I HC QUC GIA TP.

HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
KHOA KHOA HC V K THUT MY TNH

THC HNH
X L TN HIU S

BM K thut My tnh
2009

Danh sch cc cn b tham gia thc hin

TS. inh c Anh V

KS. V Tun Thanh
KS. L Trng Nhn
KS. Tn Tht i Hi

BM K thut My tnh

ii

Mc lc

Danh sch cc cn b tham gia thc hin ....................................................................................... ii

Mc lc ...........................................................................................................................................iii
Gii thiu ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Chng 1

GII THIU MATLAB.............................................................................................. 1

Tng quan ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.1
1.1.1

Gii thiu................................................................................................................. 1

1.1.2

Khi ng v chun b th mc lm vic trong Matlab .......................................... 1

Cc lnh thng dng trong Matlab .................................................................................. 3

1.2
1.2.1

Mt vi kiu d liu ................................................................................................ 3

1.2.2

Cc lnh iu khin c bn ..................................................................................... 3

1.2.3

Cc php tnh vi ma trn ....................................................................................... 4

1.3

Bi tp ............................................................................................................................. 6

Chng 2

BIU DIN TN HIU ............................................................................................... 9

2.1

Tm tt l thuyt ............................................................................................................. 9

2.2

Mt vi v d ................................................................................................................. 10

2.3

Bi tp cng c l thuyt: .............................................................................................. 12

2.4

Bi tp kt hp vi Matlab ............................................................................................ 13

2.5

Bi tp v nh (lm thm, khng bt buc): ................................................................. 14

Chng 3

H THNG LTI ....................................................................................................... 17

3.1

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 17

3.2

Gii thiu cc hm Matlab lin quan ............................................................................ 18

3.3

Mt vi v d ................................................................................................................. 18

3.4

Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 19

3.4.1

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ....................................................................................... 19

3.4.2

Mt vi bi tp vi Matlab .................................................................................... 20

Chng 4

BIN I Z THUN ............................................................................................... 21

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 21

4.1
4.1.1

Bin i Z ca h LTI ........................................................................................... 21

4.1.2

Bin i Z .............................................................................................................. 21

4.2

Mt vi v d ................................................................................................................. 21

BM K thut My tnh

iii

4.3

Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 22

4.3.1

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ....................................................................................... 22

4.3.2

Bi tp sinh vin t gii......................................................................................... 22

4.3.3

Bi tp vi Matlab ................................................................................................. 23

Chng 5

BIN I Z NGHCH ............................................................................................. 24

5.1

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 24

5.2

Mt vi v d ................................................................................................................. 24

5.3

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ............................................................................................... 25

5.4

Mt vi bi tp thm...................................................................................................... 26

5.5

Bi tp t gii ................................................................................................................ 27

Chng 6
6.1

TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S ............................................ 29

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 29

6.1.1

Tn s ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian tun hon .................................................... 29

6.1.2

Tn s ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian khng tun hon ......................................... 29

6.1.3

Tn s ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian tun hon ..................................................... 30

6.1.4

Tn s ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian khng tun hon .......................................... 30

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ............................................................................................... 31

6.2
Chng 7
7.1

TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S (TT) .................................... 32

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 32

c tnh ca bin i Fourier ................................................................................................ 32

7.2

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ............................................................................................... 33

7.3

Mt vi bi tp kt hp vi Matlab v th (khng bt buc) ............................... 33

Chng 8

BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT) ................................................................... 35

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 35

8.1
8.1.1

Ly mu min tn s ............................................................................................. 35

8.1.2

DFT Bin i tuyn tnh........................................................................................ 35

8.1.3

Tnh cht ca DFT................................................................................................. 36

8.2
Chng 9

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ............................................................................................... 37

BIN I FOURIER NHANH (FFT) ..................................................................... 38

9.1

Tm tt l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 38

9.2

Bi tp cng c l thuyt ............................................................................................... 38

BM K thut My tnh

iv

Gii thiu

[1]

Chng 1
Chng 1

GII THIU MATLAB

Mc ch: Gip sinh vin lm quen vi phn mm Matlab

Ni dung:
Gii thiu tng quan v Matlab
Gii thiu mt vi lnh c bn
Thao tc cn bn trong Matlab
Thc hin mt vi v d lm quen trn Matlab

1.1 Tng quan

Gii thiu
Matlab l t vit tt ca Matrix Laboratory.
Matlab l mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao dng thng dch. N l mi trng tnh ton s
c thit k bi cng ty MathWorks. Matlab cho php thc hin cc php tnh ton s, ma trn,
v th hm s hay biu din thng tin (di dng 2D hay 3D), thc hin cc thut ton v giao
tip vi cc chng trnh ca cc ngn ng khc mt cch d dng.
Phin bn Matlab c s dng m phng trong ti liu ny l Matlab 7.0.4.
1.1.1

Khi ng v chun b th mc lm vic trong Matlab

Trc khi khi ng Matlab, ngi dng phi to mt th mc lm vic cha cc file
chng trnh ca mnh (v d: D:\ThucHanh_DSP).
Matlab s thng dch cc lnh c lu trong file c dng *.m
Sau khi ci t Matlab th vic khi chy chng trnh ny ch n gin l nhp vo
1.1.2

biu tng ca n trn desktop

7.0.4

, hoc vo Start\All Programs\Matlab 7.0.4\ Matlab

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

Sau khi khi ng xong Matlab, th bc k tip l ch th mc lm vic ca mnh cho
trn thanh cng c v chn th mc lm vic ca mnh (v d:
Matlab. Nhp vo biu tng
D:\ThucHanh_DSP).
Ca s lm vic ca Matlab s nh hnh v bn di. N bao gm 3 ca s lm vic
chnh: Ca s lnh (Command Window), ca s th mc hin ti (Current Directory ) v ca s
cha tp cc lnh c s dng (Command History)

to mt file .m trong th mc lm vic bn c c th thc hin:

Nhp vo biu tng
hoc vo File\New\M-File
Ca s son tho xut hin, g chng trnh cn thit vo file. Sau khi hon tt
nhn vo biu tng
lu vo th mc hin ti (D:\ThucHanh_DSP)

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

thc thi tp lnh c trong file .m trong th mc lm vic th ngi dng ch cn g tn
file v Matlab s t ng thc thi cc dng lnh c trong file .m ny (v d thc thi cc
lnh c trong file test.m, ch cn g lnh test).

1.2 Cc lnh thng dng trong Matlab

Mt vi kiu d liu
Matlab c y cc kiu d liu c bn: s nguyn, s thc, k t, Boolean.
Chui k t c t trong nhy kp () v d thuc hanh.
Kiu dy c th c khai bo theo c php s_u: bc: s_cui. V d 0: 0.2: 0.5
(kt qu s thu c mt chui [0 0.2 0.4]
Kiu ma trn c th c khai bo nh v d sau:
M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9]
Ma trn M thu c s l:
A=1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

1.2.1

1.2.2

Cc lnh iu khin c bn
Lnh clear: Xa tt c cc bin trong b nh Matlab
Lnh clc: Xa ca s lnh (command window)
Lnh pause: Ch s p ng t pha ngi dng
Lnh =: Lnh gn
Lnh %: Cu lnh sau du ny c xem l dng ch thch
Lnh input: Ly vo mt gi tr.
V d: x = input(Nhap gia tri cho x:);
Lnh help: Yu cu s gip t Matlab
Lnh save: Lu bin vo b nh
V d: save test A B C (lu cc bin A, B, C vo file test)
Lnh load: Np bin t file hay b nh
V d: load test
Lnh r nhnh If: c php nh sau
IF expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END
Lnh r nhnh Switch:
SWITCH switch_expr
CASE case_expr,
statement,..., statement
CASE {case_expr1, case_expr2, case_expr3,...}

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

statement,..., statement
...
OTHERWISE,
statement,..., statement
END
Lnh lp For:
FOR variable = expr, statement,..., statement END
Lnh While:
WHILE expression
statements
END
Lnh break: Thot t ngt khi vng lp WHILE hay FOR.
Lnh continue: B qua cc lnh hin ti, tip tc thc hin vng lp ln lp tip
theo.
Lnh return: Lnh quay v
Lnh clf: Xa hnh hin ti
Lnh plot(signal): V dng sng tn hiu signal
Lnh stairs(signal): V tn hiu signal theo dng cu thang.
Lnh stem(signal): V chui d liu ri rc
Lnh bar(signal): V d liu theo dng ct
Lnh mesh(A): Hin th ha dng 3D cc gi tr ma trn
1.2.3

Cc php tnh vi ma trn

Nhp 1 ma trn vo Matlab:
>> A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
A=
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
To 1 ma trn vo Matlab: s dng cc hm c sn
Zeros(n,m): ma trn (n.m) cc phn t bng 0
Eye(n)
: ma trn n v (n.n)
Ones(n,m) : ma trn (n.m) cc phn t bng 1
Rand(n,m) : ma trn (n.m) cc phn t t 0 n 1
Diag(V,k) : nu V l mt vect th s ti ma trn ng cho
Php chuyn v: A
>> A'
ans =
16 5 9 4
3 10 6 15
2 11 7 14
13 8 12 1
Hm sum: Tnh tng cc phn t trn tng ct ca ma trn mxn thnh ma trn 1xn

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

>> sum(A)
ans =
34 34 34 34
Hm diag: Ly cc phn t ng cho ca ma trn
>> diag(A)
ans =
16
10
7
1
>> C = [1 2 3;2 3 4]
C=
1 2 3
2 3 4
>> diag(C)
ans =
1
3
Hm det: tnh nh thc ma trn
>> det(A)
ans =
0
Hm rank: tnh hng ca ma trn
>> rank(A)
ans =
3
Hm inv: tnh ma trn nghch o
>> inv(A)
ans =
1.0e+015 *
0.2796 0.8388 -0.8388 -0.2796
-0.8388 -2.5164 2.5164 0.8388
0.8388 2.5164 -2.5164 -0.8388
-0.2796 -0.8388 0.8388 0.2796
Truy xut 1 phn t trong ma trn: A(x,y)
Trong : A tn ma trn
x: Ta hng tnh t 1.
y: Ta ct tnh t 1.
>> A
A=
16 3
5 10

2 13
11 8

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1
>> A(4,3)
ans =
14
>> A(4,3) = 16
A=
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 16 1
Ton t colon (:)
A(i:j,k): Ly cc phn t t i n j trn hng k ca ma trn A.
A(i,j:k): Ly cc phn t t j n k trn hng i ca ma trn A.
>> A
A=
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 16 1
>> A(3,2:4)
ans =
6 7 12
>> A(1:2,3)
ans =
2
11
Cng tr 2 ma trn: A(n.m) B(n.m) = C(n.m)
Nhn 2 ma trn: A(n.m) * B(m.k) = C(n.k)
Nhn mng: C = A.* B (C(i,j) = A(i,j) * B(i,j))
Chia tri mng: C = A.\ B (C(i,j) = B(i,j) / A(i,j))
Chia phi mng: C = A./ B (C(i,j) = A(i,j) / B(i,j))
Chia tri ma trn: C = A \ B = inv(A) * B (pt: AX = B)
Chia phi ma trn: C = A / B = B * inv(A) (pt: XA = B)
Ly tha ma trn: A ^ P
Biu din tn hiu trn min thi gian
n= [1:3] % Min thi gian 1, 2, 3
x=[1 2 3] % Tn hiu ri rc
stem(n,x) % Biu din tn hiu x trn min thi gian n

1.3 Bi tp
Bi 1. Nhp vo ma trn: A=[16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

Tm kch thc ma trn A
Ly dng u tin ca ma trn A.
To ma trn B bng 2 dng cui cng ca A.
Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc ct ca A. (gi : tnh tng cc phn t trn ct 1:
sum(A(:,1))).
Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc dng ca A.
Bi 2. Cho ma trn A=[2 7 9 7; 3 1 5 6; 8 1 2 5], SV gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau:
A'
A(:,[1 4])
A([2 3],[3 1])
reshape(A,2,6)
A(:)
[A A(end,:)]
A(1:3,:)
[A ; A(1:2,:)]
sum(A)
sum(A')
[ [ A ; sum(A) ] [ sum(A,2) ; sum(A(:)) ] ]

1 0 1
1
Bi 3. Gii h phng Ax=b, vi: A= 2 5 3 v b = 1
3 1 0
2
Bi 4. Cho vect x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau:
x(3)
x(1:7)
x(1:end)
x(1:end-1)
x(6:-2:1)
x([1 6 2 1 1])
sum(x)
Bi 5. V th hm s y 1 =sinx.cos2x v hm s y 2 =sinx2 trong [0-2]
Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh sau:
2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 2x4 =0
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + 2x4 =1
2x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 = 2
3x1 x2 + 10x4 = 10
Bi 7. V mt z =

sin x 2 + y 2
x2 + y2

trong khng gian 3 chiu

Bi 8. Sinh vin th v mt tr z= x 4 + y 2 bng hm mesh v hm surf

Bi 9. Cho tn hiu tng t:

x a (t ) = 3 cos100t

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 1 GII THIU MATLAB

a. Tm tn s ly mu nh nht c th m khng b mt thng tin
b. Gi s tn hiu c ly mu tn s Fs = 200 Hz. Tm tn hiu ly mu
c. Gi s tn hiu c ly mu tn s Fs = 75 Hz. Tm tn hiu ly mu
d. Tm tn s ca (0<F<Fs) tn hiu m cho cng mt kt qu ly mu nh cu c.
Bi 10. Cho tn hiu tng t
x a (t ) = 3 cos 2000t + 5 sin 6000t + 10 cos12000t
a. Tm tn s Nyquist ca tn hiu
b. Gi s tn hiu ly mu c tn s l Fs=5000 Hz. Tm tn hiu thu c.

BM K thut My tnh

Chng 2
Chng 2

BIU DIN TN HIU

Mc ch:
Nm vng l thuyt v tn hiu v cc phng php bin i tn hiu
Thc hnh v hin thc cc v d trn matlab
Ni dung: biu din v bin i cc tn hiu trn matlab.

2.1 Tm tt l thuyt
Dy tun hon l dy tha mn iu kin: x(n) = x(n + kN), vi N l chu k v k l
mt s nguyn bt k.
Nng lng ca mt dy x(n) c xc nh theo cng thc:
=

x[n]

n =

Nng lng trong khong xc nh t -K n K c xc nh theo cng thc:

=

x[n]

n= K

Cng xut trung bnh ca mt dy khng tun hon c xc nh bi cng thc:

1 n= N
| x(n) |2

N 2 N + 1
n= N

P = lim

Cng xut trung bnh ca mt dy tun hon vi chu k N c xc nh bi cng

thc:
1
Pav =
N

x[n]

n =0

Dy xung n v:
1, khi n = 0
[n] =
0, khi n 0

Dy nhy bc n v:
1, khi n 0
u[n] =
0, khi n < 0

Dy sine phc:

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

x[n] = A e jw0n+
n

Dy sine thc:

Thnh phn chn l ca tn hiu =

x(n) xe (n) + xo (n)

x[n] = A cos( w0 n + )

Thnh phn chn

( n)
xe =

( n)
xo =

1
[x(n) + x(n)]
2

1
[x(n) x(n)]
2

Thnh phn l
Cc php bin i tn hiu
Lm tr tn hiu (Delay, Dch tri) y (n) = x(n k ) k 0
Ly trc tn hiu (Advance, Dch phi) y (n) = x(n + k ) k 0
o y (n)= x(n)
Cng y=
(n) x1 (n) + x2 (n)
Nhn y (n) = x1 (n).x2 (n)
Co gin min thi gian y (n) = x( n)
Co gin min bin y (n) = Ax(n)
Cc hm Matlab lin quan:
stemp: v dy d liu nh cc que theo trc x
sum: Xc nh tng ca tt c cc phn t ca mt vector
min: Xc nh phn t nh nht ca mt vector
max: Xc nh phn t nh nht ca mt vector
zeros: cp pht mt vector hoc ma trn vi cc phn t 0
subplot: Chia th ra thnh nhiu phn nh, mi phn v mt th khc nhau
title: Thm tn tiu cho th
xlabel: Vit ch thch di trc x trong th 2D
ylabel: Vit ch thch di trc y trong th 2D

2.2 Mt vi v d
V d 1: Xt tn hiu lin tc sau: i (t ) = cos(20 t ) , c ly mu 12.5 ms. Tn hiu c
tun hon hay khng?
Gii p:

x(n) c=
os(2 (10)(0.0125)n) cos( n)
=
4
2 N
Tn hiu tun hon khi
=
0
k
Suy ra:

N
k

4
N 8
=
Do ,
k 1
Vi k = 1 ta c N = 8, l chu k tun hon ca tn hiu
V d 2: Dng Matlab biu din Step signal v Impulse signal
BM K thut My tnh

10

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

Step signal: u (n) =

n0
n<0

{10

Impulse Signal: (n) =

{10

n=0
n0

Gii p:
Step signal
n0 = -1;n1 = -3;n2 = 3;
n = [n1:n2];
x = [(n-n0)>=0];
stem(n,x);

Impulse signal
n0 = 1;
n1 = -5;
n2 = 5;
n = [n1:n2];
x = [n== 0];
stem(n,x);

BM K thut My tnh

11

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

2.3 Bi tp cng c l thuyt:

Bi 1. Cc tn hiu sau y c tun hon hay khng? Nu c hy xc nh chu k:
a.

x(n) = 2 cos( 2 n)

b. x(n) = 20cos( n)
Bi 2. Biu din cc tn hiu sau s dng tn hiu xung n v (impulse signal)
a.

x(n=
) {1, 2, 3 , 4, 1}

b. x(n) =
{0 ,1, 2, 4}
x(n) {-1,2,0 ,3} . Xc nh cc tn hiu sau y
Bi 3. Cho tn hiu sau=
a. x(n)
b. x(n + 1)
c. 2 x(n + 1)
d. x(n) + x(n + 1)
Bi 4. Cho tn hiu x(n)= {1 , 2,3} . Xc nh thnh phn chn v l ca tn hiu.
(n) {1,1, 0 , 1, 1} . Xc nh
Bi 5. Cho tn hiu x=
a.
b.
c.
d.

x(2n)
x(n/2)
x(2n 1)
x(n)x(n)

Bi 6. Cho 2 tn hiu sau y. Xc nh nng lng ca 2 tn hiu.

BM K thut My tnh

12

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

a.

x ( n) =
1 (n) + 2 (n 1) 2 (n 2)

b. x(n=
) {1, 0 , 1}
Bi 7. Cho tn hiu x(n) = 2(1)n

n>=0. Tnh nng lng v cng sut ca tn hiu.

2.4 Bi tp kt hp vi Matlab
n
Bi 1. Dng MatLab hin thc hm m x(n) = 3(0.5) v hm =
sin x(n) 3cos(3 n + 5)
Bi 2. Cho tn hiu ri rc x(n) nh sau:

Xc nh chu k, nng lng (energy) v cng sut (power) ca tn hiu. Hin thc kt
qu tnh ton bng cc lnh Matlab.
Bi 3. Cc tn hiu sau y c tun hon hay khng? Nu c hy tnh chu k tun hon.
=
x(n) (0.5) n cos(2 n + )

=
x(n) 5cos(2 n + ) + 3
Biu din 2 tn hiu trn bng Mathlab.
Bi 4. Cho 2 tn hiu sau y:
a. x1(n) = {0^, 1,2,3}
b. x2(n) = {0,1^,2,3}
Tm x1(n) + x2(n) v x1(n)x2(n) bng tay v Mathlab.
Bi 5. Hin thc hm tnh StepSignal, ImpulseSignal v o tn hiu.
Hng dn:
Hm trong Matlab c dng nh sau:
function[rv1 rv2.... rvn] = Function_Name(pv1, pv2,..., pvn)
Trong :
Rv1, rv2: Cc gi tr tr v.
Pv1, pv2: Cc tham s.
Function_Name: Tn hm.
Bi 6. Xc nh cc tn hiu sau
a. x(n=
) u (n) 3 (n 1)
3 n 3
b. x=
(n) 3u (n 3) + (n 2 + u)(n)

3 n 3

Dng Matlab biu din cc tn hiu trn.

BM K thut My tnh

13

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

Bi 7. Hin thc hm cng x1plusx2 v hm nhn x1timesx2
Bi 8. Vit on script tnh thnh phn chn v l ca tn hiu.
1
xeven (n) = [x(n) + x(n)]
2
1
xodd (n) = [x(n) x(n)]
2
Bi 9. Cho tn hiu sau y x(n) = u(n 1) + d(n 1)
tn hiu sau:
a. x(n)
b. x(n2)
c. x(n) + x(n)

2<= n <=2. Biu din cc

2.5 Bi tp v nh (lm thm, khng bt buc):

) u (n) u (n 1)
Bi 10.
Cho x(n=
y:
a. x(n)
b. x(n + 2)
c. x(n) + x(n)
d. x(n 2) + x(n+2)
e. x(n 1) . x(n)
f. x(n) . x(n) + x(n 1)
g. x(n) + cos(2 n + )
h. x(n).cos(3 n +
i.

x(n).cos(3 n +

0 n 5 . Dng Matlab biu din cc tn hiu sau

Bi 1.
Cc tn hiu sau c tun hon hay khng? Nu c th chu k l bao nhiu?
a. cos(2 n + )
b. cos(5 n +

c. u (n)
d. u (n) + 1
e. (n) + u (n)
f.

cos( 2 n)

g. u (n) + cos(2 n + )
h. cos(2 n + ) + (n 1)
i.

2 cos(2n )

j.

3
cos( n + ) + u (n)
2

Bi 2.
Tm nng lng ca cc tn hiu sau ( 5 n 5 ):
a. (n)
BM K thut My tnh

14

Chng 2 BIU DIN TN HIU

b. cos(2 n)
c. u (n). (n)
d. 2u (n).cos(2 n)
e. u(n) . u(n)
f. n.cos(2 n)

BM K thut My tnh

15

Chng 3
Chng 3

H THNG LTI

Mc ch: Nm vng v cng c l thuyt

Ni dung:
Gii thiu mt vi lnh h tr cho bi thc hnh ny trong matlab
Xc nh cc p ng xung n v ca h thng LTI
Cc h thng bt bin theo thi gian
Thc hin ghp ni cc h thng LTI
Gii tay thm mt vi v d nhm cng c kin thc

3.1 Tm tt l thuyt
nh ngha: H thng LTI l h thng tuyn tnh v bt bin thi gian
Tuyn tnh: mi quan h gia ng vo v ng ra ca mt h thng l tuyn tnh.
V d:
Nu tn hiu vo l x1(t), tn hiu xut tng ng l y 1(t) v tn hiu nhp l x 2(t), tn hiu
xut l y2(t)
Th tn hiu nhp l a1x1(t) + a2x2(t) th tn hiu ng xut s l a1y1(t) + a2y2(t) (a1, a2 l cc h
s t l)
Bt bin thi gian: chng ta c th s dng tn hiu nhp thi im ny hot thi im
trc th tn hiu xut cng s c gi tr vi tn hiu xut so vi thi im trc .
V d:
Nu tn hiu nhp l x(t), tn hiu xut tng ng l y(t)
Th khi s dng tn hiu nhp l x(t T) th tn hiu xut tng ng s l y(t T).
Chnh v vy m h thng bt bin thi gian ph thuc vo thi gian c p vo tn hiu
nhp.
Mt vi tnh cht khc:
Mt h thng c c trng bi p ng xung h(n). (p ng ca h thng vi u vo
l xung n v (n)).
Tnh nhn qu:
x(n) = 0 (n < n0) y(n) = 0 (n < n0) hoc
h(n) = 0 khi n < 0
Tnh n nh:

Chng 3 H THNG LTI

x(n) < A < y(n) < B < hoc

h(k ) <

3.2 Gii thiu cc hm Matlab lin quan

Hm impz(num, den, N+1): Hm xc nh p ng xung n v ca mt h thng

Hm filter(num, den, x, ic): lc d liu vi mch lc IIR hoc FIR
Hm subplot: chia th thnh nhiu phn nh, mi phn v mt th khc nhau.

3.3 Mt vi v d
V d 1: Cho mt h thng bt bin c cc cp tn hiu u vo v u ra tng ng nh sau:
x1(n) = [1, 0, 2] v y1(n) = [0, 1, 2]
x2(n) = [0, 0, 3] v y2(n) = [0, 1, 0, 2]
x3(n) = [0, 0, 0, 1] v y3(n) = [1, 2, 1]
Hy kim tra tnh tuyn tnh ca h thng.
Gii p: Xt x4(n) = x2(n 1) = [0, 0, 0, 3].
Do h thng l bt bin nn y4(n) = y2(n 1) = [0, 0, 1, 0, 2].
Ta thy x 4(n) = 3x3(n) nhng y4(n) = [0, 0, 1, 0, 2] 3y3(n) = [3, 6, 3] nn h thng
khng tuyn tnh.
V d 2: S dng matlab v p ng xung h(n) cho h thng c phng trnh sai phn:
y(n) 0.4 y(n-1) + 0.75 y(n-2) = 2.2403 x(n) + 2.4908 x(n-1) + 2.2403 x(n-2)
Gii p:
clf
N=40;
num=[2.2403 2.4908 2.2403]
den=[1 -04 0.75];
h=impz(num,den,N);
stem(h);

BM K thut My tnh

18

Chng 3 H THNG LTI

3.4 Bi tp
3.4.1

Bi tp cng c l thuyt
Bi 1. Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh c cc cp tn hiu u vo v u ra tng ng nh
sau:
x1(n) = [1, 2, 1] v y1(n) = [1, 2,1, 0, 1]
x2(n) = [1,1,1] v y2(n) = [1, 1, 0, 2]
x3(n) = [0, 1, 1] v y3(n) = [1, 2, 1]
Hy kim tra tnh tuyn tnh ca h thng
Bi 2. Khi mt tn hiu u vo x(n) = 3(n2) c a vo mt h thng tuyn tnh
bt bin nhn qu, u ra ca h thng c dng: y(n) = 2(1/2)n + 8(1/4)n (n 2)
Bi 3. Tm p ng xung n v ca h thng h(n).
Bi 4. Tnh tch chp ca hai tn hiu x(n) = [1, 3,1,2] v h(n) = [1, 2, 0,1, 1]
Bi 5. Tnh tch chp y(n) = x(n) * h(n) ca cc cp tn hiu sau:
a. x(n) = [3,1/2,1/4, 1, 4], h(n) = [2,1, 1/2,1/2 ]
b. x(n) = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], h(n) = [1, 1, 1, 1]
c. x(n) = [1, 3,1,2], h(n) = [2, 2, 0,1, 1]
Bi 6. Cc h thng no sau y l bt bin theo thi gian:
a. y(n) = T[x(n)] = x(n) x(n-1)
b. y(n) = T[x(n)] = x(-n)
c. y(n) = T[x(n)] = x(n)cos(0n)
Bi 7. Xt tnh nhn qu ca cc h x l s sau:
a. y (n) = n.x(n)
b. y (n) = 3 x(n + 2)
Bi 8. Hy xt tnh bt bin ca cc h thng sau:
a. y (n) = n.x(n)

BM K thut My tnh

19

Chng 3 H THNG LTI

b. y (n) = x 2 (n)
Bi 9. Tm p ng y(n) ca h thng LTI nhn qu c c tnh xung h(n) = rect 2 (n) vi
tc ng l x(n) = rect 3 (n) .
Bi 10. Tm p ng y(n) ca h thng LTI nhn qu c c tnh xung vi tc ng l
x(n) = n.rect 3 (n) .
Bi 11. Hy xc nh p ng y(n) ca h thng LTI nhn qu c c c tnh xung h(n) v
tc ng x(n) trn hnh.
h(n)
x(n)
0,8
0,4
-1 0

1
0,4

-1 0

0,6

Bi 12. Tm c tnh xung h(n) ca h thng LTI nhn qu hnh.

rect2(n)2
x(n)

(n-1)
y(n)

(n-2)

rect2(n-1)

rect2(n-1)

Bi 13. Hy xy dng s cu trc ca h thng LTI c c tnh xung

h(n) = rect 3 (n + 1)

Bi 14. Hy xy dng s cu trc ca h thng LTI c c tnh xung h(n) = a n u (n) ,

vi a l hng s.
3.4.2

Mt vi bi tp vi Matlab
Bi 1. S dng matlab xc nh tnh bt bin ca h thng c phng trnh sai phn
sau: y(n) = 2.2403 x(n) + 2.4908 x(n 1)
Bi 2. S dng Matlab thc hin ghp ni hai h thng LTI sau
y1(n) + 0.9y1(n1) + 0.8y1(n2) = 0.3x(n) 0.3x(n1) + 0.4x(n2)
v
y2(n) + 0.7y2(n1) + 0.85y2(n2) = 0.2y1(n) 0.5y1(n1) + 0.3y1(n2)
Bi 3. S dng Matlab kim tra tnh n nh ca h thng LTI sau:
y(n) = x(n) 0.8x(n-1) 1.5y(n1) 0.9 y(n2)

BM K thut My tnh

20

Chng 4
Chng 4

BIN I Z THUN

Mc ch: cng c l thuyt bin i Z thun

Ni dung:
Tm tt l thuyt
Gii bi tp bin i Z thun kt hp m phng trn matlab.

4.1 Tm tt l thuyt
4.1.1

Bin i Z ca h LTI
y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
Dng hm tnh tch chp suy ra bin i Z ca y(n).

4.1.2

Bin i Z
Cng thc bin i Z

X( z ) =

x ( n) z

n =

4.2 Mt vi v d
V d 1: Cho tn hiu sau
x(n) = 2 (n + 2) 1 (n + 1) + 2 (n) 1 (n 1) + 2 (n 2)
Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu trn
Gii p:
X ( z ) = 2 z 2 1z1 + 2 z 0 1z 1 + 2 z 2
V d 2: Tm bin i Z ca x(n) = Au (n)
Gii p:
X ( z)
=

n =

n= 0

x(n) z n A=
=
( z 1 )n

Tng qut ta c

Au (n)

A
1 z 1

A
1 z 1

Error! Reference source not found. BIN I Z THUN

Az n0
Au (n n0 )
1 z 1

4.3 Bi tp
4.3.1

Bi tp cng c l thuyt
Bi 1. Tm bin i Z ca x(n) = A (n)
Bi 2. Tm bin i Z ca x(n) = Aa n vi n 0
Bi 3. Tm bin i Z ca x(n) = Aa n co (s n)u (n)
Bi 4. Tm ROC ca cc tn hiu sau
a. x(n) = Au (n)
b. x(n) = Aa nu (n)
c. x(n) = Aa n co (s n)u (n)
d.=
x(n) 0.5n u (n) + 0.4n u (n)
e. =
x(n) 0.5n u (n) + 0.9n u (n 1)
Bi 5. Tm bin i Z v ROC ca cc tn hiu sau
1
a. x(n) = ( ) n u (n)
3
1
b. x(n) =( ) n u ( n 1)
2
1 n
1
c. =
x(n) ( ) u (n) ( ) n u (n 1)
3
2
Bi 6. Tm bin i Z v xc nh ROC ca tn hiu sau:
Bi 7. x(n=
) (n + 2)0.5n u (n)
Bi 8. Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu:
Bi=
9. x(n) co (sn)u (n) + n un
( )
Bi 10. Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu x(n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n)
Bi 11. Trong x1 (n) = (n) + 2 (n 1)
V x2 (n)= (n 1) + 3 (n 2)
Bi 12. Tm bin i Z ca tn hiu: x(n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n)
Trong x1 (n)= (n + 1) + (n) + (n 1)
Bi 13. V x2 (n) = (n) + (n 1)
Bi 14. Tm bin i Z v tnh ROC ca tn hiu sau:
Bi 15. x(n) = 0.5n u (n) + 0.3n u (n) + 0.9n u (n)

4.3.2

Bi tp sinh vin t gii

Bi 1. x(n) = 3(0.3) n u (n)
Bi 2.
=
x(n) (0.3) n u (n) (0.3) n u (n 1)
Bi 3. x(n) = u (n) u (n 1)

Bi
4. x(n) sin(n )u (n) + (0.3) n u (n 1)
=
3
Bi 5. x(n) = u (n) *(0 .) n5u (n)
Bi 6. x(n) u (n) *(0.5) n u (n) *(0.5) n u (n 1)
=
BM K thut My tnh

22

Error! Reference source not found. BIN I Z THUN

Bi 7. =
x(n) n un
( ) n sin 2( n)u (n)
3
Bi 8. x(n) = (n 1)u (n 1) 2 (n 1)
Bi 9. x(n) = u (n 1) * u (n) + (n 1) sin((n 1) )u (n 1)
4
n
=
Bi 10. x(n) n(0 .) 5sin n()u (n) + u (n 1)
4.3.3

Bi tp vi Matlab

BM K thut My tnh

23

Error! Reference source not found. Error! Reference source not found.

Chng 5
Chng 5

BIN I Z NGHCH

Mc ch: Nm vng l thuyt bin i Z ngc

-

Ni dung:
Tm tt l thuyt
Gii bi tp bin i Z ngc

5.1 Tm tt l thuyt
x(n n0 )u (n n0 ) z n0 X ( z )
x(n n0 )

x(m) z m z n0 + z n0 X ( z )

m = n0

5.2 Mt vi v d
-

V d 1: Cho x(n) = u (n) v h(n) = 0.5n u (n) , tm y(n)

Gii p :
Y ( z) = X ( z)H ( z)
z
z
Y ( z) =
z 1 z 0.5
Y ( z)
z
A
B
=
=
+
z
( z 1)( z 0.5) z 1 z 0.5
z
z
A=
z= 1= 2 B=
z = 0.5 = 1
z 0.5
z 1
Y ( z)
2
1
2z
z
=

Y ( z) =

z
z 1 z 0.5
z 1 z 0.5
n
=
y (n) 2u (n) 0 . u5(n)

V d 2: Cho y (n) 0.5 y (n 1) =

x(n) vi y (1) =
0 v x(n) = u (n) , tm y (n) n 0
Gii p :
y (n 1)

y ( m) z

1 m

+ z 1Y ( z ) = y (1) z 1 z1 + z 1Y ( z )

m = 1

BM K thut My tnh

24

Error! Reference source not found. Error! Reference source not found.

z
Y ( z ) 0.5 z 1Y ( z ) =
z 1
Y ( z)
z
=
z
( z 0.5)( z 1)
=
y (n) 2u (n) 0 .n u5(n)

5.3 Bi tp cng c l thuyt

S dng bin i Z tnh p ng xung n v ca h thng :
y (n) y (n 2 )=
x(n) , vi y(-2) = y(-1) = 0
Bi 2. Xt h thng c
(2 z 3) z
H ( z) =
Vi ROC |z|>2
( z 1)( z 2)
tm h(n).
Bi 3. Xt h thng c :
(2 z 3) z
H ( z) =
Vi ROC |z|<1
( z 1)( z 2)
tm h(n).
Bi 4. S dng Matlab tm h(n):
1
a. H ( z )
=
| z |> 2
2
z 3z + 2
1
b. H ( z ) = 2
(ch vi n>=0)
z + 9 z + 0.7
z
c. H ( z ) = 3
, |z| > 2
2
z + 6 z + 11z 6
Gi : S dng hm [r p k] = residuez (num, den) xc nh cc h s A, B, C,
trong vic phn r H(z).
num v den: l cc h s ca H(z)
p: l vector cha cc im cc
k: l cha hng
z 2
v d: H ( z ) =
1 6 z 1 + 11z 2 6 z 3
num = [0 0 1 ]
den = [ 1 -6 11 -6 ]
[ r p k ] = residuez (num, den)
Ta thu c:
r = 0.5000, 1.0000 and 0.5000
p = 3.0000, 2.0000 and 1.0000
k=[]
Khi :
0.5
0.5
1
v k = 0 nn
H ( z) = k +
+
+
1
1
1 z
1 2z
1 3 z 1
0.5
1
0.5
H ( z) =
+
+
1
1
1 z
1 2z
1 3z 1
T y suy ra h(n).
Bi 1.

BM K thut My tnh

25

Error! Reference source not found. Error! Reference source not found.

5.4 Mt vi bi tp thm
Bi 1.
a.

Tm bin i Z ngc ca cc tn hiu nhn qu sau:

X ( z) =

b. X ( z ) =

1 1.5 z 1
1 1.5 z 1 + 0.5 z 2
1 az 1
z 1 a

1
1 z + 0.25 z 2
1
d. X ( z ) =
1
3 10 z + 3z 2
Bi 2.
Tm tt c cc tn hiu (c th c) m c bin i Z nh sau:
1
a. X ( z ) =
2 3z 1 + z 2
c.

X ( z) =

b. X ( z ) =
c.

X ( z) =

1 + 2 z 1 + z 2
1 + 4 z 1 + 4 z 2
2 z 2 12 z
( z 0.3)( z + 0.2)( z 3)

Bi 3.
S dng bin i Z tnh tng chp ca x1(n) * x2(n)
a. x1(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1} v x2(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1}
b. x1(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} v x2(n) = {1, 1, 1}
c. x1(n) = (1/5)nu(n) v x2(n) = 2nu(n)
d. x1(n) = nu(n) v x2(n) = 2nu(n-1)
Bi 4.
Tm bin i Z ngc:
a. X(z) = log(1-2z), |z| <
b. X(z) = log(1-2z-1), |z| >
dX ( z )
Z
z
Gi : S dng tnh cht nx(n)
d ( z)
Bi 5.
Tnh tng chp ca cc cp tn hiu sau s dng bin i Z mt pha
a. x1(n) = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1} v x2(n) = {1, 1, 1}
b. x1(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4} v x2(n) = {4, 3, 2, 1}
c. x1(n) = (1/2)nu(n) v x2(n) = (1/3)nu(n)
Bi 6.
Cho phng trnh sai phn
y(n) 0.7y(n-1) = x(n)
a. Tm H(z)
b. Tm h(n)
c. Tm y(n) nu x(n) = u(n)
Bi 7.
Cho phng trnh sai phn
y(n) 0.5y(n-1) = x(n) + x(n-1)
a. Tm h(n)
b. Tm p ng xung bc n v
Bi 8.
Tm gi tr cui cng ca h(n) vi:
h(n) = (0.5)nu(n)
BM K thut My tnh

26

Error! Reference source not found. Error! Reference source not found.

5.5 Bi tp t gii
z
z 0.5
z
=
Bi 2. H ( z )
( z 1)( z 0.5)
1
=
Bi 3. H ( z )
( z 0.3)( z + 2)
Bi 1. H ( z ) 10
=

| z |< 0.5
| z |> 0.5
| z |< 2

z2 + z + 2
Bi 4. H ( z )
=
( z 3)( z + 2)( z 0.1)

0.1 <| z |< 3

z2 + z + 2
| z |> 2
( z 3)( z + 2)( z 0.1)
z +1
=
| z |> 0.5
Bi 6. H ( z )
( z 0.5)( z 0.5)
z +1
=
0.3 <| z |< 0.5
Bi 7. H ( z )
( z 0.5) 2 ( z 0.3)

Bi 5. H ( z )
=

BM K thut My tnh

27

Chng 6
Chng 6

TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

Mc ch:
Ni dung:

6.1 Tm tt l thuyt
6.1.1

Tn s ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian tun hon

x(t): lin tc thi gian v tun hon vi chu k Tp, tn s F0
Phng trnh tng hp:
+

c e

x(t ) =

k =

j 2kF0 t

Phng trnh phn tch:

ck =

1
Tp

x(t )e

j 2kF0 t

Tp

ck = ck e j k
Nu tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu thc (x(t)= x*(t)) th c*k = c-k
Cng sut trung bnh:

Px =
6.1.2

1
Tp

x(t ) dt =
2

k =

Tp

Tn s ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian khng tun hon

x(t): lin tc thi gian v khng tun hon
Phng trnh tng hp:
+

x(t ) =

X ( F )e

j 2Ft

dF

Phng trnh phn tch:

+

X (F ) =

x(t )e

j 2Ft

dt

Error! Reference source not found. TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

Nng lng:
+

Ex =

x(t ) dt =
2

X (F )

dF

Nu x(t) l tn hiu thc th:

X ( F ) = X ( F )
S xx ( F ) = S xx ( F )
X ( F ) = X ( F )
6.1.3

Tn s ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian tun hon

x(n): ri rc thi gian v tun hon vi chu k N (x(n+N) = x(n), n)
Phng trnh tng hp:
N 1

x(n) = ck e

k
n
N

j 2

k =0

Phng trnh phn tch:

N 1

1
ck =
N

x ( n )e

j 2

k
n
N

n =0

ck = ck e j k
ck tun hon vi chu k N ngha l: ck = ck+N
Nu tn hiu x(t) l tn hiu thc (x(t)= x*(t)) th c*k = c-k
Cng sut trung bnh:

Px =

N 1

1
N

N 1

x(n) = ck
2

n=0

k =0

Nng lng trong mt chu k:

N 1

N 1

Ex = x(n) = N ck
2

n=0

6.1.4

k =0

Tn s ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian khng tun hon

x(n): ri rc thi gian v khng tun hon
Phng trnh tng hp:

x ( n) =

1
2

X ( )e

j n

Phng trnh phn tch:

X ( ) =

x ( n )e

jn

n =

Nng lng:

Ex =

x ( n) =
2

n =

1
2

X ( )

Ph mt nng lng:

S xx = X ( ) = X ( ) X * ( )
2

BM K thut My tnh

30

Error! Reference source not found. TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

6.2 Bi tp cng c l thuyt

Bi 1.
Bi 2.

Xc nh cc h s ck, bin tn s, v ph pha ca dy tn hiu ri rc tun hon

x(n) = {0^, 1, 2, 3} vi chu k N = 4.
Xc nh bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ri rc thi gian v khng tun hon sau :

x(n) = 0.5n u (n)

Tm bin i Fourier ca tn hiu xung A(n) (ri rc v khng tun hon)
Cho h thng ri rc vi p ng xung l h(n) = (n) + (n-1) v tn hiu nhp x(n) =
0.5nu(n). Tm p ng y(n) s dng phng php bin i Fourier
S dng tn hiu nhp x(n) = 0.5nu(n) cho qua hai h thng:

Bi 3.
Bi 4.
Bi 5.

h1 (n) = h2 (n) = (n) + (n 1)

Xc nh y(n) bng phng php bin i Fourier.

Bi 6. Xc nh chui Fourier ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian v tun hon sau :

x(t ) = cos 0t

Bi 7. Xc nh bin i Fourier ca tn hiu lin tc thi gian v khng tun hon sau :
x(t) = etu(t), > 0

0 , t < 0
1 , t 0

vi u (t ) =

BM K thut My tnh

31

Error! Reference source not found. TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

(TT)

Chng 7
Chng 7

TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

(TT)

7.1 Tm tt l thuyt
c tnh ca bin i Fourier
i vi tn hiu ri rc thi gian v khng tun hon, c nng lng hu hn. V tn hiu
lin tc thi gian khng tun hon c nng lng hu hn.
Tuyn tnh:

F
x1 (n)
X 1 ( )

F
x2 (n) X 2 ( )
F
a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n)
a1 X 1 ( ) + a2 X 2 ( )

Dch theo thi gian:

F
F
x(n)
X ( ) x(n k )
e jk X ( )

o theo thi gian:

F
F
x(n)
X ( ) x(n)
X ( )

Tng chp:

F
x1 (n)
X 1 ( )

F
x2 (n) X 2 ( )
F
x(n) = x1 (n) * x2 (n)
X ( ) = X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )

Tng quan:

F
x1 (n)
X 1 ( )

F
x2 (n) X 2 ( )
F
S x1 x 2 ( ) = X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )
rx1 x 2 (n)

Dch theo tn s:

F
F
x(n)
X ( ) e jk x(n)
X ( 0 )

nh l iu ch:
F
F
x(n)
X ( ) x(n) cos 0 n

1
[X ( + 0 ) + X ( 0 )]
2

nh l Parseval:
F
x1 (n)
X 1 ( )

F
x2 (n) X 2 ( )

n =

BM K thut My tnh

x (n)x (n) 2 X ( ) X
1

*
2

*
2

( )d
32

Error! Reference source not found. TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

(TT)
F
x1 (n)
X 1 ( )

F
x2 (n) X 2 ( )
Nhn 2 chui:
1
F
x(n) = x1 (n) x2 (n)
X ( ) =
X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )d
2
dX ( )
F
F
o hm min tn s:
x(n)
X ( ) nx(n)
j
d
F
F
x(n)
X ( ) x* (n)
X * ( )

Lin hp phc:

7.2 Bi tp cng c l thuyt

Xc nh bin i Fourier ca

Bi 1.

t
x(t ) = triag

t
t 1
Vi: triag =
0

, t
, t >

Tm bin i Fourier ca cc tn hiu sau

Bi 2.

a. x(t ) = e jw0 t
t
b. x(t ) = rect
T
1 , t T
Vi: rect (t / T ) =
0 , t > T
c.

x(t ) =

(t nT )

n =

Tm bin i Fourier ca cc tn hiu

Bi 3.
a.

x(n) = u (n) u (n 6)

n
b. x(n) = 2 u (n)
n

1
c. x(n) = u (n + 4)
4
n
d. x(n) = sin 0 n u (n) , < 1

e.

x(n) = sin 0 n , < 1

n

1
2 n , n 4
f. x(n) = 2

0
, n 4

g. x(n) = {2,1, 0,1,2}

7.3 Mt vi bi tp kt hp vi Matlab v th (khng bt buc)

Bi 1. Tm bin i Fourier ca x(n) = 0.1n, vi n0. V th cng v pha ca
X().
BM K thut My tnh

33

Error! Reference source not found. TN HIU V H THNG TRONG MIN TN S

(TT)
Bi 2. Tm bin i Fourier ca :

x(n) = (n) + (n 1) + (n 2) + (n 3)

V th cng v pha ca X().

Bi 3. Cho h thng c :

h(n) = 0.1 (n) + 0.2 (n 2) + 0.5 (n 3)

V th cng v pha ca H().

Bi 4. Cho phng trnh sai phn :

y (n) + 0.1y (n 1) + 0.2 y (n 2) = x(n)

Chapitre 1

BM K thut My tnh

34

Error! Reference source not found. BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT)

Chng 8
Chng 8

BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT)

8.1 Tm tt l thuyt
8.1.1

Ly mu min tn s
Tn hiu ri rc khng tun hon x(n) c chiu di LN (b gii hn)
+

x ( n )e

Bin i Fourier ca x(n): X ( ) =

j n

n =

N 1

Ly mu bin i Fourier N im: X (k ) = x(n)e

2
kn
N

n=0

t WN = e

2
N

N 1

th X (k ) = x(n)WNkn
n=0

N 1

Hay: X (k ) = x p (n)e

2
j
kn
N

n=0

vi x p (n) =

x(n lN )

l =

Phc hi bin i Fourier t X(k):

N 1

X ( ) = X (k ) P( k )
n=0

vi

P( ) =

1
N

N 1

e
n=0

Phc hi tn hiu x(n): x(n) =

t WN = e
8.1.2

2
j
N

j n

1
N

2
k
N

v k =

N 1

X ( k )e

2
kn
N

n=0

th x(n) =

1
N

N 1

X (k )W
n=0

kn
N

DFT Bin i tuyn tnh

X N = WN xN

W 1N =

1 *
W N hay WNWN* = NI N
N

BM K thut My tnh

35

Error! Reference source not found. BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT)

8.1.3

Tnh cht ca DFT

DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

Tun hon:

x(n) = x(n + N ) n

X (k ) = X (k + N ) k
DFTN
x1 (n)
X 1 (k )

DFTN
x2 (n) X 2 (k )

Tuyn tnh:

DFTN
a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n)
a1 X 1 (k ) + a2 X 2 (k )

Tng chp vng:

DFTN
x1 (n)
X 1 (k )

DFTN
x2 (n) X 2 (k )
DFTN
x1 (n) x2 (n)
X 1 (k ) X 2 (k )
N 1

Vi tng chp vng: x1 (n) x2 (n) = x1 (k ) x2 ((n k )) N

n = 0,1,..., N 1

k =0

DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

o vng theo thi gian:

DFTN
x(( n)) = x( N n)
X (( k )) N = X ( N k )
DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

Dch vng theo thi gian:

x((n l )) N X (k )e
DFTN

2
kl
N

DFTN
X (k )
x(n)

Dch vng theo tn s:

x ( n )e

2
nl
N

DFTN

X ((k l )) N

DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

Lin hp phc:

DFTN
x * (n)
X * (( k )) N = X * ( N k )

DFTN
x * (( n)) N = x * ( N n) X * (k )

Tng quan vng:

DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

N 1

DFTN
y (n)
Y (k )

Vi

rx y (l ) = x(n) y * ((n l )) N

DFTN
rxy (l )
Rxy (k ) = X (k )Y * (k )

Nhn 2 chui:

n=0

DFTN
x1 (n)
X 1 (k )

DFTN
x2 (n) X 2 (k )
DFTN
x1 (n) x2 (n)

1
X 1 (k ) X 2 (k )
N

DFTN
x(n)
X (k )

nh l Parseval:

DFTN
y (n)
Y (k )
N 1

N 1

n=0

k =0

x(n) y * (n) = X (k )Y * (k )

BM K thut My tnh

36

Error! Reference source not found. BIN I FOURIER RI RC (DFT)

8.2 Bi tp cng c l thuyt

Bi 1. Cho tn hiu x(n) = {1, 0, 1} tm DFT 3 im ca tn hiu x(n)
Bi 2. Tnh chp vng:
x1(n) = {1, 3, 5, 8} v x2(n) = {1, 1, 2, 4}
x3(n) = {2, 4, 0, -2} v x4(n) = {1, 0, 3, 0}
a. S dng phng php trc tip trong min thi gian
b. S dng phng php bin i Fourier ri rc
Bi 3. Xc nh DFT N im ca nhng tn hiu sau:
a. x(n) = (n)
b. x(n) = (n n0 ) (0 n0 N )
c.

x ( n) = a n

(0 n N 1)

1 ,0 n N / 2 1
d. x(n) =
0 , N / 2 n N 1
x(n) = e j ( 2 / N ) k0n ,0 n N 1
2
f. x(n) = cos
k0 n
N
2
g. x(n) = sin
k0 n
N
,n
even
1
h. x(n) =
odd ( 0 n N 1)
0 , n
Bi 4. Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh v bt bin vi p ng xung n v l:
h(n)={1,2}
v tn hiu u vo:
x(n) = {1,2,4,6,3,5,4,4,3}
a. Tm p ng y(n) bng cch tnh tch chp
b. S dng phng php Overlap-save tnh y(n), vi L = 3
c. S dng phng php Overlap-Add tnh y(n), vi L=3
d. So snh kt qu v nhn xt
Bi 5. Cho tn hiu x(n) = {-1, 2, 5, -1, 1}
a. Xc nh DFT 5 im ca tn hiu x(n)
b. Xc nh nng lng ca tn hiu s dng nh l Parseval
e.

BM K thut My tnh

37

Error! Reference source not found.9 BIN I FOURIER NHANH (FFT)

Chng 9
Chng 9

BIN I FOURIER NHANH (FFT)

9.1 Tm tt l thuyt
Tnh DFT & IDFT:
Tnh trc tip
FFT
o Chia tr: phn chia theo thi gian hoc theo tn s
C s 2
C s 4
Tch c s:
o Lc tuyn tnh
Goertzel
Chirp-Z

9.2 Bi tp cng c l thuyt

Bi 1.

Cho dy hu hn x (n) = 3 , 2,5 , 2 , 1,5 , 1 , 0,5 , 0

Hy tnh DFT 8 im ca dy trn theo hai cch sau :

a. Bng thut ton FFT c s 2 phn chia theo thi gian.
b. Bng thut ton FFT c s 4 phn chia theo thi gian.
1 1 1 1

Bi 2. Cho dy x(n) = , , , , 0, 0, 0, 0
2 2 2 2

Tm DFT 8 im ca tn hiu x(n) s dng phng php FFT c s 2 phn chia theo
min tn s.
Bi 3. Xt FFT c s 2 ca 1024 im
a. C bao nhiu tng tnh ton?
b. Trong mi tng c bao nhiu php nhn?
c. Ton b FFT c bao nhiu php nhn?
Bi 4. Tnh DFT 16 im ca chui sau
x(n) = cos

n
0 n 15
2
a. S dng phng php tnh ton FFT c s 4 phn chia theo min thi gian
b. S dng phng php tnh ton FFT c s 4 phn chia theo min tn s

BM K thut My tnh

38