Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Quality Management
Construction Quality Management
Quality Management
Quality:
Quality refers to the sum of attributes or properties
that describe the product.
Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a
The above definitions bring out certain distinct features of the term
quality
Fitness for use: The components are said to possess good quality, if
they work well in the structure for which they are meant.
Grade: Quality is the distinguishing feature or grade of the product
in appearance, performance, life, reliability, taste, odour and
maintainability etc. These are generally called as quality
characteristics.
Degree of preference: Quality is the degree to which a specified
product is preferred over competing products of equivalent grade.
This is based on comparative tests by customers and is normally
called customer preference.
Degree of excellence: Quality is a measure of the degree of general
excellence of the product.
Conformity to requirements: Conformity to requirements is
concerned with how well a product conforms to design and other
specifications.
Quality History
Quality issues have been of great concern throughout the recorded
history of humans.
During the New Stone Age, several civilizations emerged, and
some 40005000 ago, considerable skills in construction were
acquired.
The pyramids in Egypt were built approximately 25892566 BC.
Hammurabi, the king of Babylonia (17921750) BC codified the
Quality History
From the foregoing writings and many others on the history of
quality, it is evident that the quality system in its different forms
has moved through distinct quality eras such as:
Quality inspection
Quality control
Quality assurance
Total quality
However, quality actually emerged as a dominant thinking only
since World War II, becoming an integral part of overall business
system focused on customer satisfaction, and becoming known
in recent times as Total Quality Management, with its three
constitutive elements:
Total: Organization wide
Quality: Customer satisfaction
Management: Systems of managing
Continuous improvement,
Empowering people
Caring for people & Involvement
Compliance to specification
Allocating blame
Inspection
Salvage
Sorting, grading,
reblending
Corrective actions
Identify sources of
nonconformance
Quality assurance
Quality systems development
Advanced quality planning
Comprehensive quality manuals
Use of quality costs
Involvement of non-production
operations
Failure mode and effects analysis
Statistical process control
Quality control
Develop quality manual
Process performance data
Self-inspection
Product testing
Basic quality planning
Use of basic statistics
Paperwork controls
Conformance
Durability
Serviceability
Aesthetics
Dimensions of Quality:
Benefits of Quality:
It gives a positive company image
It improves competitive ability both nationally and
internationally
It increases market share, which translated into
improved profits
Overall, it reduces costs, which also translates into
improved profits
It reduces or eliminates product liability problems,
avoiding unnecessary costs
It creates an atmosphere for high employee morale,
which improves productivity
Types of quality:
scholars breaks down quality into four categories to
understand its relationship to competition.
Indifferent quality :- Quality that the customer does not
notice or appreciate.
Expected quality :- Quality that customer expects and
demands.
One-dimensional quality :- Quality that the customer
expects, but that does not necessarily result in lots of order
or displeased customer, when lacking.
Exciting quality:- Quality that exceeds the customers
expectations, attracting favourable attention of customers.
It is the quality that pleasantly surprises customers, perhaps
creating an order winner.
Levels of Quality:
An organization that is committed to quality must examine quality at three levels:
Organizational level
Quality concerns centre on meeting external customer requirements.
An organization must seek customer input on a regular basis. Customer-driven
performance standards should be used as the basis for goal setting, problem
solving, performance appraisal, incentive compensation, non-financial rewards and
resources allocation.
Process level
Organizational units are classified as functions or departments, such as marketing,
design, product development, operations, finance, purchasing, billing and so on.
Since most processes are cross-functional, the managers of particular organizations
units may try to optimize the activities under their control, which can sub optimize
activities for the organization on a whole.
Performance / job level
Standards for output must be based on quality and customer-service requirements
that originate at the organizational and process level.
These standards include requirements for accuracy, completeness, innovation,
timeliness and cost
Quality Manual
This is a company-wide document setting out the general quality
policies, procedures and practices of the organization.
A quality manual usually comprises the following:
1. Company policy statement which includes a statement, a
summary of activities undertaken and the firm's policy,
objectives towards implementing a quality system in accordance
with the requirements of a standard.
2. General statement to amplify the company's commitment to
implementing a quality system.
3. Amendment re-issue and distribution.
4. Authority and responsibility included in the firm's
organization.
5. Summary of different procedures.
Quality Procedures
These are documents describing the activities involved in
conducting business which are essential to the achievement of
quality,
e.g. instructions for the production of concrete would require a
quality procedure.
They are in fact method statements which make reference to
relevant specification documents.
The quality procedures include the following:
1. Scope and purpose of the procedures.
2. Sequence of actions.
3. Persons responsible in the execution of duties and for ensuring
that requirements are met.
4. Remedial actions if non-conformance is detected.
Quality Plan
Besides the quality manual and the quality procedures,
Quality system
In a manufacturing factory, material and labour are input through a
A quality system has to cover all the activities leading to the finished
product.
Depending on the scope of the project of the organization, these
activities include planning, design, development, purchasing,
production, inspection, storage, delivery and after-sales service.
A reference base is required against which the adequacy of a quality
system can be judged.
Such a reference base is called quality system standard.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) went one
step further by developing a standard which would be internationally
accepted.(ISO1900)
Note: in the construction industry quality standards are usually
referred to as project specifications, which consists of the customers
requirements and all of the stated and implied regulatory
requirements.
2.Quality system
A companys quality system is its blue-print for quality
management. It is a means of ensuring the quality of the
product.
The quality system is to be fully documented with
documentation usually in three tiers.
The first tier document is the quality manual which covers
the requirements of the International Standard to which the
quality system is to conform.
The second tier documents consist of a number of quality
procedures which are referred to by the quality manual.
3.Contract review
Contract review is a preventive measure to avoid any
Contract
Article
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Owner
Resp
Contractor
Resp.
Overlap
Resp
Contract
Condition:
Description
4. Design control
control.
Obviously the quality system documents are controlled documents.
Other documents belonging to this group are those which control the
processes of tender preparation, requisition and procurement, staff
recruitment, etc.(operation manual)
Document control does not affect the contents of the documents, but
regulates the administrative processes by which a document is created,
revised, distributed, retrieved, archived and disposed of.
The control mechanism operates through the following:
review and approval of new and revised document before issue by an
authorized person;
distribution of pertinent issues to prescribed personnel and
departments;
prompt removal of obsolete documents to prevent inadvertent use;
marking of obsolete documents to such effect, if not immediately
disposed of.
6. Purchasing
In the construction industry, purchasing refers not only to
prefabricated components.
These include precast concrete units and semi assembled
steelwork.
After the units have passed the appropriate inspection and/or
testing, they should be made identifiable as to batch or series.
Such markings can simply be painted on the units or indicated
with stick-on labels.
9. Process control
Construction processes, including erection of temporary works, pre
construction.
The nonconformities range from minor discrepancies such as sandstreaking of the concrete surface or using a paint of the wrong colour,
to major mistakes such as incorrect level of a floor or non-verticality
of a wall.
With in-process inspection and testing properly and conscientiously
performed, it should be able to discover any nonconformity as soon as
it exists.
The next step is to identify the nonconforming work so as to avoid it
being covered over or built upon. The method to do so depends on the
kind of work.
The nonconforming work should be reviewed as soon as possible after
it is detected.
Based on the outcome of the review, the disposition of the
nonconforming work is worked out, which ranges from qualified
acceptance to reconstruction.
Weaknesses:
more paperwork
increased bureaucracy
higher overhead cost
Stage 3
Types of audit
Most audits fall into one of three categories:
INTERNAL AUDITS
These are audits undertaken by an organization to examine its own
systems and procedures.
They may be performed by people from within the organization or by
teams hired from outside.
Note that internal auditors must be independent of the people being
audited in order that their objectivity will not be compromised.
EXTERNAL AUDITS
These are audits undertaken by an organization to examine the quality
systems of its suppliers.
Again, they may be performed by in-house teams or by outside
agencies hired by purchasers.
THIRD-PARTY AUDITS
Audit procedures
A. PREPARATION
On receipt of an instruction to carry out an audit, the lead
auditors first action should be to make contact with the
auditee and establish that there is a common understanding of
the background to, and purpose of, the audit.
In carrying out preparations, the auditor will seek to achieve
the following objectives:
1. To establish whether the auditee has a documented system
capable of satisfying the requirements of the audit.
2. To select matters in the documents which require clarification.
3. To identify the functions or departments in the auditees
organization which s/he will wish to examine and to draw up a
check-list of questions applicable to each.
B. THE AUDIT
It is usual to commence the audit with an opening meeting attended
by the audit team and the heads of the auditees departments which
are to be assessed.
The purpose of this meeting is to ensure that all concerned
understand the background and purpose of the audit and are aware
of the procedure to be followed.
Typical agenda for an opening meeting:
Introduction
Background and purpose
Confirmation of audit plan
Nomination of escort
Identification of auditee management representatives
Logistics: working hours, office accommodation, lunch, closing
meeting, etc.
Questions.
INTERNAL/EXTERNAL
AUDITS
THIRD-PARTY AUDITS
Principles of TQM
Five core principles are embodied in TQM
Supporting Elements
The five principles of TQM can be achieved in an organization
with the aid of six basic supporting elements:
Leadership: Senior Management must lead this effort by
example, by applying the tools and language, by requiring the
use of data, and by recognizing those who successfully apply the
concepts of TQM.
Education and Training: Quality is based on the skills of all
the employees and their understanding of what is required.
Supportive Structure: Senior managers may require support to
bring about the change necessary to implement a quality
strategy.
1. Customer Focus
According to the philosophy of TQM, total customer
and customer.
These three roles are carried out at every level of the
construction process. The designer is a customer of the owner.
2. Process Improvements
A process is a way of getting work done.
A process consists of the tasks, procedures and policies
necessary to satisfy an internal or external customer need.
According to the TQM philosophy, if the process is
correct, so will be the end result (product).
Thus the organization should work to improve the process
so as to improve the end product or service.
3. Continual Improvements
The goal of continual improvement is common to many managerial
theories; but TQM is unique in that it provides a specific step-by-step
process to achieve this. This process consists of nine steps:
1. Identify the process.
2. Organize a multi-disciplinary team to study the process and
recommend improvements.
3. Define areas where data is needed.
4. Collect data on the process.
5. Analyze the collected data and brainstorm for improvement.
6. Determine recommendations and methods of implementation.
7. Implement the recommendations outlined in step 6.
8. Collect new data on the process after the proposed changes have
been implemented to verify their effectiveness.
9. Circle back to step 5 and again analyze the data and brainstorm for
further improvement.
Benefits of TQM
From the viewpoint of the individual company, the strategic
implications of TQM include:
Survival in an increasingly competitive world
Better service to its customers
Enhancement of the organization's "shareholder value"
Improvement of the overall quality and safety of its
facilities
Reduced project duration and costs
Better utilization of the talents of its people
Training
Internal quality audits
Management review