CHNG 5:

CNG NGH GIA CNG

CC CHI TIT IN HNH

A. GIA CNG CHI TIT DNG HP.

I- C IM CA CC CHI TIT DNG HP
C nhiu vch, dy mng ca cc vch khc nhau, trong cc
vch c nhiu gn, c nhiu phn li lm.
C nhiu mt phng cn gia cng lm mt tip xc, b mt lp
ghp.
Nhiu l cn c gia cng chnh xc thc hin cc mi lp
ghp v c chia ra:
L chnh xc: Gi l l chnh thng lp bc c trc.
L khng chnh xc: Gi l l ph thng dng kp cc b phn.
Nhn chung cc chi tit dng hp l chi tit phc tp kh gia cng.

II- NHNG YU CU K THUT CH YU KHI CH TO.

Mt s mt ngai v l gia cng t chnh xc cao: Cp 7
8 c khi t cp 6, nhm b mt Ra 2.5 0.32 c khi cao
hn.
Sai s hinh dng nm trong dung sai cho php, c khi kht khe
hn (0,5 0,7 dung sai ng knh l).
Cc mt lp ghp khng quan trng ch to cp 12 14 v Rz
40 20 gia cng mt ln l c.
chnh xc v v tr tng quan nh: Kch thc t mt y
lp ghp chnh n cc l c bn (l chnh), khong cch gia
cc l chnh vi nhau, ng tm ca chng trn cc thnh
khc nhau c th t t 0.1 0.001.
Mt s mt ngai dng lm chun lp rp hoc c chuyn ng
di trt (cc mt chnh) cn c thng v phng cao (t
0.05 0.1mm trn sut chiu di), Ra = 1.25 5.
khng vung gc gia mt u v tm l 0,01 0,05/100mm
bn knh.
C ti 60% l chnh xc cp 7 v 6, 30% chnh xc cp 8.
nhm i b phn cc b mt Rz<5.
4

III - TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU.

C cng vng v bn nht nh gia cng khng b bin
dng, dng c ch ct cao, cho nng sut cao.
B mt lm chun cn c di, din tch cho php thc hin
nhiu nguyn cng, g t nhanh khi gia cng v lp rp.
Cc b mt gia cng khng c vu li lm, thun li n dao v thot
dao.
B tr cc b mt sao cho d gia cng nhiu b mt mt lc
Cc l nn c dng n gin, khng nn c rnh, c dng nh hnh,
c thnh mng, nn lin tc khng bt y, nn c ng knh gim
t ngoi vo trong.
L nn vung gc vi mt hp.
Nn dng cc l tiu chun.

IV- VT LIU V PHI CH TO

Vt liu ch to thng dng l : Gang xm, thp c,
hp kim nhm, thp hn
Ty theo dng sn xut m dng vt liu v phng
php ch to phi:

c trong khun ct, mu g, lm khun bng tay.

c trong khun ct, mu kim loi, lm khun bng my.
c trong khun kim loi v khun v mng.
c p lc.
Phi thp hn: kiu th v kiu tinh lu cn phi kh
ng sut d.
Phi thp dp nng hoc kim loi mu dp ngui, dng khi chi tit
khng phc tp v dng trong sn xut ln.

V- TIN TRNH CNG NGH

1/ Chn chun gia cng:
Cn to chun tinh thng nht: thng l mt ngoi v 2 l
chun tinh ph (c cp chnh xc n 7 v khong cch xa
nht).
Khng phi lc no cng dng 2 l bulong gia cng chnh
xc, m nn cn c vo kt cu c th c khi ngi ta dng
l chnh xc hn ch bc t do

 Chn chun th cn phi: phn b lng d v chnh

xc nguyn cng tip theo, c th dng phng n:
Mt th ca l chnh (thng dng nht loi ny) 4 bc t do.
Mt th khng gia cng bn trong 3 bc t do.
Mt trn ca hp hoc mt trn g vai 3 bc t do.
Trong sn xut nh chn chun bng ly du.

2- Tin trnh:
Chn chun th gia cng b mt chun v cc l chun lm
chun tinh thng nht.
Sau khi c chun tinh thng nht ta tin hnh nh sau:
Gia cng cc b mt cn li.
Gia cng th v bn tinh cc l lp ghp.
Gia cng cc l kp cht, khng chnh xc.
Gia cng tinh cc l lp ghp.
Tng kim tra.

VI- BIN PHP THC HIN

1- Gia cng mt chun.
Tu theo kch thc v sn lng:
Sn lng nh dng my phay, bo vn nng.
Hp kch thc ln c th gia cng trn my tin ng c
nh gia cng trn my tin vn nng vi mm 4 chu.
Sn lng ln hoc khi, hp c ln hoc trung bnh nn
gia cng trn my nhiu trc, my bn quay. Hp c nh
dng chut hoc my t hp.
Gia cng hai l nh v thng trn my khoan cn hoc
my nhiu trc, tin hnh khoan - khot - doa m bo
chnh xc kch thc v v tr.
2- Gia cng mt ngoi ca hp.
Tu theo kch thc v sn lng:
Sn xut nh, n chic thng dng phng php bo.
Sn xut lot th dng phay, hp kch thc ln dng phay ging
hoc bo ging.
Trong sn xut khi dng phay lin tc trn my c bn quay, khi gia cng tinh
c th mi.
Hnh (10 5) v (13 5)
10

11

3- Gia cng l lp ghp, n chim thi gian kh ln:

Tu theo dng sn xut m tin hnh trn my: Doa, my t hp,
ng dy t ng.
chnh xc v kch thc v v tr tng quan ca l thc hin
theo bc dn hng hoc xc nh v tr bng ta .
Khi gia cng trn my t hp nn chia ra nguyn cng th v tinh
trn hai my hoc hai bc trn mt my.
L c kch thc nh gia cng trn my khoan nh bc dn
hng v u khoan nhiu trc. Hoc my khoan cn c phin
dn
Trong sn xut hng lot cc l chnh xc gia cng trn my doa
C 2 phng n gia cng l:
Gia cng lin tc ly l va gia cng lm dn hng.
Gia cng mt bn sau quay i 1800 gia cng tip.
C th dng trc doa cng xn khi l/d 5 6.
o kim tra ng knh l khng cn rt trc dao ra khi l m
dng dng c t trn trc doa.

12

13

14

15

16

4/ Gia cng cc l kp cht

Sn lng t gia cng trn my khoan , khong cch l thc
hin bng vic ly du hoc nh cc bc, phin dn.
Sn lng va dng my khoan cn c u Rvnve.
Sn xut ln v khi gia cng trn my t hp, my nhiu trc.
5- Kim tra
Kim tra thng ca mt phng bng thc. phng bng bn r
c bi sn hoc dng niv.
Kim tra hnh dng v kch thc l bng thc cp hoc calp c
ng h o.. Hnh (10 14)
Kim tra ng tm ca 2 l bng cc trc tm. Hnh (10 15)
Kim tra ng tm ca 3 l, song song v khong cch cc l.
Hnh (10 17); (10 18)
Kim tra khong cch t tm l n c bn ca hp v vung
gc gia cc tm l .Hnh (10 19)
Kim tra vung gc ca l v mt u. Hnh (10 21)

17

18

19

B. CNG NGH CH TO CC CHI TIT DNG CNG.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C IM & PHN LOI.

IU KIN K THUT
VT LIU CH TO.
TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU
TIN TRNH CNG NGH.

20

I- C IM & PHN LOI

Cng l nhng chi tit thng c chc nng bin chuyn
ng thng thnh chuyn ng quay hoc dng y cc
bnh rng di trt v.v..
Cng c mt hoc mt s l c bn cn c gia cng t
chnh xc cao, cc l ny c quan h vi nhau v song
song, vung gc v tr ng tm hoc ng tm vi
mt u
Cng c cc l dng kp cht, cc rnh then, mt u v
mt s yu t khc cn gia cng
Cc dng cng . hnh (10 22) v (10 23)

21

22

II- IU KIN K THUT

Kch thc v hnh dng cc l c bn gia cng t cp chnh
xc 7 - 9. Ra = 0.32 0.64.
Sai lch khong cch tm l tu theo iu kin lm vic (cho
khong 0,1 0,2 mm) hoc theo IT14.
song song ca ng tm l c bn khong 0.03
0,05/100mm chiu di.
khng vung gc ca l so vi mt u khong 0.05
0.1/100mm bn knh.
song song ca cc mt u t 0.05 0.25mm/100mm bn
knh mt u.
Rnh then gia cng t cp chnh xc 8 10 v Rz >2.5 40.
i khi nhit luyn cc b mt lm vic HRC 50 55.

23

III- VT LIU CH TO.

Thng dng thp cc bon (mt s trng hp dng thp
hp kim), gang do, gang xm, i khi dng kim loi mu.
Phi thng c c hoc rn, dp
Cc loi kch thc ln s lng t th dng hn. Sn
lng nhiu hn th kt hp hn v dp tm.
IV- TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU
Khi thit k cn ch tnh cng ngh nh sau:
cng vng ca cng.
Chiu di cc l c bn nn bng nhau, cc mt u nn nm
trn hai mt phng song song.
Kt cu nn i xng qua mt phng no .
Nu c l vung gc th phi d gia cng.
Kt cu thun li gia cng nhiu chi tit cng lc.
D chn chun th v chun tinh.

24

V- TIN TRNH CNG NGH.

1- Tng qut (chun nh v)
Ly vnh trn ngoi ca l v mt mt u lm chun th gia
cng mt u cn li v cc l c bn m bo v tr tng
quan . Nu c nn dng khi V t nh tm.
Hnh (10 24)
C th ly thn cng lm chun th.
Hnh (10 25)
Gia cng l c bn.
Hnh (10 26)
Ly mt u v hai l c bn lm chun tinh thng nht gia cng
cc mt cn li.
Hnh (10 27)
C th dng mt u v vu t ph.
Hnh (10 28)
Cn ch n bin dng khi kp cng nh khi gia cng m
bo v tr tng quan ca cc l vi nhau v vi mt u.

25

26

2- C th (thc hin nguyn cng)

a- Gia cng mt u:Tu theo sn lng, lng d m c th:
Dng phay hoc tin trong sn xut nh.
Hnh (10 29)
Dng mi hoc chut trong sn xut ln.
C th gia cng hai mt u cng lc, dng chy dao kh hi,
dng bn quay
Trong mt s trng hp cn mi tinh li mt u.
Hnh (10 30) v (10 31)

b- Gia cng cc vu chun ph nu cn.

27

28

c- Gia cng cc l c bn:

Trong sn xut ln tin hnh trn my khoan c bc dn hng
hoc trn my chuyn dng, my t hp. Sau khi khoan khot
nn dng chut gia cng tinh cn rnh then thng chut.
Trong sn xut nh gia cng trn my khoan ng, khoan cn,
doa ngang hoc tin bng phng php ly du v r g cn
rnh then c xc.
Gia cng mt l sau dng l ny v mt u gia cng l tip
theo.
Hnh (10 32), (10 33)
Gia cng ln lt cc l sau mt ln g t.
Hnh (10 34)
Nu c bc thau th ng bc sau khi doa.

29

30

d- Gia cng cc l ph, l ren, l kp cht.

Dng khoan cho cc l khng yu cu chnh xc (l du, l ren
)
Dng khoan khot doa i vi cc l c/xc (L lp
np vo thn)
e- Cn bng trng lng nu cn
f- Kim tra
Kim tra ng knh l, chiu dy mt u bng thc hoc
dng.
Kim tra // ca cc ng tm l bng ng h so.
Hnh (10 35)
Kim tra vung gc ca cc ng tm l bng ng h so.
Hnh (10 36)
Tu theo sn lng c th thit k ch to cc loi g
chuyn dng cho ph hp.

31

32

C. QTCN CH TO CHI TIT DNG TRC

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PHN LOI & C IM

IU KIN K THUT
VT LIU CH TO.
TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU
TIN TRNH CNG NGH.

33

I- PHN LOI V IU KIN K THUT

1- phn loi
Trc l chi tit c dng kh ph bin n thuc dng cc chi tit
trn xoay. Tu theo kt cu ta c cc loi:
Trc trn: l/d<4 l trc ngn; l/d= 4 - 10 l trc trn thng;
l/d>10 l trc di.
Trc bc: C then; then hoa; c ren
Trc rng.
Trc lch tm: trc khyu; trc cam.
2- iu kin k thut
a- chnh xc v kch thc
ng knh cc c lp ghp t cp 7 10 i khi cn c bit
th c cp 6 hoc cp 5
Dung sai chiu di cc bc trc bc khong 50 - 200m
chnh xc v hnh dng hnh hc nh: cn; van
nm trong phm vi (0,25 0.5) dung sai ng knh c trc.
nhm cc c lp ghp Ra = 1.25 - 0.16 mt u Rz =10 40
cc mt khng lp Rz > 40
34

b- chnh xc v v tr tng quan :

o cc c lp ghp 10 - 30m
// cc rnh then so vi ng sinh 1m /10mm
c- Tnh cht c l : cng; thm ti v.v
d- Khi lm vic tc cao cn cn bng tnh hoc ng.
II- VT LIU V PHI DNG CH TO.
Tu theo yu cu c th dng: thp cc bon, thp hp kim,
bng gang c bn cao.
Tu theo hnh dng, kt cu, sn lng Dng phi thanh
(phi cn), phi rn (T do hoc khun), phi c.

35

III- TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU.

Khi thit k cn lu :
Cc b mt trn trc nn gia cng c bng cc dng c ct
thng thng.
ng knh gim v hai u.
Gim ng knh n ti thiu nhng vn m bo lm vic tt.
Rnh then nn h d gia cng.
C kh nng gia cng trn my thy lc.
Gia cng cbng nhiu dao khi th L/D < 10.
C gng thay trc bc bng trc trn.

36

IV- QUY TRNH CNG NGH.

1- Chun nh v
Dng chun tinh thng nht (thng l l tm).
Hnh (10 37), (10 38)
Trc rng khi gia cng tinh mt ngoi th dng mt trong
C th dng mt ngai nh v ho kt hp mt ngoi v l tm.
Gia cng then v then hoa nn nh v bng l tm hoc trn khi V
khi c trc gia cng tinh.
Khi nh v bng l tm: Sai s chun mt ngoi bng khng; cn
chiu di l
cl = A/2tg
Hnh (10 39)
trnh sai s chun theo chiu di th c th dng mi tm tu
ng.
Hnh (10 40)
C th dng mi tm c nh khi n<500v/ph hoc mi tm quay.

37

38

2- Tin trnh gia cng v bin php thc hin :

Tu theo hnh dng; kch thc; cng vng; chnh xc;
sn lng v.v ta c tin trnh sau:
a- Gia cng chun b.
Ct phi bng nhiu cch, nhiu kiu my ty sn lng.
Kha mt u; khoan l tm; gia cng c (nu cn ) v c
th thc hin nh sau:
G ln mm cp kha mt u; khoan l tm (sn xut nh).
Phay mt u, khoan l tm theo du (sn xut nh trc ln).
Phay mt u trn my phay v khoan tm trn my khoan tm
chuyn dng.
Phay mt u v khoan tm trn cng mt my chuyn dng.
Hnh (10 41) v (10 42)

39

40