Alkanes

1. General Formula : CnH

2
n
+2
(number of atoms, n = 1,2,3......)
2. The are saturate! h!ro"arbons#
ea"h "arbon atom $s bon!e! to four other atoms b
s$n%le "o&alent bon!s.
3. The members of the fam$l, en!$n% '$th name (ane).
*umber of
"arbon
atoms
(n)
*ame
+ole"ular formula
CnH
2
n
+2
+olar
mass
(% mol
,1
)
-hs$"al
state at
room
tem.eratu
re
1
+ethane C1H
2/
1
+2
= CH
0
11 Gas
2
2thane C2H
2/
2
+2
= C
2
H
1
33 Gas
3
-ro.ane C3H
2/
3
+2
= C
3
H
4
00 Gas
0
5utane C0H
2/
0
+2
= C
0
H
13
64 Gas
6
-entane C6H
2/
6
+2
= C
6
H
12
72 8$9u$!
1 He/ane C
1
H
2/1+2
= C
1
H
10
41 8$9u$!
7 He.tane C
7
H
2/7+2
= C
7
H
11
133 8$9u$!
4 :"tane C
4
H
2/4+2
= C
4
H
14
110 8$9u$!
; *onane C
;
H
2/;+2
= C
;
H
23
124 8$9u$!
13 <e"ane C
13
H
2/13+2
= C
13
H
22
102 8$9u$!
Conse"ut$&e members !$fferent $n molar mass $s 10 % mol,1
0. =tru"tural formulae of alkanes
*ame *o. of
$somers
=tru"tural formulae an! *ame
+ethane
CH
0
3
2thane,
C
2
H
1
3
-ro.ane,
C
3
H
4
3
5utane,
C
0
H
13
2
H
>
H ? C ? H
>
H
H H
> >
H ? C ? C ? H
> >
H H
H H H
> > >
H ? C ? C ? C ? H
> > >
H H H
H H H H
> > > >
H ? C ? C ? C ? C ? H
> > > >
H H H H
n,butane
-entane,
C
6
H
12
3
2 , methl .ro.ane
H H H
> > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ? H
> > >
H H?C?H H
>
H
H H H H H
> > > > >
H ? C ? C ? C ? C ? C ? H
> > > > >
H H H H H
n,.entane
H H H H
> > > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ? C ? H
> > > >
H H?C?H H H
>
H
2,methl butane
1 2 3 0
He/ane,
C
1
H
10
6
H
>
H H ? C ? H H
> > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ? H
> > >
H H?C?H H
>
H
2,2,!$metl .ro.ane
H H H H H H
> > > > > >
H ? C ? C ? C ? C ? C ? C ? H
> > > > > >
H H H H H H
n,he/ane
H H H H H
> > > > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ? C ? C ? H
> > > > >
H H?C?H H H H
>
H
2 , methl .entane
H
>
H H ? C ? H H H
> > > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ? C ? H
> > > >
H H?C?H H H
>
H
2,2 , !$methl butane
2,3 , !$methl butane
H H H H H
> > > > >
H ? C ? C ??? C ??? C ? C ? H
> > > > >
H H H?C?H H H
>
H
3 , methl .entane
H
>
H H H ?C?H H
> > > >
H ? C ??? C ??? C ??? C ? H
> > > >
H H?C?H H H
>
H
-hs$"al -ro.ert$es
-hs$"al .ro.ert$es of alkanes
$. "annot "on!u"t ele"tr$t
$$. less !ense than 'ater
$$$. !$ssol&e $n or%an$" sol&ents, $nsoluble $n 'ater
$&. lo' melt$n% an! bo$l$n% .o$nts
Con"lus$on:
, mole"ule hel! to%ether b 'eak $ntermole"ular for"es
, .ro.ert$es of "o&alent "om.oun!
, %ra!uall stea! $n"rease as the number of "arbon $n alkane
$n"reases
1. =te.s to name bran"he! alkanes#
$. !eterm$ne! an! name! the lon% "ha$ns
$$. !eterm$ne! an! name! the bran"h "ha$n
CH
3
: methl
C
2
H
6
:@ CH
2
CH
3
: ethl
C
3
H
7
:@ CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
: .ro.hl
$$$. %$&e number to the "arbon atoms $n lon% "ha$n, 'h$"h starte!
from the nearest bran"he!
$&. The number for "arbon atom 'h$"h bran"he! emer%e! from, must
.ut beforeA$nfront the alkl
&. *ame! the bran"he! f$rst, follo'e! b the name! of lon% "ha$ns
The 'or! ( !$, tr$) $s use! $f the bran"he! "ha$ns $s more than one
Chem$"al -ro.ert$es
-% 34
@ea"t$&$t of alkanes
1. *ot rea"t$&eAunrea"t$&e be"ause saturate! h!ro"arbon
2. <$! not !e"olour$Be! .ur.le solut$on of a"$!$f$e! .otass$um
man%anate(CDD)
3. <$! not !e"olour$Be! re!!$sh bro'n solut$on of brom$n 'ater
0. *eutral.
Combust$on of alkanes
1. Dn the .resen"e of suff$"$ent o/%en, alkanes burns to form "arbon !$o/$!e
an! 'ater. E "om.lete "ombust$on
Chem$"al e9uat$on:
$. CH
0
+ :
2
C:
2
+ H
2
:
CH
0
+ 2:
2
C:
2
+ 2H
2
:
$$. C
2
H
1
+ 7A2 :
2
2C:
2
+ 3H
2
:

$$$. C
0
H
13
+ 13A2 :
2
0C:
2
+ 6H
2
:

$&. C
1
H
10
+ 1;A2 :
2
1C:
2
+ 7H
2
:
Ans'ers
$. CH
0
+ 2:
2
C:
2
+ 2H
2
:
$$. C
2
H
1
+ 7 :2 2C:
2
+ 3H
2
:
2
2 / C
2
H
1
+ 2 / 7 :2 2/ 2C:
2
+ 2/ 3H
2
:
2
2C
2
H
1
+ 7 :
2
0C:
2
+ 1H
2
:

$$$. C
0
H
13
+ 13A2 :
2
0C:
2
+ 6H
2
:
$&. C
1
H
10
+ 1;A2 :
2
1C:
2
+ 7H
2
:
C
3
H
4

C
6
H
12

C
7
H
11

C
4
H
14

C
;
H
23

C
13
H
22

2. Df there $s $nsuff$"$ent o/%en, "arbon mono/$!e or "arbon
ma be forme! E $n"om.lete "ombust$on
$. CH
0
+ 3A2 :
2
C: + 2H
2
:

2CH
0
+ 3 :
2
2C: + 0H
2
:
$$. CH
0
+ :
2
C + 2H
2
:
Halo%enat$on
1. The rea"t$on $s bet'een alkane !an "hlor$ne.
2. Takes .la"e un!er sunl$%htAultra &$olet l$%ht.
3. Carbon,h!ro%en bon!s broken an! ne' "arbon,halo%en bon!s
are forme!. :ne or more h!ro%en atoms $n alkanes mole"ule ma be
subt$tute! b halo%en.
0. Halo%enat$on $s subst$tut$on rea"t$on.
Chlor$nat$on of methane
F$rst sta%e#

=e"on! sta%e#
Th$r! sta%e #
Fourth sta%e#
H H
> F
H ? C ? H +Cl,Cl G H H C H Cl + HCl
> F
H H mono"hloromethane
H Cl
> F
H ? C ? Cl + Cl
2
G H H C H Cl + HCl
> F
H H !$"hloromethane
Cl Cl
> F
H ? C ? Cl + Cl
2
G H H C H Cl + HCl
> F
H Cl tr$"hloromethane

:&erall e9uat$onA"hem$"al e9uat$on
CH0 + 0Cl2 ( CCl0 + 0HCl
Cl Cl
> F
H ? C ? Cl + Cl
2
G Cl H C H Cl + HCl
> F
Cl Cl tetra"hloromethane
Alum$na, Al
2
:
3
C;H23 ("e) HHHH C2H1 (%) + C7H10 (%)
-anas
*onana 2tana He.tena
Alum$na, Al
2
:
3
C;H23 ("e) HHHH C2H1 (%) + C7H10 (%)
-anas
*onana 2tana He.tena