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CSE3213 07 ShiftKeying F2010
CSE3213 07 ShiftKeying F2010
Analog Transmission
of Digital Data:
ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM
Required reading:
Garcia 3.7
Digital-to-analog modulation.
Analog-to-analog modulation.
freq
Types of Digital-to-Analog
Modulation
+A
Is this picture,
from the textbook,
entirely correct?!
-A
advantage: simplicity
vd(f)
vc(f)
1
(cos(A - B) + cos(A + B))
2
Carrier signal:
Digital signal:
(unipolar!!!)
2
2
1 2
cos30 t +
cos50 t ...
v d (t) = A + cos0 t
3
5
2
Modulated signal:
cos30 t +
cos50 t ... =
= cosc t + cos0 t
3
5
2
1
2
2
= cosc t + cosc t cos0 t cosc t cos30 t + ... =
2
3
1
1
= cosc t + [cos(c 0 )t + cos(c + 0 )t ] 2
1
[cos(c 30 )t + cos(c + 30 )t ] + ...
d_max
c-d_max c c+d_max
peak amplitude & phase remain constant during each bit interval
Acos(2 f1t), binary 0
s(t) =
Acos(2 f2 t), binary 1
f1<f2
+A
-A
vFSK(t)
d_max
1-d_max1
2 +
2
d_max
Modulated signal:
1 2
cos30 t +
cos50 t ... +
= cos1t + cos0 t
3
5
2
2
2
1 2
cos30 t
cos50 t ... =
+ cos2 t cos0 t +
5
3
2
= ...
1
1
= cos1t + [cos(1 0 )t + cos(1 + 0 )t ] 2
1
[cos(1 30 )t + cos(1 + 30 )t ] + ... +
3
1
1
cos 2 t [cos(2 0 )t + cos(2 + 0 )t ] 2
1
[cos(2 30 )t + cos(2 + 30 )t ] + ... +
+
3
10
11
peak amplitude & freq. remain constant during each bit interval
2-PSK, or
Binary PSK,
since only 2
different phases
are used.
Acos(2 fc t),
s(t) =
- Acos(2 fc t),
binary 1
+A
-A
binary 0
advantage:
vd(t)
vc(t)
vPSK(t)
d_max
c-d_max c c+d_max
12
1
(1+ cos 2A )
2
resulting signal
2Acos 2 (2fc t) = A[1+ cos(4 fc t)] , binary 1
- 2Acos 2 (2fc t) = A[1+ cos(4 fc t)] , binary 0
13
Baseband
Signal
14
+A
-A
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
sender
Modulated
Signal
x(t)
+A
-A
A cos(2ft)
-A cos(2ft)
A {1 + cos(4ft)} -A {1 + cos(4ft)}
receiver
After multiplication
at receiver
x(t) cos(2fct)
Baseband
signal discernable
after smoothing
+A
-A
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
+A
-A
15
Wc/2
then
Wc
Modulated signal
x(t)cos(2fct) has
bandwidth Wc Hz
f
fc-B
fc
fc+B
16
Acos(2fc t + ),
2
s(t) =
Acos(2fc t + ),
3
Acos(2fc t + ),
2
binary 00
binary 01
binary 10
binary 11
17
-1
-1
B1
A1
B2
A2
B3
A3
sin(2fc t)
Yi(t) = Ak cos(2fct)
cos(2fct)
Bk
Yq(t) = Bk sin(2fct)
sin(2fct)
Bk
sin(ct)
Ak
cos(ct)
vd(t)
18
19
by multiplying Y(t) by 2 cos(2 fc t) and then lowpass filtering the resultant signal, sequence Ak is
obtained
by multiplying Y(t) by 2 sin(2 fc t) and then lowpass filtering the resultant signal, sequence Bk is
obtained
x
2cos(2fct)
x
1
(1+ cos(2A))
2
1
sin2 (A) = (1 cos(2A))
2
cos 2 (A) =
sin(2A) = 2sin(A)cos(A)
2sin(2fct)
Lowpass
filter
(smoother)
Ak
2Akcos2(2fct)+2Bk cos(2fct)sin(2fct)
= Ak {1 + cos(4fct)}+Bk {0 + sin(4fct)}
Lowpass
filter
(smoother)
smoothed to zero
Bk
Signal Constellation
20
21
QAM cont. QAM can also be seen as a combination of ASK & PSK
(A, A)
Ak
4-level QAM
(-A,-A)
(A,-A)
) cos(2f t + tan
1
2 2
-1
Bk
)
Ak
22
) cos(2f t + tan
1
2 2
-1
Bk
)
Ak
Bk
Ak
Ak and Bk individually
can take on 4 different values;
the resultant signal can take
on (only) 3 different values!!!