Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and Design 3rd Edition Rashid Solutions Manual

Full file at https://testbankuniv.
eu/Microelectronic-Circuits-Analysis-and-Design-3rd-Edition-Rashid-Solutions-Manual
Chapter 2
2.1
(a) vd = vO/Ao = ± 15 V/2 × 105 = ± 75 µV
(b) ii = vd/Ri = ± 75 µV/2 × 106 = ± 37.5 × 10–12 A
2.2
vO = (v+ – v–) = AovS = 105 × 50 × 10–6 = 5 V
2.3
vO = – Aovd = – AvvS = – 105 × 10 × 10–6 = –1 V
2.4
vO = Ao (v+ – v–) = 2 × 105 (0 – 2 sin 377t)
Output saturates at ±14 V.
2.5
vO = Ao (v+ – v–) = 2 × 105 (75 + 25)10–6 = +20 V; at saturation, vO = +14 V
2.6
(a) vd = v1 – v2 = (120 – 80) µV = 40 µV
v +v 200
(b) vc = 1 2 = = 100 µV
2 2
(c) 20 log CMMR = 90
log CMMR = 90/20 or | Ad/Ac | = 31,622
2 × 105
| Ac | = | Ad |/31,622 = = ± 6.32
31,622
(d) vO = Advd ± Acvc = 2 × 105 × 40 × 10–6 ± 6.32 × 80 × 10–6
= 8 ± 50.56 × 10–6 V
2.7
(a) vd = v2 – v1 = 60 µV – 100 µV = – 40 µV
v1 + v2 60 + 100
(b) vc = = µV = 80 µV
2 2
(c) 20 log CMRR = 90 dB
log CMRR = 4.5
Ad
= 3.1622 × 104
Ac
Ad 2 × 105
Ac = = = 6.3247
3.1622 × 104 3.1622 × 104
29
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(d) vO = Ad vd + Ac vc
= 2 × 105 (– 40 × 10–6) + 6.3247 × 80 × 10–6
= – 8 ± 5.05976 × 10–4 = – 7.9994 V or – 8.00050 V
2.8
Choose 1 kΩ < R1 < 10 MΩ; let R1 = 10 kΩ.
Af = 100 = 1 + RF/R1, RF = 900 kΩ
vO = vS (1 + RF/R1) = 100 × 10–3 × 100 = 10 V
Problem 2.8
VS 1 0 DC 100MV
RS 1 2 1K
RF 4 3 990K
R1 3 0 10K
VCC 5 0 15V
VEE 0 6 15V
XA1 2 3 4 0 OPAMP
. SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 1E12
RO 5 3 50
EA 5 4 1 2 5E5
. ENDS OPAMP
. PROBE
. TF V(4) VS
. END
is Rs
2.9
+ id Ro
v v vo
iS = id = d , vd = O vs +
– vd Ri +
Ri Ad –
–
Then
vO Rout
iS = id = , Ri >> Rs
Ao Ri
Ri Rf
 R 
Substituting for vO = 1 + f  vS
 R1 
(1 + Rf R1 ) vS Ao Ri
iS = vS, Rin = = (i)
Ao Ri iS 1 + Rf R1
iO from the circuit
vO − Ao vd vO
iO = + (ii)
Ro Ri + Rf
30

Rf
iO
–
Ro
R1
+
vd Ri Ao v d + vO
–
–
+
R1
Also – vd = vO Assuming Ri >> R1 (iii)
R1 + Rf
From (ii) and (iii),
1 i 1 + R1 Ao ( R1 + Rf ) 1
= O = +
Rout Vo Ro R1 + Rf
Ro
Assuming (R1 + Rf) >> (iv)
1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + Rf )
Ro
Rout =
1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + Rf )
(a) From (i)
Ao Ri 25 × 103 × 1012
Rin = = = 250 × 1012 Ω
1 + Rf R1 1 + 990 k 10 k
50 50
Rout = = = 0.2 Ω
3 4
1 + 25 × 10 × 10 (10 k + 990 k) 1 + 250
(b) Rin = 5 × 105 × 1012/100 = 5 × 1015 Ω

50
Rout = = 0.01 Ω
1 + 5 × 10 × 104 1000 × 103
5
2.10
Let R1 = 10 kΩ. Then
 R 
Av = 10 = 1 + F  , RF = 90 kΩ
 R1 
vO = 500 mV × 10 = 5 V
31

2.11
0
< t < sms
vo 15
0 1.5 7.1 8 9.5

t(ms)
vS needed for vO = ±15 V

 R 
±15 = vS 1 + F  = vS 1 +  , vS = ± 3 V
20
 R1   5
3
vS = 2t, t = = 1.5 ms 0 < t < 5 ms
2
10 80
3= − −3
t+
3 × 10 3
71
t= ms
10
2.12
vO R1
v– = (i)
R1 + RF
vO = Ao vd = Ad (vS – v–)
vO
v– = vS – (ii)
Ad
From (i) and (ii)
 1 R1 
vS = vO  +
 Ao R1 + Rf 
vO Ao ( R1 + Rf )
Af = = (iii)
vS R1 + RF + Ao R1
5 × 105 × 40 × 103
(a) Af = = 3.999968
40 × 103 × 5 k × 105 × 104
(b) vO = Af vS = 3.999968 vS
 R  30 k
(c) For Ao → ∞, Af = 1 + F  = 1 + = 4, vO = 4 vS Error insignificant
 R1  10 k
2.13
 R 
vO = vS  1 + F  = 5 vS
 R1 
vO = ±15 V
15
vO = 50 sin 2000 πt = ±15 V, θ = sin −1 , θ = 17.45°
50
32

vO
197.45° 342.55°
q
17.4° 162.5°
2.14
Assuming vd to be negligible, vO ≃ v+ = vS. Hence,
vO = vS = 5 V
iS = ii = vd/Ri and
vd = vO/Ao
vO v v
iS = ii = ≃ + , S = Rs + Ao Ri
Ao Ri Ao Ri iS
= 10 k + 5 × 105 × 105 × 2 × 106 ≃ 1012 Ω
vO − Ao vd vO
iO = + (i)
Ro Ri + Rs
– +
Ro
vd Ri + A v
– o d vo
–
+
vS Rs
iS
Also
vO Ri
vd = − (ii)
Ri + Rs
(i) and (ii) give
vO + Ao vO Ri ( Ri + Rs ) vO
iO = +
Ro Ri + Rs
1 i 1 + Ao Ri ( Ri + Rs ) 1
= O = +
Rout vO Ro Ri + Rs
Ro
<< (Ri + Rs)
1 + Ao Ri ( Ri + Rs )
Hence
Ro
Rout =
1 + Ao Ri ( Ri + Rs )
75
= ≃ 15 × 10–5 Ω
1 + 5 × 10 × 2 × 106 (2 × 106 + 104 )
5
33

–
iO
Ri
Ro
+
+ A o vd + v
– – O
Rs
2.15
(a) From Eq. (2.13)
fbw = Ao fb = 2 × 105 × 10 = 2 MHz
From Eq. (2.31) we get
1 + RF / R1
Af (jω) =
1 + jf (1 + RF R1 ) f bw
RF = 50 kΩ, R1 = 15 kΩ
1 + 50 k 15 k
∴ Af (jω) =
1 + jf (1 + 50 k 15 k ) 2 × 106
4.333
=
1 + j 100 × 103 (4.333) 2 × 106
4.333
= = 4.235 ∠–12.23°
1 + j 0.2167
From Eq. (2.32)
R1
fc = βAo fb = Ao f b
R1 + RF
15 k
= × 2 × 105 × 10 Hz
15 k + 50 k
= 461.54 kHz
(b)
2 +
4
+
3 –
vS
–
RF
R1
34

VS 2 0 AC 0.1V
RF 4 3 50K
R1 3 0 15K
XA1 2 3 4 0
* Vi+Vi– Vo+ Vo–
* Subcircuit definition for UA741-AC
. SUBCKT UA741-AC 1 2 3 4
* Subcircuit name Vi+ Vi– Vo+ Vo–
RI 1 2 2MEG
RO 6 3 75
GB 4 5 1 2 0.5M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 6 54 2E+5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. MODEL DMOD D (BV = 14V)
. ENDS UA741-AC
. AC DEC 10 100 HZ 1 MEGHZ
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
35

2.16
(a) R1 = RF = 15 kΩ
fbw = Ao fb = 2 × 105 × 10 = 2 MHz
From Eq. (2.31)
1 + RF R1
Af (jω) =
1 + jf (1 + RF R1 ) f bw
1+1 2
= =
1 + jf (1 + 1) 2 × 10 6
1 + j 100 × 103 × 10−6
2
= = 1.998 ∠–5.71°
1 + j 0.1
(b) From Eq. (2.32)
15 k
fc = β Ao fb = × 2 × 105 × 10 = 1 MHz
15 k + 15 k
VS 2 0 AC 0.1V
RF 4 3 15K
R1 3 0 15K
XA1 2 3 4 0
* Vi+Vi– Vo+ Vo–
* Subcircuit definition for UA741-AC
* SUBCKT UA741-AC 1 2 3 4
* Subcircuit name Vi+ Vi– Vo+ Vo–
RI 1 2 2MEG
RO 6 3 75
GB 4 5 1 2 0.5M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E+5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. ENDS UA741-AC
. AC DEC 10 100HZ 1MEGHZ
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
36

2.17
From Eq. (2.35)
 R  R R R 
vO = 1 + F   A va + A vb + A vc 
 RB   Ra Rb Rc 
20
RA = Ra || Rb || Rc = kΩ
3
 40 k   20 × 2 20( −3) 20(−2) 

vO =  1 + + +
 20 k   3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20 
= 3  −1−  = – 3 V
2 2
3 3
2.18
vS 50 mV
iS = = = 10 µA (R1 = Rs)
Rs 5 kΩ
5V
vO = – Af vS, = 100 = Af
50 mV
RF
= 100, RF = 100 × 5 k = 500 kΩ
R1
Rx = R1 || RF = 5 k || 500 k = 4.95 kΩ
37

2.19
iS if
vS
Rs = R 1 – RF
Ro
Ri vd +v
O
+
+
Ao vd
Rx –
–
rf
Assume Ri >> Rx
vS
Rin = = R1 + Ri || rf (i)
iS
vd
where rf = –
if
– vd = if RF + Ro if + Ao vd
− vd − vd
or rf = , (1 + Ao) = RF + Ro
if if
RF + Ro
rf = (ii)
1 + Ao
The expression for Rout is the same as in Problem 2.14.
500 × 103 × 50
(a) Rin = 5 k + 1012 ||
1 + 25 × 103
≃ 5 k + 1012 || 20 ≃ 5020 Ω
Ro 50
Rout = =
1 + Ao Ri ( Ri + Rs ) 1 + 25 × 10 × 1012 (1012 + 5 k)
3
50 × 10−3
≅ ≃ 2 × 10–3 Ω
25
From Eq. (2.45)
RF R1
Af = −
1 + (1 + RF R1 ) Ao
− 500 k 5 k
= = – 99.60
1 + (1 + 500 k 5 k ) 25 × 103
vO = – 50 × 10–3 × 99.6 = – 4.98 V
38

500 × 103 + 50
(b) Rin = 5 k + 1012 ||
1 + 5 × 105
= 5 k + 1012 || 1 ≃ 5001 Ω
Ro 50
Rout = =
1 + Ao Ri ( Ri + Rs ) 1 + 5 × 10 × 1012 (1012 + 5 k)
5
≃ 100 × 10–6 Ω = 10–4 Ω

(c) From Eq. (2.45)
RF R1
Af = −
1 + (1 + RE R1 ) Ao
− 500 k 5 k
= ≅ – 99.98
1 + (1 + 500 k 5 k ) 5 × 105
Problem 2.19
VIN 4 0 DC 10MV
R1 4 2 5K
RF 2 3 500K
RX 1 0 4.95K
XA1 1 2 3 0 LF411-DC
. SUBCKT LF411-DC 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 1E12
RO 5 3 50
EA 4 5 1 2 25E3
. ENDS LF411-DC
. TF V(3) VIN
. PROBE
. END
2.20
RF
Af = − = ∞, vO = AfvS = ∞ → Saturation
R1
vO = – 14 V
2.21
(a) From Eq. (2.46)
1  RF  1  50 k 
1 + R  = 1 + 10 k  = 3 × 10
x= –5
5
Ao 1 2 × 10
From Eq. (2.45)
RF 50 k
Af = − = − = – 4.9998
R1 (1 + x) 10 k (1 + 3 × 10−5 )
(b) vO = Af vS = – 4.9998 × 100 × 10–3 = – 0.4998 V
39

(c) From Eq. (2.47)

RF
∆Vo = x = 3 × 10–5 × 5 = 15 × 10–5
R1
= 0.15 mV = 0.03%
2.22
(a) From Eq. (2.13)
fbw = Ao fb = 2 × 105 × 10 = 2 MHz
From Eq. (2.56)
RF R1 − 50 k 15 k
Af = − =
1 + jf (1 + RF R1 ) f bw 1 + jf (1 + 150 k 15 k ) 2 × 106
− 3.333
=
1 + j (100 × 103 ) (1 + 3.333) 2 × 106
− 3.333
= = – 3.258 ∠–12.19°
1 + j 0.216
R1 15 k
β= = = 0.230
R1 + RF 15 k + 50 k
fc = βfbw = 0.23 × 2 × 106 = 460 kHz

(b) Problem 2.22
VS 1 0 AC 0.1V
R1 1 3 15K
RF 3 4 50K
RX 2 0 10K
XA1 2 3 4 0 UA741-AC
. SUBCKT UA741-AC 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 2MEG
RO 6 3 75
GB 4 5 1 2 0.5
R1 5 4 10K
C4 5 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. ENDS UA741-AC
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. AC DEC 10 100 1MEGHZ
. PROBE
. END
40

2.23
(a) R1 = RF = 15 kΩ
fbw = Ao fb = 2 × 105 × 10 = 2 MHz
From Eq. (2.56)
RF R1 −1
Af = − =
1 + jf (1 + RF R1 ) f bw 1 + j 100 × 103 (1 + 1) 2 × 106
1
= − = – 0.99 ∠– 5.71°
1 + j 0.1
fc = β fbw, β = 0.5
∴ fc = 0.5 × 2 × 106 = 1 MHz
2.24
(a)
R1 R2 v1 R3
vi vO
Li
iS iF
Rx i
Ignoring vd (virtual ground)

vi v R
iS = = iF, v1 = – iF R2 = − i R2 = −vi 2
R1 R1 R1
v1 R
i= − = + v1 2
Rx R1Rx
vi R
i1 = iF + i = + vi 2
R1 R1 Rx
R2  1 R2 
Also vO = v1 – i1R3 = – vi − R3  + vi
R1  R1 R1 Rx 
vO R  R3 R3 
= − 2 1 + R + R 
vi R1 2 x
20 k  20 k 20 k 
– 10 = − 1 + 20 k + R 
50 k x
41

2 20 k  20 k
10 =  2 + R  , 25 = 2 +
5 x Rx
20 k
Rx = = 869.5 Ω
23
SR
(b) SR = 6 V/µs, fs(max) =
2πVm
6 × 106
fs(max) = = 95 kHz
2π × 10
(c) VS 5 0 AC 10MV
R1 5 3 50K
R2 2 0 1K
R3 3 6 20K
RX 6 0 869.5
R4 4 6 20K
XA1 2 3 4 0 UA741-AC
. SUBCKT UA741-AC1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 2MEG
RO 6 3 75
GB 4 5 1 2 0.5 M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 1.5619UF
EA 4 6 5 4 1E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. ENDS UA741-AC
. PRINT AC VM(4) VP(4)
. PROBE
. END
2.25
From Eq. (2.60)
R R R 
vO = −  F v1 + F v2 + F v3 
 R1 R2 R3 
 40 k × 2 + 40 k (−3) + 40 k (−2)
= −
 20 k 20 k 20 k 
= – (4 – 6 – 4) = + 6 V
42

2.26
R2 vi R3
i R4
iF il
iS R1
–
–
+ +
vS vd
+ + vo
–
vS v
iS = iF = , v1 = – iF R2 = − S R2
R1 R1
v1 R2
∴ i= − = + vS
R4 R1 R4
vS R2
i1 = iF + i = + vS
R1 R1 R4
vS R2 v
Also vO = v1 – i R 3 = − R 2 – vS R3 + S R3
R1 R1 R4 R1
R2 1 R 
= – vS – R 3  + 2  vS
R1  R1 R1 R4 
vO R  1 R2 
= – 2 – R3  + 
vS R1  R1 R1 R4 
R2  R3 R3  vO − 12
= – 1 + + , Given = = – 240
R1  R2 R4  vS 0.05
Taking R2 = 6 R1 and R3 = 9 R4
 R   R 
∴ 240 = 6  1 + 9 + 3  = 6 10 + 3 
 R2   R2 
R3
= 30
R2
Let R2 = 10 kΩ and R3 = 300 kΩ. Then

300 k 100
R4 = = k = 33.33 kΩ
9 3
10
R1 = kΩ
6
43

2.27
From Eq. (2.67)
RF R
vO = (va – vb) , 5 = (220 – 200) mV × F
R1 R1
RF
= 250
R1
Let Ra = R1 = 2 kΩ; then
RF = 0.5 MΩ = Rx
2.28
vO = – Ao (v+ – v–) (i)
Ri = 1012
Ignoring current through Ri
va Rx RF R1
v+ = and v– = ⋅ vb + ⋅ vO
Ra + Rx R1 + RF R1 + RF
Substitution in (i) gives
Ao va Rx Ao RF vb Ao R1 vO
vO = − + +
For Ra = R1 and RF = Rx
Ao va RF R v A R v
vO = − + Ao F b + o 1 O
R1 + RF R1 + RF R1 + RF
RF R v
= – Ao (va – vb) + Ao 1 O (ii)
R1 + RF R1 + RF
Ao RF ( R1 + RF )
or vO = (vb – va)
1 − Ao R1 ( R1 + RF )
Ao RF (vb − va )
=
R1 (1 − Ao ) + RF
25 × 103 × 0.5 × 106 (200 − 220) × 10−3 −250 × 106

(a) vO = = ≃ 5.05 V
2 × 103 (1 − 25 × 103 ) + 0.5 × 106 2 × 103 − 50 × 106 + 0.5 × 106
− 5 × 105 × 0.5 × 106 × 20 × 10−3

(b) vO = ≃ 5V
2 × 103 (1 − 5 × 105 ) + 0.5 × 106
2.29
(a) Ao → ∞, Eq. (ii) from the last problem reduces to
RF R
| Af | = vO/vb – va = , 200 = F
R1 R1
Let R1 = 2.5 kΩ. Then RF = 0.5 MΩ.
44

(b) For Ao = 5 ×105

Ao RF
vO = (vb – va)
R1 − R1 Ao + RF
5 × 105 × 0.5 × 106 × 20 × 10−3

= =4V
2.5 × 103 − 2.5 × 103 × 5 × 105 + 0.5 × 106
Af = 200 × 20 × 10–3 = 4 V
∞
Hardly any error.
2.30
From Problem 2.28
Ao va Rx Ao RF vb Ao R1vb
vO = − + +
+5 × 105 × 15 × 10−3 × 20 × 103 5 × 105 × 50 × 103 × 5 × 10−3
∴ vO = +
2 × 103 + 20 × 103 5 × 103 + 50 × 103
5 × 105 × 5 × 103 vO
+
5 × 103 + 50 × 103
= 6.818 × 103 + 2.777 × 103 + 4545 × 103 vO
vO ≃ – 0.2 V
2.31
(a)
i6
v1 i4 i5 i7
R4 R5 R6
R7
–
v2 R1 R3 vO
+ +
–
R2
R2 v1 – v– v– – v1
v+ = v 2, i4 = , i5 =
R1 + R2 R4 R5
v3 v3 – vO
i7 = , i6 =
R7 R6
i4 = i5
v1 – v– v – v3
= – (i)
R4 R5
v– − v3 v −v v
i5 = i6 + i7, = 3 O + 3
R5 R6 R7
v3 v3 v3 v v
∴ − – – =– – – O
R5 R6 R7 R5 R6
45

 1 1 1 v v
– v3  + +  =– – – O (ii)
 R5 R6 R7  R5 R6
From (i)
v1 v– v– v3
– = –
R4 R4 R5 R5
v1  1 1 v3
R4
– v–  R + R  = – R
4 5 5
v1  R + R5  v
– v–  4  = – 3 (iii)
R4  R4 R5  R5
From (ii)
 R R + R6 R7 + R5 R7  v v
– v3  5 6  = – – – O (iv)
 R5 R6 R7  R5 R6
From (iii) using (iv)
v1 ( R + R5 ) 1 R5 R6 R7  v v 
– v– 4 = × – – – O 
R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R6 + R6 R7 + R5 R7  R5 R6 
R5 R6 R7
Let X=
R5 R6 + R6 R7 + R5 R7
v1 R + R5 1 v 1 v
– v– 4 = – Χ – – Χ O
R4 R4 R5 R5 R5 R5 R6
R4 + R5 1 v v 1 v
∴ – v– + X – =– 1 – Χ O
R4 R5 R5 R5 R4 R5 R6
 R + R5 1 1  v 1 v
– v–  4 + X  = – 1 – Χ O
 R4 R5 R5 R5  R4 R5 R6
 1
v1 R4 +   Χ ( vO R6 )
 R5 
v– =
( R4 + R5 ) R4 R5 –   Χ (1 R5 )
1
 R5 
Also (v+ – v–)Ao = vO. Substituting for v+ and v–

v1  1   vO 
+  Χ  
R2 R4  R5   R6  v
v2 – = O
R1 + R2 ( R4 + R5 )  1   1  Ao
–  Χ 
R4 R5  R5   R5 
v1  1   vO 
R2 R4  R  Χ  R  v
5 6
v2 – – = O
R1 + R2 ( R4 + R5 )  1  1 ( R4 + R5 )  X   1  Ao
–  Χ  –   ⋅ 
R4 R5  R5   R5  R4 R5  R5   R5 
46

R2 v1 1 X v
v2 – = ⋅ vo/R6 + O
R1 + R2  ( R + R5 )  1   1   R5 ( R4 + R5 )  X   1  Ao
R1  4 –   X   –   ⋅ 
 R4 R5  R5   R5   R4 R5  R5   R5 
 R2  v1
⋅ v2 –
 ( R1 + R2 )   ( R + R5 )  1   1  
R4  4 –   X  
 R4 R5  R5   R5  
vO =
 1 X  1 1
 R  ( R + R ) ⋅  +
5  4  X   1    R6  Ao
 R R –  R  ⋅  R  
5
 4 5 5 5 
Assume Ao is large
 R2  v1
 ( R + R )  v2 –  ( R4 + R5 )  1   1  
1 2
R4  –   X  
 R4 R5  R5   R5  
VO =
 1 X
 R  ( R + R )
5  4 5  1   1 
 R R –  R  X  R  
 4 5 5 5 
Given R4 = R5 = R6 = R7 = 50 kΩ
 R2  v1
 ( R + R )  v2 –  ( R4 + R5 ) X 
1 2 – 

VO =  R4 R5 
X
( R4 + R5 – X )
50 k × 50 k × 50 k 50 k
X= =
3 ( 50 k × 50 k ) 3
v1
(150 k 250 k ) v2 –
(100 k 50 k – 50 k 3 × 50 k )
∴ vO =
50 k 3 (100 k – 50 k 3)
0.6 v2 – 0.6 v1
= ≈ 3 ( v2 – v1 )
50 k 250 k
2.32
(a)
v_ iF
i1 i3 RF
R1 R3
3 –
1 vi
i2
R2 R4 4 vO
+
2
47

vi – v– v
i1 = , i3 = – , iF = i1 + i3
R1 R3
vi v– v–
iF = – –
R1 R1 R3
v– – vO v v v
Also iF = = i – – – –
RF R1 R1 R3
vO v 1 1 1
– = i – v–  + +  (i)
RF R1  R1 R3 RF 
vi – v+ v vi v v
i2 = = + , – + = +
R2 R4 R2 R2 R4
vi  1 1
= v+  + 
R2  R2 R4 
( R2 + R4 ) R4
vi = v+ , v+ = vi
R4 R2 + R4
Also vO = Ao (v+ – v–)
vO vO
= v + – v –, v– = v+ –
Ao Ao
vi R4 v
v– = – O (ii)
R2 + R4 Ao
Substituting in (i)
vO v R4  1 1 1  v  1 1 1 
– = i – vi  + +  + O  + +
RF R1 R2 + R4  R1 R3 RF  Ao  R1 R3 RF 
vO v  1 1 1  v R4  1 1 1 
– O  + +  = i – vi  + +
RF 
Ao R1 R3 RF  R1 R2 + R4  R1 R3 RF 
vO 1 R – R4 ( R2 + R4 ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
= – 1
vi 1 RF + 1 Ao (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
For large Ao
vO 1 R – R4 R2 + R4 (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
= – 1
vi 1 RF
RF R R  1 1 1 
= – + F 4  + +
R1 R2 + R4  R1 R3 RF 
vO – 500 k 500 k × 100 k  1 1 1 

= +  40 k + 50 k + 500 k 
vi 40 k 80 k + 100 k
= – 12.5 + 277 k (20 × 10–6 + 20 × 10–6 + 2 × 10–6)

= – 12.5 + 13.0 = 0.5
48

Frequency response
Ao
A(jω) = , where fu = fbω = Aofb
1 + jf f b
vO 1 R1 – R4 ( R2 + R4 ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
(jω) = –
vi 1 RF + 1 Ao ( jω ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
1 R1 – R4 ( R2 + R4 ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
= –
1 RF + (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF ) ( (1 + jf f b ) Ao )
1 R4  1 1 1
–  + + 
R1 R2 + R4 R1 R3 RF 

= –
1  1 1 1  1 + 1 1 1  jf
+ + +   + + 
RF  R1 R3 RF  Ao R1 R3 RF A f
o b
For large Ao, the second term in the denominator tends to zero. Therefore,
vO 1 R1 – R4 ( R2 + R4 ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
(jω) = –
vi 1 RF + (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF ) ⋅ ( jf f bω )
– RF R1 – R4 ( R2 + R4 ) (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF )
=
1 + jf RF (1 R1 + 1 R3 + 1 RF ) f bω
500 k 40 k – 500 k × 100 k 80 k × 100 k (1 40 k + 1 50 k + 1 500 k )

=
1 + jf 500 k 106 (1 40 k + 1 50 k + 1 500 k )
vO 12.5 – 13.05 0.55

(jω) = − –6
=+
vi 1 + jf 23.5 × 10 1 + jf 23.5 × 10 –6
2.33
(a)
i2 R2
–
i1 R1
–
1
vo1
2 +
3
v1 + vO
2
+ vo2 R3
R4
v2
(v(+)1 – v(–)1)Ao = vo1, v(+)1 = v1, v(–)1 = vo1
49

vo1
(v1 – vo1) = =0
Ao
For large Ao, v1 = vo1, and similarly vo2 = v2.
Now i1 = i2; then
vo1 – v(–)3
i1 =
R1
v(–)3 – vo
i2 =
R2
vo1 – v(–)3 v(–)3 – vO

∴ =
R1 R2
vo1 v(–)3 v(–)3 vO

– = –
R1 R1 R2 R2
v(–)3 v(–)3 – vo1 vO  1 1 v v

– – = – , v(–)3  +  = o1 + o
R2 R2 R1 R2  R1 R2  R1 R2
R1 + R2 v v
∴ v(–)3 = o1 + o
R1 R2 R1 R2
R2 R1
v(–)3 = v1 + vO
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R4
v(+)3 = vo2 , [v(+)3 = – v(–)3] Ao = vO
R3 + R4
vO
or v(+)3 – v(–)3 =
Ao
Substituting for v(–)3 and v(+)3
R4 R2 R1 v
v2 – v1 – vO = O
R3 + R4 R1 + R2 R1 + R2 Ao
For large Ao
R4 R2 R1
v2 = – v1 = vO
R3 + R4 R1 + R2 R1 + R2
R1 R2 R4
vO = – v1 + v2
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 R3 + R4
R2 R R + R2
vO = – v1 + v2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 1
R1 R1 R3 + R4
For R1 = R3 = 10 kΩ and R2 = R4 = 1 MΩ,
106 106 10 k + 1 M
vO = – v1 ⋅ + v 2 ⋅ ⋅
104 104 10 k + 1 M
50

= – v1 100 + v2 100
= (– 100) v1 – (– 100) v2
∴ a1 = – 100, a2 = – 100
(b) Assume v2 = 0; then vo = a1v1.
SR 6 V / µs
fmax = = = 95.5 kHz
2π vO 2π × 10
(c) Problem 2.33
VS1 2 0 AC 1MV
VS2 5 0 AC 2MV
R1 4 9 10K
R3 7 8 10K
R2 9 10 1MEG
R4 8 0 1MEG
XA1 2 4 4 0 LF411_AC
XA2 5 7 7 0 LF411_AC
XA3 8 9 10 0 LF411_AC
. SUBCKT LF411_AC 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 2E12
RO 6 3 50
GB 4 5 1 2 0.1M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 0.79UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. MODEL DMOD D (BV = 14 V)
. ENDS LF411_AC
. PRINT AC VM(10)
. PROBE
. END
51

2.34
+
v1 R1 iF RF
1
i1
–
vo1
–
R2 ix
3
+ vO
Rx ix
ix R3
–
R4
2
+ vo2
v2 R5
Assume there is virtual short circuit at the input of op-amps 1 and 2. Then
v(–)1 = v1, v(–)2 = v2
Current ix through Rx is given by
v1 − v2
ix =
Rx
v1 − v2
∴ vo1 = v1 + ix R2 = v1 + R2 (i)
Rx
v1 − v2
vo2 = v2 – ix R3 = v2 – R3 (ii)
Rx
52

vo1 − v(–) 3  v( − )3 − vO 
i1 = iF, i1 = , iF = 
R1  RF 
i1 = iF
vo1 − v(–)3 v(–)3 − vO
=
R1 RF
vo1 v( −)3 v( −)3 vO

− = −
R1 R1 RF RF
v(–)3 v(–)3 vo1 vO

− − = − −
R1 RF R1 RF
 1 1  R + RF
v(–)3  +  = 1
 R1 RF  R1 RF
R1 + RF v v
v(–)3 = o1 + O
R1 RF R1 RF
R1 RF vo1 R R v
v(–)3 = + 1 F ⋅ O
R1 + RF R1 R1 + RF RF
RF R1
= vo1 + vO
R1 + RF R1 + RF
R5
v(+)3 = vo2, [v(+)3 – v(–)3] Ao = vO
R4 + R5
R5 RF R1 v
∴ vo2 – vo1 – ⋅ vO = O
R4 + R5 R1 + RF R1 + RF Ao
Substituting for vo1 and vo2 from (i) and (ii)
R5  R3  RF  R2  R1 v
 v2 − ( v1 − v2 )  −  v1 + ( v1 − v2 )  − vO = O
R4 + R5  Rx  R1 + RF  Rx  R1 + RF A
R1 vO R5 R5 R R5 R
= v2 – ⋅ 3 v1 + ⋅ 3 v2
R1 + RF R4 + R5 R4 + R5 Rx R4 + R5 Rx
RF RF R2 RF R2
– v1 – v1 + ⋅ v2
R1 + RF R1 + RF Rx R1 + RF Rx
Given R2 = R3, R1 = R4 and RF = R5,

R1 vO RF v2 RF R RF R
∴ = − ⋅ 2 v1 + ⋅ 2 v2
R1 + RF R1 + RF R1 + RF Rx R1 + RF Rx
RF RF R RF R
− v1 – ⋅ 2 v1 + ⋅ 2 ⋅ v2
RF 2RF R2 2RF R
= (v2 – v1) – v1 + ⋅ 2 v2
53

RF 2RF R
= (v2 – v1) + ⋅ 2 (v2 – v1)
R1 + RF R1 + RF Rx
RF  2 R2 
= (v2 – v1) 1 + 
R1 + RF  Rx 
R1 vO RF  2 R2 
∴ = (v2 – v1) 1 + 
R1 + RF R1 + RF  Rx 
RF  2 R2 
vO = (v2 – v1) ⋅ 1 + 
R1  Rx 
2.35
From Eq. (2.73)
vO  2R   RF 
= − 1 +  R 
vs1 − vs2  Rg  1
Take RF = 500 kΩ, R1 = 10 kΩ and R = 1 kΩ. Then

vO 2 × 1000 2000
= 1+ × 50 ≃ × 50
vs1 − vs2 Rg Rg
Rg can be varied from 100 to 200 Ω.
2.36
vO R
Av = = F
vs2 − vs1 R1
For R1 = 1 kΩ, RF = 750 kΩ.

Problem 2.36
VS1 1 0 DC 1MV
VS2 4 0 DC 2MV
R1 2 5 1K
RA 3 6 1K
RX 6 0 750
RF 5 7 750K
XA1 1 2 2 0 OPAMP
XA2 4 4 3 0 OPAMP
XA3 6 5 7 0 OPAMP
. SUBCKT OPAMP 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 2E12
RO 5 3 50
EA 4 5 1 2 2E5
. ENDS OPAMP
. OP
. END
54

2.37
t
1
R2CF ∫0
vO = Vco – vS dt
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms
t
1
vO = 0 –
10−5
∫ (+1) dt = – 105 (t)
0
For t = 1 ms, vO = – 105 × 10–3 = – 100 V. The amplifier goes in saturation at vO = – 14 V

and Vco = – 14 V.
For 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 ms
t −1
vO = – 14 – 105 ∫ (−1) dt = – 14 + 105 (t – 1)terms
0
For t = 2 ms, vO = – 14 + 105 (10–3). The amplifier goes in saturation at vO = + 14 V and

Vco = 14 V.
For 2 ≤ t ≤ 3 ms
t −2
vO = 14 – 105 ∫ (+1) dt = 14 – 105 (t – 2)terms
0
At t = 3 ms
vO = Vsat = – 14 V
Vco = – 14 V
For 3 ≤ t ≤ 4
t −3
vO = – 14 – 105 ∫ (–1) dt = – 14 + 105 (t – 3)
0
At t = 4 ms
vO = Vsat = + 14 V
Vco = 14 V
Waveform is shown below.
v
vO
vS
t (ms)
1 2 3 4
55

2.38
10
vS = t 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms
10−3
10
vS = − t + 20 1 ms ≤ t ≤ 2 ms
10−3
For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ms, Vco = 0.
t
1 10 1 10 t 2
vO = 0 – ∫
R1CF 0 10−3
t dt = −
10−3 10−3 2
At t = 1 ms
t2
Vo = – 5 V = – 107
2
2.39
R1 || RF = R1 for RF >> R1
CX = CF (1 + AO) = 0.01 µF (1 + 5 × 105) ≅ 5000 µF
 1
CY = CF 1 +  ≃ CF = 0.01 µF
 Ao 
From Example 2.11
Ao
A(s) =
1 + R1Cx s
3-dB frequency
1 1 1
ωb = = 4 −6
= rad/s
R1Cx 10 × 5000 × 10 50
fb = 3.18 × 10–3 Hz
2.40
1
Since A = 10 at f = = 0.16 Hz
2π
fb = 10 × 0.16 = 1.6 Hz
Let C1 = 1 µF. Then
1
τi = = 99.5 ms
2π × 1.6
99.5 × 10−3
R1 = ≅ 100 kΩ
10−6
10 6.25
τF = = 6.25 s, RF = = 6.25 MΩ
1.6 1 µF
56

Problem 2.40
VS 1 0 AC 1MV
CF 3 0 1UF
R1 1 3 100K
RF 3 4 6.3MEG
RX 2 0 100K
VCC 5 0 12V
VEE 0 6 12V
XA1 2 3 5 6 4 UA741
. Vi+ Vi– +VCC –VEE Vo
. LIB NOM.LIB
. AC DEC 101 0.01HZ 10HZ
. PROBE
. END
2.41
(a)
Given values ABP := 20* R1 := 1 ⋅ 10 3 RL := 20 ⋅ 10 3 fH := 1000
Using Eq. (2.86), dc gain (for an ideal op-amp and neglecting the effect of RL)
4
RF := ABP⋅ R1 RF = 2 × 10
From Eq. 2.87
1
CF := CF = 7.958 × 10 − 9
2π RF ⋅ fH
∴ CF = 8 nF
(b) For SPICE verification,
57

Problem 2.41
VS 1 0 AC 1MV
R1 2 1 1k
RF 3 2 20k
CF 3 2 8nF
Ri 2 0 2Meg
E1 N002 0 2 0 -2E+5
Vin 1 0 AC 1mV 0
RL 3 0 20k
Ro 3 N002 75
.ac dec 101 0.1 100kHz
. PROBE
. END
Plot
vm(3)
20
15
Voltage magnitude (mV)
10
1m 10 m 100 m 1 10 100 1k 10 k 100 k

Frequency (Hz)
2.42
(a) From Eq. (2.108)
1 1
fb = , 104 =
2π R1C1 2π R1C1
For C1 = 0.1 µF, R1 = 159 Ω.

From Eq. (2.110),
RF
Af(max) = , RF = 20 × 159 Ω
R1
RF = 3180 Ω
(b) Problem 2.42
VS 1 0 AC 0.1V
R1 1 7 159
C1 7 3 0.1UF
RF 3 4 3180
58

RX 2 0 3180
VCC 5 0 15V
VEE 0 6 15V
XA1 2 3 5 6 4 UA741
. LIB NOM.LIB
. AC DEC 10 100Hz 1MEGHZ
. PROBE
. END
2.43
(a) τd = R1C1 = 2 × 103 × 10–8 = 20 µs
1 1
(b) fb = = ≃ 7958 Hz
2π R1C1 2π × 2 × 103 × 10−8
RF 10 k
(c) Af(max) = = =5
R1 2k
2.44
Using Eq. (2.110)
RF
APB =
R1
Assume R1 = 5 kΩ and APB = 20.

∴ RF = 5 × 20 = 100 kΩ
1 1
fL = , C1 = = 6.4 nF
2π RC1C1 2π × 5 k × 5 k
1 1
fH = = = 250 Hz
2π RFC1 2π × 10 × 103 × 6.4 × 10−9
For SPICE verification: using op-amp model of Fig. 2.3(a) as
Problem 2.44
R1 3 2 5k
RF 4 3 100k
C1 2 1 6.4nF
Ri 3 0 2Meg
59

E1 N002 0 3 0 -2E+5
Vin 1 0 AC 1mV 0
RL 4 0 20k
Ro 4 N002 75
.ac dec 101 0.1 100kHz
. PROBE
. END
Plot
2.45
(a)
R1 i1 R2 i2
– R4 R5 i4
R3 A1
vi vo1 i4
+
–
R6 A2 vo
+
Assume ii = 0
0 – v– (1) v– (1) − vo1
i1 = = i2 = (i)
R1 R2
vo1 − v– (2) v– (2) − vo

= (ii)
R4 R5
60

From (i)
v− (1) v− (1) – vo1
– =
R1 R2
v− (1) v− (1) vo1

– = –
R1 R2 R2
 v– (1) v– (1)  vo1

–  +  =– R
 1R R 2  2
 1 1  v
v– (1)  +  = o1
 R1 R 2  R2
R1 + R 2 vo1
v– (1) =
R1R 2 R2
R1 + R 2 R1
v– (1) × = vo1, v– (1) = vo1 .
R1 R1 + R 2
 R1 
vo1 = Ao1(V+ (1) – v– (1)) = Ao  vi – vo1
 R1 + R 2 
R1
∴ vo1 = Ao (vi) – Aovo1 .
R1 + R 2
R1
vo1 + Aovo1 = A ov i
R1 + R 2
Ao
vo1 = . vi
1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R 2 )
Now v+2 = vi
vo1 – v– (2) v– (2) – vO
∴ =
R4 R5
vo1 v– (2) v– (2) v

– = – O
R4 R4 R5 R5
vO
vO = Ao (V+ (2) – v– (2)), = v+ (2) – v– (2)
Ao
vO vO
∴ = vi – v– (2), v– (2) = vi –
Ao Ao
vo1 v  R 4 + R5 
+ O = v– (2)  
R4 R5  R 4 R5 
61

vo1 vO  v  ( R 4 + R5 )
+ =  vi – O 
R 4 R5  Ao  R 4 R 5
Ao v1 v R 4 + R5 R 4 + R5
. + O = vi – vO
1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R 2 ) R4 R5 R 4 R5 R 4 R5
vO v ( R 4 + R5 ) R 4 + R5 Ao v
+ O = vi – . i
R5 Ao R 4 R5 R 4 R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R 2 ) R 4
 1 R4 + R5   R 4 + R5 Ao 
vO  +  = vi  – 
 R 5 Ao R 4 R 5   R 4 R 5 (1 + R1 Ao ( R1 + R 2 ) ) R4 
Ao
( R 4 + R5 ) R 4 R5 –
vO
= 1 + R1 ( 1 + R 2 ) Ao  R4
R
vi 1 R5 + ( R 4 + R 5 ) Ao R 4 R 5
Ao
Now let Ao =
1 + jf / f b
Ao
( R 4 + R5 ) R 4 R5 –
vo (1 + jf / f b ) 1 + ( 1 ( 1 + R 2 ) ) . ( Ao 1 + jf / f b )  R 4
R R
=
vi 1 R 5 + ( R 4 + R 5 R 4 R 5 ) .[ (1 + jf / f b ) Ao ]
( R 4 + R5 ) – Ao
R 4 R5  R1 
(1 + jf / f b ) R 4 + R + R R 4 Ao 
=  ( 1 2) 
1 ( 4R + R 5) ( 4
R + R 5 )   jf 
+ +  . 
R5 R 4 R 5 Ao  R 4 R 5 Ao   f b 
( R 4 + R5 ) – Ao
R 4 R5  jf R 1 R 4 Ao 
R4 + f R4 + R + R 
=  b ( 1 2)
1 ( R 4 + R 5 )  ( R 4 + R 5 )  jf
+ + .
R5 R 4 R 5 Ao  R 4 R 5 Ao  f b
( R 4 + R5 ) – 1
R 4 R5  R4 R1R 4 
 jf f A + R + R 
=  b o ( 1 2)
1 ( R 4 + R 5 )  jf 
+ . 
R5 R 4 R 5  Ao f b 
( R 4 + R5 ) – 1
R 4 R5  R4 R1R 4 
 jf A f + R + R 
=  o b ( 1 2)
1+
( 4 5 ) .
R + R jf 
 
R 4 R 5  Ao f b 
62

( R 4 + R5 ) – 1
R 4 R5  R R
1 4 
 R4 ( R1 + R 2 ) 
 R + R  1 + jf A f + R R 
( 1 2) o b 1 4 
=
1+
( 4 5 ) .
R + R jf 
 A f 
R4 o b
check ∆o → α
R1 R 4 – R 2 R 5
R1 R 4
Further
Ao f b R1
fc1 = = 90.9 × 103
R1 + R 2
R4 106 × 50 106 × 50
fc2 = Ao f b = =
R 4 + R5 50 + 500 550
SR
(b) fmax <
2πVo
SR 6
fmax = = –6
2πVo 10 × 2π × 10
= 95.49 kHz
2.46
i3 R3
R2
i2
vi R1
3 – 4
R4
6
R5 vO
i1 v(–1)1 + i4 i5 7
2
–
v(–)2
5 +
vi – v(–) 1 v(–) 1 – vo1 v(–) 1 – vO

(a) i1 = , i2 = , i3 =
R1 R2 R3
i1 = i2 + i3
Substituting for i1, i2, and i3
vi v(–)1 v(–)1 vo1 v(–)1 vO
– = – + –
R1 R1 R2 R2 R3 R3
63

vi v(–)1 v(–)1 v(–)1 vo1 vO

= + + – – (i)
R1 R1 R2 R3 R2 R3
Also i4 = i5
vo1 – v(–)2 v(–)2 – vO
=
R4 R5
vo1 v(–)2 v(–)2 vO

– = – (ii)
R4 R4 R5 R5
Further (0 – v(–)1)Ao = vo1, (0 – v(–)2) Ao = vO
or
vo1 v
– v(–)1 = , – v(–)2 = O
Ao Ao
or
vo1 v
v(–)1 = − , v(–)2 = − O
Ao Ao
vi  1 1 1 v v
= v(–)1  + +  – o1 – O
R1  R1 R2 R3  R1 R3
vo1  1 1 1 v v
= −  + +  – o1 – O

Ao R1 R2 R3  R2 R3
1  1 1  1  vO
= – vo1   1 + + + – (iii)
 Ro  R1 R2 R3  R2  R3
From (ii)
vo1  1 1 v
= v(–)2  + – O
R4  R4 R5  R5
vO  1 1 v
= −  + – O
Ao  R4 R5  R5
R4  1 1 R
vo1 = – vO  +  – 4 vO
Ao  R4 R5  R5
Substituting in (iii) we have
vi R  1 1 R   1 1 1 1 1 
= + 4  +  vo + 4 vO   + + +
R1  Ao  R4 R5  R5   Ao  R1 R2 R3  R2 
vO
For large AD –
R3
vi R 1 v  R 1
= 4 vO ⋅ – o =  4 –  vO
R1 R5 R2 R3  2 5
R R R3
R3 R4 – R2 R5
= vO
R2 R3 R5
64

Substituting the values

vO R2 R3 R5 100 k × 150 k × 160 k
= =
vi R1 ( R3 R4 – R2 R5 ) 20 k (150 k × 20 k – 100 k × 160 k )
= – 9.23
(b) Problem 2.46
VS 1 0 AC 0.1V
R1 1 3 20K
R2 3 4 100K
R3 3 7 150K
R4 4 6 20K
R5 6 7 160K
RX1 2 0 10K
RX2 5 0 10K
XA1 2 3 4 0 UA741-AC
XA2 5 6 7 0 UA741-AC
. SUBCKT UA741_AC 1 2 3 4
RI 1 2 2MEG
RO 6 3 75
GB 4 5 1 2 0.1M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 1.59UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. AC DEC 10 100 20MEG
. PRINT AC VM/7
. PROBE
. END
2.47
(a)
R1 i1 i2 R2
i5 R5
– RF
3 i4 R4
–
1
2 + 4 6
2
vi + 7 vO
R3 5
v2 R6
0 – v(–)1 v(–)1 – vo1

i1 = i2, i1 = , i2 =
R1 R2
v(–)1 v(–)1 vo1 v(–)1 v(–)1 vo1

– = – , − – =–
R1 R2 R2 R1 R2 R2
65

 1 1 v
∴ v(–)1  +  = o1 (i)
 R1 R2  R2
 R + R2  v R1
or v(–)1  1  = o1 or v(–)1 = vo1
 R1 R2  R2 R1 + R2
vo1 – v(–)2 v(–)2 – vO
i4 = i5, i4 = , i5 =
R4 R5
−vo1 – v(–)2 v(–)2 – vO
= −
R4 R5
−v(–)2 v(–)2 vo1 vO
– = –
R4 R5 R4 R5
 1 1  v v
– v(–)2  +  = − o1 – O
 R4 R5  R4 R5
R4 + R5 v v
v(–)2 = o1 + O (ii)
R4 R5 R4 R5
Also (v1 – v(–)1) Ao = vo1 (iii)
And (v2 – v(–)2) Ao = vO (iv)
From (iii)
 R1 
 v1 – vo1 R + R  Ao = vo1
1 2
vo1 Ao R1
v1 A o – = vo1
R1 + R2
 AR 
vo1 1 + o 1  = v1 Ao
 R1 + R2 
Ao
vo1 = v1
1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 )
From (ii)
R4 + R5 Ao 1 vO
v(–)2 = v1 × +
R4 R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 ) R4 R5
R4 + R5 Ao v1 1 R R v
v(–)2 = ⋅ × + 4 5 ⋅ O
R4 R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 ) R4 R4 + R5 R5
R5 vO R4
= ⋅ v1 + vO
R4 + R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 ) R4 + R5
R5 Ao v1 R4 v
From (iv) v2 – ⋅ – vO = O
R4 + R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 ) R4 + R5 Ao
R5 Ao v1 v R4
v2 – ⋅ = O + vO
R4 + R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 ) Ao R4 + R5
66

 1 R4  R5 Ao
vO  +  = v2 – ⋅ v1
 Ao R4 + R5  R4 + R5 1 + Ao R1 ( R1 + R2 )
v2 v1 × 1 R5 ( R4 + R5 )
vO = – ⋅
1 Ao + R4 ( R4 + R5 ) 1 Ao + R1 ( 1
R + R2) 1 Ao + R4 ( R4 + R5 )
For large Ao
v2 v1 R
vO = – ⋅ 5
R4 ( Ao + R5 ) R1 + R2 R4
Given R1 = R5 = 10 kΩ and R2 = R4 = 500 k kΩ; then

R4 + R5 R + R2 R
vO = v2 – 1 v1 × 5
R4 R1 R4
 R + R2 R5   R4 + R5 
= – 1 ⋅  v1 –  – R v2
 R1 R4  4 
= a 1 v1 – b 1 v2
where
R1 + R2 R5 R4 + R5
a1 = − ⋅ , b1 = −
R1 R4 R4
10 k + 500 k 10 k
a1 = − × = – 1.02
10 k 500 k
R4 + R5 500 k + 10 k
b1 = − = = – 1.02
R4 500 k
∴ vO = (– 1.02) v1 – (– 1.02) v2
Note b1 is same as a2.
SR SR 6 V / µs
(b) fmax = = = = 95.5 kHz
2π .Vout 2π × 10 V 2 π × 10 V
2.48
Same as Problem 2.47.
2.49
A1 = 5, A2 = 7, A3 = 3, B1 = 2, B2 = 1, B3 = 6
A = 5 + 7 + 3 = 15, B = 2 + 1 + 6 = 9, C = A – B – 1 = 15 – 9 – 1 = 5
RF RF RF
C > 0, Rx = ∞, Ry = = =
C C 5
For RA = 20 kΩ, RF = MRA = 15 × 20 k = 300 kΩ.
300 k R 300 k
Ry = = 60 kΩ, Ra = F = = 60 kΩ
5 A1 5
RF 1300
Rb = = k = 42.86 kΩ
A2 7
67

300
Rc = k = 100 kΩ
3
RF 300
R1 = = k = 150 kΩ
B1 2
RF 300 R 300 k
R2 = = k = 300 kΩ, R3 = F = = 50 kΩ
B2 1 B3 6
From Eq. (2.117)
RB = R1 || R2 || R3 || Ry = (150 || 300 || 50 || 60) kΩ = 33.33 kΩ
RB || RF = 33.33 || 300 = 30 kΩ
2.50
A1 = 5, A2 = 9, A3 = 3, B1 = 8, B2 = 2, B3 = 6
A = 5 + 9 + 3 = 17, B = 8 + 2 + 6 = 16, C = A – B – 1 = 17 – 16 – 1 = 0
Rx = ∞, Ry = ∞; M = 17
Assume RA = 20 kΩ; then RF = MRA = 340 kΩ.
RF 340 R 340
Ra = = k = 68 kΩ, Rb = F = = 37.77 kΩ
A1 5 A2 9
RF 340 R 340
Rc = = = 113.33 kΩ, R1 = F = = 42.5 kΩ
A3 3 B1 8
RF R 340
R2 = = 340/2 = 170 kΩ, R3 = F = = 56.66 kΩ
B2 B3 6
From Eq. (2.117)
RB = (R1 || R2 || R3 || Ry) = R1 || R2 || R3
= 
340 340 
kΩ = 21.25 kΩ
 8 ||170 || 6 
RB || RF = (21.25 || 340) k = 20 kΩ
2.51
Referring to Fig. (2.34) and Eq. (2.119)
vo = (5 va + 7 vb + 3 vc ) − (2 v1 + v2 + 6 v3 )
vo = A1 va + A2 vb + A3 vc − B1v1 − B2 v2 − B3 v3
where
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 5 + 7 + 3 = 15
B = B1 + B2 + A3 = 2 + 1 + 6 = 9
C = A − B − 1 = 15 − 9 − 1 = 5
R R
Since C > 0, Rx = ∞, Ry = F = F
C 5
For RA = 20K
RF = MRA , where M is the largest value of A . Thus in this problem, M = 15
68

RF = MRA = 15 x 20 K Ω = 300 K Ω
RF 300 K Ω
Ry = = = 60 K Ω
C 5
R 300 K Ω
Ra = F = = 60 K Ω
A1 5
RF 300 K Ω
Rb = = = 42.86 K Ω
A2 7
RF 300 K Ω
Rc = = = 100 K Ω
A3 3
RF 300 K Ω
R1 = = = 150 K Ω
B1 2
RF 300 K Ω
R2 = = = 300 K Ω
B2 1
RF 300 K Ω
R3 = = = 50 K Ω
B3 6
Rx = ∞
Check:
From Eq. (2.116)
RA = Ra || Rb || Rc = 60 K Ω || 42.86 K Ω ||100 K Ω = 20 K Ω
From Eq. (2.117)
150
RB = R1 || R2 || R3 || Ry = 150 K Ω ||300 K Ω ||50 K Ω ||60 K Ω = KΩ
7
From Eq. (2.118)
150 K Ω
RB || RF = ||300 K Ω = 20 K Ω
7
Therefore, RA = ( RB || RF ) is satisfied.
2.52
Given
vo = (5 va + 9 vb + 3 vc ) − (8 v1 − 2 v2 − 6 v3 )
Rmin = 20 K Ω
vo = A1va + A2 vb + A3 vc − B1v1 − B2 v2 − B3 v3
where
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = 5 + 9 + 3 = 17
B = B1 + B2 + B3 = 8 + 2 + 6 = 16
C = A − B − a = 17 − 16 − 1 = 0
Since C = 0 , Rx = 0, Ry = 0
RF = NRmin and N = 9
RF = 9 x 20 K Ω = 180 K Ω
69

RF 180 K Ω
Ra = = = 36 K Ω
A1 5
RF 180 K Ω
Rb = = = 20 K Ω
A2 9
RF 180 K Ω
Rc = = = 60 K Ω
A3 3
R 180 K Ω
R1 = F = = 22.5 K Ω
B1 8
RF 180 K Ω
R2 = = = 90 K Ω
B2 2
R 180 K Ω
R3 = F = = 30 K Ω
B3 6
From Eq. (2.116)
RA = Ra || Rb || Rc = 36 K Ω || 20 K Ω ||60 K Ω = 10.58 K Ω
From Eq. (2.117)
RB = R1 || R2 || R3 = 22.5 K Ω || 90 K Ω || 30 K Ω = 11.25 K Ω
From Eq. (2.118)
RB || RF = 11.25 K Ω || 80 K Ω = 10.58 K Ω
Therefore,
RA = ( RB || RF ) is satisfied
2.53
RF 1 x 106
Closed loop gain A f = = = 100
R1 1x104
From Eq. (2.120)
vo (min) v (max)
≤ vs ≤ o
Af Af
13 13
− ≤ vs ≤
100 100
Maximum input signal = ±130 mV
2.54
1 x 106 Ω
(a) Closed loop gain A f = = 100
10 K Ω
13
Peak input signal = ± = ±130 mV
100
(b) Undistorted output voltage = ±12V
Limiting Op-amp current = ±18 mA
70

vo 12
Allowable load current iL = 18 − = 18 − = 18 − 12 = 6 mA
RF 1K Ω
v 12
Minimum load resistance RL > o = = 2 KΩ
RL 6 mA
2.55
V
SR = 10
µs
(a) From Eq. (2.126)
SR = 6.286 vs f
SR 10
f = = −6 −3
= 1.59 x 108 Hz
6.286 vs 1 x 10 x 6.286 x 10 x 10
(b) From Eq. (2.128)
SR 10
f s (max) = = −6 = 159.2 KHz
2 π xVm 10 x 2 π x 10
2.56
From Eq. (2.123)
tr = 0.3 µ s
tr = 2.2τ
tr
τ= = 136.36 x 10−9 s
2.2
From Eq. (2.125)
1 1
f max = = = 1.16 MHz
2π τ 2π x 136.36 x 10 −9
2.57
V
SR = 10 , VS = 10 V
µs
(a) From Eq. (2.128)
VS 10 x1 x 10−6
τ= = = 10 −6 s
SR 10
1 1
f max = = −6
= 1.59 x105 KHz
2π τ 2π x 10
(b)
From Eq. (2.128)
SR 10 106
f s (max) = = = = 159 KHz
2π Vm 2π x 10 µ s 2 π
2.58
V
SR = 10 , f s = 250 KHz
µs
71

(a) From Eq. (2.127)

SR 10
Vm = = −6
= 6.37 V
2π f s 1 x 10 x 2π x 250 x 103
(b) From Eq. (2.127)
SR 10 x 106
f s (max) = = = 159.1 KHz
2 π Vm 2π x 10
2.59
(a) From Eq. (2.130)
RF
voo = ± (1 + ) vio
R1
vio = ± 6 mV
50 K Ω
voo = ± (1 + ) 6 mV
15 K Ω
voo = ± 26 mV
(b)
voo = vio = ± 6 mV
2.60
vio = ± 6 mV
voo = ± 12 V
Referring to Fig. (2.40) and using the expression given below
vio t
voo = vio + t = vio (1 + )
CR CR
t
±12 = ±6 mV (1 + )
CR
t
≃ 2 x 103
CR
t = 2 x 103 x 0.1 x 10−6 x 10 x 103 = 2 s
2.61
(a) If IB is the biasing current
Vob = RFIB = 50 × 103 × 500 × 10–9
= 25 mV
(b) Offset minimizing resistance
Rx = R1 || RF (15 || 50) k = 11.538 kΩ
2.62
Using Eq. (2.138)
 R   RF 
Voi = 1 + F  Rx Iio = 1 + R  Rx Iio
 R1  1
72

 R 
= 1 + F  (R1 || RF) Iio = 1 +
 R1 
50
15 ( )
(15 || 50)k Iio
65 15 × 50
= ± × × 103 × 200 × 10–9 = ± 10–2 V
15 65
2.63
(a) Voi = RF Iio = ± 150 × 103 × 300 × 10–9 = ± 45 mV
(b) Vob = 150 × 103 × 500 × 10–9 = 75 mV
2.64
(a) R1 || RF = (15 || 50) k = 11.54 kΩ = Rx
Vob = 0
Voi = RF Iio = ± 50 × 103 × 300 × 10–9
= ± 15 mV
(b) For Rx = 0, Eq. (2.2.134) gives
Vob = RF IB = 50 × 103 × 500 × 10–9 = 25 mV
2.65
(a) From Eq. (2.142) for vC(t = 0)
Vio I
+vof = t – io t + Vio – Rx IB1
CF R1 CF
6 × 10−3 300 × 10−9

12 = t – t + 6 × 10–3 – 10 × 103 × 500 × 10–9
10−7 × 15 × 103 10−7
6
= t – 3t + 6 × 10–3 – 5 × 10–3
1.5
= 4t – 3t, t ≃ 12 s
(b) Rx = 0, hardly makes any difference. The value remains the same.
2.66
From Fig.P2.66
is ≃ i f
i f = i1 + io
io = i f − i1
Since vo = i1 R2
vo
io = i f − i1 = i f −
R2
Since vs = is R1 ≃ i f R1
vs vo
io = −
R1 R2
73

vo = −i f RF
vs R v v R v R
io = + i f F = s + s F = s (1 + F )
R1 R2 R1 R1 R2 R1 R2
v R
io = s (1 + F ) (1)
R1 R2
Given RF = 1M Ω, R2 = 1K Ω, io = 500 mA, vs = 10 mV
From Eq. (1) above
10 mV 103 K Ω
500 mA = (1 + )
R1 1KΩ
R1 ≃ 20 Ω
2.67
Power produced by the photodiode
P = Dp a = 10–6 × 40 × 10–2 = 400 nW
iS = PDi = 400 × 10–9 × 1 = 400 nA
1 107
RF = | – vO/iS | = = = 2.5 MΩ
400 nA 4
2.68
For RF >> R2,
R1R2
VS = IM
RF
Let RF = 100 kΩ; then R2 = 100 Ω.
VS RF 200 × 10−3 × 100 × 103
R1 = = = 2 MΩ
I M R2 100 × 10−6 × 102
2.69
zin = – R (R1/RF)
Assume R1 = RF = 10 kΩ and R = 15 kΩ. Then
zin = – 15 kΩ
2.70
V V
74

vO = – 50 ve + 5
= – 50 (vref – vS) + 5 = 50 vS – 50 vref + 5
Let R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 10 kΩ. RF = 50 × 10 = 500 kΩ = R3.
–12V
R3=RF
–5V
RF
12V
+12V
Rx=R2
vref –
–
3
+ R1 +
+ vO
vS
–
2.71
There is no unique solution. Hint: Use an op-amp comparator to compare the dc voltage with
the sifted sine wave to produce a square-wave output and then pass the signal to a R-C
circuit, this is to differentiate.
2.72
Same as Problem 2.70.
2.73
Ao = 1 + RF/R1 = 100
From Eq. (2.31)
1 + RF R1
Af (jω) =
1 + jf (1 + RF R1 ) f bw
From Eq. (2.32)

1
fc = fbw × , fbw = 4 × 106 Hz
1 + RF R1
fbw = 4 × 106 Hz
1
fc = 4 × 106 × = 40 kHz
100
Let R1 = 2.5 kΩ. Then
RF
= 99, RF = 2.5 × 99 kΩ
R1
= 247.5 kΩ
= 250 kΩ
Voltage swing:
75

We know
SR SR
fs = = = 25 × 103 Hz
2 π vO 2 π × 11
SR = 25 × 103 × 2π × 11 = 1.73 V/µs

Problem 2.73
VS 1 0 AC 1MV
RX 1 2 10K
R2 3 0 2.5K
R3 3 4 250K
XA1 2 3 40 LF411_AC
RI 1 2 2E12
RO 6 3 50
GB 4 5 1 2 0 .1M

R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 0.79UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. ENDS LF411_AC
. PRINT AC VM(4)
. PROBE
. END
76

2.74
Use the circuit of Problem 2.33 to design the desired differential amplifier circuit with Af = 5
kV/V and Ri ≥ 500 kΩ.
– R1 R2
v1 + vo1
–
+
+ vO
– R3
–
v2 + vo2
R4
From Problem 2.33

R1 = R3 = 10 kΩ, R2 = R4 = 1 MΩ
Av1 = – 100 v1 + 100 v2 = – 100 (v1 – v2)
Now add one stage of noninverting op-amp of gain 50.
Af = Av1 × Av2 = 100 × 50 = 5000 = 5 kV/V
Problem 2.74
VS1 2 0 AC 1MV
VS2 5 0 AC 2MV
R1 4 9 10K
R3 7 8 10K
R2 9 10 1MEG
R4 8 0 1MEG
R6 12 0 1K
R7 12 13 49K
R8 10 11 1K
XA1 2 4 4 0 LF411_AC
XA2 5 7 7 0 LF411_AC
XA3 8 9 10 0 LF411_AC
XA4 11 12 13 0 LF411_AC
RI 1 2 2E12
RO 6 3 50
GB 4 5 1 2 0.1M
R1 5 4 10K
C1 5 4 0.79UF
EA 4 6 5 4 2E5
D1 3 7 DMOD
D2 4 7 DMOD
. ENDS LF411_AC
77

. PRINT AC VM(13)
. AC DEC 10 100 20MEGH2
. PROBE
. END
78

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(b) Rin = 5 × 105 × 1012/100 = 5 × 1015 Ω

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0 1.5 7.1 8 9.5

vS needed for vO = ±15 V

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Full file at https://testbankuniv.eu/Microelectronic-Circuits-Analysis-and-Design-3rd-Edition-Rashid-Solutions-Manual

Full file at https://testbankuniv.eu/Microelectronic-Circuits-Analysis-and-Design-3rd-Edition-Rashid-Solutions-Manual

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 40 k   20 × 2 20( −3) 20(−2) 

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vO = – 50 × 10–3 × 99.6 = – 4.98 V

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≃ 100 × 10–6 Ω = 10–4 Ω

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(c) From Eq. (2.47)

fc = βfbw = 0.23 × 2 × 106 = 460 kHz

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Ignoring vd (virtual ground)

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Let R2 = 10 kΩ and R3 = 300 kΩ. Then

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25 × 103 × 0.5 × 106 (200 − 220) × 10−3 −250 × 106

− 5 × 105 × 0.5 × 106 × 20 × 10−3

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(b) For Ao = 5 ×105

5 × 105 × 0.5 × 106 × 20 × 10−3

Hardly any error.

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Also (v+ – v–)Ao = vO. Substituting for v+ and v–

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vO – 500 k 500 k × 100 k  1 1 1 

= – 12.5 + 277 k (20 × 10–6 + 20 × 10–6 + 2 × 10–6)

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500 k 40 k – 500 k × 100 k 80 k × 100 k (1 40 k + 1 50 k + 1 500 k )

vO 12.5 – 13.05 0.55

(v(+)1 – v(–)1)Ao = vo1, v(+)1 = v1, v(–)1 = vo1

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vo1 – v(–)3 v(–)3 – vO

vo1 v(–)3 v(–)3 vO

v(–)3 v(–)3 – vo1 vO  1 1 v v

For R1 = R3 = 10 kΩ and R2 = R4 = 1 MΩ,

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vo1 v( −)3 v( −)3 vO

v(–)3 v(–)3 vo1 vO

Substituting for vo1 and vo2 from (i) and (ii)

Given R2 = R3, R1 = R4 and RF = R5,

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Take RF = 500 kΩ, R1 = 10 kΩ and R = 1 kΩ. Then

Rg can be varied from 100 to 200 Ω.

For R1 = 1 kΩ, RF = 750 kΩ.

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For t = 1 ms, vO = – 105 × 10–3 = – 100 V. The amplifier goes in saturation at vO = – 14 V

For t = 2 ms, vO = – 14 + 105 (10–3). The amplifier goes in saturation at vO = + 14 V and

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Given values ABP := 20* R1 := 1 ⋅ 10 3 RL := 20 ⋅ 10 3 fH := 1000