ALDEHYDEAND

S. KETONES
3 Page
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Nemun clature

ldehyde elin Sllin

-CHO Fovnyl- -alkinal

tone Oohds alkanone

alanoic auo
3. Cabonyli Casls y
acidl
CooH

H,c-HC CH2-CHO 8-MethylLkulanal

- CH Budane-2,3-dione
HE
HCCH-CHh-CooH Mothylrtane =,Y-disee
alkanne acid
eootth g methanpic aid

Ch2 1-Gydohexyl-1- 5 -
5COOH
caxbiuylpheny)

s M
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1SA IYXAl
2
(V OHC-H2C-CH-CH2 CHOturmol
L 3
eHO-
uepanel, 2,3-tuconbaldehyde

HooC-H2CCCH-C0oH
L 2

2-Methykprepane -1,2,3 icarbo uyacaiol

Canbonyt seup
Coenye ebon = 0 2Castbenye ouen
Caubann
canbenyl dend
aldohyde kTone
H
C0
H

fupuation alotehyde and hotone

L y oudelon alcohole (y

fwom alkon HH CCHO

HC
Mathanu Pekanal-Ethanal
HCHO Methanal i alduhyee
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Page 3 3

H-
CHy HeC-CH Lowt keton)
-
A uopanon

dhyobrogonaion o dlcohol
CH-CH,- OH 54 K CH,-CHO

CH-CH-CH; CH CCH

pi
CH CH
CH CCH s3* CH CH
6H
No n unoler noumal
Cucumatance
3 3 alcehele cant_be oudiisd eauily
Becausr3 alcehols do nat haiie -H n hem

xenely si
Alkane O3 zonida2
taldehyole Zn olut
katone H
Hac=CH2
H
Xn dup H H
2 HCHO
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Kovenmund Kduction
Ha
CHO

etad Keadtien
CHlpuoHcl
CS2
+G0,C
CHo H0
Sade =ehoin chlouination
2CH_C CHCl2
obTaluept CHO
benxol chloriole tho/
313K

tlorman-Roch Kartion
CHO
anhya ALEL
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Phyoialuop exue
The dsoilrig_painb y_aldehyolu and kutanw aue
highoe han' hyelubcasdens and ethvw o Compa
JlM_meleular Mapto, t b_du b "wak wak
molecua_aocia ien in alodehyslos and kotenu
auiurg_ u t o the olupols -dipple inlvnadons.
Aloo,thue ailng p0ints a Joutr than
thope alcoholo
alcohol, mlas melecula masts
due L alwence o/ intimole ulase hydusgun
_udiny

Nucluophilie Addton Keactuons

Aldahydu and kton undery Nu adolitisn Husn.
hi happen dus 0 the_pwmncL ef_cdeuurle
Leno "ALolhyde a _ mou puslepitle
NL aoldtion n a s mpau kutono
dhio i_due To tiui and elutrsnice HeAIdns.
Stuically thu_plgsen.ce o uo Kelauuely Jaugu
pubatitiuinb in kitøns hundesthu áppus ich ef_
nuchsphile b ubenyl_canben than inaldehyds.
Blhctaonically, alkshydu ae me mactue than
kton cause tw alkyl qhoups Juduc the
cluctophiulicity dhe catond mo ehctirely
adlditiane hyabuoqen _cyanide CHCN)
uyanchydlin,

OH
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( addiiAn o wadim hyduegen.aulphite

HC C o N a H S e H
ONa

H SOH
CH 0SONa
H

Co+ NM NH- 2 = N. NH,

HC

H
oHa N-NH +eH NH2 NHCH5
Phenyl hyerarun
(e H2N- NH2 wmd with ,4 Dinirephungl
colour changu T Hange with aldehyolts ge
kiton No cdlour chang wth alcehal
NO2
HN-NH2+2,4-N H2N-NHKO
NU O NO
NO2
239- Dinitnephuriy hydaxine
Clemmeoen e Keoluoten
(ASH
H3C
HeL
H
CH
Ho
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Zn-Ha HC
H
HC HC spann
el!-hiehnor kKrolustion
HC NH NHa HC
=O H,o CH2+ Na
H H

Aladlal Cenolensaisn
Conditien
Turo alodehysle_moleul wame)
2Hoving hyobus gen (atlast
3. dilut dalkhte
CHCH CH:CH
_dil NaOH
H:C-CH-CHCHO 3-Hyoluoylutan -al

HC-(CHtH-CH- C

H CC-CH HaC-C-CH

CH
HTe CKetal)

4-hyouonyl, Ymthylpentan-2one
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o Alelal Condenoaion
CH;CHO tCHCH, CHO wwth
us dlloant
aldehyd
HCCH H-CH CHo i

HC-CH=CH-CHO
O Cre hydeouy,mathyllutan- la
2.
CH,CH2 CHO CH; CHO

CH CHa CH-CH,CHO 3Hyoouy pnTanal

ott
3CHCH, CHO+ CH, CH oHC

CH, CHo CH-CH,-HO Methy, 3-hydrouy

pertan al
CH3
ho i hu Valus
a
CHOs0 aldol guun
th puoduu a /aiel and
voy dliult_Zh epakale hum to wwe
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(aninixars_Keaton

Condiiou
Twoalolehy dte no -H)-wame aldohyde
Conc NaoH (aLkali
Sel Lo el H

HeHO+ HCHO conc.NaOH

hormaldehyde
CH,oH HCOON a
muthanel wadiumn Lpumati

benxalolehyda
2 CHo + conc. NaoH
loLCHOH CooNa
denzyl alcohal wadium_lenzaate

i l l n i a b ewten cu0ss alolol ana

CaririKZaLA JMLaisN

uans aldol Keacton CanrixxanO Keaion

wro olulyrent aldehyd duroame aldehyolts

Shauld hau K-H Should not hae aH_

dilute Na0H (alkali) Cenc Na0H Calkali)

 elssnste
Poge

Phlingo det
SolutionA aguguo uSOy
Saluition 8 Lkalinnpaduim_ptasuuu tastasot

CHCHo_t 2u +50 2CH,Coo +Cu0 +30

Lem Fehtinga- Rd-uownp
eagknt

Tollen'o_Jot
Tollen'u lagont Ammeniscal_iluse nitat

CH,CHO +2AH3)%+30H CHC00 +2Ag +20

detono ean't be uidixed eaisly, Shy
Becauot they do nat haue kohie hyauagan2
CARBoXYue Aups
eparatuon
alkatin KMnOg
.CHCH,OF to CH CooH
R om alkylben Keno
Entiu idechan d Oxidlixeo to ths Lanboul gkeup
jowopsuwe ngth ef the widu chain
CH CooR
CpoH
KMnOyKOH_T T

Bunxoic aci
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3Fuom nibules

Ho
CHCNH0 CH -NH A CHC0oH

tHo
CHCONH, A- HCoOH +
NH
ethanamiole ethanoic acid

CoON H COOH

A- +NH
tertomoke- bunot aid

y. uem Guignaol Keagent

osuy ethuu
R-Ma-X + 0CEO H. t R- CooH
S om acylhatidu and anhyodridu
H0 RLeoH+
R-COL
-OHH0- Rc00++ C kcooH
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fhyaial fusgaie
Mas oConbolic acils Js _aluray highar th
Cxpactiddeeduu thuy euiot a dim thon
in Vapou_phase and apsuatic olrnt.

R- CR
O-H-
Dimu
Keoenane utuid

K-C
Canenial pem (anantakLeum L

R-C

Ehut e ubilnb on actdi H_orkayli

Acids
CH CooH CHa CO oH CH oOH

4. CH,CDoH S.cH, C00H 6-CHCOOH

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nthe guolur0 oduunasing aidie trangth

6>Y> 2 |> 3 >5

Chemical Reation
umation eanhyoduisle

2HaC OH 205, CHC-

CH,C
Ethanei aio Ethoneie anhyouid
2 tiiliaion

CH,CbOH+ C2He CooH 2 CH, Coo CHe+HO

3with Ammsnia
A-
CH, COoHt NH, eHcOO NHu- CH, CONHa
Ammernium acatu Awamide
Coot CONT
NH2
Ammerisem + Benxamiole
benroati

4with Thebny chlouide

CH,CO0H + SocL, CHCOcL + SO+ HCL
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Puadudien Phthalemide
COOH COONH2 Pmmerium
phthalst
CooH tNH
-t
CoONH,
A
CO CONH
NHa
NH reng -2H,0
hedlt ONH2
O Phthalamide
Phthalomide
5 Reoluatien
CHCooHctepttafethoutb CHCH,OH
6 Wecaubouupa tion A

CH CooWa NabtCa0 CHu

Heat
t Na CD

HeLl-Velhaud-linky Kuation
C H CoOH KzRaa fhaseh C, Hy CooH

CL

sss chloudcauboxlic aiol

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OMOT e
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Page 5
O
8King aukaliiuthon
CoOH
DOH
ConcHNOJ+
cont H3Oy m- Nubreben zpic acid
NO2
COOH
LDOH
Bzeln-
3-Ruomobenxoic aid