neli bregaZe

`diar"

kulturis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvlevisas akad.

iv.javaxiSvili sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebda saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul
rogorc pureul mcenareTa, ise maTgan miRebuli produqtebis
saxelwodebebis gamovlena-dadgenasa da Seswavlas. iv.javaxiSvilis mier
Catarebuli am rigis gamokvlevebidan sayuradReboa kompozitebi `ZvelTes-
li" da `axalTesli", romelTa Sesaxeb mis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas
safuZveli gaumagra sxvadasxva dargis monacemebze damyarebulma Semdgomma
kvlevam, ramac Tavis mxriv, naTeli mohfina kulturis istoriis araerT
sakiTxs (bregaZe, 1996).
amjerad ganxiluli iqneba sityva, romelsac Tavad didma mecnierma
miaqcia yuradReba. es aris gamomcxvari puris svanuri saxelwodeba `di@r".
XIX s. damdegs igive termini Cauweria klaproTs ifqlis anu pureuli
mcenaris (xorblis) Sesatyvisad. klaproTisave mier xofeSi Canawerebidan
Cans, rom WanurSi puris saxelebia `qobali" da `diar". sxva cnoba
qarTvelur enebSi am sityvis xmarebisa ar mowmdeba. oRond, iv.javaxiSvilma
yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom megrulSi gvaqvs sityvebi: 1.
`odiare"|`ondiare" anu sakvebi da balaxi; 2. `diarafa", rac niSnavs kvebas,
Wmevas da Zovebas; 3. `odiarafali" anu samwyso; 4. `sadiaro" anu
saqorwilo da 5. `diara", rac Seesatyviseba saqorwilo puris Wamasa da
maspinZlobas (iv.javaxiSvili, gv.417-418). amave sityvas T.saxokia ganmartavs
rogorc saqorwilo lxins, romelSic monawileobs mTeli sofeli (saxokia).
zemomotanili sailustracio masalis safuZvelze iv.javaxiSvilma
daaskvna, rom yvela es sityva nawarmoebia saxelisagan `diar", romelic
adre megrulSic unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli da romlis kvali Tumc ki
ar Cans samwerlobo qarTulSi, magram Tavad qarTulsave enaSi misi
arsebobis ucilobeli sabuTia megruli `sadiaro" (saqorwilo), rasac misi
agebulebac amJRavnebs. iv.javaxiSvilma gaamaxvila yuradReba imazec, rom
Cveulebriv, puris Wamis anu purobis saxeli nawarmoebia adamianis
umTavresi sazrdos mixedviT da daaskvna _ sityvis `puri" Semosvlamde
purobis aRmniSvneli termini unda yofiliyo `diaroba" (iv.javaxiSvili,
gv.419). marTlac, amis dasturi da naTeli magaliTia saqorwilo puris
Wamis megruli saxelwodeba `diara" (amaze, ufro srulad, qvemoT). akad.
iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, amas gvagulisxmebinebs `diarafa", romelsac marto
puris Wamis mniSvneloba ki ar hqonda, aramed saerTod kvebisa, Wmevisa da,
rac yvelaze ufro sayuradReboa, Zovebisac. xolo mcenarisa da marc-
vleulis WamisaTvis erTi da imave terminis xmareba ZvelisZveli xanis
anareklia. da Tumc sadReisod dacul Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi `diari" ar
Cans, megrulSic damoukidebel sityvad aRar ixmareba da mxolod nawilo-
briv Wanursa da ufro ki svanurs SemorCa igi, es sityva unda yofiliyo
uZveles xanaSi yvela qarTveli tomisaTvis xorbleulisa da saWmeli puris
(gamomcxvaris) aRmniSvneli saerTo saxeli (javaxiSvili, gv.418-419).
marTlac erTi da igive sityva SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mcenaresac da
misgan miRebul produqtsac. cnobilia enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli am kanon-
zomierebis araerTi magaliTi. aviRoT Tundac qarTuli `puri" (niSnavs
xorbalsac _ mcenaresa da marcvleuls _ da gamomcxvarsac), `mWadi"
(ewodeba fetvsac da misgan gamomcxvar `pursac"), `Romi" (mcenarecaa da
misgan gamzadebuli saWmelic), megruli `qobali" (xorbalicaa da misgan
gamomcxvari puric), an laTinuri far da siligo (niSnavs marcvleulsac da mis
fqvilsac), Tu berZnuli ο‛σιτοs (Seesatyviseba marcvleul kulturas, naTes
yanas, gamomcxvar purs an puris produqtebs saerTod, sakvebs da sxv.)
(bregaZe, 1979; Брегадзе, с.112) da a.S.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tu sarwmunod miviCnevT akad.
iv.javaxiSvilis mier yuradReba gamaxvilebuli sityvis `diar" Zvel qar-
TulSic gavrcelebis SesaZleblobisa da misi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb logikur msjelobaze agebul, mis mierve naTlad gamoTqmul mosaz-
rebas, agreTve, Tu am ukanasknels safuZvels gaumagrebs da, Tavis mxriv,
daasabuTebs sityvasTan `diar" dakavSirebuli momavali lingvisturi
Ziebani1, maSin Cndeba safiqrali da, Sesabamisad, saWiroebac garkvevisa: 1.
ramdenad Zveli SeiZleba iyos xorblis saxeli `diar", romlis Sesaxeb
gvaqvs esoden Zunwad SemorCenili monacemebi da 2. ra mniSvneloba
SeiZleba hqondes am saxels saqarTveloSi kulturis istoriasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad.
gansaxilveli terminis xandazmulobis gasarkvevad Tavdapirvelad
mivmarToT misganve nawarmoeb, zemonaxseneb sityvas `diara", romelic niSnavs
mTeli soflis monawileobiT gamarTul saqorwilo puris Wamas. ratom
SemogvrCa es sityva swored saqorwilo sufrasTan kavSirSi? gavixsenoT,
rom saqorwilo sufra, iseve rogorc saqorwilo wes-CveulebaTa umetesoba
da nefe-dedoflis samos-atributTa tradiciuli elementebi, sawyiss iRebs
momakvdav-aRorZinebadi RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili uZvelesi, ramdenime
aTaswleuliani istoriis mqone dResaswaulidan (bregaZe, 1980a; 1989; 1991;
1994; Брегадзе, с.100), romlisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia sajaro ritualuri
trapeza (bregaZe, 1989). ritualuri sufris upirvelesi da umTavresi
Sesawiri ki pureulia. amdenad, logikuria, rom saqorwilo anu saweso
sufras Serqmeoda pureulis saxelidan nawarmoebi sityva. xolo
ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi igi ukavSirdeba swored saxels `diar", gamodis,
es ukanaskneli, marTlac uZvelesia, Soreuli warsulis gadmonaSTia. da
Tumc yofaSi, saniadago metyvelebaSi, igi aRar mowmdeba, magram rom aRara
vTqvaT ra puris svanur saxelwodebaze, misi nakvalevi Semogvinaxa
zemoddasaxelebulma megrulma sityvebma, romelTagan saxelis `diar"
siZvelis gasarkvevad da, SesaZlebelia, sulac aRniSnulze ufro meti
xandazmulobis gamosavlineblad gansakuTrebiT saintereso Cans sakvebisa da
balaxis Sesatyvisi `odiare", agreTve, aseve balaxTan dakavSirebuli
`diarafa", anu Zoveba.
fonetikuri msgavsebis garda sityvebs `odiare" da `diarafa" ra SeiZ-
leba hqondes saerTo terminTan `diar", romelic iv.javaxiSvilma xorblis
uZveles saxelad miiCnia?
gavixsenoT, rom xorbali balaxovan mcenareTa gvaris marcvleulTa
ojaxs ganekuTvneba (`qse"; orbeliani). aseve aRiqvams da gaiazrebs mas
xalxic, risi mowmobaa xorblis kidev erTi Zveli saxelwodebis _ `yana" _
Sesaxeb kaxeTSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masala: `yana _ puris mosavalia,
ro daTesav da yanebi amoidao, balaxad amosuli, TavTav ro amaiRebs"
(bregaZe, 1981). maSasadame, Tu xorbali balaxad gaiazreba, logikuri unda
iyos Zovebisa da balaxTan dakavSirebuli terminis anu balaxeulis zogadi
saxelwodebis xorbalTanac misadageba. es gansakuTrebiT bunebrivi
gamoCndeba Tu CavTvliT, rom igi im uxsovari warsulis anareklia, anu im
droidan momdinarea, roca Semgroveblobis safexurze myofi adamiani sxva
balaxeul sakvebTan erTad velur xorbalsac iyenebda saWmelad, roca is-is
iyo iwyebda marcvleuli mcenaris aTvisebas. da ai im Soreul xanaSic,
kulturaSi Seyvanamde da mwarmoebluri meurneobis Casaxva-aRmocenebamdec
Tavad xorbalsac (mcenares) xom unda hqonoda raime saxeli? amitom
savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom adamiani, romlisTvisac jer kidev ucxo iyo
mcenareTa gvarebis ojaxebad dayofa da maTi warmomadgenlebis
diferencirebulad aRqma, romelsac jer kidev ar gaeazrebina xorbali sxva
balaxeulisagan gamoyofilad, mas sazogado, swored balaxis Sesatyvisi
saxeliTve moixseniebda. e.i. logikuri da kanonzomieri Cans, rom xorbals
Tavdapirvelad, swored, balaxis saxeli Serqmeoda. da gamodis, saqme gvaqvs
preagraruli xanis mcenaresTan Tavisi, imave xanaSi Serqmeuli
saxelwodebiT. aseT faqts ki, bunebrivia hqonoda adgili saqarTveloSi,
sadac aRmoCenilia rvaaTaswlovani paleobotanikuri naSTebi, maT Soris,
xorbleulis veluri da veluridan kulturulisaken gardamavali Tu
maRalganviTarebuli saxeobebi, Tanamedrove yofaSi ki damowmebulia maTi
Sesatyvisi nimuSebi. maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `diar", marTlac,
1
madlobas movaxseneb enaTmecnierebs, baton T.uTurgaiZesa da baton g.cocaniZes, romlebTanac konsultaciis
Sedegad gairkva, rom SesaZlebelia sityvis `diar" qarTuli enis kuTvnilebad miCneva da uZvelesi droidan misi
momdinareobis Sesaxeb msjeloba.
uZvelesi, pirveli qarTuli saxelia xorblisa da igi Semgroveblobis
xanidan momdinarea. SemdegSi ki am marcvleulma (xorbalma), iqca ra igi
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone fasovan sakveb mcenareul kulturad,
erTxans SeinarCuna balaxis zogadi saxeli `diar", romlis Sinaarsi
TandaTan gafarTovda da ukve Seesatyviseboda ara marto mcenares _
xorbals, aramed xorblisagan gamomcxvar pursac da mogvca misganve
nawarmoebi uZvelesi tradiciuli wesis _ saqorwilo puris Wamis
(purobis) _ saxeli `diara" (bregaZe, 1988).
aseTi msjelobis safuZvels unda iZleodes istoriul-eTnografiuli,
arqeologiuri, lingvisturi, folklorul-miTologiuri, botanikuri,
agrobiologiuri, agroklimatologiuri da ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli
kalendris monacemebis Sejerebis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvna, rom
saqarTvelo xorblis kulturis erT-erTi uZvelesi da damoukidebeli
gencentria, sadac adgili hqonda veluri marcvleulis kulturaSi Seyvanas
(Брегадзе). xolo am faqtis kidev erTi lingvisturi mowmoba unda iyos
sityvis `diar" Sesaxeb zemomotanili msjeloba.
aRniSnuliT ar amoiwureba sityvis `diar", viTarca xorblis uZvelesi
saxelwodebis, mniSvneloba. mTavari mainc sxva aris. saxeldobr, erTia,
roca romelime qveynis teritoria ama Tu im kulturuli monapovris
samSobloa da meore _ Tu vin iyo misi Semoqmedi, am qveynis amJamindeli
mosaxleoba Tu aqedan migrirebuli an sulac aw gadaSenebuli xalxi. Cven
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT iv.javaxiSvilis daskvnas, rom `diar" yvela
qarTveli tomisaTvis uZvelesi da saerTo saxelia pureulisa, Tanac
davumatebT am sakiTxze zemomotanili damatebiTi kvlevis Sedegs, romlis
mixedviT `diar" unda iyos preagraruli xanis termini, SesaZlebelia
iTqvas: Cvens qveyanaSi adgilobrivi bunebrivi resursebis bazaze, veluri
mcenareebis gakulturebis Sedegad mwarmoebluri saqmianobis Casaxva-
ganviTareba dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo, swored, im xalxTan, romlis
enam mogvca da Semogvinaxa sityva `diar", anu qarTvelTa eTnosTan. e.i.
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze udidesi istoriuli mniSvnelobis
kulturuli monapovris _ samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis _ safuZvlis
Camyrelebi da mesveurebi iyvnen qarTvelurive tomebi.

damowmebuli literatura

1. bregaZe, 1979 _ n.bregaZe, xorblis leqsikasTan dakavSirebiT. III. `mse",

XX, 1979, gv.19.
2. bregaZe, 1980 _ n.bregaZe, berikaobis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. `macne",
ist. seria, #1, 1980.
3. bregaZe, 1980a _ n.bregaZe, mefe, `smam", t.100, #3, 1980a.
4. bregaZe, 1981 _ n.bregaZe, xorblis leqsikasTan dakavSirebiT, IV.
`macne", ist. seria, #3, 1981, gv.112.
5. bregaZe, 1988 _ n.bregaZe, xorblis leqsikasTan dakavSirebiT, VII.
`macne", ist. seria, #1, 1988, gv.146.
6. bregaZe, 1989 _ n.bregaZe, zogierTi tradiciuli wes-Cveulebis
SedarebiTi SeswavlisaTvis, `macne", ist. seria, #4, 1989, gv.105-106.
7. bregaZe, 1994 _ n.bregaZe, saqorwilo samosis istoriisaTvis. `Zeglis
megobari", #1 (91), 1994.
8. bregaZe, 1991 _ n.bregaZe, ritualuri samosis istoriisaTvis. `sama",
t.142, #3, 1991.
9. bregaZe, 1996 _ n.bregaZe, xorbleulis leqsika da kulturul-
istoriuli sakiTxebi. `qarTveluri memkvidreoba". I. quTaisi, 1996.
10. orbeliani, 1949 _ s.-s.orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tb., 1949.
11. `qse", t.II, Tb., 1987.
12. javaxiSvili, 1930 _ iv.javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria, w.I,
tf., 1930.
13. Брегадзе, 1982 − Н.А.Брегадзе, Очерки по агроэтнографии Грузии, Тб., 1982.
 Nelly Bregadze
"Diar"

Summary
Exploring the vocabulary related to cereals, Academician I. Javakhichvili made a conclusion
that in ancient times the word "diar" was used by all Georgian tribes both for wheat (as a plant)
and ready bread. The study of wheat cultyre history made it possible to consider the word "diar"
a pre-agrarian term.
Along with the data from other scientific disciplines, the term "diar" itself maintains the
opinion that Georgia is one of the most antient and independent geacentres of the culture of
wheat. At the same time this word is the argument that the conception and development of a
productive economy on the territory of Georgia was associated just with native Georgian tribes.