtK2
v
2
(t) 5 2KtK2
v
2
(t) 2 2KtK,
:l(ing G$9
v
1
# 2(i) / (1+2)di+dt # 2(i) / v
2
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5
KtK1
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t
i(t) # 5 / 5dt # 5 !m.
5
:t t
# 5
i(5) #
5
:t t
# 1
i(1) #
5

1
KtK2
t 1 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 1
t t
i(t) # i(1) / 2 (1)dt # 5 / 2 t
1 1
i(t) # 2(t - 1) !m.
:t t
# 1
i(1) #
5
:t t
# 2
i(2) #
2

2KtK2
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 5dt # 2 / 5 # 2 !m.
2
:t t # 2
i(2) # 2
:t t # 2
i(2) # 2

2KtK,
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 (2)dt # 2 / , t
2 2
i(t) # 2 / ,(t - 2)
!m.
i(,) # 2 / ,(, - 2)
!m.
# - !m.
:t t # 2
i(2) # 2
:t t # ,
i(,) # -
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2"

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / v
2
(5)
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 2(i(1)) / v
2
(1)
v
1
(1) # 2(5) / 5 # 5

1KtK2
1 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(2) / 1 # =

2KtK2
5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(2) / 5 # ,

2KtK,
2 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # ,
v
1
(,) # 2(i(,)) / v
2
(,)
v
1
(,) # 2(-) / 2 # 1,
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) =
v
1
(2) ,
v
1
(,) 1,
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2#
2-" (b)
v
2
2
0
1
2
3
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series2 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2$
5 1 2 2 , time
.nterv!l v
2
(t)
5KtK1 2t
1KtK2 -2(t 6 2)
2KtK2 2(t 6 2)
2KtK, -2(t 6 ,)
tL, 5
5KtK1
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, 2)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2&
(0
5
, (
5
) # (5, 5)
%tr!ight-line e?u!tion
( # m0 / c
m # ((
1
6 (
5
)+(0
1
6 0
5
) # (2 - 5)+(1 - 5) # 2+1 # 2
%loe # 2
(-intercet # 5
( # m0 / c
v
2
(t) # 2t / 5 # 2t $olts
1KtK2
(0
2
, (
2
) # (1, 2)
(0
1
, (
1
) # (2, 5)
( # m0 / c
m # ((
2
6 (
1
)+(0
2
6 0
1
) # (2 - 5)+(1 - 2) # 2+(-1) # - 2
%loe # - 2
(-intercet # ,
( # m0 / c
v
2
(t) # - 2t / , # - 2(t 6 2) $olts
2KtK2
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, 2)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 2'
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, 5)
( # m0 / c
m # ((
2
6 (
2
)+(0
2
6 0
1
) # (2 - 5)+(2 - 2) # 2+1 # 2
%loe # 2
(-intercet # -,
( # m0 / c
v
2
(t) # 2t / (-,) # 2t 6 , # 2(t - 2) $olts
1KtK2
(0
,
, (
,
) # (2, 2)
(0
2
, (
2
) # (,, 5)
( # m0 / c
m # ((
,
6 (
2
)+(0
,
6 0
2
) # (2 - 5)+(2 - ,) # 2+(-1) # - 2
%loe # - 2
(-intercet # "
( # m0 / c
v
2
(t) # - 2t / " # - 2(t 6 ,) $olts
v
1
# v
2
/ 2i
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5KtK1
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t t
i(t) # 5 / 2 2tdt # , tdt
5 5
t
# , t
2
+2
5
i(t) # ,Mt
2
+2 - 5N # ,Mt
2
+2N # 2t
2
!m.
:t t # 5
i(5) # 5
:t t # 1
i(1) # 2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !0

1KtK2
t 1 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 1
t
i(t) # i(1) / 2 -2(t - 2)dt
1
t
i(t) # 2 / (-,) (t - 2)dt
1
t
i(t) # 2 - , (t - 2)dt
1
t
i(t) # 2 - , t
2
+2 6 2t
1
i(t) # 2 - , M(t
2
+2 6 2t) 6 (1+2 - 2)N
i(t) # 2 - , M(t
2
+2 6 2t) 6 (- 2+2)N
i(t) # 2 - , Mt
2
+2 6 2t / 2+2)N
i(t) # 2 6 2t
2
/ "t 6 -
i(t) # 6 2t
2
/ "t 6 ,
:t t # 2
i(2) # ,
!m.

2KtK2
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 2(t - 2)dt
2
t
i(t) # , / , (t - 2)dt
2
:t t # 2
i(2) # -
!m.
t
i(t) # , / , (t - 2)dt
1
t
i(t) # , / , t
2
+2 6 2t
2
i(t) # , / , M(t
2
+2 6 2t) 6 (,+2 - ,)N
i(t) # , / , M(t
2
+2 6 2t) 6 (- 2)N
i(t) # , / , Mt
2
+2 6 2t / 2)N
i(t) # , / 2t
2
- "t / "
i(t) # 2t
2
- "t / 12

2KtK,
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 -2(t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # - - , (t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # - - , (t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # - - , t
2
+2 6 ,t
2
i(t) # - - , M(t
2
+2 6 ,t) 6 (,.= - 12)N
i(t) # - - , M(t
2
+2 6 ,t) 6 (- >.=)N
i(t) # - - , Mt
2
+2 6 ,t / >.=)N
i(t) # - - 2t
2
/ 1-t - 25
i(t) # - 2t
2
/ 1-t 6 2,
:t t # ,
i(,) # "
!m.
v
2
(t) # 2t v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / 2t
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5
5KtK1
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 2(i(1)) / 2t
v
1
(1) # 2(5) / 2(1) # 2

1KtK2
1 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) 6 2(t - 2)
v
1
(2) # 2(,) - 5 # "

2KtK2
5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / 2(t - 2)
v
1
(2) # 2(-) / 2 # 1,

2KtK,
2 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # ,
v
1
(,) # 2(i(,)) 6 2(t - ,)
v
1
(,) # 2(") - 5 # 1-
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 2
v
1
(2) "
v
1
(2) 1,
v
1
(,) 1-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !!
0
1
2
3
4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series2 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
5KtK1 $
2
# 5
1KtK2 2
2KtK2 -2
tL2 5
:l(ing G$9
v
1
# 2(i) / (1+2)di+dt # 2(i) / v
2
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5KtK1
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t
i(t) # 5 / 5dt # 5 !m.
5
:t t # 5
i(5) # 5
:t t # 1
i(1) # 5

1KtK2
t 1 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 1
t t
i(t) # i(1) / 2 (2)dt # 5 / , t
1 1
i(t) # ,(t - 1) !m.
:t t # 2
i(2) # ,

2KtK2
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 (-2)dt # , - - t
2 2
# , 6 -(t - 2) !m.
:t t # 2
i(2) # -2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !"

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / v
2
(5)
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 2(i(1)) / v
2
(1)
v
1
(1) # 2(5) / 5 # 5

1KtK2
2 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(,) / 2 # 15

2KtK2
-2 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(-2) - 2 # ->
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) 15
v
1
(2) ->
0 0
10
-7
0
1
2
3
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 0 10 -7
Series2 0 1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !#
2-" (d) 5KtK , v
2
# sint
:l(ing G$9
v
1
# 2(i) / (1+2)di+dt # 2(i) / v
2
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5KtK
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t
i(t) # 5 / 2 sintdt
5
t
i(t) # - 2 cost # - 2(cost - 1)
!m.
5
Fec!use cos5 # 1
:t t # 5
i(5) # 5
:t t # 1
i(1) # 5
v
1
# 2(i) / v
2
v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / sint
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / sin5
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5 $olt
:t t #
v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / sint
v
1
( ) # 2(i( )) / sin
v
1
( ) # 2(,) / 5 # " $olt
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
( )
"
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !$
0 0
1
8
0
2
4
6
8
10
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 0
Series2 1 8
1 2

2-" (f)
5KtK1 2t
1KtK2 2
2KtK, -2(t - ,)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !&
v
2
2
5 1 2 2 , time
5KtK1
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, 2)
(0
5
, (
5
) # (5, 5)
( # m0 / c
m # ((
1
6 (
5
)+(0
1
6 0
5
) # (2 - 5)+(1 - 5) # 2+1 # 2
%loe # 2
(-intercet # 5
( # m0 / c
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !'
v
2
(t) # 2t / 5 # 2t $olts
1KtK2
v
2
(t) # 2 $olts
1KtK2
(0
,
, (
,
) # (2, 2)
(0
2
, (
2
) # (,, 5)
( # m0 / c
m # ((
,
6 (
2
)+(0
,
6 0
2
) # (2 - 5)+(2 - ,) # 2+(-1) # - 2
%loe # - 2
(-intercet # "
( # m0 / c
v
2
(t) # - 2t / " # - 2(t 6 ,) $olts
v
1
# v
2
/ 2i
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5KtK1
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t t
i(t) # 5 / 2 2tdt # , tdt
5 5
t
# , t
2
+2
5
i(t) # ,Mt
2
+2 - 5N # ,Mt
2
+2N # 2t
2
!m.
:t t # 5
i(5) # 5
:t t # 1
i(1) # 2

1KtK2
t 1 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 1
t
i(t) # i(1) / 2 2dt
:t t # 2
i(2) # 15
!m.
1
t
i(t) # 2 / , dt
1
t
i(t) # 2 / , t
1
i(t) # 2 / , (t 6 1) # 2 / ,t 6 , # -2 / ,t

2KtK,
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 -2(t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # 15 - , (t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # 15 - , (t - ,)dt
2
t
i(t) # 15 - , t
2
+2 6 ,t
2
i(t) # 15 - , M(t
2
+2 6 ,t) 6 (,.= - 12)N
i(t) # 15 - , M(t
2
+2 6 ,t) 6 (- >.=)N
i(t) # 15 - , Mt
2
+2 6 ,t / >.=)N
i(t) # 15 - 2t
2
/ 1-t - 25
i(t) # - 2t
2
/ 1-t 6 25
:t t # ,
i(,) # 12
!m.

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 2t v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / 2t
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 2(i(1)) / 2t
v
1
(1) # 2(2) / 2(1) # -
$olts

1KtK2
2 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / 2
v
1
(2) # 2(15) / 2 # 22

2KtK,
-2(t - ,) v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # ,
v
1
(,) # 2(i(,)) - 2(t - ,)
v
1
(2) # 2(12) - 5 # 2, $olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) -
v
1
(2) 22
v
1
(,) 2,
0
6
22
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
time
v
o
l
t
s
Series2
Series2 0 6 22 24
1 2 3 4
2-" (e)
v
2
/1
time
-1
:l(ing G$9
v
1
# 2(i) / (1+2)di+dt # 2(i) / v
2
v
2
# (1+2)di+dt
t
i # 2 v
2
dt
-

5KtK1
t 5 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 5
t
i(t) # 5 / 5dt # 5 !m.
5
:t t # 5
i(5) # 5
:t t # 1
i(1) # 5

1KtK2
t 1 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 1
t t
i(t) # i(1) / 2 (1)dt # 5 / 2 t
2 1
i(t) # 2(t - 1) !m.
:t t # 2
i(2) # 2
.nterv!l v
2
(t)
5KtK1 5
1KtK2 1
2KtK2 5
2KtK, -1

2KtK2
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 5dt # 2
2
# 2 !m.
:t t # 2
i(2) # 2

2KtK,
t 2 t
i # 2 v
2
dt # 2 v
2
dt / 2 v
2
dt
- - 2
t
i(t) # i(2) / 2 (-1)dt
2
t t
i(t) # 2 - 2 (1)dt # 2 - 2 t
2 2
# 2 6 2(t 6 2) !m.

:t t # ,
i(,) # 5
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
5KtK1
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 2(i(5)) / v
2
(5)
v
1
(5) # 2(5) / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 2(i(1)) / v
2
(1)
v
1
(1) # 2(5) / 5 # 5

1KtK2
1 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(2) / 1 # =

2KtK2
5 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 2(i(2)) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # 2(2) / 5 # ,
2KtK, -1 v
1
(t) # 2(i(t)) / v
2
(t)
:t t # ,
v
1
(2) # 2(i(,)) / v
2
(,)
v
1
(2) # 2(5) - 1 # -1
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) =
v
1
(2) ,
v
1
(,) -1
0 0
5
4
-1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series2 0 0 5 4 -1
1 2 3 4 5
2-" (!)
%olution&
/
J-F /
v
1
- v
2
1-h
-
v
1
# v
c
/ v
2
t
v
c
# (1+c) i(t)dt
-
v
2
(t) 5 5KtK1
v
2
(t) 1 1KtK2
v
2
(t) 5 2KtK2
v
2
(t) 2 2KtK,
i(5) 5KtK1 5
i(1) 5KtK1 5
i(2) 1KtK2 2
.(2) 2KtK2 2
.(,) 2KtK, -

5KtK1
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
:t t # 5
v
c
(5) # 5
:t t # 1
v
c
(1) # 5

1KtK2
t 1 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 1
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(1) / 2 (2)dt # 5 /
, t
1 1
v
c
(t) # ,(t - 1) $olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # ,

2KtK2
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (2)dt # , /
, t
2 2
v
c
(t) # , / ,(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # "

2KtK,
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (-)dt # " /
12 t
2 2
v
c
(t) # " / 12(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # ,
v
c
(,) # 25
t # 5 v
c
(t) # 5
1 5
2 ,
2 "
, 25

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # v
c
(5) / v
2
(5)
v
1
(5) # (5) / 5 # 5 $olts
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # v
c
(1) / v
2
(1)
v
1
(5) # (5) / 5 # 5 $olts

1KtK2
1 :t t # 2
v
1
(2) # v
c
(2) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(5) # (,) / 1 # = $olts

2KtK2
5 :t t # 2
v
1
(2) # v
c
(2) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(5) # (") / 5 # " $olts

2KtK,
2 :t t # ,
v
1
(,) # v
c
(,) / v
2
(,)
v
1
(5) # (25) / 2 # 22 $olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) =
v
1
(2) "
v
1
(,) 22
0 0
5
8
22
0
5
10
15
20
25
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series2 0 0 5 8 22
1 2 3 4 5
2-A (b)
v
1
# v
c
/ v
2
t
v
c
# (1+c) i(t)dt
-
v
2
(t) 2t 5KtK1
v
2
(t) -2(t 6 2) 1KtK2
v
2
(t) 2(t - 2) 2KtK2
v
2
(t) -2(t - ,) 2KtK,
i(5) 5KtK1 5
i(1) 5KtK1 2
i(2) 1KtK2 ,
i(2) 2KtK2 -
i(,) 2KtK, "

5KtK1
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t t
v
c
# 5 / 2 2dt # , t # ,t
5 5
:t t # 5
v
c
(5) # 5
:t t # 1
v
c
(1) # ,
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "0

1KtK2
t 1 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 1
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(1) / 2 (,)dt # , /
" t
1 1
v
c
(t) # , / "(t - 1)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # 12

2KtK2
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (-)dt # 12 /
12 t
2
2
v
c
(t) # 12 / 12(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # 2,

2KtK,
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (")dt # 2, /
1- t
2 2
v
c
(t) # 2, / 1-(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # ,
v
c
(,) # ,5
t # 5 v
c
(t) # 5
1 5
2 ,
2 "
, 25

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 2t v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 2t # 2t
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 5 / 2t # 2(5) # 5
$olts.
v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 2t # 2t
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 5 / 2t # 2(1) # 2
$olts.

1KtK2
-2(t 6 2) v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # , 6 2(t 6 2)
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # , $olts.

2KtK2
2(t 6 2) :t t # 2
v
1
(2) # v
c
(2) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # (") / 2(t - 2) # 15
$olts

2KtK,
-2(t - ,) :t t # ,
v
1
(,) # v
c
(,) / v
2
(,)
v
1
(5) # (25) 6 2(t - ,) # 25
$olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 2
v
1
(2) ,
v
1
(2) 15
v
1
(,) 25
0
2
4
10
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
1
2
3
4
5
t
i
m
e
voltage
Series2
Series2 0 2 4 10 20
1 2 3 4 5
2-A (c)
v
1
# v
c
/ v
2
t
v
c
# (1+c) i(t)dt
-
v
2
(t) 5 5KtK1
v
2
(t) 2 1KtK2
v
2
(t) -2 2KtK2
i(5) 5KtK1 5
i(1) 5KtK1 5
i(2) 1KtK2 ,
i(2) 2KtK2 2

5KtK1
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
:t t # 5
v
c
(5) # 5
:t t # 1
v
c
(1) # 5
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "!
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts
5

1KtK2
t 1 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 1
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(1) / 2 (,)dt # 5 /
" t
1 1
v
c
(t) # 5 / "(t - 1)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # "

2KtK2
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (2)dt # " /
, t
2
2
v
c
(t) # " / ,(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # 12
t # 5 v
c
(t) # 5
1 5
2 "
2 12

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 5 # 5
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 5 $olts.
v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 5 $olts.

1KtK2
2 v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # " / 2 # 15
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # 15 $olts.

2KtK2
-2 :t t # 2
v
1
(2) # v
c
(2) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # (12) - 2 # A $olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) 15
v
1
(2) A
2-A (d)
v
1
#
v
c
/ v
2

t
0 0
10
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series2 0 0 10 9
1 2 3 4
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 ""
v
c
# (1+c) i(t)dt
-
v
2
(t) sint
5KtK
i(5)
5KtK
5
i( ) 5KtK
,

5KtK
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 ,dt
- - 5
t t
v
c
# 5 / " dt # " t # "t
$olts
5 5
:t t # 5
v
c
(5) # 5
:t t #
v
c
(1) #
" $olts
t # 5 v
c
(t) # 5
"
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "#

5KtK
v
2
(t) # sint v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / sint # 5
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 5 / sin5 # 5 $olts.
v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # " / sint
:t t #
v
1
( ) # " / sin #
" $olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
( ) "
0 0
1
25.133
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 0
Series2 1 25.133
1 2
2-A (e)
v
1
# v
c
/ v
2
t
v
c
# (1+c) i(t)dt
-
v
2
(t) 5 5KtK1
v
2
(t) 1 1KtK2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "$
v
2
(t) 5 2KtK2
v
2
(t) -1 2KtK,
i(5) 5KtK1 5
i(1) 5KtK1 5
i(2) 1KtK2 2
i(2) 2KtK2 2
i(,) 2KtK, 5

5KtK1
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
t 5 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 5
t
v
c
# 5 / 2 5dt # 5 $olts.
5
:t t # 5
v
c
(5) # 5
:t t # 1
v
c
(1) # 5

1KtK2
t 1 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 1
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(1) / 2 (2)dt # 5 /
, t
1 1
v
c
(t) # 5 / ,(t - 1)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # ,

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "&
2KtK2
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (2)dt # , /
, t
2
2
v
c
(t) # , / ,(t - 2)
$olts.
:t t # 2
v
c
(2) # "

2KtK,
t 2 t
v
c
# 2 idt # 2 idt / 2 idt
- - 2
t
v
c
(t) # v
c
(2) / 2 (5)dt # "
2
v
c
(t) # " $olts.
:t t # ,
v
c
(,) # "
$olts
t # 5 v
c
(t) # 5
1 5
2 ,
2 "
, "

5KtK1
v
2
(t) # 5 v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 5 # 5 $olts
:t t # 5
v
1
(5) # 5 $olts.
v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # 5 / 5 # 5
:t t # 1
v
1
(1) # 5 $olts.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "'

1KtK2
1 v
1
(t) # v
c
(t) / v
2
(t)
v
1
(t) # , / 1 # =
:t t # 2
v
1
(2) # = $olts.

2KtK2
5 :t t # 2
v
1
(2) # v
c
(2) / v
2
(2)
v
1
(2) # (") / 5 # " $olts

2KtK,
-1 :t t # ,
v
1
(,) # v
c
(,) / v
2
(,)
v
1
(,) # " 6 1 # > $olts
v
1
(5) 5
v
1
(1) 5
v
1
(2) =
v
1
(2) "
v
1
(,) >
1 2
3
4
5
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
time
Series2
Series3
Series2 0 0 5 8 7
Series3 1
1 2 3 4 5
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #0
2-1>. For e!ch of the four networks shown in the figure, determine the number of
indeendent loo currents, !nd the number of indeendent node-to-node volt!ges
th!t m!( be used in writing e?uilibrium e?u!tions using the kirchhoff l!ws.
%olution&
'en (our book ) see (*+A5)
(!) Number of indeendent loos # 2
Node-to-node volt!ges # ,
(b) Number of indeendent loos # 2
Node-to-node volt!ges # 2
(c) Number of indeendent loos # 2
Node-to-node volt!ges # 2
(d) Number of indeendent loos # ,
Node-to-node volt!ges # >
2-1". 1ee!t *rob. 2-1> for e!ch of the four networks shown in the figure on !ge
A1.
(e) Number of indeendent loos # >
Node-to-node volt!ges # ,
(f) Number of indeendent loos # 2
Node-to-node volt!ges # =
(g) Number of indeendent loos # ,
Node-to-node volt!ges # =
(h) Number of indeendent loos # =
Node-to-node volt!ges # -
2-1A. Demonstr!te the e?uiv!lence of the networks shown in figure 2-1> !nd so
est!blish ! rule for converting ! volt!ge source in series with !n inductor into !n
e?uiv!lent network cont!ining ! current source.
%olution&
'en (our book ) re!d !rticle source tr!nsform!tion (*+=>).
2-25. Demonstr!te th!t the two networks shown in figure 2-1" !re e?uiv!lent.
%olution&
'en (our book ) re!d (*+-5).
2-21. 4rite ! set of e?u!tions using the kirchhoff volt!ge l!w in terms of
!rori!te loo-current v!ri!bles for the four networks of *rob. 2-1>.
(!)
i
1
&
1
2
i
1
/ 1+c (i
1
6 i
2
) dt # 5
i
2
&
v(t) # i
2
1
1
/ 1+c (i
2
6 i
1
) dt / 9di
2
+dt / 1
2
i
2
(b)
i
1
&
1
1
i
1
/ 9d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt # v(t)
i
2
&
5 # i
2
1
2
/ 1+c i
2
dt / 9d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt
(c)
i
1
&
1(i
1
6 i
2
) / 9di
1
+dt # v(t)
i
2
&
5 # (i
2
6 i
1
)1 / 1+c i
2
dt
(d)
i
1
&
9
1
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt / 1+c
1
i
1
dt # 5
i
2
&
1
1
i
2
/ 9
2
d(i
2
6 i
2
)+dt / 1+c
2
(i
2
6 i
,
)dt # 5
i
2
&
9
1
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / 9
2
d(i
2
6 i
2
)+dt / 1
2
(i
2
6 i
,
) # v(t)
i
,
&
1
2
i
,
/ 1
2
(i
,
6 i
2
) / 1+c
2
(i
,
6 i
2
)dt # 5
2-22. @!ke use of the G$9 to write e?u!tions on the loo b!sis for the four
networks of *rob. 2-1".
%olution&
'en (our book ) see (*+A1).
(!)
i
1
&
1
1
i
1
/ 1+c
2
(i
1
6 i
2
)dt # - v(t)
i
2
&
1+c
2
(i
2
6 i
1
)dt / 1
1
(i
2
6 i
2
) # 5
i
2
&
1+c
1
i
2
dt / 1
1
(i
2
6 i
2
) / 1
2
(i
2
6 i
,
) # 5
i
,
&
1+c
,
(i
,
6 i
=
)dt / 1
2
(i
,
6 i
2
) # 5
i
=
&
1
2
i
=
/ 1+c
,
(i
=
6 i
,
)dt / 1+c
2
i
=
dt # - v(t)
i
-
&
1
2
(i
-
6 i
=
)

/ 1
2
(i
-
6 i
>
) # - v(t)
i
>
&
1+c
=
i
>
dt / 1
2
(i
>
6 i
-
) # 5
(b)
i
1
&
9
2
di
1
+dt / 1+c
1
(i
1
6 i
2
)dt / 1+c
2
(i
1
6 i
2
)dt / 9
,
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt # v(t)
i
2
&
9
1
di
2
+dt / 1+c
2
(i
2
6 i
2
)dt / 1+c
1
(i
2
6 i
1
)dt # 5
i
2
&
9
2
di
2
+dt / 1+c
2
(i
2
6 i
2
)dt / 1+c
2
(i
2
6 i
1
)dt / 9
,
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / 1i
2
# 5
(c)
i
1
&
1+c (i
1
6 i
2
)dt / 1
1
(i
1
6 i
2
) # v(t)
i
2
&
1+c (i
2
6 i
2
)dt / 1
1
(i
2
6 i
1
) / 1
9
(i
2
6 i
,
) # 5
i
2
&
1i
2
/ 1(i
2
6 i
,
) / 1+c (i
2
6 i
2
)dt / 1+c (i
2
6 i
1
)dt # 5
i
,
&
1
9
(i
,
6 i
2
) / 1(i
,
6 i
2
) / 1+c
1
i
,
dt # 5
(d)
i
1
&
1+c
!
(i
1
6 i
2
)dt / 29
1
di
1
+dt / 9
b
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt / 1+c
b
(i
1
6 i
2
)dt # v(t)
i
2
&
9
!
d(i
2
6 i
,
)+dt / 1+c
!
(i
2
6 i
1
)dt # 5
i
2
&
29
2
d(i
2
6 i
,
)+dt / 1(i
2
6 i
,
) / 1+c
!
(i
2
6 i
=
)dt / 9
b
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / 1+c
b
(i
2
6 i
1
)dt # 5
i
,
&
9
!
d(i
,
6 i
2
)+dt / 9
b
di
,
+dt / 1+c
b
i
,
dt / 29
2
d(i
,
6 i
2
)+dt / 1(i
,
6 i
2
) # 5

(!)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #!
i
1
i
2
i
2
i
,
i
=
i
-
i
>
(b)

/

-

/

-
i
2
i
1
i
2
(c)
i
,
/

-

/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #"
i
2
i
1
i
2
(d)
i
2
i
,
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 ##
i
1
i
2
i
=
2-22.
4rite ! set of e?uilibrium e?u!tions on the loo b!sis to describe the network in the
!ccom!n(ing figure. Note th!t the network cont!ins one controlled source. Collect
terms in (our formul!tion so th!t (our e?u!tions h!ve the gener!l form of O?s. (2-
,>).
i
2
/

-

/

-

-

(
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #$
i
1
i
2
i
1
&
i
1
/ (i
1
6 i
2
) / (i
1
6 i
2
) / 1 (i
1
6 i
2
)dt # v
1
(t)
i
2
&
1(i
2
6 i
1
) / 9di
2
+dt # 5
i
2
&
i
2
/ (i
2
6 i
1
) / 1 (i
2
6 i
1
)dt 6 k
1
i
1
# 5
2-2,. For the couled network of the figure, write loo e?u!tions using the G$9. .n
(our formul!tion, use the three loo currents, which !re identified.
%olution&
i
1
&
1
1
i
1
/ (9
1
/ 9
2
)di
1
+dt / @di
2
+dt # v
1
i
2
&
9
2
di
2
+dt / @di
1
+dt / 1+c (i
2
6 i
2
)dt # v
2
i
2
&
1
2
i
2
/ 1+c (i
2
6 i
2
)dt # 5
2-2=. 8sing the secified currents, write the G$9 e?u!tions for this network.
%olution&
i
1
&
1
1
(i
1
/ i
2
/ i
2
) / 9
1
di
1
+dt / @
12
di
2
+dt / 1
2
i
1
-

@
12
di
2
+dt # v
1
(t)
i
2
&
1
1
(i
1
/ i
2
/ i
2
) / 9
2
di
2
+dt / @
12
di
1
+dt /

@
22
di
2
+dt # v
1
(t)
i
2
&
1
1
(i
1
/ i
2
/ i
2
) / 9
2
di
2
+dt - @
12
di
1
+dt /

@
22
di
2
+dt / 1+c i
2
dt# v
1
(t)
2-2-. : network with m!gnetic couling is shown in figure. For the network, @
12
#
5. Formul!te the loo e?u!tions for this network using the G$9.
i
1
&
1
1
i
1
/ 9
1
di
1
+dt / @
12
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt /

9
2
d(i
1
6 i
2
)+dt / @
22
d(-i
2
)+dt / @
12
di
1
+dt / 1
2
(i
1
6 i
2
) #
v
1
(t)
i
2
&
1
2
i
2
/ 9
2
di
2
+dt / @
22
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt /

9
2
d(i
2
6 i
1
)+dt / @
22
d(i
2
)+dt / @
12
d(-i
1
)+dt / 1
2
(i
2
6 i
1
)
# 5
2-2>. 4rite the loo-b!sis volt!ge e?u!tions for the m!gnetic!ll( couled network
with k closed.
%olution&
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #&
%!me !s 2.2-.
2-2". 4rite e?u!tions using the GC9 in terms of node-to-d!tum volt!ge v!ri!bles
for the four networks of *rob. 2-1>.
(!)

1
1
1
2
v
1
v
2
v
2
9
C
v(t)
1
2
1
2
v
1
v
2
9
1
1
C
v(t)+1
1
/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #'
1
2
Node-v
1
:ccording to GC9
%um of currents entering into the Eunction # %um of currents le!ving the
Eunction
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
+1
1
/ (v
1
6 v
2
)+1
2
/ cd(v
1
6 v
2
)+dt
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
+1
1
/ v
1
+1
2
6 v
2
+1
2
/ cdv
1
+dt 6 cdv
2
+dt
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
+1
1
/ v
1
+1
2
/ cdv
1
+dt 6 v
2
+1
2
6 cdv
2
+dt
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
2
/ cd+dt) / (6 1+1
2
6 cd+dt)v
2
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
(P
1
/ P
2
/ cd+dt) / (6 P
2
6 cd+dt)v
2
Fec!use P # 1+1
Node-v
1
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
5

#

(v
2
6 v
1
)+1
2
/ cd(v
2
6 v
1
)+dt / 1+9 v
2
dt / v
2
+1
2
5

#

(v
2
6 v
1
)+1
2
/ cd(v
2
6 v
1
)+dt / Q v
2
dt / v
2
+1
2
5

#

v
2
+1
2
6 v
1
+1
2
/ cdv
2
+dt 6 cdv
1
+dt / Q v
2
dt / v
2
+1
2
5

#

v
2
+1
2
/ cdv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
2
/ Q v
2
dt 6 v
1
+1
2
6 cdv
1
+dt
5

#

v
2
(1+1
2
/ cd+dt / 1+1
2
/ Q dt) / v
1
(6 1+1
2
6 cd+dt)
5

#

v
2
(P
2
/ cd+dt / P
2
/ Q dt) / v
1
(6 P
2
6 cd+dt) Fec!use P # 1+1, Q # 1+9
(b)
1
1
9 C
/

-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $0
v(t)
1
2
v
1
v(t)+1
1
9 C
1
1
1
2
Node-v
1
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
+1
1
/ v
1
+1
2
/ cdv
1
+dt / 1+9 v
1
dt
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
+1
1
/ v
1
+1
2
/ cdv
1
+dt / Q v
1
dt HFec!use 1+9 # QI
v(t)+1
1
#

v
1
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
2
/ cd+dt / Q dt)
(c)
9
1
C
v(t)

/

-
v
1
1
9
C
1+9 v(t)dt
Node-v
1
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
1+9 v
1
dt / v
1
+1

/ cdv
1
+dt # 1+9 v(t)dt
v
1
(1+9 dt / 1+1

/ cd+dt) # 1+9 v(t)dt
(d)
v(t)
12
C
1
9
1

-

/
9
2
1
1
C
2
1
2

-

/

-

/
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $!
1+9
1
v(t)dt
9
1
c
1
dv(t)+dt
C
1
v
1
v
2
v
2

Node-v
1
&
c
1
dv(t)+dt / 1+9
1
v(t)dt # c
1
dv
1
+dt / 1+9
1
v
1
dt / 1+9
2
(v
1
6 v
2
)dt / (v
1
6 v
2
)+1
1
(c
1
d+dt / 1+9
1
dt)v(t) # c
1
dv
1
+dt / 1+9
1
v
1
dt / 1+9
2
v
1
dt - 1+9
2
v
2
dt / v
1
+1
1
6 v
2
+1
1
(c
1
d+dt / 1+9
1
dt)v(t) # c
1
dv
1
+dt / 1+9
1
v
1
dt / 1+9
2
v
1
dt / v
1
+1
1
6 v
2
+1
1
- 1+9
2
v
2
dt
(c
1
d+dt / 1+9
1
dt)v(t) # (c
1
d+dt / 1+9
1
dt / 1+9
2
dt / 1+1
1
)

v
1
6 v
2
+1
1
- 1+9
2
v
2
dt
Node-v
2
&
c
2
d(v
2
6 v
2
)+dt / (v
2
6 v
1
)+1
1
/ v
2
+1
2
# 5
c
2
dv
2
+dt - c
2
dv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
1
6 v
1
+1
1
/ v
2
+1
2
# 5
6 v
1
+1
1
/ v
2
+1
2
/

c
2
dv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
1
- c
2
dv
2
+dt # 5
6 v
1
+1
1
/ (1+1
2
/

c
2
d+dt / 1+1
1
)v
2
- c
2
dv
2
+dt # 5
Node-v
2
&
1+9
2
(v
2
6 v
1
)dt / c
2
d(v
2
6 v
2
)+dt / v
2
+1
2
# 5
1+9
2
v
2
dt - 1+9
2
v
1
dt / c
2
dv
2
+dt - c
2
dv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
2
# 5
- 1+9
2
v
1
dt - c
2
dv
2
+dt / 1+9
2
v
2
dt / v
2
+1
2
/ c
2
dv
2
+dt # 5
- 1+9
2
v
1
dt - c
2
dv
2
+dt / (1+9
2
dt / 1+1
2
/ c
2
d+dt)v
2
# 5
2-2A. @!king use of the GC9, write e?u!tions on the node b!sis for the four
networks of *rob. 2-1".
(!)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $"

/

-

/

-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $#
v(t)+1
1
v
2
v
2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $$
v
,
v
1
(t)+1
2
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
v
2
+1
1
/ v
2
+1
1
/ c
2
dv
2
+dt / c
1
d(v
2
6 v
2
)+dt # v(t)+1
1
v
2
+1
1
/ v
2
+1
1
/ c
2
dv
2
+dt / c
1
dv
2
+dt

6 c
1
dv
2
+dt # v(t)+1
1
v
2
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
1
/ c
2
d+dt / c
1
d+dt)

6 c
1
dv
2
+dt # v(t)+1
1
Node-v
2
&
$
2
+1
2
/ c
,
dv
2
+dt / c
1
d(v
2
6 v
2
)+dt / c
2
d(v
2
6 v
,
)+dt # 5
$
2
+1
2
/ c
,
dv
2
+dt / c
1
dv
2
+dt - c
1
dv
2
+dt / c
2
dv
2
+dt - c
2
dv
,
+dt # 5
- c
1
dv
2
+dt / $
2
+1
2
/ c
,
dv
2
+dt / c
1
dv
2
+dt / c
2
dv
2
+dt - c
2
dv
,
+dt # 5
- c
1
dv
2
+dt / $
2
(1+1
2
/ c
,
d+dt / c
1
d+dt / c
2
d+dt) - c
2
dv
,
+dt # 5
Node-v
,
&
v
,
+1
2
/ c
2
d(v
,
6 v
2
)+dt / c
=
dv
,
+dt / v
,
+1
2
# v
1
(t)+1
2
v
,
+1
2
/ c
2
dv
,
+dt - c
2
dv
2
+dt / c
=
dv
,
+dt / v
,
+1
2
# v
1
(t)+1
2
- c
2
dv
2
+dt / (c
=
d+dt / 1+1
2
/

1+1
2
/ c
2
d

+dt)v
,
# v
1
(t)+1
2
(b)
/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $&
9
1
v
1
v
2
v
2
9
2
C
1
C
2
C
2
9
2
1
+
2
1+92 v(t)dt
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
1
&
1+92 v(t)dt # 1+92 v1d t / 1+91 (v1 6 v2)d t / c1d(v1 6 v2)+dt
1+92 v(t)dt # 1+92 v1d t / 1+91 v1d t - 1+91 v2d t / c1dv1+dt 6 c1dv2+dt
1+92 v(t)dt # 1+92 v1d t / 1+91 v1d t / c1dv1+dt 6 c1dv2+dt - 1+91 v2d t

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 $'
1+92 v(t)dt # v1(1+92 d t / 1+91 d t / c1d+dt) 6 c1dv2+dt - 1+91 v2d t
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
c1d(v2 6 v1)+dt / c1d(v2 6 v2)+dt / c2dv2+dt / 1+92 v2dt # 5
c1dv2+dt - c1dv1+dt / c1dv2+dt - c1dv2+dt / c2dv2+dt / 1+92 v2dt # 5
- c1dv1+dt / c1dv2+dt / c1dv2+dt / c2dv2+dt / 1+92 v2dt - c1dv2+dt # 5
- c1dv1+dt / v2(c1d+dt / c1d+dt / c2d+dt / 1+92 dt) - c1dv2+dt # 5
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
1+91 (v2 6 v1)d t / c1d(v2 6 v2)+dt / 1+92 v2d t / v2+12 # 5
1+91 v2 d t - 1+91 v1d t / c1dv2+dt - c1dv2+dt / 1+92 v2d t / v2+12 # 5
- 1+91 v1d t - c1dv2+dt / c1dv2+dt / 1+92 v2d t / v2+12 / 1+91 v2 d t # 5
- 1+91 v1d t - c1dv2+dt / v2(c1d+dt / 1+92 d t / 1+12 / 1+91 d t) # 5
(c)
/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &0
/
1 1
/

-

/

-

v
2
v
2
C
1
1
C
1
1
9
C
Cdv(t)+dt
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
1
&
v(t)+1 # v1+1 / (v1 6 v2)+1 / c1dv1+dt
v(t)+1 # v1+1 / v1+1 6 v2+1/ c1dv1+dt
v(t)+1 # v1(1+1 / 1+1 / c1d+dt) - v2+1
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
cdv(t)+dt # cdv2+dt / v2+11 / cd(v2 6 v2)+dt
cdv(t)+dt # cdv2+dt / v2+11 / cdv2+dt - cdv2+dt
cdv(t)+dt # v2(cd+dt / 1+11 / cd+dt) - cdv2+dt

:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
5 # v2+19 / (v2 6 v1)+1 / cd(v2 6 v2)+dt
5 # v2+19 / v2+1 6 v1+1 / cdv2+dt - cdv2+dt
5 # 6 v1+1 - cdv2+dt / cdv2+dt / v2+19 / v2+1
5 # 6 v1+1 - cdv2+dt / v2(cd+dt / 1+19 / 1+1)
(d)

0 ( t ) 1 %

/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &!
/

-

291
/

-

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &"
v
1
v
2
29
1
1+29
1
v(t)dt
v
2
v
,
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
1
&
1+29
1
v(t)dt # 1+29
1
(v
1
6 v
2
)dt / c!d(v1 6 v2)+dt / 1+9
!
(v
1
6 v
2
)dt / 1+9
b
(v
1
6 v
,
)dt /
cbd(v1 6 v,)+dt
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &#
c!d(v2 6 v1)+dt / cbd(v2 6 v2)+dt / 1+9
b
(v
2
6 v
2
)dt / 1+29 (v
2
6 v
,
)dt / 1(v
2
6 v
,
) # 5
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
2
&
c!d(v2 6 v,)+dt / 1+9
b
(v
2
6 v
2
)dt / cd(v
2
6 v
2
)+dt / 1+29
1
(v
2
6 v
1
)dt # 5
Node-v
,
&
1+9
!
(v
,
6 v
2
)dt / c!d(v
,
6 v
2
)+dt / 1+29
2
(v
,
6 v
2
)dt / 1+9
b
(v
,
6 v
1
)dt / cbd(v
,
6 v
1
)+dt # 5
2-25. For the given network, write the node-b!sis e?u!tions using the node-to-d!tum
volt!ges !s v!ri!bles.
2
1 2 =
,
v
2
v
1
v
2
v
=
v
,
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
1
&
(v
1
6 v
2
)+(1+2) / (1+2)d(v
1
6 v
2
)+dt / (v
1
6 v
,
)+(1+2) # 5
(v
1
6 v
2
)+(2) / (2)d(v
1
6 v
2
)+dt / (v
1
6 v
,
)+(2) # 5
Node-v
2
&
i
2
# (v
2
6 v
1
)+(1+2) / (v
2
6 5)+(1+2)
i
2
# (v
2
6 v
1
)+2 / v
2
+2
Node-v
2
&
i
2
# (1+2)d(v
2
6 v
,
)+dt / (1+2)d(v
2
6 v
1
)+dt / (1+2)d(v
2
6 5)+dt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &$
i
2
# (2)d(v
2
6 v
,
)+dt / (2)d(v
2
6 v
1
)+dt / (2)dv
2
+dt
Node-v
,
&
5 # (1+2)d(v
,
6 v
2
)+dt / (v
,
6 5)+(1+2) / (v
,
6 v
1
)+(1+2)
5 # (2)d(v
,
6 v
2
)+dt / (v
,
)+(2) / (v
,
6 v
1
)+(2)
2-21. 3he network in the figure cont!ins one indeendent volt!ge source !nd two
controlled sources. 8sing the GC9, write node-b!sis e?u!tions.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &&
/
0
2
/
2
0
!
0
4
:ccording to GC9

-

/

(

-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 &'
Eunction
Node-$
1
&
($
1
6 v
1
)+1
1
/ C
1
d$
1
+dt / $
1
+1
2
# 5
Node-$
2
) v
k
&
v
k
6 $
2
# (v
1
- v
k
)
Node-$
2
&
($
2
6 $
2
)+1
2
/ $
2
+1 / 1+9 v
,
dt / ($
2
6 $
,
)+1
=
# 5
Node-$
,
&
($
,
6 $
2
)+1
=
/ $
,
+1
-
# i
2
Hwhere i
2
# $
,
+1
-
I
2-22. 3he network of the figure is ! model suit!ble for Rmidb!ndS oer!tion of the
Rc!scode-connectedS @'% tr!nsistor !mlifier.
%olution&
%imlified di!gr!m&
-g
m
$
2
i
2
$
2
$
2
r
d
r
d
1
9
g
m
$
1
i
1
i
2
9oo-b!sis&
i
2
# -g
m
$
1
i
2
# g
m
$
2
i
1
& (i
1
6 i
2
)r
d
/ i
1
1
9
- $
2
# 5
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '0
(i
1
6 i
2
)r
d
/ i
1
1
9
# $
2

i
1
r
d
6 i
2
r
d
/ i
1
1
9
# $
2

i
1
i
2
i
2
(r
d
/ 1
9
) 5 -r
d
i
1
$
2
5 -g
m
$
1
5 i
2
# 5
5 5 g
m
$
2
i
2
5
Node-b!sis&
Node-$
2
&
g
m
$
1
# $
2
+r
d
-

g
m
$
2
/ ($
2
6 $
2
)+r
dT
g
m
$
1
/ g
m
$
2
# $
2
+r
d
/

$
2
+r
d
-

$
2
+r
d
Node-$
2
&
- g
m
$
2
# $
2
+1
9
/ ($
2
6 $
2
)+r
d
T

- g
m
$
2
# $
2
+1
9
/ $
2
+r
d
6 $
2
+r
d
$
2
$
2
$
2
- g
m
$
2
(1+1
9
/ 1+r
d
) -1+r
d
-1+r
d
2+r
d
$
2
g
m
$
1
/ g
m
$
2
2-22. .n the network of the figure, e!ch br!nch cont!ins ! 1-ohm resistor !nd four
br!nches cont!in ! 1-$ volt!ge source. :n!l(;e the network on the loo b!sis.
%olution&
/
-
/
-
/
-
(
-
1 , >
2 " &
! # '
O?. $olt!ge i
1
i
2
i
2
i
,
i
=
i
-
i
>
i
"
i
A
1 1 2 -1 5 -1 5 5 5 5 5
2 -1 -1 , -1 5 -1 5 5 5 5
2 5 5 -1 2 5 5 -1 5 5 5
, 5 -1 5 5 , -1 5 -1 5 5
= 1 5 -1 5 -1 , -1 5 -1 5
- 5 5 5 -1 5 -1 , 5 5 -1
> 1 5 5 5 -1 5 5 2 -1 5
" -1 5 5 5 5 -1 5 -1 , -1
A -1 5 5 5 5 5 -1 5 -1 2
2-2,. 4rite e?u!tions on the node b!sis.
1ee!t *rob. 2-22 for the network.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '!
1 ,
2 =
Coefficients of
O?. $olt!ge di
1
+dt di
2
+dt di
2
+dt di
,
+dt
/
-
1 5 , -1 -1 5
2 1 -1 , 5 -1
2 5 -1 5 , -1
, 5 5 -1 -1 ,
/
-
/
-
/
-
/
-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '"
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '#
2h 1h
/
-
/
-
/
-
/
-
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '$
2h
0
2h
h
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 '&
2h
1h
$
2
$
2
1+2 dt 1+2 dt
2h 1h
2h

Node-$
1
1+2 dt # 1+2 $
1
dt / ($
1
6 $
2
)dt / 1+2 ($
1
6 $
2
)dt
1+2 dt # 1+2 $
1
dt / $
1
dt - $
2
dt / 1+2 $
1
dt - 1+2 $
2
dt
Node-$
2
5 # 1+2 $
2
dt / ($
2
6 $
2
)dt / 1+2 ($
2
6 $
1
)dt
5 # 1+2 $
2
dt / $
2
dt - $
2
dt / 1+2 $
2
dt - 1+2 $
1
dt
1+2 dt # 1+2 $
2
dt / $
2
dt / ($
2
6 $
1
)dt / ($
2
6 $
2
)dt

1+2 dt # 1+2 $
2
dt / $
2
dt / $
2
dt - $
1
dt / $
2
dt - $
2
dt
O?. Current $
1
$
2
$
2
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 ''
1
J dt 2 dt -1+2 dt - dt
2 5
-1+2 dt 2 dt - dt
2
1+2 dt - dt - dt , dt
$
2
$
,
$
1
$
2
Node-$
1
&
$
1
+, / ($
1
6 $
,
)+1 / ($
1
6 $
2
)+, # 5
$
1
+, / ($
1
6 $
,
) / ($
1
6 $
2
)+, # 5
$
1
+, / $
1
6 $
,
/ $
1
+, - $
2
+, # 5
2$
1
+, / $
1
6 $
,
- $
2
+, # 5
$
1
+2 / $
1
6 $
,
- $
2
+, # 5
1.=$
1
6 $
,
- $
2
+, # 5
Node-$
2
&
($
2
6 $
,
)+1 / ($
2
6 $
2
)+, / ($
2
6 $
1
)+, # 5
$
2
6 $
,
/ $
2
+, - $
2
+, / $
2
+, - $
1
+, # 5
1.=$
2
6 $
,
- $
2
+, - $
1
+, # 5
Node-$
2
&
($
2
6 $
2
)+, / ($
2
6 5)+, / ($
2
6 $
,
)+1 # 5
$
2
+, - $
2
+, / $
2
+, / $
2
6 $
,
# 5
1.=$
2
- $
2
+, 6 $
,
# 5
Node-$
,
&
($
,
6 $
1
)+1 / ($
,
6 5)+1 / ($
,
6 $
2
)+1 / ($
,
6 $
2
)+1 # .
$
,
6 $
1
/ $
,
/ $
,
6 $
2
/ $
,
6 $
2
# .
,$
,
6 $
1
6 $
2
- $
2
# .
O?. Current $
1
$
2
$
2
$
,
1 5 1.= -5.2= 5 -1
2 5 -5.2= 1.= -5.2= -1
2 5 5 -5.2= 1.= -1
, . -1 -1 -1 ,
9oo-b!sis&
.
O?. $olt!ge $
1
$
2
$
2
$
,
1 5 - -1 -1 5
2 5 -1 - 5 -1
(
-
2 -. -1 5 - -1
, . 5 -1 -1 -
2-2-. For the network shown in the figure, determine the numeric!l v!lue of the
br!nch current i
1
. :ll sources in the network !re time inv!ri!nt.
$
1
$
2
2$
($
1
6 2)+(1+2) / ($
1
6 $
2
)+1 / ($
1
6 2)+2 # 5
($
1
6 2)2 / ($
1
6 $
2
) / ($
1
6 2)+2 # 5
2$
1
6 , / $
1
6 $
2
/ $
1
+2 - 1 # 5
2.=$
1
6 $
2
- = # 5 (i)
$
2
+(1+2) / ($
2
6 $
1
)+1 / ($
2
6 2)+1 # 1
2$
2
/ $
2
6 $
1
/ $
2
6 2 # 1
,$
2
6 $
1
# 2
$
1
# - 2 / ,$
2
(ii)
*ut $
1
in (i)
2.=$
1
6 $
2
- = # 5
2.=(- 2 / ,$
2
) 6 $
2
- = # 5
-15.= / 1,$
2
6 $
2
6 = # 5
12$
2
6 1=.= # 5
12$
2
# 1=.=
$
2
# 1=.=+12 # 1.1A2$olts
*ut v!lue of $
2
in (ii)
$
1
# - 2 / ,$
2
(ii)
$
1
# - 2 / ,(1.1A2)

$
1
# - 2 / ,(1.1A2)

$
1
# 1.>-"$olts
i
1
# ($
1
6 $
2
)+1 # $
1
6 $
2
#

1.>-" $olts -1.1A2 $olts # 5.=>- !meres.
2-2>. .n the network of the figure, !ll sources !re time inv!ri!nt. Determine the
numeric!l v!lue of i
2
.
/
-
/
-

0

0
!
0
2
:ccording to GC9
Eunction
Node-v
1
&
2 ( 3 0
1 ( (0
4 0
2
)1 ( (0
4 0
!
)1
2 # $
1
/ ($
1
6 $
2
) / ($
1
6 $
2
)
2 # $
1
/ $
1
6 $
2
/ $
1
6 $
2
2 # 2$
1
6 $
2
6 $
2
(i)
Node-v
2
&
($
2
6 $
1
)+1 / ($
2
6 $
2
)+2 / ($
2
- 5)+1 # 1
$
2
6 $
1
/ $
2
+2 6 $
2
+2 / $
2
# 1
$
2
6 $
1
/ $
2
+2 6 $
2
+2 / $
2
# 1
2.=$
2
6 $
1
6 5.=$
2
# 1 (ii)
Node-v
2
&
($
2
6 $
1
)+1 / ($
2
6 $
2
)+2 / $
2
+1 # 1
$
2
6 $
1
/ $
2
+2 6 $
2
+2 / $
2
# 1
2.=$
2
6 $
1
6 $
2
+2 # 1 (iii)

2 # 2$
1
6 $
2
6 $
2
2$
1
# 2 / $
2
/ $
2
$
1
# (2 / $
2
/ $
2
)+2
2.=$
2
6 $
1
6 $
2
+2 # 1
2.=$
2
6 ((2 / $
2
/ $
2
)+2) 6 $
2
+2 # 1
2.=$
2
6 (2+2 / $
2
+2 / $
2
+2) 6 $
2
+2 # 1
2.=$
2
6 1 - $
2
+2 - $
2
+2 6 $
2
+2 # 1
2.=$
2
- $
2
+2 - $
2
+2 6 $
2
+2 # 2
2.=$
2
6 5.22,$
2
- 5.22,$
2
6 5.=$
2
# 2
2.1--$
2
6 5."2,$
2
# 2
%ubtr!cting (ii) ) (iii)
2.=$
2
6 $
1
6 5.=$
2
# 1 (ii)
2.=$
2
6 $
1
6 $
2
+2 # 1 (iii)
2.=$
2
6 2.=$
2
6 5.=$
2
/ $
2
+2 # 5
2$
2
6 2$
2
# 5
2$
2
# 2$
2

$
2
# $
2
2.1--$
2
6 5."2,$
2
# 2
F( utting $
2
# $
2
2.1--$
2
6 5."2,$
2
# 2
1.222$
2
# 2
$
2
# 2+1.222 # 1.=51 $
$
2
# 1.=51 $
i
2
# (2 6 $
2
)+2 # (2 6 1.=51)+2 # 5.2,A= !meres.
i
2
# 5.2,A= !meres.
2-2". .n the given network, !ll sources !re time inv!ri!nt. Determine the br!nch
current in the 2 ohm resistor.
(
-

(

-
(
-

(

-
(
-
(
-
i
1
(
-

(

-
(
-
i
2
9oo-b!sis&
i
1
&
:ccording to kirchhoff7s volt!ge l!w
%um of otenti!l rise # sum of otenti!l dro
(2+2)i
1
/ 1(i
1
6 i
2
) # 2
(2+2)i
1
/ i
1
6 i
2
# 2
(=+2)i
1
6 i
2
# 2
i
2
&
(i
2
6 i
1
)1 / 2i
2
/ i
2
(1+2) # 2
i
2
6 i
1
/ 2i
2
/ i
2
(1+2) # 2
2.=i
2
6 i
1
# 2
=+2 -1 i
1
2
#
-1 >+2 i
2
2
=+2 (/) (-) -1
# M(=+2)(>+2) - 1N # >.>=
-1 >+2
Determin!nt # >.>=
=+2 (/) (-) 2
# M(=+2)(2) / 2N # >
-1 2
i
2
# >+>.>= # 5.A5, !meres. :ns.
2-2A. %olve for the four node-to-d!tum volt!ges.
$
2
$
1
0
!
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4
0
4
Node-$
1
&
($
1
6 $
2
)+(1+2) / ($
1
6 $
,
)+(1+2) / ($
1
- 5)+(1+2) / 2 # "
2($
1
6 $
2
) / 2($
1
6 $
,
) / 2$
1
/ 2 # "
Node-$
2
&
($
2
6 $
1
)+(1+2) / ($
2
6 $
2
)+(1+2) # -
2($
2
6 $
1
) / 2($
2
6 $
2
) # -
Node-$
2
&
($
2
6 $
,
)+(1+2) 6 ($
2
- 5)+(1+2) / ($
2
6 $
2
)+(1+2) # 2
2($
2
6 $
,
) 6 2$
2
/ 2($
2
6 $
2
) # 2
Node-$
,
&
($
,
- 5)+(1+2) / ($
,
6 $
1
)+(1+2) / ($
,
6 $
2
)+(1+2) # 2
2$
,
/ 2($
,
6 $
1
) / 2($
,
6 $
2
) # 2
2-,1 6 2-,", 2-=, 6 2-=> (Do (ourself).
2--5. Find the e?uiv!lent induct!nce.
%olution&
%ee UV2-2. for reference.
2--1. .t is intended th!t the two networks of the figure be e?uiv!lent with resect to
the !ir of termin!ls, which !re identified. 4h!t must be the v!lues for C
1
, 9
2
, !nd
9
2
C
%olution&
Do (ourself.
<int&
Fig. *2--1
i
2
i
2
i
1
1 17
Fe e?uiv!lent with resect to the !ir of termin!ls
1
(!)
(b)
1 1
O?u!ting (!) ) (b)
(!) (b)
1 1
(b) (!)
2--2.
%olution&
%ee 2--1 for reference.
Fefore solving e0ercise following terms should be ket in mind&
1. kirchhoffs current l!w
2. kirchhoffs volt!ge l!w
2. 9oo !n!l(sis
,. Node !n!l(sis
=. Determin!nt
-. %t!te v!ri!ble !n!l(sis
>. %ource tr!nsform!tion
O?u!ting (!) ) (b)
O?u!ting (!) ) (b)

1-=. %olution&
v # $
5
sin t
C # C
5
(1 - cos t)
U # . t
U # C$
i # d(?)+dt # d(Cv)+dt # Cdv+dt / vdC+dt
i # Cdv+dt / vdC+dt
i # C
5
(1 - cos t)d($
5
sin t)+dt / $
5
sin tdC
5
(1 - cos t)+dt
i # C
5
(1 - cos t) $
5
cos t / $
5
sin tH C
5
sin tI
1-15.
t
w # vi dt
-
For !n inductor
v
9
# 9di+dt
F( utting the v!lue of volt!ge
t
w # vi dt
-
t
w # (9di+dt)i dt
-
t
w # 9 idi
-
t
w # 9 i
2
+2
-

w # 9Mi
2
(t)+2 - i
2
(-)+2N
w # 9Mi
2
(t)+2 6 (i(-))
2
+2N
w # 9Mi
2
(t)+2 6 (5)
2
+2N
w # 9Mi
2
(t)+2N HFec!use i(-) # 5 for !n inductorI
:s we know
# 9i
2
# 9
2
i
2
2
+9 # 9i
2
w # 9Mi
2
(t)+2N
w # 9i
2
+2
F( utting the v!lue of 9i
2

w # (
2
+9)+2
w #
2
+29 Hwhere # flu0 link!geI
1-11.
t
w # vi dt
-
For ! c!!citor
i # Cdv+dt
F( utting the v!lue of current
t
w # vi dt
-
t
w # (Cdv+dt)v dt
-
t
w # C vdv
-
t
w # C v
2
+2
-

w # CMv
2
(t)+2 - v
2
(-)+2N
w # CMv
2
(t)+2 6 (v(-))
2
+2N
w # CMv
2
(t)+2 6 (5)
2
+2N
w # CMv
2
(t)+2N HFec!use v(-) # 5 for !n inductorI
:s we know
U # C$
$ # U+C
w # CMv
2
(t)+2N
w # CM(?+C)
2
+2N
w # CM?
2
+2C
2
N
w # ?
2
+2C
w # ?
2
D+2 :ns.
1-12. w
9
# (1+2)9i
2
* # vi
* # dw
9
+dt
F( utting v!lues of * ) w
9
vi # d((1+2)9i
2
)+dt
vi # (1+2)d9i
2
+dt
vi # (1+2)9di
2
+dt
vi # (1+2)92iHdi+dtI
v # 9Hdi+dtI
1-12.
w
c
# (1+2)D?
2
* # vi
* # dw
9
+dt
F( utting v!lues of * ) w
9
vi # d((1+2)D?
2
)+dt
vi # (1+2)dD?
2
+dt
vi # (1+2)Dd?
2
+dt
vi # (1+2)D2?Hd?+dtI
vi # D?Hd?+dtI
:s we know
i # d?+dt
vi # D?Hd?+dtI
vi # D?HiI
v # D?
t
? # i dt
-
v # D?
t
v # D i dt
-
1-1>.
$ # 12 $
C # 1 F
w # C
w # (1+2)C$
2
# (1+2)(1 15
--
)(12)
2
w # >2 W
1-1".
v
c
# 255 $
C # 1 F
m!ss # 155 lb # ,=.2 kg
work done # Fd # mgd # (,=.2)(A.")d
work done # energ( # (1+2)C(v
c
)
2
#

(1+2)(1 15
--
)(255)
2
# 5.52 Eoule
work done # (,=.2)(A.")d
5.52 # (,=.2)(A.")d
d # 5.52+(,=.2)(A.") # 5.52+,,2.A,
d # ,.=5= 15
-=
m :ns.
1-1A.
%olution&
$
m
v

5 1 2 2 , time
-$
m
for 5 t 1
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, $
m
)
(0
5
, (
5
) # (5, 5)
m # ((
1
6 (
5
)+(0
1
6 0
5
) # ($
m
6 5)+(1 6 5)
m # $
m

( # m0 / c # $
m
(t) / 5 # $
m
t
%loe # m
for 1 t 2
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, $
m
)
(-intercet # c # 5
m # ((
2
6 (
1
)+(0
2
6 0
1
) # (-$
m
6 $
m
)+(2 - 1) # -2$
m
+2 # -$
m

m # -$
m
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, -$
m
)
( # m0 / c # -$
m
(t) / 2$
m
# -$
m
t / 2$
m
for 2 t ,
(0
,
, (
,
) # (,, 5)
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, -$
m
)
m # ((
,
6 (
2
)+(0
,
6 0
2
) # (5 6 (-$
m
))+(, 6 2)
m # $
m

( # m0 / c # $
m
(t) - 2$
m
# $
m
t 6 2$
m
9et c!!cit!nce be C
for 5 t 1
i # Cdv+dt # Cd($
m
t)+dt # C$
m
i # C$
m
%loe # m
(-intercet # c # 2$
m
%loe # m
(-intercet # c # -2$
m
i # C$
m
for 1 t 2
i # Cdv+dt # Cd(-$
m
t / 2$
m
)+dt # -C$
m
i # -C$
m
for 2 t ,
i # Cdv+dt # Cd($
m
t 6 2$
m
)+dt # C$
m
C$
m
-C$
m
for 5 t 1
? # C$
? # C$
m
t
for 1 t 2
? # C$
? # C$
m
(2 6 t)
for 2 t ,
? # C$
? # C$
m
(t - ,)
for 5 t 1
? # C$
m
t t # 5, ? # 5 t # 1, ? # C$
m
for 1 t 2
? # C$
m
(2 6 t) t # 2, ? # -C$
m
for 2 t ,
? # C$
m
(t - ,) t # ,, ? # 5
Ch!rge w!veform s!me !s volt!ge w!veform.
(b)
i(t)
5 1 2 2 , time
for 5 t 1
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, .
m
)
(0
5
, (
5
) # (5, 5)
%loe # m
m # ((
1
6 (
5
)+(0
1
6 0
5
) # (.
m
6 5)+(1 6 5)
m # .
m

( # m0 / c # .
m
(t) / 5 # .
m
t
for 1 t 2
(0
1
, (
1
) # (1, .
m
)
m # ((
2
6 (
1
)+(0
2
6 0
1
) # (-.
m
6 .
m
)+(2 - 1) # -2.
m
+2 # -.
m

m # -.
m
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, -.
m
)
( # m0 / c # -.
m
(t) / 2.
m
# -.
m
t / 2.
m
for 2 t ,
(0
,
, (
,
) # (,, 5)
(0
2
, (
2
) # (2, -.
m
)
(-intercet # c # 5
%loe # m
(-intercet # c # 2.
m
%loe # m
m # ((
,
6 (
2
)+(0
,
6 0
2
) # (5 6 (-.
m
))+(, 6 2)
m # .
m

( # m0 / c # .
m
(t) - 2.
m
# .
m
t 6 2.
m
for 5 t 1
t
v(t) # (1+C) id(t) / v(t
1
)
t
1
t
v(t) # (1+C) .
m
td(t) / 5
5
t
v(t) # (1+C) .
m
td(t)
5
t
v(t) # (1+C).
m
t
2
+2
5

v(t) # (1+C).
m
M(t
2
+2) - ((5)
2
+2)N
v(t) # (1+C).
m
(t
2
+2)
v(1) # (1+C).
m
((1)
2
+2) # (1+C).
m
(1+2) # .
m
+2C

for 1 t 2
t
v(t) # (1+C) id(t) / v(t
1
)
t
1
t
v(t) # (1+C) .
m
(2
6
t)d(t) / .
m
+2C
1
t
v(t) # (1+C) 2t 6 t
2
+2 / .
m
+2C
1

v(t) # (1+C)M(2t 6 t
2
+2) - (2(1) 6 1
2
+2)N / .
m
+2C
v(t) # (1+C)M(2t 6 t
2
+2) - (2 6 1+2)N / .
m
+2C
(-intercet # c # -2.
m
v(2) # (1+C)M(2(2) 6 (2)
2
+2) - (2+2)N / .
m
+2C
v(t) # (1+C)M(2t 6 t
2
+2) - (2+2)N / .
m
+2C

!t time t # 2
v(2) # (1+C)M- 6 ,.= 6 1.=N / .
m
+2C
v(2) # .
m
+2C
for 2 t ,
t
v(t) # (1+C) id(t) / v(2)
t
1
t
v(t) # (1+C) .
m
(t - 2)d(t) / .
m
+2C
1
t
v(t) # (1+C).
m
t
2
+2 6 2t / .
m
+2C
1

v(t) # (1+C).
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) 6 (1+2 - 2)N / .
m
+2C
v(t) # (1+C).
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) / 2.=N / .
m
+2C

!t time t # ,
v(,) # (1+C).
m
M((,)
2
+2 6 2(,)) / 2.=N / .
m
+2C
v(,) # (1+C).
m
M1-+2 6 12 / 2.=N / .
m
+2C
v(,) # (1+C).
m
M" 6 12 / 2.=N / .
m
+2C
v(,) # (1+C).
m
M61.=N / .
m
+2C
v(,) # -.
m
+C
v(5) 5
v(1) .
m
+2C # 5.=(.
m
+C)
v(2) .
m
2+C # 2(.
m
+C)
v(2) .
m
+2C # 5.=(.
m
+C)
v(,) -.
m
+C # -1(.
m
+C)
v(t) # (1+C).
m
(t
2
+2)
!t time t # 2
v(2) # (1+C).
m
((2)
2
+2) # .
m
(2)+C
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series2
Series1
Series2 0 0.5 2 0.5 -1
Series1 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
for 5 t 1
? # C$
? # C(.
m
t
2
+2C) # .
m
t
2
+2
for 1 t 2
? # C$
? # C.
m
(,t 6 t
2
- 2)+2C
for 2 t ,
? # C$
? # C(1+C)M.
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) / 2.=N / .
m
+2CN # .
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) / 2.=N / .
m
+2C
:t time t # 5
? # C(.
m
t
2
+2C) # .
m
t
2
+2 # .
m
(5)
2
+2 # 5 C
:t time t # 1
? # C(.
m
t
2
+2C) # .
m
t
2
+2 # .
m
1
2
+2 # .
m
+2 C
:t time t # 2
? # C(.
m
t
2
+2C) # .
m
t
2
+2 # .
m
2
2
+2 # 2.
m
C
:t time t # 2
? # C.
m
(,t 6 t
2
- 2)+2C # C.
m
(,(2) 6 2
2
- 2)+2C # (5.=.
m
+C) C
:t time t 3 4
? # C(1+C)M.
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) / 2.=N / .
m
+2CN # .
m
M(t
2
+2 6 2t) / 2.=N / .
m
+2C
? # .
m
M(,
2
+2 6 2(,)) / 2.=N / .
m
+2C # -.
m
+C
Ch!rge w!veform s!me !s volt!ge w!veform.
1-25.
%olution&
. # 1:
9 # J <
w
9
# (1+2)9.
2
#

(1+2)(1+2)(1)
2
# 5.2= W
:s we know energ( in !n inductor # (1+2)9.
2
W
source
9
/
-
%hort circuit
9
Onerg( will be lost !fter short-circuiting.
1-21.
%olution&
9 # 1<
(a) (flu0 link!ge) !t t # 1sec.
(flu0 link!ge) # 9.
. # t HFec!use ( # m0 / cT m # 1 # sloeI
(flu0 link!ge) # 9t
!t t # 1sec.
(flu0 link!ge) # 9t # (1)(1) # 1 <(henr():(!mere).
(b) d +dt # 9d(t)+dt # 9 # 1
(c)
t
? # idt
-
t
? # tdt
-
t
? # t
2
+2 # Mt
2
+2 6 (-)
2
+2N #
-

? # t
2
+2
1-2,.
%olution&
G is closed !t t # 5
i(t) # 1 6 e
-t
, tL5
i(t
5
) # 5.-2 :
1 6 e
-t5
#

5.-2 :
6e
-t5
#

-1 /

5.-2 :
-e
-t5
# -5.2>
e
-t5
# 5.2>
3!king log!rithm of both the sides
loge
-t5
# log5.2>
-t
5
loge

# -5.,22
t
5
(5.,2,)

# 5.,22 HFec!use e # 2.>1"I
t
5

# 5.,22+5.,2, # 5.AA= sec # 1 sec.
t
5

# 1 sec.
:t time t # 1sec ? # t
2
+2 # ? # (1)
2
+2 # J Coulomb
(!) di(t
5
)+dt # C
di(t)+dt # d(1 6 e
-t
)+dt
di(t)+dt # d(1)+dt - d(e
-t
)+dt
di(t)+dt # 5 - e
-t
Hd(-t)+dtI
di(t)+dt # 5 - e
-t
(-1)
di(t)+dt # e
-t
di(t
5
)+dt # e
-t5

t
5

# 1 sec.
di(1)+dt # e
-1

di(1)+dt # 1+e # J.>1" # 5.2> :mere er second
di(1)+dt # 1+e # J.>1" # 5.2> :mere er second
(b) # 9i
i(t) # 1 6 e
-t
# 9i(t)
# 9(1 6 e
-t
)
(t
5
) # 9(1 6 e
-t5
)
t
5
# 1 sec
(1) # 9(1 6 e
-1
)
(1) # 9(1 6 1+e)
:s 9 # 1< ) 1+e # 5.2>
(1) # (1)(1 6 5.2>) # 5.-2 weber
(c) d +dt # C
# 9(1 6 e
-t
) # # (1 6 e
-t
)
d +dt # d(1 6 e
-t
)+dt # d1+dt - de
-t
+dt # 5 / e
-t
# e
-t
d +dt # e
-t
d (t
5
)+dt # e
-t5
t
5

# 1 sec.
d (1)+dt # e
-1
# 1+e # 5.2> weber er sec.
(d)
v(t) # 9di(t)+dt
i(t) # 1 6 e
-t
) 9 # 1
v(t) # (1)d(1 6 e
-t
)+dt
v(t) # d(1 6 e
-t
)+dt # e
-t
v(t
5
) # e
-t5
t
5
# 1 sec.
v(1) # e
-1
# 1+e # 5.2> $
(e)
w # (1+2)9i
2
#

(1+2)(1)(1 6 e
-t
)
2
w # (1+2)(1 6 e
-t
)
2
w # (1+2)(1 / 2e
-2t
6 2e
-t
)
w(t
5
) # (1+2)(1 / 2e
-2t5
6 2e
-t5
)
t
5
# 1 sec.
w(1) # (1+2)(1 / 2e
-2(1)
6 2e
-1
)
w(1) # (1+2)(1 / 2e
-2
6 2e
-1
)
w(1) # (1+2)(1 / 2(1+e
2
)

6 2(1+e)) H1+e # 5.2>T 1+e
2
# 5.12=I
w(1) # (1+2)(1 / 2(5.12=)

6 2(5.2>))
w(1) # (1+2)(1 / 5.2>

6 5.>,)
w(1) # 5.2-= Woule
(f)
v
1
# C
v
1
# i1 #

(1 6 e
-t
)(1) # (1 6 e
-t
)
v
1
# i1 # (1 6 e
-t
)
v
1
(t
5
)

# (1 6 e
-t5
)
!t time t
5
# 1 sec.
v
1
(1)

# (1 6 e
-1
) # 5.-2 $
(g)
w # (1+2)(1 / 2e
-2t
6 2e
-t
)
dw+dt # d((1+2)(1 / 2e
-2t
6 2e
-t
))+dt
dw+dt # (1+2)d(1 / 2e
-2t
6 2e
-t
)+dt
dw+dt # (1+2)Hd(1)+dt / d(2e
-2t
)+dt - d(2e
-t
)+dtI
dw+dt # (1+2)H5 / 2e
-2t
)(-2) - 2e
-t
)(-1)I
dw+dt # (1+2)H-,e
-2t
/ 2e
-t
)I
dw(t
5
)+dt # (1+2)H-,e
-2t5
/ 2e
-t5
)I
dw(1)+dt # (1+2)H-,e
-2
/ 2e
-1
)I
dw(1)+dt # (1+2)H-,(1+e
2
) / 2(1+e)I
dw(1)+dt # (1+2)H-,(5.12=) / 2(5.2>)IH1+e # 5.2>T 1+e
2
# 5.12=I
dw(1)+dt # (1+2)H-5.=, / 5.>,I # 5.1 w!tts
(h)
*
1
# i
2
1 # (1 / e
-2t
6 2e
-t
)(1)
*
1
# i
2
1 # (1 / e
-2t
6 2e
-t
)
*
1
(t
5
) # i
2
1 # (1 / e
-2t5
6 2e
-t5
)
:t time t
5
# 1 sec.
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (1 / e
-2(1)
6 2e
-(1)
)
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (1 / e
-2
6 2e
-1
)
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (1 / 1+e
2
6 2(1+e))
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (1 / 5.12= 6 2(5.2>))
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (1 / 5.12= 6 5.>,)
*
1
(1) # i
2
1 # (5.2A=) w!tts
(i)
*
tot!l
# vi # (1)(1 6 e
-t
) # (1 6 e
-t
)
:t time t
5
# 1 sec.
*
tot!l
(t
5
) # vi # (1)(1 6 e
-t
) # (1 6 e
-t5
)
*
tot!l
(1) # (1 6 e
-1
)
*
tot!l
(1) # (1 6 e
-1
) # 5.-2 w!tts.
1-2=.
$olt!ge !cross the c!!citor !t time t # 5
v
c
(5) # 1 $olt
k is closed !t t # 5
i(t) # e
-t
, tL5
i(t
5
) # 5.2> :
5.2> # e
-t5
3!king log!rithm of both the sides
log5.2> # loge
-t5
-t
5
loge

# -5.,22
t
5
(5.,2,)

# 5.,22 HFec!use e # 2.>1"I
t
5

# 1 sec.
(!) dv
c
(t
5
)+dt # C
8sing loo e?u!tion
v
c
(t) # i1 # e
-t
(1) # e
-t
$olts
dv
c
(t)+dt # -e
-t
$olts
dv
c
(t
5
)+dt # -e
-t5
$olts
t
5
# 1 sec.
dv
c
(t
5
)+dt # -e
-1
$olts
dv
c
(t
5
)+dt # -5.2> $+sec
(b)
Ch!rge on the c!!citor # ? # Cv # (1)(e
-t
) # e
-t
coulomb
Ch!rge on the c!!citor # ?(t
5
) # Cv # (1)(e
-t
) # e
-t5
coulomb
t
5
# 1 sec.
Ch!rge on the c!!citor # ?(1) # Cv # (1)(e
-t
) # e
-1
coulomb # 5.2> coulomb
(c) d(Cv)+dt # Cdv+dt # Cde
-t
+dt # -Ce
-t
d(Cv(t
5
))+dt # -Ce
-t5
t
5
# 1 sec.
d(Cv(t
5
))+dt # -Ce
-1
:s C # 1F
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !!
d(Cv(t
5
))+dt # -e
-1
# -5.2> coulomb+sec.
(d) v
c
(t) # e
-t
t
5
# 1 sec.
v
c
(t
5
) # e
-t5
v
c
(1) # e
-1
# 5.2> $olt
(e) w
c
# C
w
c
# (1+2)Cv
2
# (1+2)(1)(e
-t
)
2
# (1+2)e
-2t
w
c
(t
5
) # (1+2)Cv
2
# (1+2)(1)(e
-t5
)
2
# (1+2)e
-2t5
t
5
# 1 sec.
w
c
(1) # (1+2)e
-2(1)
w
c
(1) # (1+2)e
-2
w
c
(1) # (1+2)(1+e
2
) H1+e
2
# 5.12=I
w
c
(1) # (1+2)(5.12=)
w
c
(1) # (1+2)(5.12=) # 5.5-> Woules
(f)
v
1
(t) # i1 # e
-t
(1) # e
-t
$olts
v
1
(t
5
) # i1 # e
-t
(1) # e
-t5
$olts
t
5
# 1 sec.
v
1
(1) # i1 # e
-t
(1) # e
-1
$olts # 5.2> $olts
(g) dw
c
+dt # C
w
c
# (1+2)e
-2t
dw
c
+dt # d(1+2)e
-2t
+dt
dw
c
+dt # (1+2)e
-2t
(-2) # -e
-2t
dw
c
(t
5
)+dt # (1+2)e
-2t
(-2) # -e
-2t5
t
5
# 1 sec.
dw
c
(1)+dt # (1+2)e
-2t
(-2) # -e
-2(1)
dw
c
(1)+dt # (1+2)e
-2t
(-2) # -e
-2
dw
c
(1)+dt # (1+2)e
-2t
(-2) # -e
-2
# - 5.12= w!tts.
(h) * # i
2
1 # (e
-t
)
2
(1) # e
-2t
*(t
5
) # i
2
1 # (e
-t
)
2
(1) # e
-2t5
t
5
# 1 sec.
*(1) # i
2
1 # (e
-t
)
2
(1) # e
-2(1)
*(1) # i
2
1 # (e
-t
)
2
(1) # e
-2
*(1) # i
2
1 # (e
-t
)
2
(1) # e
-2
# 5.12= w!tts.
1-2-.
%olution&
(!) 1C # (1+.)(?) # ?+(?+t) # t
(b) 9+1
$ # 9di+dt
9 # $+(di+dt)
9 # $dt+di
1 # $+.
9+1 # ($dt+di)+($+.) # $
2
dt+.di
(c)
9C # ($dt+di)(?+$) # (dt+di)(?)
(d)
1
2
C # ($
2
+.
2
)(?+$) # $?+.
2
#

$(. t)+.
2
#

$ t+.
(e)
9C # ($dt+di)+(?+$) # ($
2
dt)+(?di) # ($
2
+di)+(1+(?+t))
(f)
9+1
2
# # ($dt+di)+($
2
+.
2
) # .dt+$ # ?+$ # C
1-2A.
1.5
v
c
(t)
sint
5.=
5 +- +2 = +-
for v
c
-5.=$olt
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !"
C # (-1.5 / 5.=)+(-1.= / 5.=) # -5.=+-1 # 5.= F
for 65.= v
c
5.=
C # (5.= / 5.=)+(5.= / 5.=) # 1+1 # 1F
for 5.= v
c
1.=
C # (1.5 - 5.=)+(1.= - 5.=) # 5.=+1 # 5.=F
for 5 v
c
5.= for 5 t +-
for 5.= v
c
1 for +- t = +-
for 5.= v
c
5 for = +- t
i
c
(t) # d(Cv)+dt # Cdv+dt / vdC+dt
i
c
(t) # Cdv+dt / vdC+dt
for 5 t +-
C # 1F
$ # sint
i
c
(t) # (1)dsint+dt / sintd(1)+dt
i
c
(t) # cost
i
c
i
c
for +- t = +-
C # 5.=F
v # sint
i
c
(t) # (5.=)dsint+dt / sintd(5.=)+dt
i
c
(t) # (5.=)cost
i
c
i
c
for = +- t
C # 1F
v # sint
i
c
(t) # (1)dsint+dt / sintd(1)+dt
i
c
(t) # cost
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !#

v
c
(t)
5 +- +2 = +-
time
ic(t)
5 +- +2 = +- time
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !$
1-,5.
5 1 2 2 , time
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !&
5.2= 5.2= 5.2= 5.2= 5.2= 5.2= 5.2= 5.2=
2 2
,
v
c
(t) interv!l
2t
for 5 t 1
-2t / ,
for 1 t 2
2t 6 ,
for 52 t 2
-2t / "
for 2 t ,
5
for t ,
v
c
(t) interv!l C!!citor(v!lue)
2t
for 5 t 5.2=
1F
2t
for 5.2= t 1
5.=F
-2t / ,
for 1 t 1.>=
5.=F
-2t / ,
for 1.>= t 2
1F
2t 6 ,
for 2 t 2.2=
1F
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 !'
2t 6 ,
for 2.2= t 2
5.=F
-2t / "
for 2 t 2.>=
5.=F
-2t / "
for 2.>= t ,
1F
5
for t ,
1F
For the rem!ining !rt see 1-2A for reference.
1-2> 6 1-2". (%ee ch!terV2 for reference)
Fefore solving ch!terV1 following oints should be ket in mind&
1. $olt!ge !cross !n inductor
2. Current through the c!!citor
2. Pr!hic!l !n!l(sis
,. *ower dissi!tion
,-1.
%olution&
1
1
*osition B17
.n the ste!d( st!te
inductor beh!ves like
! short circuit
/ switch
$
-
9
: ste!d( st!te current h!ving reviousl( been est!blished in the 19 circuit.
1
1
$
i
%hort circuit
i(5-) # $+1
1
(current in 19 circuit before switch Bk7 is closed)
.t me!ns th!t i(5-) # i(5/) # $+1
1
G is moved from osition 1 to osition 2 !t t # 5.
1
1
4h!t does th!t me!nC
.n !n inductor i(5-) # i(5/) # 5
9
1
2
for t 5
:ccording to kirchhoffs volt!ge l!w
%um of volt!ge rise # sum of volt!ge dro
Circuit simlific!tion&
(1
2
/ 1
1
)
9
(!) (b)
9di+dt / (1
1
/ 1
2
)i # 5
9di+dt # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)i
di+dt # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)i+9
di+i # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)dt+9
.ntegr!ting both the sides,
di+i # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)dt+9
di+i # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)+9 dt
lni # -(1
1
/ 1
2
)t+9 / C
i # e
-(11 / 12)t+9 / C
i # e
-(11 / 12)t+9
e
C
i # ke
-(11 / 12)t+9
:l(ing initi!l condition
i(5/) # $+1
1
i(5/) # ke
-(11 / 12)(5)+9
i(5/) # ke
5
i(5/) # k
i(5/) # $+1
1
i(5/) # k
O?u!ting
G # $+1
1
i # ke
-(11 / 12)t+9
i # ($+1
1
)e
-(11 / 12)t+9
is the !rticul!r solution.
,-2.
%olution&
%witch is closed to b !t t # 5
.niti!l conditions v
2
(5/) # 5 ) i(5/) # $
5
+1
1
for t L 5
(1+C
1
) idt / (1+C
2
) idt / 1
1
i # 5
Differenti!ting both sides with resect to Bt7
(1+C
1
)i / (1+C
2
)i / 1
1
di+dt # 5
(1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
)i / 1
1
di+dt # 5
i+C
e?
/ 1
1
di+dt # 5
i+C
e?
# -1
1
di+dt
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1
1
)dt
.ntegr!ting both the sides
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1
1
)dt
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1
1
) dt
lni # (-1+C
e?
1
1
)t / k
1
i # e
(-1+Ce?11)t /k1
i # e
(-1+Ce?11)t
e
k1
i # ke
(-1+Ce?11)t
i(5/) # ke
(-1+Ce?11)(5)
i(5/) # ke
5
i(5/) # k(1)
i(5/) # k
i(5/) # $
5
+1
1
O?u!ting
G # $
5
+1
1
3herefore
i # ke
(-1+Ce?11)t
i # ($
5
+1
1
)e
(-1+Ce?11)t
t
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) idt
-
5 t
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) idt / (1+C
2
) idt
- 5
t
# v
2
(5/) / (1+C
2
) ($
5
+1
1
)e
(-1+Ce?11)t
dt
5
t
# 5 / (1+C
2
) ($
5
+1
1
)(-Ce?1
1
) e
(-1+Ce?11)t
5
t
# (1+C
2
) ($
5
)(-Ce?) e
(-1+Ce?11)t
5
# (1+C
2
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
- e
(-1+Ce?11)(5)
N
# (1+C
2
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
6 e
5
N
# (1+C
2
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
6 1N
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) ($
5
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?11)t
N
t
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) idt
-
5 t
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) idt / (1+C
1
) idt
- 5
t
# v
1
(5/) / (1+C
1
) ($
5
+1
1
)e
(-1+Ce?11)t
dt
5
t
# -$
5
/ (1+C
1
) ($
5
+1
1
)(-Ce?1
1
) e
(-1+Ce?11)t
5

t
# (1+C
1
) ($
5
)(-Ce?) e
(-1+Ce?11)t
5
# (1+C
1
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
- e
(-1+Ce?11)(5)
N
# (1+C
1
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
6 e
5
N
# (1+C
1
) ($
5
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?11)t
6 1N
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) ($
5
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?11)t
N
$
1
(t) # i1
1
# (($
5
+1
1
)e
(-1+Ce?11)t
)1
1
C!!citor is ch!rging
$olt!ge !cross the
c!!citor # $
5

C!!citor is disch!rging
$olt!ge !cross the c!!citor # - $
5

$
1
(t) # i1
1
# ($
5
)e
(-1+Ce?11)t
! b
/ /
1 G 1
1
$
5
- v
2
C
1
C
2
-
! b
1 1
1
C
2
//////// ------------
--------------- /////// C
1
,-2.
%olution&
k is closed !t t # 5
.niti!l condition i(5/) # ($
1
6 $
2
)+1
1
for t L 5
(1+C
1
) idt / (1+C
2
) idt / 1i # 5
(1+C
1
)i / (1+C
2
)i / 1di+dt # 5
(1+C
1
/ 1+C
2
)i / 1di+dt # 5
i+C
e?
/ 1di+dt # 5
i+C
e?
# -1di+dt
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1)dt
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1)dt
di+i # (-1+C
e?
1) dt
lni # (-1+C
e?
1)t / k
1
i # e
(-1+Ce?1)t /k1
i # e
(-1+Ce?1)t
e
k1
i # ke
(-1+Ce?1)t
i(5/) # ke
(-1+Ce?1)(5)
i(5/) # ke
5
i(5/) # k(1)
i(5/) # k
i(5/) # ($
1
6 $
2
)+1
O?u!ting
G # ($
1
6 $
2
)+1
3herefore
i # ke
(-1+Ce?11)t
i # ($
1
6 $
2
)+1)e
(-1+Ce?1)t
t
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) idt
-
5 t
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) idt / (1+C
2
) idt
- 5
t
# v
2
(5/) / (1+C
2
) (( $
1
6 $
2
)+1)e
(-1+Ce?1)t
dt
5
t
# $
2
/ (1+C
2
) (($
1
6 $
2
)+1)(-Ce?1) e
(-1+Ce?1)t
5
t
# (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
))(-Ce?) e
(-1+Ce?1)t
/ $
2
5
# (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
- e
(-1+Ce?1)(5)
N / $
2
# (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
6 e
5
N / $
2
# (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
6 1N
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N / $
2
(i)
t
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) idt
-
5 t
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) idt / (1+C
1
) idt
- 5
t
# v
1
(5/) / (1+C
1
) (($
1
6 $
2
)+1)e
(-1+Ce?1)t
dt
5
t
# -$
1
/ (1+C
1
) (($
1
6 $
2
)+1)(-Ce?1) e
(-1+Ce?1)t
5

t
# (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?) e
(-1+Ce?1)t
- $
1
5
# (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
- e
(-1+Ce?1)(5)
N 6 $
1
# (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
6 e
5
N 6 $
1
# (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(-Ce?)Me
(-1+Ce?1)t
6 1N 6 $
1
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N 6 $
1
(ii)
from (i)
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N / $
2
v
2
() # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)(
)
N / $
2
v
2
() # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
-(
)
N / $
2
v
2
() # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - 5N / $
2
v
2
() # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?) / $
2
v
2
() # (1+C
2
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?) / $
2
from (ii)
v
1
(t) # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N 6 $
1
v
1
() # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)(
)
N 6 $
1
v
1
() # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
-(
)
N 6 $
1
v
1
() # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - 5N 6 $
1
He
-(
)
# 5I
v
1
() # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?) 6 $
1
v
1
() # (1+C
1
) ($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?) 6 $
1
<ence numeric!ll(
v
1
() # v
2
()
for 1 # 1-ohm, C
1
# 1F, C
2
# 1+2F, $
1
# 2$, $
2
# 1$
C
e?
# C
1
C
2
+C
1
/ C
2
# (1)(1+2)+(1) / (1+2) # (1+2)(2+2) # 2+- # 1+2F
i # ($
1
6 $
2
)+1)e
(-1+Ce?1)t
i # (2

6 1)+1)e
(-t+(1+2)(1)
i # e
-2t
3ime const!nt # 3 # C
e?
1 # (1)(1+2) # 1+2 secs.
%ketch i(t)
0
1
2
1
0.05
0.002 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
time
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 1 2
Series2 1 0.05 0.002
1 2 3
v
2
(t) # (1+C
2
)($
1
6 $
2
)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N / $
2
v
2
(t) # (1+(1+2))(2

6 1)(Ce?)M1 - e
(-1+Ce?1)t
N / 1

v
2
(t) # 2(1+2)M1 - e
(-1+(1+2))t
N / 1

v
2
(t) # (2+2)M1 - e
-2t
N / 1

0
1
2
1
1.634
1.666
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
time
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 1 2
Series2 1 1.634 1.666
1 2 3
:t t # 5 switch is moved to osition b.
.niti!l condition i
91
(5-) # i
91
(5/) # $+1 # 1+1 # 1:.
$
2
(5/) # (-1)(1+2) # -5.= volts
for t 5, GC9
(1+1) v
2
dt / v
2
+(1+2) / (1+2) v
2
dt # 5
.n c!se of D.C.
! short circuit
(1 / 1+2) v
2
dt / 2v
2
# 5
(2+2) v
2
dt / 2v
2
# 5
(2+2)v
2
/ 2dv
2
+dt # 5
Dividing both the sides b( 2
H(2+2)+2Iv
2
/ (2+2)dv
2
+dt # 5
(2+,)v
2
/ dv
2
+dt # 5
%olving b( method of integr!ting f!ctor
* # X, U # 5
v
2
(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
v
2
(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
v
2
(t) # e
-(2+,)t
e
(2+,)t
.(5)dt / ke
-(2+,)t
v
2
(t) # ke
-(2+,)t
v
2
(5/) # ke
-(2+,)(5/)
v
2
(5/) # ke
5
v
2
(5/) # k(1)
v
2
(5/) # k
-5.= # k
v
2
(t) # -5.=e
-(2+,)t
Fefore switching
%hort circuit
2
! b
0 e0!nding
(
-
O?uiv!lent network !t t # 5/
Coll!sing
-
/
,-=.
%olution&
%witch is closed !t t # 5
.niti!l condition&-
i(5-) # i(5/) # (25 / 15)+(25 / 25) # 25+=5 # 2+= :
for t 5,
:ccording to G$9
25i / (1+2)di+dt # 15
@ultil(ing both the sides b( B27
2(25i) / 2(1+2)di+dt # 15(2)
,5i / di+dt # 25
di+dt / ,5i # 25
%olving b( the method of integr!ting f!ctor
* # ,5 U # 25
i(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
i(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
i(t) # e
-,5t
e
,5t
.(25)dt / ke
-,5t
i(t) # 25e
-,5t
e
,5t
dt / ke
-,5t
i(t) # 25e
-,5t
(e
,5t
+,5) / ke
-,5t
i(t) # 1+2 / ke
-,5t
i(5/) # 1+2 / ke
-,5(5/)
i(5/) # 1+2 / ke
5
i(5/) # 1+2 / k(1)
2+= # 1+2 / k
2+= - 1+2 # k
5.- 6 5.= # k
5.1 # k
3herefore
i(t) # 1+2 / ke
-,5t
i(t) # 1+2 / 5.1e
-,5t
3ime const!nt # 1C # 1+,5 # 5.52= secs.
i(t) # 1+2 / 5.1e
-,5t
#

1+2 / 5.1e
-t+1C
1+1C # ,5
1C # 1+,5
5.-
5.=
5.1
5 time
200
Current
%te!d(
st!te
lus
tr!nsien
t
s.s.#
5.=
.n c!se of D.C.
! short circuit
00
Fefore switching
:fter switching
0
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "!
,--.
%olution&
%witch is 5ened !t t # 5
.niti!l condition&-
i(5-) # i(5/) # 15+25 # 1+2 :
for t 5,
:ccording to G$9
(25 / 25)i / (1+2)di+dt # 25
=5i / (1+2)di+dt # 25
2(=5i) / 2(1+2)di+dt # 25(2)
155i / di+dt # -5
di+dt / 155i # -5
* # 155 U # -5
i(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
i(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
i(t) # e
-155t
e
155t
.(-5)dt / ke
-155t
i(t) # -5e
-155t
e
155t
dt / ke
-155t
i(t) # -5e
-155t
(e
155t
+155) / ke
-155t
i(t) # 2+= / ke
-155t
i(5/) # 2+= / ke
-,5(5/)
i(5/) # 2+= / ke
5
i(5/) # 2+= / k(1)
1+2 # 2+= / k
1+2 - 2+= # k
5.= 6 5.- # k
- 5.1 # k
3herefore
i(t) # 2+= / ke
-155t
i(t) # 2+= - 5.1e
-155t
3ime const!nt # 1C # 1+,5 # 5.52= secs.
i(t) # 2+= - 5.1e
-155t
#

2+= - 5.1e
-t+1C
1+1C # 155
.n c!se of D.C.
! short circuit
1C # 1+155 # 5.51 secs.
5.-
5.=
- 5.1
Fefore switching&
Current
%te!d(
st!te
lus
tr!nsien
t
%te!d(
st!te
lus
tr!nsien
t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 ""
:fter switching&
,->.
%olution&
.niti!l condition v
c
(5-) # v
c
(5/) # v
2
(5/) # 5
for t 5
(v
2
6 v
1
)+1
1
/ Cdv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
2
# 5
v
2
+1
1
6 v
1
+1
1
/ Cdv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
2
# 5
v
2
+1
1
/ Cdv
2
+dt / v
2
+1
2
# v
1
+1
1
v
2
+1
1
/ v
2
+1
2
/ Cdv
2
+dt # v
1
+1
1
v
2
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
2
) / Cdv
2
+dt # v
1
+1
1
Dividing both the sides b( BC7
v
2
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
2
)+C / Cdv
2
+Cdt # v
1
+C1
1
v
2
(1+1
1
/ 1+1
2
)+C / dv
2
+dt # v
1
+C1
1
C # (1+25) F 1
1
# 15-ohm 1
2
# 25-ohm
.n c!se of D.C.
! short circuit
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "#
v
2
(1+15 / 1+25)+(1+25) / dv
2
+dt # e
-t
+H(1+25)(15)I
v
2
(5.1 / 5.5=)+(5.5=) / dv
2
+dt # e
-t
+H5.=I
v
2
(5.1=)+(5.5=) / dv
2
+dt # e
-t
+H5.=I
2v
2
/ dv
2
+dt # 2e
-t
<ere
* # 2 U # 2e
-t
v
2
(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
v
2
(t) # e
-2t
e
2t
.(2e
-t
)dt / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # 2e
-2t
e
2t
e
-t
dt / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # 2e
-2t
e
2t
dt / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # 2e
-2t
(e
2t
)+2 / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # e
-t
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # e
-t
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(5/) # e
-5
/ ke
-(5)t
5 # 1 / k(1)
5 # 1 / k
k # -1
v
2
(t) # e
-t
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # e
-t
- e
-2t
3ime const!nt of e
-t
# 1sec.
3ime const!nt of e
-2t
# 5.22 secs.
v
2
(t) # e
-t
- e
-2t
%ketch v
2
(t)
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "$
0
1
2
0
0.319
0.133
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
time
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Series1
Series2
Series1 0 1 2
Series2 0 0.319 0.133
1 2 3
Dou should imlement !
rogr!m using W:$: for the
solution of the e?u!tion v
2
(t)
# e
-t
- e
-2t
.
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "&
import java.io.*;
public class Addition {
public static void main (String args []) throws
I!"c#ption {

$u%%#r#d&#ad#r stdin ' n#w $u%%#r#d&#ad#r
(n#w InputStr#am&#ad#r(S(st#m.in));

doubl# # ' ).*+,;
doubl# a- b;
String string)- string+;
int num+- num);
S(st#m.out.println(.#nt#r th# valu# o% /0.);
string) ' stdin.r#ad1in#();
num) ' Int#g#r.pars#Int (string));
%or(int c ' 2; c 3' num); c44){
S(st#m.out.println(.#nt#r th# valu# o% t0.);
string+ ' stdin.r#ad1in#();
num+ ' Int#g#r.pars#Int (string+);
a '(doubl#)(+56ath.pow(#- num+));
b '(doubl#)(+56ath.pow(#- 7*num+));
S(st#m.out.println(.8h# solution is0. 4 (a 9 b));
:55%or loop
:55m#thod main
:55class Addition
,-A.
%olution&
Network !tt!ins ! ste!d( st!te
3herefore
i
12
(5-) # $
5
+1
1
/ 1
2
i
12
(5-) # 2+15 / = # 2+1= # 1+= :m.
v
!
(5/) # i
12
(5/)(1
2
)
v
!
(5/) # (1+=)(=) # 1 $olt
for t 0
:ccording to kirchhoffs current l!w&
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 "'
(v
!
6 $
5
)+1
1
/ v
!
+1
2
/ (1+9) v
!
dt # 5
F( utting 1
1
# 15, 1
2
# =, $
5
# 2 ) 9 # J
(v
!
6 2)+15

/ v
!
+= / (1+(1+2)) v
!
dt # 5
(v
!
6 2)+15

/ v
!
+= / 2 v
!
dt # 5
v
!
+15

6 2+15 / v
!
+= / 2 v
!
dt # 5
2v
!
+15

/ 2 v
!
dt # 2+15
Differenti!ting with resect to Bt7
d+dtH2v
!
+15

/ 2 v
!
dtI # d+dtH2+15I
d+dtH2v
!
+15I

/ d+dtH2 v
!
dtI # d+dtH2+15I
(2+15)d+dtHv
!
I

/ 2v
!
# 5
(2+15)d+dtHv
!
I

# - 2v
!

d+dtHv
!
I

# - 2v
!
+(2+15)
d+dtHv
!
I

# - 25v
!
+2
dv
!
+v
!
#

- 25dt+2
dv
!
+v
!
#

- 25dt+2
lnv
!
#

- 25t+2 / C
v
!
#

e
-25t+2 / C
v
!
#

e
-25t+2
e
C
v
!
#

ke
-25t+2
v
!
(5/) # ke
-25(5/)+2
v
!
(5/) # ke
5
v
!
(5/) # k(1)
1 # k
3herefore
v
!
#

ke
-25t+2
v
!
#

(1)e
-25t+2
v
!
#

e
-25t+2
Fefore switching
.n c!se of D.C.
! short circuit
:fter switching
/
-
/
-
/
-
,-15.
%olution&
G is oened !t t # 5
Fut v
2
(5-) # v
2
(5/) # (1+2).
5
for t 5, GC9
v
2
+1 / (1+2)dv
2
+dt # .
5
v
2
+1 / (1+2)dv
2
+dt # .
5
2v
2
+1 / 2(1+2)dv
2
+dt # 2.
5
2v
2
/ dv
2
+dt # 2.
5
dv
2
+dt / 2v
2
# 2.
5
%olving b( integr!ting f!ctor method
* # 2 U # 2.
5
v
2
(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
v
2
(t) # e
-2t
e
2t
.(2.
5
)dt / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # 2.
5
e
-2t
e
2t
dt / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # 2.
5
e
-2t
(e
2t
)+2 / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
e
5
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
(1) / ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(5/) # .
5
/ ke
-2(5/)
v
2
(5/) # .
5
/ ke
5
v
2
(5/) # .
5
/ k(1)
(1+2).
5
# .
5
/ k
(1+2).
5
- .
5
# k
-(2+2).
5
# k
v
2
(t) # .
5
/ ke
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
/ (-(2+2).
5
)e
-2t
v
2
(t) # .
5
(1 - (2+2)e
-2t
)
Fefore switching
.n c!se of D.C.
c!!citor beh!ves
like !n oen circuit
:fter switching
,-12.
%olution&
%witch closed !t t # 5
.niti!l condition&-
i
9
(5-) # $+(1
1
/ 1
2
)
i
9
(5-) # i
9
(5/) # $+(1
1
/ 1
2
)
for t 5, G$9
1
1
i / 9di+dt # $
Dividing both the sides b( B97
1
1
i+9 / di+dt # $+9
%olving b( integr!ting f!ctor method
* # 1
1
+9 U # $+9
i(t) # e
-*t
e
*t
.Udt / ke
-*t
i(t) # e
-(11+9)t
e
(11+9)t
($+9)dt / ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # e
-(11+9)t
He
(11+9)t
+(1
1
+9)I($+9) / ke
-(11+9)t
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 #!
i(t) # He
5
+(1
1
+9)I($+9) / ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # H1+(1
1
+9)I($+9) / ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # (9+1
1
)($+9) / ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # $+1
1
/ ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # $+1
1
/ ke
-(11+9)t
i(5/) # $+1
1
/ ke
-(11+9)(5/)
i(5/) # $+1
1
/ ke
5
i(5/) # $+1
1
/ k(1)
$+(1
1
/ 1
2
) # $+1
1
/ k
$+(1
1
/ 1
2
) - $+1
1
# k
i(t) # $+1
1
/ ke
-(11+9)t
i(t) # $+1
1
/ H$+(1
1
/ 1
2
) - $+1
1
Ie
-(11+9)t

Solution of Network Analysis M e Van Valkenburg CH 1 2 3 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solution of Network Analysis M e Van Valkenburg CH 1 2 3 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf (Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)) 2000-E-4 4

You might also like