Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Handbook of Roller Bearing
Handbook of Roller Bearing
NTN
Rolling Bearings
Handbook
Introduction
Contents
1
1
Rolling Bearings 04
Classification and
Characteristicsof Rolling Bearings 05
2.1 Rolling Bearing Construction 05
2.2 Classification of Rolling Bearings 06
2.3 Bearing Manufacturing Process 08
2.4 Characteristics 09
10
Allowable Speed 53
11
Bearing Characteristics 54
11.1 Friction54
11.2 Temperature Rise 54
11.3 Sound 55
12
Fits 39
8.1 Bearing Fits 39
8.2 Fit Selection 40
8.3 Fit Calculation 42
Lubrication57
13
14
Bearing Materials 66
15
16
17
10
11
12
Handling 70
16.1 Mounting 70
16.2 Post-Installation Running Test 72
16.3 Bearing Removal 72
16.4 Press Fit and Pullout Force 75
Bearing Load 32
7.1 Load Used for Shafting 32
7.2 Bearing Load Distribution 34
7.3 Equivalent Load 36
7.4 Allowable Axial Load 37
Bearing Precision22
Bearing Selection16
3.1 Selection Procedure 16
3.2 Types and Performance Comparison 17
3.3 Bearing Arrangement 18
13
14
15
16
17
1. Rolling Bearings
1.1 Sliding Friction and Rolling Friction
As shown in Fig. 1.1, the amount of force it
takes to move an object of the same weight
varies largely between the cases where the
object is laid directly on the ground and
pulled, and where the object is laid on rollers
and pulled. This is because the coefficient of
friction () varies largely for these two cases.
W
(Weight)
(Tension)
F=W
Fig. 1.1 Comparison of Friction Force
Characteristic
Rolling bearing
Generally has inner and outer rings, in
between which there are ball or roller rolling
elements which support a rotating load by
rolling.
Construction
Sliding bearing
Rotating load is supported by the surface,
and makes direct sliding contact in some
cases, or maintains sliding by film thickness
using a fluid as a medium.
Inner ring
Outer ring
Rolling element
Rotation
axis
Dimensions
Friction
Internal
clearance
rigidity
Lubrication
Temperature
Bearing type
Part
Finished part
Outer ring
Inner ring
Rolling elements
Cage
Deep groove
ball bearing
Cylindrical
roller bearing
Tapered
roller bearing
Self-aligning
roller bearing
Needle
roller bearing
Ball bearings
Rolling
bearings
Side face
Shield
Outer ring
Inner ring
Bearing bore
diameter
Cage
Rivet
Ball
Contact angle
Width
Snap ring
Bearing chamfer
Contact angle
Roller inscribed
circle diameter
Inner ring
with rib
Bearing width
Outer ring
with 2 ribs
L-shaped loose rib
Standout
Cone front face rib
Tapered roller
Cone back face rib
Effective load center
Cylindrical roller
Bearing
bore diameter
Lock washer
Tapered bore
of inner rib
Sleeve
Inner ring
Spherical roller
Outer ring
Bearing
height
Locknut
Ball
Bearing single
outside diameter
Shaft washer
Housing
washer
Assembly
Washing
Cage
Rolling elements
Inner ring
Outer ring
Steel plate
Wire
Forging
Forging
Pressing
Turning
Turning
Rough forging
Flushing
Heat treatment
Heat treatment
Finish forging
Heat treatment
Width grinding
Width grinding
Surface treatment
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Lapping
Superfinishing
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Groove grinding
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Rough grinding
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Boring
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Rustproofing
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Testing
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Groove finishing
2.4 Characteristics
2b
Contact with
bearing ring
Roller bearings
Line contact
Contact surface generally
becomes rectangular
when a load is received.
2a
2b
Ball bearings
Point contact
Contact surface
becomes elliptical when
a load is received.
Characteristics
Load capacity
Shielded type
Non-contact type ZZ
Sealed type
Contact type LLU
A metal shield is
fastened to the outer
ring, forming a
labyrinth clearance
with the V-groove of
the inner ring seal
surface.
Basic construction is
the same as the LU
type, except the lip of
the seal edge is
specially designed
with a slit to prevent
absorption, forming a
low-torque seal.
Small
Good
Poor
Same as open type
-25C120C
Small
Better than ZZ type
Poor
Same as open type
-25C120C
Somewhat large
Best
Extremely good
Contact seal is limited
-25C120C
Medium
Better than LLB type
Good
Better than LLU type
-25C120C
Construction
Performance
comparison
Friction torque
Dustproof
Waterproof
High speed
Allowable 1
temperature range
79,
Open type
15
30
40
B
Non-contact
seal type (LLB)
Contact seal
type (LLU)
Table 2.4 Combinations Types and Characteristics of Duplex Angular Contact Bearings
Combination
Characteristics
Able to receive radial load and axial load in both directions.
DistanceRbetween load centers of bearings is large.
Load capacity of moment load is consequently also large.
Allowable inclination angle is small.
Back-to-back
duplex (DB)
r
Face-to-face
duplex bearing
(DF)
r
Tandem duplex
bearing (DT)
Remarks 1. Bearings are made in sets in order to adjust preload and internal clearance of the bearing,
so a combination of bearings having the same product number must be used.
10
Example
N type
The NU type has double ribs on the outer ring, and the
outer ring / roller / cage assembly and inner ring can be
separated. The N type has double ribs on the inner ring,
and the inner ring / roller / cage assembly and outer ring
can be separated.
Cannot receive any axial load whatsoever.
Most suitable types for floating side bearing; widely used.
NF type
The NJ type has double ribs on the outer ring, and a single
rib on the inner ring; the NF type has a single rib on the
outer ring, and double ribs on the inner ring.
Able to receive axial load in one direction.
If fixed and floating sides are not differentiated, they may
be used by placing two close together.
NH type
The NUP type has a loose rib mounted on the side of inner
ring with no rib, and the NH type has an L-type loose rib
mounted on the NJ type. The loose ribs can be separated,
so the inner ring must be fixed in the axial direction.
Able to receive an axial load in both directions.
Sometimes used as a fixed side bearing.
NU type
N type
NU type
NJ type
NF type
NJ type
NUP type
NH type
(NJ + HJ)
NUP type
Characteristics
Radial load
(radial direction)
Axial load
(axial direction)
11
Sub-unit dimensions
C type
213 type
E type
Bore 50 mm or series
(222, 223, 213) and
24024 - 24038
Single bore 55 mm
or more (213)
22211 - 22218
Construction
Bearing series
Roller
Asymmetrical rollers
Symmetrical rollers
Roller guide
system
Asymmetrical rollers
By guide ring between
rows of rollers positioned
on the outer ring raceway
By high-precision cage
(no center rib or guide ring)
Pressed cage
Machined cage
Pressed cage
Machined cage
Cage type
12
Symmetrical rollers
Thrust Bearings
There are various types of thrust bearings
that differ according to application and shape
of rolling elements. Allowable speed is
generally low, and lubrication requires
attention.
Characteristics
AXK type
13
Characteristics
14
Bearing Unit
The unit that incorporates ball bearings
inside housings of various shapes and sizes.
The housing is mounted by bolting to the
machine, and the shaft is simply attached to
the inner ring by lockscrew. This means that
rotating equipment can be supported without
any sort of special design in the periphery of
the bearing. Standardized housing shapes
Grease nipple
Bearing housing
Spherical outer ring
Ball
Slinger
Special rubber seal
15
3. Bearing Selection
3.1 Selection Procedure
Procedure
Confirm operating
conditions and operating
environment
Select bearing's
internal clearance
Check items
Function and construction of components to house bearings
Bearing mounting location Bearing load (direction and magnitude)
Rotational speed Vibration and shock load Bearing temperature
(ambient and friction-generated) Operating environment (potential for
corrosion, degree of contamination, extent of lubrication)
Allowable space of bearing Bearing load (magnitude, direction, vibration,
presence of shock load) Rotational speed Bearing precision
Rigidity Allowable misalignment of inner/outer rings Friction torque
Bearing arrangement (floating side, fixed side) Installation and
disassemble requirements Bearing availability and cost
Design life of components to house bearings
Dynamic/static equivalent load conditions and life of bearing
Safety factor Allowable speed
Allowable axial load Allowable space
Shaft runout precision Rotational speed
Torque fluctuation Noise level
Operating environment
(high/low temperature, vacuum, pharmaceutical, etc.)
Requirement for high reliability
Confirm handling
procedures
16
Installation-related dimensions
Assembly and disassembly procedures
3
Table 3.1 Types and Performance of Rolling Bearings
Deep
Angular Cylindrical
Bearings types groove ball contact ball
roller
bearings
bearings
bearings
Needle
roller
bearings
Tapered
roller
bearings
Selfaligning
roller
bearings
Thrust ball
bearings
Characteristics
Load carrying capacity
Radial load
3
Axial load
High speed rotation
Low noise/vibration
Low friction torque
High rigidity
Allowable misalignment
for inner/outer rings 1
Non-separable or separable
1 The number of stars indicates the degree to which that bearing type displays that particular characteristic.
Not applicable to that bearing type.
2 Indicates both inner ring and outer ring are detachable.
3 Some cylindrical roller bearings with rib can bear an axial load.
17
Table 3.2 (1) Sample Bearing Arrangement (fixed and floating sides differentiated)
Arrangement
Fixed side
Floating side
Abstract
Application
example
(reference)
Small pumps
Automobile
transmissions
General
industrial
machinery
Reduction
gears
General
industrial
machinery
Reduction
gears
Table 3.2 (2) Sample Bearing Arrangement (fixed and floating sides not differentiated)
Arrangement
Abstract
Spring
or
shim
Back mounting
Front mounting
18
Application example
(reference)
Small electrical
machinery
Small Reduction
gears
Reduction
gears
Front and rear
axles of
automobiles
B
r
r
r1
r1
r
r
r
d
d D
B
Diameter series
7
Code
Dimension
7. 8. 9. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4
Small
Large
9. 0. 1. 2. 3
Code
Large
0. 1. 2. 3
Small
Large
Small
Large
19
TS3-
TS4-
Basic number
Bearing series
Dimension series code
Single bore number
Contact angle code
Bearing
1
series code Width/height
Diameter series
Code
Single bore mm Code 1 Contact angle
series
0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
20
3
3
4
3
4
2
3
1
2
9
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
/0.6
/1.5
/2.5
0.6
1.5
2.5
00
01
02
03
10
12
15
17
/22
/28
/32
04
05
06
22
28
32
20
25
30
88
92
96
440
460
480
/500
/530
/560
500
530
560
/2 360
/2 500
2 360
2 500
T S 2 -7 3 05 B L1 D F10 C 3 P 5
Cage code
Bearing ring
shape code
L1
High-strength
brass machined
cage
LLB
With synthetic
rubber seal
(non-contact type)
K
Standard taper
single bore
1/12 taper hole
F1
Carbon steel
machined cage
LLU
With synthetic
rubber seal
(contact type)
K30
Standard taper
single bore
1/30 taper hole
R
Tapered roller
bearing without
international
G1
interchangeability High-strength
brass rivetless
ST
cage with square
Tapered roller
holes
bearing with low
torque
G2
specifications
Pin-type cage
HT
Cylindrical roller
bearing with high
axial load
specifications
Seal/shield
code
J
Steel plate
pressed cage
T2
Resin formed
cage
LLH
N
With synthetic
With ring groove
rubber seal
(low-torque type) NR
With snap ring
ZZ
With steel plate D
shield
With oil hole
D1
With oil
hole/groove
Combination
code
DB
Back-toback duplex
DF
Face-to-face
duplex
DT
Tandem duplex
D2
Set of 2 of same
type of bearing
G
Flush ground
+
With spacer
(+indicates
basic width
dimension of
spacer.)
Lubrication
C2
P6
Smaller than
JIS Class 6
normal clearance
P5
(CN)
JIS Class 5
Normal clearance
P4
C3
JIS Class 4
Larger than
normal clearance P2
JIS Class 2
C4
Larger than C3
-2
clearance
ABMA Class 2
/2A
Alvania 2
C5
Larger than C4
clearance
/LP03
Solid grease
(for polylube
bearing)
CM
Radial internal
clearance for
electric motor
-3
ABMA Class 3
-0
ABMA Class 0
/3A
Alvania 3
/8A
Alvania EP2
/5K
MULTEMP SRL
/LX11
Barierta JFE552
-00
ABMA Class 00
/GL
Light preload
/GN
Normal preload
/GM
Medium preload
/GH
Heavy preload
Remarks: Contact NTN for bearing series codes and prefix/suffix supplementary codes not given in the table.
21
5. Bearing Precision
5.1 Dimension and Turning Precision
Dimension and turning precision are
regulated by ISO and JIS standards.
Dimension precision
Single bore, single outside diameter, width,
assembled bearing width tolerance
Chamfer dimensions, tapered hole
tolerance
Shape precision
Bore diameter variation, mean bore
Turning precision
Inner/outer ring radial and axial runout
tolerance
Inner ring face runout with bore tolerance
Outer ring variation of outside surface
generatrix inclination with face
Plane Ai
dS 2 3
Single bore
diameter surface
dSi2
dSi3
dS21
dS2
i1
dS 1
dS
dS11
dS
12
Plane A1
d S13
Parallel 2 straight lines
22
23
Table 5.1 Tolerance for radial bearings (except tapered roller bearings)
(1) Inner rings
Single plane mean bore diameter deviation
dmp
Nominal bore
diameter
d
mm
over
incl.
Class 0
Class 6 Class 5 Class 4
Class 2
High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low
Diameter series 9
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
0.64
2.5
10
2.5
10
18
0
0
0
-8
-8
-8
0
0
0
-7
-7
-7
0
0
0
-5
-5
-5
0
0
0
-4
-4
-4
0
0
0
-2.5
-2.5
-2.5
10
10
10
9
9
9
5
5
5
4 2.5
4 2.5
4 2.5
18
30
50
30
50
80
0
0
0
-10
-12
-15
0
0
0
-8
-10
-12
0
0
0
-6
-8
-9
0
0
0
-5
-6
-7
0
0
0
-2.5
-2.5
-4
13 10
15 13
19 15
6
8
9
5 2.5
6 2.5
7 4
80
120
150
120
150
180
0
0
0
-20
-25
-25
0
0
0
-15
-18
-18
0
0
0
-10
-13
-13
0
0
0
-8
-10
-10
0
0
0
-5
-7
-7
180
250
315
250
315
400
0
0
0
-30
-35
-40
0
0
0
-22
-25
-30
0
0
0
-15
-18
-23
-12
400
500
630
500
630
800
0
0
0
-45
-50
-75
0
0
-35
-40
800
1 000
1 250
1 600
1 000
1 250
1 600
2 000
0
0
0
0
-100
-125
-160
-200
7
7
7
4
4
4
3
3
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2.5
2.5
2.5
10 8
12 10
19 15
5
6
7
4
5
5
2.5
2.5
4
8
9
11
6
8
9
5
6
7
4
5
5
2.5
2.5
4
25 19 10 8 5
31 23 13 10 7
31 23 13 10 7
25 19 8
31 23 10
31 23 10
6
8
8
5
7
7
15 11 8
19 14 10
19 14 10
6
8
8
5
7
7
-8
38 28 15 12 8
44 31 18
50 38 23
38 28 12 9 8
44 31 14
50 38 18
23 17 12 9 8
26 19 14
30 23 18
56 44
63 50
94
56 44
63 50
94
34 26
38 30
55
125
155
200
250
125
155
200
250
75
94
120
150
1 Tolerance of the inner bore dimensional difference ds which applies to classes 4 and 2 is the same as the tolerance of dimensional difference dmp of the
mean bore diameter. Diameter series' 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 however apply to class 4, while all series' apply to class 2.
Dmp
VDp
Open type
Diameter series 0.1
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
Class 0 Class 6
Class 5 Class 4
Class 2
High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low
Diameter series 9
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
6
18
30
0
0
0
-8
-8
-9
0
0
0
-7
-7
-8
0
0
0
-5
-5
-6
0
0
0
-4
-4
-5
0
0
0
-2.5
-2.5
-4
10 9
10 9
12 10
30
50
80
50
80
120
0
0
0
-11
-13
-15
0
0
0
-9
-11
-13
0
0
0
-7
-9
-10
0
0
0
-6
-7
-8
0
0
0
-4
-4
-5
14 11 7
16 14 9
19 16 10
120
150
180
150
180
250
0
0
0
-18
-25
-30
0
0
0
-15
-18
-20
0
0
0
-11
-13
-15
0
0
0
-9
-10
-11
0
0
0
-5
-7
-8
250
315
400
315
400
500
0
0
0
-35
-40
-45
0
0
0
-25
-28
-33
0
0
0
-18
-20
-23
0
0
-13
-15
0
0
500
630
800
630
800
1 000
0
0
0
-50
-75
-100
0
0
0
-38
-45
-60
0
0
-28
-35
1 000
1 250
1 600
2 000
1 250
1 600
2 000
2 500
0
0
0
0
-125
-160
-200
-250
7
7
8
4
4
5
3 2.5
3 2.5
4 4
11 9
13 11
19 16
5
7
8
23 19 11 9 5
31 23 13 10 7
38 25 15 11 8
23 19 8
31 23 10
38 25 11
-8
-10
44 31 18 13 8
50 35 20 15 10
56 41 23
44 31 14 10 8
50 35 15 11 10
56 41 17
26 19 14 10 8
30 21 15 11 10
34 25 17
63 48 28
94 56 35
125 75
63 48 21
94 56 26
125 75
38 29 21
55 34 26
75 45
155
200
250
310
5
5
6
4 2.5
4 2.5
5 4
6 4
7 4
8 5
8
8
9
155
200
250
310
5
5
6
4
4
5
3
3
4
2.5
2.5
4
5 4
5 4
6 5
8 7
10 8
11 10
5
7
8
5
5
6
4
4
5
7 5
8 7
8 8
14 11 8
19 14 10
23 15 11
7
8
8
5
7
8
6
6
7
94
120
150
190
5 Tolerance of the outside diameter dimensional difference Ds which applies to classes 4 and 2 is the same as the tolerance of dimensional difference Dmp
of the mean bore diameter. Diameter series' 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 however apply to class 4, while all series' apply to class 2.
24
Unit: m
5
5
5
3 2
3 2
3 2
8
9
11
6
8
9
3 2.5 1.5
4 3 1.5
5 3.5 2
5 4
7 5
7 5
15 11
19 14
19 14
1.5
1.5
1.5
Inner ring
radial runout
Kia
Face runout
with bore
Sd
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
Class 5,4,2
Max
0
0
0
-250 0 -250
-250 0 -250
-380 0 -250
20 20 5 2.5 1.5
20 20 5 3 1.5
25 25 6 4 1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
-380 0 -380
-500 0 -380
-500 0 -380
25 25 7 4
30 30 8 5
30 30 8 5
-500 0 -500
-500 0 -500
-630 0 -630
30 30 10 6 5
35 35 13
40 40 15
3 1.5
3 1.5
3 1.5
7
7
7
3
3
3
1.5
1.5
1.5
0
0
0
-40 0
-120 0
-120 0
13 8
15 10
20 10
4 3
5 4
5 4
2.5
2.5
2.5
8
8
8
4 1.5
4 1.5
5 1.5
8
8
8
4
4
5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
0
0
25 13
30 18
30 18
6 5
8 6
8 6
2.5
2.5
5
9
10
10
5 2.5
6 2.5
6 4
9
10
10
5
7
7
2.5
2.5
5
-40 0
-40 0
-80 0
-40
-40
-80
23 17 8 6 4
26 19 9
30 23 12
40 20 10 8 5
50 25 13
60 30 15
11 7 5
13
15
13
15
20
0
0
0
-400 0 -400
0
0
0
34 26
38 30
55
65 35
70 40
80
0
0
0
-450
-500
-750
0
0
0
0
75
94
120
150
90
100
120
140
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
12 12 5 2.5 1.5
15 15 5 2.5 1.5
20 20 5 2.5 1.5
7
7
7
5
6
7
Inner ring
width variation
VB s
0 -250
0 -250 0 -250
0 -250 0 -250
4 2.5 1.5
4 2.5 1.5
4 2.5 1.5
10
10
10
2.5
3.5
3.5
Inner ring 2
Deviation of a single inner ring width
axial runout
Bs
(with side)
3
Sia
Normal
Modified
Class 0,6 Class 5.4 Class 2
Class 0,6,5,4,
Class 5,4,2
Max
High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low
-1 000
-1 250
-1 600
-2 000
2.5
2.5
4
50 45
60 50
70
80
100
120
140
2 Applies to deep groove bearings and ball bearings such as angular contact ball bearings.
3 Applies to individual raceways made to use with duplex bearings. 4 0.6 mm is included in the dimensional division.
Unit: m
6
9
9
10
16
20
26
Outer ring
radial runout
Kea
Class 0,6,5,4,2
Max
Variation of outside
surface generatrix
inclination with face
SD
Class 5,4,2
Max
Inner ring
Outside ring 6 Deviation of
width variation
axial runout a single inner
VCs
Sea
ring width
Cs
Class 5,4,2
Class 0,6 Class 5,4,2
Max
All type
Max
5
5
6
3
3
3
2
1.5
2
1.5
2.5 2
15
15
15
5
5
6
3
3
4
1.5
1.5
2.5
8
8
8
4
4
4
1.5
1.5
1.5
8
8
8
5
5
5
1.5
1.5
2.5
13
16
20
8 7
10 8
11 10
4
5
5
3
2
3.5 2
4
2.5
20 10 7
25 13 8
35 18 10
5
5
6
2.5
4
5
8
8
9
4
4
5
1.5
1.5
2.5
8
10
11
5
5
6
2.5
4
5
30
38
25
30
14 11
19 14
23 15
6
7
8
5
5
6
2.5
3.5
4
40 20 11 7
45 23 13 8
50 25 15 10
5
5
7
10
10
11
5
5
7
2.5
2.5
4
13
14
15
7
8
10
5
5
7
8 5
8 5
10 7
26 19 9
30 21 10
34 25 12
7
8
4
5
60 30 18 11
70 35 20 13
80 40 23
7
8
13
13
15
8
10
5
7
18
20
23
10
13
7
8
11 7 5
13 8 7
15
38 29 14
55 34 18
75 45
100 50 25
120 60 30
140 75
18
20
25
30
18
20
160
190
220
250
6
6
7
94
120
150
190
8
8
9
Depends on
tolerance of
Bs relative
to d of same
bearing.
5
Depends on 5
tolerance of 5
VBs relative
to d of same 5
6
bearing.
8
2.5 1.5
2.5 1.5
2.5 1.5
2.5 1.5
3 1.5
4 2.5
2.5
2.5
4
6 Applies when snap ring is not mounted. 7 Applies to deep groove bearings and ball bearings such as angular contact ball bearings.
8 2.5 mm is included in the dimensional division.
25
Measurement method
Measuring load
Measuring load
Inner ring
radial runout
(Kia)
Measuring load
Measuring load
Outer ring
radial runout
(Kea)
Measuring load
Measuring load
Measuring load
Variation of outside
surface generatrix
inclination with face
for outer ring
(SD)
26
Measuring load
1.2rs max
1.2rs max
Reinforcing plate
d 2035mm
Open type
Boundary dimensions
dynamic
mm
d
Shielded type
(ZZ)
static
dynamic
Cor
Cr
kN
1
rs min
Limitin
static
kgf
Cor
grease
oil
open type open typ
ZZ LLB
Z LB
2,900 1,420
12,000 14,000
955
1,320
17,000 20,000
14,000 17,000
rNS
min
Cr
28.5
20
72 19
1.1
22
44 12
50 14
13.9
5.05
6.80
Non-co
sealed
(LLB,
515
690
27
1
(6.3)
1
1
1
( L1 L2 Ln )1/e
Where:
L : Total basic rating life as all bearings (h)
L1, L2Ln : Basic rating life of individual
bearings 1, 2n (h)
e : Ball bearing e10/9
Roller bearing e 9/8
In the case where load conditions vary at a
fixed time percentage for a single bearing, life
can be calculated by equation 6.4.
Lm(j / Lj )-1 (6.4)
Where:
Lm : Total life of bearing
j : Usage frequency of each condition
(j)
Lj : Life under each condition
Life can also be calculated as bearing life of
the entire machine by equation 6.3. To put life
in more simple terms, in the case of a ball
bearing for example, when load (dynamic
equivalent load) is doubled, it has the effect of
a cube, so life is reduced by 1/8, as shown by
equation 6.2. When rotational speed is
doubled, life is halved.
28
Ln
90
L10
1.00
95
L5
0.62
96
L4
0.53
97
L3
0.44
98
L2
0.33
99
L1
0.21
TS2
160
1.0
TS3
200
0.73
TS4
250
0.48
Operating conditions
coefficient a3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
100
150
200
250
300
Operating temperature C
29
412
Household electrical
appliances
Power tools
Farming equipment
Office equipment
Medical equipment
Measuring devices
Automobiles
Motorcycles
Small motors
Buses and trucks
General gear-operated
equipment
Construction equipment
Locomotives (wheel)
Traction motors
Mining hoists
Press flywheels
1230
3060
60
Pulp and
papermaking
equipment
Ship propulsion units
Water works
Mine drainage/
ventilation equipment
Power plant equipment
Co
Po
(6.6)
Where:
So : Safety factor
Co : Basic static load rating
(Co or Coa) Nkgf
Po : Static equivalent load
(Por or Poa) Nkgf
Table 6.4 Lower Limit Value of Safety Factor So
Operating conditions
1.5
Remarks 1. "4" is used for the lower limit value of So for self-aligning thrust roller bearings.
2. "3" is used for the lower limit value of So for drawn cup needle roller bearings.
3. Po is calculated taking shock load factor into consideration if there is vibration
or shock load.
4. If a large axial load is applied to deep groove ball bearings or angular contact
ball bearings, the fact that contact ellipse may ride up on the raceway surface
must be considered.
30
One-Point Advice
Bearing Tips
Bearing with Higher Function and Longer Life
The life described in this handbook is basic rating life.
Bearings used for automobiles, steel equipment, machine tools, etc., must be designed
to last a long time while providing the required function under limited conditions. NTN has
the technologies required to do this. Some of them are given below.
6
Temperature Application of lubricants for high/low
counter- temperatures
measures Application of special seals/cages
Stabilized dimensions
Optimized internal clearance
Application of special lubrication such as air
oil and under race
Application of special cooling system such as
water-cooled jacket
Longer
life
Higher
function
Higher
precision
Lower
noise
More
complex
function
Higher
speed
More
compact
Lower
cost
31
7. Bearing Load
In order to calculate bearing life and safety
factor, you must first know what sort of load is
applied to the bearing. In other words, there
are various types of loads and directions such
as the weight of the rolling elements and the
object supported by the bearing, conductivity
of the belt and gears and the load produced
when the machine performs work. These must
be arranged in radial and axial load directions
and calculated as a combined radial and axial
load.
Light shock
Strong shock
32
fw
Machine
1.01.2
1.21.5
1.53.0
2T
(7.2)
Dp
Where:
Kt : Gear tangent load Nkgf
T : Input torque Nmmkgfmm
Dp : Gear pitch round mm
When transfer power as shaft input is known:
Kt
19.1106H
Dpn
Kt
1.95106H
kgf(7.3)
Dpn
Where:
n : Rotational speed rpm
H : Transfer power kW
Kr Kttan (Spur gear) (7.4)
tan
Kt
(Helical gear) (7.5)
cos
Ka Kttan (Helical gear) (7.6)
Where:
Kr : Radial load of gear
Ka : Parallel load on gear shaft
: Pressure angle of gear
: Helix angle of gear
The following is calculated as a combined
radial and axial load of radial load:
Fr Kt2Kt2 (7.7)
Fr : Right angle load on gear shaft
When actually calculating bearing load,
however, axial load Ka also affects radial
load. It is therefore easier to calculate
combined radial and axial load last.
Kt
Kr
Fr
Kr
Kr
Ka
Dp
Kt
Kt
Load on spur gear
7
(3) Load on chain and belt shaft
The load on a sprocket or pulley when power
is conveyed by a chain or belt is calculated as
follows:
6
Kt
19.110 H
Dpn
1.95106H
kgf(7.8)
Dpn
1.21.5
V-belt
1.52.0
Timing belt
1.11.3
2.53.0
Flat belt
3.04.0
Where:
Kt : Load on sprocket or pulley Nkgf
H : Transfer power kW
Dp : Pitch diameter of sprocket or pulley mm
To account for initial tension applied to the
belt or chain, radial load is calculated by
equation 7.9.
KrfbKt (7.9)
Where:
Kr : Radial load
fb : Chain/belt factor
fb
Type of chain/belt
ose
F1 Lo
side
Dp
Kr
F2
Tension
side
33
b
c
Kt1
Kt2
ab
ab
Load by Kr1/Kr2/Ka
FrAr
b
c
r2
Kr1
Kr2
Ka
ab
ab
ab
Where:
Kt1, Kt2 : Gear tangential force
(perpendicular to space)
Kr1, Kr2 : Gear separation force
Ka
: Gear axial force
r1, r2 : Gear pitch circular radius
r2
Kt2
r1
The correlation of Kt and Kr/Ka is in
accordance with equations 7.4, 7.5 and 7.6.
a
abc
Kt1
Kt2
ab
ab
Kt1
Load by Kr1/Kr2/Ka
FrBr
a
abc
r2
Kr1
Kr2
Ka
ab
ab
ab
Gear 1
Bearing A
Bearing B
Kr1
r1
X
Kr2
Kt1
b
r2
c
34
Ka
FrB FrBt2FrBr2
Axial load on bearing B is Ka.
When one shaft is supported by three
bearings, and there is a lot of distance
between bearings, bearing load is calculated
as 3-point support. A specific calculation
example is extremely complicated, so the
bearing load equation is given for a simple
load example only. (See Table 7.3)
In actuality, various complicated loads are
applied. We have therefore clearly indicated
load direction and calculated these for each
load individually. Finally we calculated bearing
life as combined radial and axial load.
Bearing load
W
A
RB
RA
ro
Mo
r1
RC
r2
RA
RB
r1
RA
RA
RC
RA
Mo
r2
RB
RA
RB
RC
r3
r1
RC
RA
(2r2r1) Mo
2r1r2
M r1RB
r1r2
2r12r2
(r1r2r3) Wr2RB
r1r2
r3
r1
r1r2
r3 (r122r1r2r32) W
C
RB
RA
roWr1RB
r1r2
RC
RB
Mor2RB
r2
2r1r2
r1r2
RB
RC
ro (2r2r1)
(r1r2r0) Wr2RB
RC
ro
RB
r3Wr1RB
r1r2
(r122r1r23r32) Mo
2r12r2
Mor2RB
r2
RC
r1r2
Mor1RB
r1r2
35
0.5 Fr
(7.11)
Y
Where:
Fa : Axial direction component force
(induced thrust) Nkgf
Fr : Radial load Nkgf
Y : Axial load factor
These bearings are generally used in
symmetrical arrangement. A sample
calculation is given in Table 7.4.
PrXFrYFa (7.10)
Where:
Pr : Dynamic equivalent radial load Nkgf
Fr : Radial load Nkgf
Fa : Axial load Nkgf
X : Radial load factor
Y : Axial load factor
The values of XY are given in the
dimensions table of the catalog.
Fa
Pressure
cone apex
Fa
Fr
Pressure
cone apex
Fr
Brg1
Brg2
Load conditions
0.5Fr1
0.5Fr2
Fa
Y1
Y2
Fa
Fr1
Fr2
0.5Fr1
0.5Fr2
Fa
Y1
Y2
Axial load
Fa1 0.5Fr2 Fa
Y2
Pr1XFr1Y1
Fa2 0.5Fr2
Y2
Pr2Fr2
Fa1 0.5Fr1
Y1
Pr1Fr1
Fa2 0.5Fr1 Fa
Y1
Pr2XFr2Y2
Remarks 1. Fr1 and Fr2 are applied to bearings1and2respectively, as well as axial load Fa.
2. Applies when preload is 0.
36
0.5Fr2
Fa
Y2
0.5Fr1
Fa
Y1
Por0.5FrYoFa
When PorFr use PorFr
For values of e, Y2 and Yo
see the table below.
Load Constant
center
mm
Axial
load factors
Mass
kg
Sb
ras
r1as
min
max
max
Y2
Yo
9.5
0.29
2.11
1.16
0.098
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
9.5
11.5
11
0.35
0.31
0.35
1.74
1.92
1.74
0.96
1.06
0.96
0.08
0.102
0.104
(approx.)
: Contact angle
a : Contact ellipse major axis radius
37
7
2
Fa
max
NJNUP10
NJNUPNFNH2
NJNUPNH22
0.040
0.4Fr
NJNUPNFNH3
NJNUPNH23
0.065
0.4Fr
NJNUPNH2E
NJNUPNH22E
0.050
0.4Fr
NJNUPNH3E
NJNUPNH23E
0.080
0.4Fr
NJNUPNH4
0.100
0.4Fr
SL01-48
0.022
0.2Fr
SL01-49
0.034
0.2Fr
SL04-50
0.044
0.2Fr
MPa
Grease or oil
lubrication
tan
tan
150
d
ad
loa
l lo
ial
xia
ax
sa
nt
eou
itte
erm
Int
Grease lubrication
Ins
100
Co
50
nst
ant
axi
al l
oad
Ptkd2Pz 7.14
Where:
Pt : Allowable axial load when turning
Nkgf
k : Factor decided according to bearing
internal design (see Table 7.5)
d : Bearing bore mm
Pz : Allowable surface pressure of rib
MPakgfmm2(see Fig. 7.7)
38
0
0
10
15
dpn
20
25
30
104mmrpm
8. Fits
8.1 Bearing Fits
The inner and outer rings of bearings support
a load that rotates, and are therefore mounted
on the shaft and housing. In this case, fitting of
the inner ring with the shaft, and outer ring with
the housing differs according to nature of the
load, assembly of the bearing and ambient
environment, depending upon whether the fit is
provided with clearance or interference. The
three basic types of fitting are as follows:
(1) Clearance fit
Mounted with clearance in the fit.
(2) Transition fit
Mounted with both clearance and
interference in the fit.
(3) Interference fit
Mounted in if fixed position with
interference in the fit.
The most effective method of mounting a
bearing to support a load is to provide
interference by fastening with an interference
fit. There are also advantages in providing
clearance, such as mounting, dismounting
and absorption of expansion and contraction
Fr
Rotation division
Nature of load
Fit
Static load
Inner ring:
rotating
Outer ring:
stationary
Unbalanced
load
Inner ring:
Interference fit
Outer ring:
Clearance fit
Inner ring:
Clearance fit
Outer ring:
Interference fit
Inner ring:
stationary
Outer ring:
rotating
Static load
Inner ring:
stationary
Outer ring:
rotating
Unbalanced
load
Inner ring:
rotating
Outer ring:
stationary
39
Table 8.2 Tolerance Class of Shaft Used for Radial Bearings (Class 0, 6X, 6)
Ball bearings
Conditions
Self-aligning
roller bearings
Shaft
tolerance
class
Remarks
Over
Up to
18
100
18
100
200
40
140
40
140
200
h5
js6
k6
m6
18
100
140
200
18
100
140
200
280
40
100
140
200
40
100
140
200
400
40
65
100
140
280
40
65
100
140
280
500
js5
k5
m5
m6
n6
p6
r6
50
140
200
140
200
50
100
140
100
140
200
n6
p6
r6
Over
Up to
Inner ring
static load
Light or
fluctuating
load
Normal load
Heavy or 1
shock load
Inner ring
must be able
to move easily
on shaft.
g6
h6
js6
All loads
h9/IT5
1 Light, normal and heavy load refer to basic dynamic radial load rating of 6% or less, above 6% to 12% and less, and over 12%
for dynamic equivalent radial load.
2 Shaft circular and cylindrical tolerance values are given for IT5 and IT7.
Remarks: This table applies to steel solid shafts.
40
Table 8.3 Tolerance Class of Housing Bore Used for Radial Bearings (Class 0, 6X, 6)
Conditions
Housing
Tolerance class
of housing bore
Remarks
Able to transfer.
H7
Able to transfer.
H8
Temperature of
shaft and inner ring
become high.
G7
Requires precision
rotation with light
or normal loads.
K6
Able to transfer.
JS6
Able to transfer.
H6
Transfer in axial 3
direction of outer ring
Outer ring
static load
Able to transfer.
JS7
K7
Indeterminate
direction load
Outer ring
rotating load
M7
M7
N7
P7
Remarks
Housing
JIS class 0
bearing
G6
G7
H8
H7
H6
J6 J7
K6 K7
Dmp
All shaft
diameters
js6
All shaft
diameters
js6
k6
m6
n6
js 6, k6 and m6
may be used in
place of k6, m6
and n6
respectively.
M6 M7
N6 N7
P6 P7
Clearance fit
Transition fit
Interference fit
200
400
200
400
Fit
Clearance fit
Transition fit
p6
JIS class 0
bearing
k5
h5 h6
J5
k6
m5 m6
n5 n6
J6
g5 g6
Shaft
41
(8.2)
Where
dF : Required effective interference
according to radial load (m)
d : Bearing bore (mm)
B : Inner ring width (mm)
Fr : Radial load Nkgf
Cor : Basic static load rating Nkgf
42
(8.3)
Where:
dr : Required effective interference
according to temperature difference
(m)
T : Difference between bearing
temperature and ambient temperature
(C)
d : Bearing bore (mm)
(3) Interference and surface roughness of
fit surface
Fit surface roughness of the shaft and
housing is crushed to a certain extent,
reducing interference by that amount. The
amount that interference is reduced differs
according to roughness of the fit surface, but
this is generally compensated somewhat
when calculating inner ring expansion and
outer ring contraction factors.
(4) Maximum interference
Tensile stress is produced in the bearing
ring mounted on the shaft when interference
is provided. If excessive interference is
applied, the bearing ring could be cracked or
life reduced. The upper limit value for
interference is generally 1/1000 of the shaft
diameter or less.
In the case of heavy or shock loads,
calculate fit stress with detailed analysis. It is
generally safe as long as 13 kgf/mm2 is not
exceeded for bearing steel, or 18 kgf/mm2 for
carburizing steel.
Fit of hollow
E deff 1d/Di2
1do/d2
steel shaft
P=
2 d
1do/Di2
and inner ring
Fit of steel
housing and
P=
E Deff 1Do/D2
1D/Dh2
2 D
1Do/Dh2
Fit of shaft
and inner ring
2
t max = P 1+d/Di2
Fit of housing
t max = P
MPa
and outer ring
kgf / mm2
Di
d 2
Di
D
Dh
do
d
Fit of hollow
E deff
P=
steel shaft
2
d
and inner ring
MPa
outer ring
kgf / mm2
Max.
stress
Symbols (Unit: N
kgf, mm)
Equation
Do
Fit conditions
1
d/Di
2
2
1
Do/D
Deep groove
ball bearing
Cylindrical
roller bearing
Self-aligning
roller bearing
All types
1.05
All types
1.05
All types
4d + D
5
3d + D
4
2d + D
3
0.98
0.97
d + 4D
5
d + 3D
4
d + 4D
5
43
Where:
Kd : Inner ring pressure fit or drawing force
Nkgf
KD : Outer ring pressure fit or drawing force
Nkgf
P : Fit surface pressure MPakgf/mm2
(See Table 8.5)
d : Shaft diameter, inner ring bore (mm)
D : Housing bore, outer ring outside
diameter (mm)
B : Inner or outer ring width
: Sliding friction coefficient
(See Table 8.7)
Table 8.7 Sliding Friction Coefficient for
Pressure Fit and Draw
Item
When pressure fitting inner (outer) ring on cylindrical shaft (hollow) 0.12
When drawing inner (outer) ring off cylindrical shaft (hollow) 0.18
When pressure fitting inner ring on tapered shaft or sleeve
When drawing inner ring off tapered shaft
When pressure fitting sleeve on shaft or bearing
When drawing sleeve off shaft or bearing
44
0.17
0.14
0.30
0.33
18
50
200
Internal clearance
correction amount
C2
24.5 2.5 34
5 45
49
15 68
147
CN C3 C4 C5
4
5
8
4
6
9
4
6
9
4
6
9
Table 9.1 Radial Internal Clearance for Deep Groove Ball Bearings
Nominal bearing
bore diameter d mm
Over
Up to
C2
Min.
CN
Unit: m
C3
C4
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
C5
Max.
Min.
Max.
2.5
6
2.5
6
10
0
0
0
6
7
7
4
2
2
11
13
13
10
8
8
20
23
23
14
29
20
37
10
18
24
18
24
30
0
0
1
9
10
11
3
5
5
18
20
20
11
13
13
25
28
28
18
20
23
33
36
41
25
28
30
45
48
53
30
40
50
40
50
65
1
1
1
11
11
15
6
6
8
20
23
28
15
18
23
33
36
43
28
30
38
46
51
61
40
45
55
64
73
90
65
80
100
80
100
120
1
1
2
15
18
20
10
12
15
30
36
41
25
30
36
51
58
66
46
53
61
71
84
97
65
75
90
105
120
140
120
140
160
140
160
180
2
2
2
23
23
25
18
18
20
48
53
61
41
46
53
81
91
102
71
81
91
114
130
147
105
120
135
160
180
200
180
200
225
200
225
250
2
2
2
30
35
40
25
25
30
71
85
95
63
75
85
117
140
160
107
125
145
163
195
225
150
175
205
230
265
300
250
280
315
280
315
355
2
2
3
45
55
60
35
40
45
105
115
125
90
100
110
170
190
210
155
175
195
245
270
300
225
245
275
340
370
410
355
400
450
400
450
500
3
3
3
70
80
90
55
60
70
145
170
190
130
150
170
240
270
300
225
250
280
340
380
420
315
350
390
460
510
570
500
560
560
630
10
10
100
110
80
90
210
230
190
210
330
360
310
340
470
520
440
490
630
690
45
1.2
1.0
Life
Where:
eff : Operating clearance (mm)
o : Bearing initial internal clearance (mm)
f : Internal clearance reduction due to
interference (mm)
t : Internal clearance reduction due to
the difference in temperature of the
inner and outer rings (mm)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
46
9.3 Preload
Bearings are used with minimal clearance
during operation. Bearings used in pairs such
as angular contact ball bearings and tapered
roller bearings are sometimes used with
negative clearance in the axial direction,
depending upon the application. This
condition is called "preload." This means there
is elastic contact between the rolling elements
and raceway surface.
The following effects are obtained as a
result:
Bearing rigidity increases.
Suitable for high-speed rotation.
Rotation precision and positioning precision
is enhanced.
Vibration and noise are suppressed.
Smearing which can cause the rolling
element to slip is reduced.
Fretting produced by external vibration is
prevented.
Excessive preload however invites life
reduction, abnormal heating, and increase of
rotating torque.
Table 8.13 The normal preload of duplex arrangement angular contact ball bearings
Nominal
bore diameter
d mm
78C
Low
Normal
over
inch
12
18
12
18
32
10
1
29
3
32
40
50
40
50
65
10
1
20
2
29
3
29
3
49
5
98
10
79CHSB9C
Central
Heavy
Low
147
15
20
2
78
8
98
10
196
20
147
15
196
20
390
40
29
3
39
4
49
5
78
Normal
Central
98
10
78
8
98
10
118
12
196
20
245
25
294
30
49
Preload
method
Usage example
Angular contact
ball bearings
Maintain shaft
precision,
prevent
vibration,
enhance rigidity
Grinders
Turning machines
Milling machines
Measuring devices
Tapered roller
bearings
Thrust ball
bearings
Angular contact
ball bearings
Enhance rigidity
of bearing.
Turning machines
Milling machines
Automobiles
Differential pinions
Printing presses
Wheels
Angular contact
ball bearings
Deep groove
ball bearings
Tapered roller
bearings
(high speed)
Maintain
precision and
prevent
vibration/noise
without
changing
preload by load,
temperature, etc.
Internal cylindrical
grinding machines
Electric motors
Small high-speed
shafts
Tension reels
47
Bearing2 Bearing1
Bearing2
Outer ring
Ball
o
b
o
Fo
(2) Preload
after adding
(3) Axial load
applied
Bearing1
Inner ring
Axial load
Fa
Fo
Fo
o o
a
F2
o
a
Fa
F1
Fa
Fo
F2
1
o
2
o
Axial direction
displacement
F1=F2+Fa
Fig. 9.3 Fixed Position Preload Model Diagram and Preload Line Diagram
48
0.50
9.4 Correlation of Axial and Radial Internal Clearance for Deep Groove Ball Bearings
0.40
0.30
0.20
30
68
20
68 15
05
68 10
68
68
0
0
68
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.003
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.003
0.50
0.40
0.30
05
60
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.003
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
30
60 20
60 15
60 10
60 00
60
0.005
0.20
30
69 0
2
69 15
69 10
69 05
69
00
69
0.05
0.50
0.40
0.30
30
62 20
62 5
1
62 10
62 05
62
00
62
0.20
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.003
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.05
Technical data is based on typical figures. The values therefore cannot be guaranteed.
49
C
05
1
79
0.03
C
20
79
0C
9
7 3
0.02
0.01
0.04
5C
C
10
79
79
0.04
0
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.0
Axial load
7910
7915
7920
7930
0.01
2.5
103N
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.5
103N
2.0
Axial load
Fig. 9.5.2 Axial Load and Displacement for
79 Series
0.04
C C
20
C
70
30
70
C
05
C
10
70
70
700
0C
0.04
790
0.02
0
0
0.03
5
01
0.03
0.02
0.01
00
70
0.03
700
0.02
7010
7015
0.01
7020
7030
0
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Axial load
Fig. 9.5.3 Axial Load and Displacement for
70C Series
2.5
103N
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Axial load
2.5
103N
Technical data is based on typical figures. The values therefore cannot be guaranteed.
50
700
0.02
0B
B
7005
7010B
7015B
0.01
7020B
7030B
0
0C
0.03
C
C
10 215
7
20
72
72
72
30
0.02
0.01
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
103N
Axial load
Fig. 9.5.5 Axial Load and Displacement for
70B Series
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
103N
Axial load
Fig. 9.5.6 Axial Load and Displacement for
72C Series
0.04
0.04
0.03
720
0.03
72
05
C
0.04
0.04
720
0.02
5
720
7210
7215
0.01
7220
7230
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Axial load
Fig. 9.5.7 Axial Load and Displacement for
72 Series
2.5
103N
0.03
0.02
7200
7205B
7210B
0.01
7220B
7215B
7230B
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Axial load
2.5
103N
Technical data is based on typical figures. The values therefore cannot be guaranteed.
51
0.02
5X
00
-32
4T
0.01
4T-
320
10X
U
015X
32
XU
32020
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
103N
Axial load
Fig. 9.6.1 Axial Load and Displacement for
320 Series
0.01
1.0
2.0
3.0
Axial load
4.0
103N
0.02
30
31
-30
-30
4T
4T
U
0X
91
32
U
X
5
1
329 XU
20
329
0
0
0.02
15U
303
0.01
20U
303
05D
3
0
T-3
4
D
4T-30310
30315DU
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Axial load
4.0 3
10 N
Technical data is based on typical figures. The values therefore cannot be guaranteed.
52
1.0
0.9
fL
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
5
10
11
Cr
P
Fig. 10.1 Value of Correction Factor fL by Bearing Load
1.0
Angular
0.9
contact ba
ll bearings
Deep gr
oove
0.8
fC
Tap
Self
0.7
0.6
ball bear
ings
ere
-alig
d ro
ller
bea
ning
ring
s
rolle
r be
arin
gs (
Fa/
Fr
10
2e)
0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Fa
Fr
Fig. 10.2 Value of Correction Factor fC by
Combined Radial and Axial Load
Type NU
Boundary dimensions
dynamic
mm
D
75
85
85
16
19
19
Type NJ
Type NUP
Type N
Type HF
55mm
rs min
1
1.1
1.1
r1s min
Cr
Cor
Cr
0.6
1.1
1.1
31.0
46.0
63.0
34.0
47.0
66.5
3,200
4,700
6,450
Limiting speeds
Bearing numbers
static
kgf
rpm
Cor
3,450
4,800
6,800
grease
oil
9,900
8,400
7,600
12,000
9,900
9,000
type
NU
NU1009
NU209
NU209E
type
NJ
NJ
NJ
NJ
type type
NUP
N
NUP
NUP
NUP
N
N
53
2M
(11.1)
Pd
Where:
: Friction factor
M : Friction moment Nmmkgfmm
P : Bearing load Nkgf
d : Bearing bore mm
11
1.01.5
1.21.8
0.81.2
1.01.5
2.03.0
1.72.5
2.02.5
1.01.5
2.03.0
54
Q 0.10510-6 Mn N
1.0310-6-6 Mn kgf(11.2)
Where:
Q : Amount of heat produced kW
M : Friction moment Nmmkgfmm
n : Rotational speed of bearing rpm
Bearing temperature is determined by the
balance of the amount of heat produced and
the amount of heat released.
In most cases temperature rises sharply
during the initial stages of operation, and then
stabilizes to a somewhat lower temperature
after a certain amount of time elapses. The
amount of time it takes to reach this constant
temperature differs according to various
conditions such as bearing size, type,
rotational speed, load, lubrication, and heat
release of the housing. If constant
temperature is never reached, it is assumed
that there is something wrong. Possible
causes are as follows:
Insufficient bearing internal clearance or
excessive preload.
Bearing is mounted improperly.
Excessive axial load due to heat
expansion or improper mounting of the
bearing.
Excess/lack of lubricant, improper
lubricant.
Heat is being generated from the sealing
device.
Data concerning temperature rise due to
load or rotational speed is provided for your
reference. (See Figs. 11.1 and 11.2 on the
following page)
Oil bath
ISO VG56
Rotational speed 3 000rpm
60
22312
40
NU212
6212
20
400
800
1200 1600
Radial load kgf
Oil bath
ISO VG56
80
Temperature rise C
Temperature rise C
80
2 000
f
kg
ad 530
o
l
l 2
dia
gf
Ra 312
80k
22
7
2
1
2
kgf
NU
460
2
1
2
6
60
40
20
1000
5 000
11.3 Sound
When the inner or outer ring of the bearing
turns, the rolling elements roll along the
raceway surface accompanying the cage,
thus producing various sounds and vibrations.
In other words, vibration and sound is
produced according to shape and roughness
of the rolling surface and sliding parts, and the
lubrication status.
11
One-Point Advice
Bearing Tips
What is rolling friction?
They say it is theoretically extremely difficult to measure
pure rolling friction where difference in speed of two surfaces
must be zero.
In actuality, however, the influence of pure rolling friction is
extremely small compared to other factors involved in rolling
bearings (such as friction between the cage and rolling
elements, agitation resistance of the lubricant), and is
usually ignored.
Friction is however produced between two surfaces by
rolling, and there is an intimate connection between rolling
and sliding friction.
Various past experiments suggest that the rolling friction
factor is approximately between 0.00001 and 0.001.
U1
F1=F2
U1=U2
F1
F2
U2
P
Rolling friction measurement
model diagram
55
Related factors
Swoosh Swoop
Sssss
Small bearing
Hiss
Growl
(Moaning sound)
Scratch
Roll
Large bearings
Small bearings
Rumble
Continuous sound
Scratching of raceway surface, surface
according to high speed. of balls or rollers.
Whirr
Crackle
Dirt in bearing.
Pitter-patter
Flap flap
Flutter
Tapered roller
bearings
Large bearings
Small bearings
Click
Clack
Crack
Clang
Urrr
Squeak
Screech
Pip pop
11
Characteristics
Sound quality does not change when
rotational speed changes (dirt).
Sound quality changes when rotational
speed changes (Flaw).
Krak
Sound pressure is
generally too large.
56
Regular continuous
sound at high speed.
12. Lubrication
The objective of lubricating a bearing is to
form a film of oil on the rolling and sliding
surfaces to prevent metal parts from making
direct contact with each other. Lubrication
provides the following effects.
Reduces friction and wear
Discharges friction heat
Extends bearing life
Prevents rust
Prevents foreign material from getting
inside
In order to get the most from the lubricant,
you must choose a lubricant and lubrication
method that suits your usage conditions, and
must make use of sealing devices for
preventing dirt from getting in and lubricant
from leaking out.
Lithium grease
Non-soap grease
Thickener
Li soap
Base oil
Mineral oil
Diester oil
Silicon oil
Mineral oil
Synthetic oil
170 190
170 190
200 250
250 or more
250 or more
Operating temperature
range (C)
-30 +130
-50 +130
-50 +160
-10 +130
-50 +200
Mechanical stability
Superior
Good
Good
Good
Good
Pressure resistance
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Good
Water resistance
Applications
Good
Good
Good
Largest range of
applications.
Superior
low-temperature
and friction
characteristics.
Suitable for small
and miniature
bearings.
All-purpose
grease for rolling
bearings.
57
12
Solid grease
12
Application
355385
Concentrated greasing
310340
Concentrated greasing
265295
220250
58
VKW (12.1)
Where:
V : Space volume of an open bearing
(approximate value) (cm3)
K : Bearing space factor (see Table 12.4)
W : Bearing mass (kg)
Performance of grease deteriorates with the
passing of time. Grease must therefore be
Cage type
Pressed cage
61
NU type cylindrical 2
roller bearing
Pressed cage
Machined cage
50
36
N type cylindrical 3
roller bearing
Pressed cage
Machined cage
55
37
Pressed cage
46
Pressed cage
Machined cage
35
28
no / n
@
400
300
200
100
50
40
30
20
10
7
Bearing bore !
d mm
20.0
500
300
200
100
50
30
20
20
10
500
300
200
100
200
50
100 30
50 20
30
10 000
5 000
4 000
3 000
15.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
12
4.0
3.0
2 000
2.0
1 000
1.5
500
400
300
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
59
Showa
Shell Sekiyu
Kyodo Yushi
Esso Sekiyu
NTN No.
Thickener
Base oil
Alvania Grease 2
2A
Lithium
Mineral oil
Alvania Grease 3
3A
Lithium
Mineral oil
Alvania Grease RA
4A
Lithium
Mineral oil
Alvania EP Grease 2
8A
Lithium
Mineral oil
Aeroshell Grease 7
5S
Micro gel
Diester oil
Multemp PS No.2
1K
Lithium
Diester oil
Multemp SRL
5K
Lithium
Tetraesterdiester oil
Multemp PSK
7K
Lithium
E5
L417
Urea
Ether
Andok C
1E
Natrium compound
Synthetic hydrocarbon
TEMPREX N3/Unirex N3
2E
Lithium compound
Synthetic hydrocarbon
BEACON 325
3E
Lithium
Diester oil
6K
Lithium
Diester oil
Barrierta JFE552
LX11
Fluorine
Fluorine oil
Grease J
L353
Urea
Ester
SH33L
3L
Lithium
Methyl/phenol oil
SH44M
4M
Lithium
Methyl/phenol oil
6N
Lithiumnatrium
U-4
L412
Urea
Synthetic hydrocarbon +
dialkyl diphenyl ether
Nippon Grease
MP-1
L448
Diurea
PAOEster
Idemitsukosan
Apolloil Autolex A
5A
Lithium
Mineral oil
Bobil Grease 28
9B
Bentone
Synthetic hydrocarbon
2M
Na terephthalate
Demnum L200
LX23
PTFE
Fluorine oil
NOK CLUBER
Toray,
Dow Corning,
Silicone
Nippon Oil
12
Brand
Mobil Sekiyu
Cosmo Oil
Daikin Industries
60
Consistency
Dropping
point (C)
Operating
temperature (C)
Color
Characteristics
37.8C
140mm /s
273
181
25120
Amber
All-purpose grease
37.8C
140mm2/s
232
183
25135
Amber
All-purpose grease
37.8C
45mm /s
252
183
40120
Amber
98.9C
15.3mm2/s
276
187
20110
Brown
All-purpose extreme-pressure
98.9C
3.1mm /s
288
Min. 260
73149
Tan
37.8C
15.3mm2/s
265295
190
55130
White
MIL-G-23827
40C
26mm /s
250
192
40150
White
Wide range
37.8C
42.8mm2/s
270
190
40130
White
40C
72.3mm2/s
300
240
30180
White
40C
97mm /s
205
260
20120
Brown
40C 113mm2/s
220250
Min. 300
30160
Green
40C 11.5mm /s
265295
177
60120
Brown
40C
16.0mm2/s
265295
Min. 180
60130
40C
400mm2/s
290
35250
White
40C
75mm2/s
280
20180
Off-white
25C
100mm /s
300
200
70160
40C
32mm2/s
260
210
40180
Brown
37.8C
30.9mm /s
265295
215
40135
Light tan
40C 58mm2/s
255
260
40180
Milk
40C
40.6mm /s
243
254
40150
Light tan
37.8C
50mm /s
265295
192
25150
Yellow
40C
28mm2/s
315
Min. 260
62177
Red
37.8C
30.1mm /s
265295
Min. 230
40150
Light tan
60300
White
40C 200mm2/s
280
12
All-purpose grease
MIL-G-81322C Wide range
Wide range
61
12
Example
Lubrication method
Disc lubrication
Example
;;;
;;
;;;;
;;
;;
;;;;;
Drip lubrication
Air-oil lubrication
Circulating lubrication
Lubricates by high-pressure
injection of oil from the side of the
bearing. Provides high reliability
under harsh conditions such as
high speeds and high
temperatures.
Used for lubricating main bearings
in jet engines, gas turbines and
other high-speed equipment.
Under-race lubrication for machine
tools is one example of this type of
lubrication.
62
Viscosity mm2/s
0 60
60100
12
Applicable bearings
2232
46
All types
15 000 Up to
4668
100
All types
15 000 80 000
3246
68
All types
2232
32
10
2232
15 000 Up to
150
220
All types
15 000 80 000
100
150
All types
68
100150
32
68
100 150
Up to allowable rpms
320
0 60
Up to allowable rpms
4668
60100
Up to allowable rpms
150
All types
Self-aligning roller bearings
63
10
15
20
25
1.5
1
0.75
0.6
r
dP
Loa kgf
Example:
Bearing type 3022OU, Fr9.5 kN, n1800 rpm
Example when bearing temperature rise held to
15C for oil supply temperature.
12
dn
10 4
5
6
Bearing type
Self-aligning roller bearings
Tapered roller bearings
Angular contact ball bearings
Deep groove ball bearings/
cylindrical roller bearings
10
15
20
30
40
3
4
kN 30 000
0
300 20 00
Shaft
200
diameter
00
10 0
d
0
100
7 00
mm
70
0
6 00
160
0
60
4 00
140
40
0
3 00
30
100
0
80
2 00
60
20
0
0
5
40
1
20
5
1
0
0
1 00
10
800
8
600
6
400
4
2
200
Oil quantity q
cm3/min
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 000
1 100
1 200
64
Non-contact seal
Type
Oil flow
Name
Clearance seal
Internal slinger in
housing
Z grease seal
Oil seal
Slinger
Contact seal
Z grease
seal
Metal conduit
Spring
Seal lip
Lip edge
Combination
seals
Dust prevention
Seal characteristics
Lubricant
leak prevention
65
13
14
SUJ2
Chemical composition %
C
Si
0.95 0.15
1.10
0.35
Mn
Cr
Max.
0.50
Max.
0.025
Max.
0.025
1.30
1.60
66
15
When mounting on a cylindrical shaft using an adapter sleeve or withdrawal
sleeve, the bearing can be fixed in the axial direction. In the case of an
adapter sleeve, the bearing is fixed in place by frictional force between the
inside of the sleeve and the shaft.
67
rs min
ra
h
rs min
rs min
rs min
ra
rs min
rs min
rs min
Unit: mm
rs min
15
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.6
1
1.1
1.5
2
2.1
2.5
3
4
5
6
7.5
9.5
12
15
19
ras max
0.05
0.08
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.6
1
1
1.5
2
2
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
15
h (Min.)
General 1 Special 2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.25
1
2.25
2
2.75
2.5
3.5
3.25
4.25
4
5
4.5
6
5.5
6
5.5
7
6.5
9
8
11
10
14
12
18
16
22
20
27
24
32
29
42
38
68
1
1.1
1.5
2
2.1
2.5
3
4
5
6
7.5
Undercut dimensions
rc
2
2.4
3.2
4
4
4
4.7
5.9
7.4
8.6
10
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.3
1.5
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
4
5
6
7
b
rs min
t
rc
rc
t
rs min
b
Shaft
Housing
IT6 (IT5)
IT7 (IT5)
Circularity (max)
Cylindricity
IT3
IT4
IT3
IT3
0.8a
1.6a
1.6a
3.2a
large bearings
Allowable misalignment
Deep groove ball bearings
1/1 0001/300
1/1 000
1/10 000
1/10 000
Face-to-face
1/1 000
1/1 000
1/2 000
1/2 000
Face-to-face
1/1 000
1/2 000
Thrust bearings
1/10 000
1/20
1/501/30
15
69
16. Handling
Rolling bearings are precision parts, and
must be handled with care to ensure their
precision. The following care should be taken:
Bearings must be kept clean. Dirt affects
wear and noise. Be careful of dirt in the air
as well.
Do not expose to strong shocks. Doing so
could cause dents or crack the raceway
surface. Do not drop or strike with a
hammer.
In order to prevent rust, do not handle with
your bare hands. Should be coated with
rust preventative, and stored in package in
max. relative humidity of 60%.
16.1 Mounting
Remove all dirt, spurs, metal shavings, etc.,
from the shaft, housing, related parts and
mounting fixtures before mounting the
bearing. Check the dimension precision,
shape precision, and roughness of the
mounting section and make sure they are
within tolerance. Leave the bearing in its
packaging until you are ready to mount it.
In the case of oil lubrication, or even when
using grease lubrication, if there is danger of
destroying effectiveness of the lubricant by
mixing with rust preventatives, remove the
rust preventative with detergent oil prior to
mounting. If you plan to apply grease after
cleaning the bearing, you should dry the
bearing somewhat before applying grease. If
the bearing is to be inserted on the shaft or in
the housing, you must apply equal pressure to
the entire circumference of the bearing rings
(inner and outer) while inserting. Inserting
while applying force to just one part will cause
the ring to become cocked to one side. If you
apply force to the ring that is not to be
inserted, load is applied via the rolling
Driving plate
16
Fig. 16.2 Inner/Outer Ring Simultaneous Press Fitting
70
220
200
180
160
20
200
180
140
120
100
80
80
40
220
30
160
n6
m6
100
240
C
80
120
60
r6
p6
140
260
40
240
280
50
260
70
C
60
280
Ris
dif e in
heaferenctemp
ting e b erat
bea efor ure
ring e/af
90 ter
C
k5
j5
60
40
20
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Bearing bore (mm)
(c) Mounting by withdrawal sleeve
71
16
16
72
Notch
(a)
(b)
Notch
16
Notch
Fig. 16.9 Notch for Removal
73
Metal block
Metal block
16
74
E
2
deff
Outer ring P
E
2
Deff
(1k2) (1k02)
1k2 k02
(1h2) (1h02)
1h2 h02
Where:
d
k
di
d0
k0
d
De
h
D
D
h0
D0
0.12
0.18
0.17
0.14
0.30
0.33
16
75
Causes
Corrective measures
Insufficient clearance
(including clearances
made smaller by local
deformation)
Insufficient lubrication,
improper lubricant
Excessive load
(excessive preload)
Roller skew
Softening due to
abnormal temperature rise
Flaking
Seizure
17
76
Causes
Corrective measures
Reconsider lubricant
(prevent friction cracks).
Reconsider proper
interference and material.
Reconsider operating
conditions.
Improve method of
assembly and handling.
Insufficient precision of
shaft or housing.
Improper mounting
Insufficient rigidity of shaft
and housing
Shaft sling due to
excessive internal
clearance
Re-check internal
clearance.
Reconsider machining
precision of shaft or
housing.
Reconsider rigidity of
shaft and housing.
Cage damage
17
77
Causes
Corrective measures
Reconsider lubricant
and lubrication method.
Improve sealing
performance.
Reconsider preload.
Reconsider operating
conditions.
Improve method of
assembly and handling.
Improper storage
Improper packaging
Insufficient rust
preventative
Invasion of moisture, acid,
etc.
Handling with bare hands
17
Insufficient interference
Small bearing oscillation
angle
Insufficient lubrication
(unlubricated)
Fluctuating load
There are two types of fretting: the
type where rust-colored wear powder Vibration during transport
forms on fitting surfaces, and the type or when not operating
where brinneling indentation forms on
the raceway along the pitch of the
rolling elements.
78
Causes
Corrective measures
Wear
Foreign matter in the
lubricant
Insufficient lubrication
Roller skew
Improve method of
assembly and handling.
Improve sealing
performance
(to prevent foreign matter
from getting inside).
Check bearing periphery
(when caused by metal
shavings).
Decomposed
layer
White layer
Tempered
layer
17
79
Causes
Corrective measures
Creep
Insufficient interference of
fitted parts
Insufficient sleeve
tightening
Abnormal temperature rise
Excessive load
Reconsider interference.
Reconsider operating
conditions.
Reconsider machining
precision of shaft and
housing.
Foreign matter
Improper lubrication
Foreign matter
Improper lubrication
17
80
One-Point Advice
Bearing Tips
Transition of NTN Technology (Introduction of "Technical Review")
NTN technology has developed along with advancements in various industries based on
rolling bearings. There is practically no industry that can exist without the use of bearings,
beginning with the steel industry in the postwar reconstruction period, and including railway
cars, automobiles, aircraft, high-speed communications and environment-related industries.
Some of these are covered in NTN TECHNICAL REVIEW (formerly "Bearing Engineer").
Inaugural Issue
October, 1950
No. 50
October, 1984
No. 63
June, 1994
New materials /
surface improvement
No. 10
December, 1954
No. 20
December, 1959
High-speed
bearings
No. 60
January, 1992
Precision bearings
No. 64
June, 1995
Precision devices and
products
No. 29
December, 1964
No. 61
June, 1992
Automobile
bearings/parts
No. 65
October, 1996
Automobile products
No. 42
May, 1972
Aircraft bearings
No. 62
March, 1993
Industrial machine
bearings
No. 66
August, 1997
Constant velocity joints
17
81
Reference material
Abbreviation
Standards
JIS
BAS
ISO
DIN
ANSI
ABMA
BS
British Standards
MIL
SAE
ASTM
ASME
JGMA
82
NAME
ADDRESS
PHONE
OFFICE
PHONE
83