(1) What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the recursive method for

implementing the STFT?

:
STFT , rectangle-window,
, X(nt , mf ) n n-1
X(nt , mf )
= (( 1) , ) (( 1) )
+ (( + ) )

2(1)

2(+)

FFT , ,

:
Recursive method , rectangle-window
, rectangle-window window,
n=t , n=t , t t
, rectangle-window ,
, FFT, :
1
t

2 ( ), Nyquist frequency
1

t = , N-FFT limit
N > 2Q + 1, Q window
, FFT, FFT ,

(2) Calculate the WDF of cos((2t + 3)).

For autocorrelation of cosine:

1
cos((2t + + 3)) cos((2t + 3)) = [cos((4 + 6)) + cos((2))]
2
So the WDF is:

1
1
2
W(t, f) = cos((4 + 6))
+ cos(2) 2
2
2

1
1
1
W(t, f) = cos((4 + 6)) () + ( 1) + ( + 1)
2
4
4

(3) Which of the following signals are suitable to be analyzed by the Wigner

distribution function (WDF)? Why?

a. exp(j2t 2 )
WDF autocorrelation:
2
2
j2(t+ ) j2(t )
2
2
e
e

= 4

WDF :

(, ) = 4 2 = (

2
)

, WDF
b.

Musical signal
WDF Musical signal ,
, WDF cross-term,
Musical signal WDF

c.

cos(3t 4 + 5)
WDF , cosine exponential
, WDF cross-term, cosine
WDF DC term WDF phase
cross-term WDF

d.

Gaussian functions
WDF Gaussian autocorrelation:
2
2
e(+2) e(2)

2 2

2
2

=e

, ,
Gaussian function, Fourier Transform Gaussian WDF
Gaussian , t, f , WDF
Gaussian Functions
e.

Whale voice on page 23

WDF Whale voice ,
polynomial , 3 chirp function, WDF
cross-term, WDF

(4) Why (a) windowed Wigner distribution function, (b) Cohens class distribution,

and (c) the Gabor-Wigner transform can avoid the cross term problem in some
cases?
a.

Windowed Wigner distribution function:

ppt p144~148 , WDF (t t1 ) + ( 2 ),
t=

t1 +2
2

cross-term, w() = 0, |(t1 2 )|

window cross-term ,
cross-term
b.

Cohens class distribution:

ppt p156 , Ambiguity Function auto-term
cross-term , Cohens class distribution Ambiguity
Function cross-term , Wigner Distribution Function
cross-term Ambiguity Function Low-pass Filter,
Filter , cross-term

c.

Gabor-Wigner transform:
Gabor-Wigner Transform Gabor Wigner ,
, Gabor Wigner
Gabor cross-term , Wigner
, Wigner cross-term , Gabor 0,
cross-term

(5) Compared to the STFT, what are the advantages of (a) the S transform and (b)
the generalized spectrogram?
a.

S transform STFT , window f 2 , |f|,

f , window , ,
f S transform , ,
f , ,
, General , f s(f),
, window

b.

Generalized spectrogram , Gabor window

, window ,
Gabor ,
, ,

,
(6) Matlab Program - Gabor Transform
m , Gabor.m Gabor Transform Function,
gabor_program.m input, , scriptInput
time t : -10~20 sec, frequency f: 5~35 Hz, signal x -10~20 sec
10, 30, 20 Hz cosine, dt = 0.01, df = 0.2 Gabor

0.188736 sec, : (, )
Gabor Transform
35

30

Frequency (Hz)

25

20

15

10

5
-10

-5

5
Time (sec)

10

15

20

FFT method , FFT N = , dt (230) ,

2

N > 2Q + 1, window w(t) = e , Q =

1
df

1.9143
1

> 2 1.9143 + , function ,

error, ppt ,
for-loop , FFT

Fs
2

f , phase f