02 Interaction Materials Environments PDF

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses
The Spacecraft Environment

and Materials Interaction
Marc Van Eesbeek

Head Materials Physics and Chemistry Section
Materials and Processes Division

ESA/ESTEC/TOS-QM
Sheet: 1
Introduction
On-ground Environment
Launch Environment
Space Environment

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 2
On- Ground
Temperature
Humidity
Atmosphere
Biological
Transport loads
Test

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 3
Launch and Ascent

Vibrations
Accelerations
5
Shocks
Thermal flux
Lightening impact
Solid Boosters burn out

Liquid Booster burn out
1/2 separation
2/3 separation
2
rd
3 stage Cut Off
Rain
Time (s)
0
Birds

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
200
400
600
800
1000
TEC/QMC 4
1200
In Flight
e -,
p+
,X
-ra
y,
temperature
Vacuum
Radiation
Space Debris
Micrometeorites
Atomic Oxygen
Micrometeoroid
Debris
Cosmic rays

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 5

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 6

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 7
Space Environment Effects :

Vacuum
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
MAINLY DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
AND LUBRICATION
CHANGE IN OPERATIONAL
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
VACUUM
MODIFICATION THERMOOPTICAL
PROPERTIES
( SEE
TEMPERATURE)
OUTGASSING
CONDENSATION
GAS CLOUD
MODIFICATION RADIATION
EFFECTS
THERMAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE RADIATION)
PERTURBATION OF
MEASUREMENTS
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
ESPECIALLY ON
SCIENTIFIC SATELLITES
MODIFICATION ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
CORONA
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
ARC
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 8
Pressure as function of
height
Altitude Pressure
Kinetic
Gaseous Density
3
(Km)
(mbar) Temperature(K) (particles/cm )
19
Sea Level 1013
~300
2.5x10
30
200
800
6500
22000
10
-6
10
-9
10
-13
10
-13
<10
~173
~1200
~1300
17
4x10
10
10
6
10
3
10
1
2
10 -10

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
Composition
78%N2,
21%O2,1%Ar
N2,O2,Ar
+
N2,O,O2,O
+
O,He,O ,H
+
+
H ,H,He
+
2+
85% H , 15%He
TEC/QMC 9

Vacuum
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
MAINLY DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
AND LUBRICATION
CHANGE IN OPERATIONAL
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
VACUUM
MODIFICATION THERMOOPTICAL
PROPERTIES
( SEE
TEMPERATURE)
OUTGASSING
CONDENSATION
GAS CLOUD
MODIFICATION RADIATION
EFFECTS
THERMAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE RADIATION)
PERTURBATION OF
MEASUREMENTS
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
ESPECIALLY ON
MODIFICATION ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES
CORONA
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
ARC
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 10

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 11

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 12

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 13

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 14
Space Environment Effect :

Radiation
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY ON
(SEE VACUUM)
INCREASED
OUTGASSING
RADIATION
(VV, PROTONS,
ELECTRONS)
MODIFICATION AT
MOLECULAR LEVEL
MODIFICATION
THERMO-OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
PERTURBATION OF
MEASUREMENTS
MODIFICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL

CHARGE STATE/ SURFACE CHARGING
INCREASED SENSITIVITY
MODIFICATION MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
BREAKDOWN
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE ATOX )
FRACTURES (THIN
STRUCTURES UNDER
STRESS)
THERMAL PROBLEMS
( SEE TEMPERATURE )

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 15
High Energy Solar Flux

Type
Wavelength
(nm)
Average Flux
2
(W/m )
Worst Case
2
Flux (W/m )
Near UV
180-400
118
177
UV
<180
2.3x10
FUV
100-150
7.5x10
EUV
10-100
2x10
-3
4x10
X-rays
1-10
5x10
-5
1x10
Flare X-rays
0.1-1
1x10
-4
1x10

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
-2
4.6x10
-2
-3
1.5x10
-2
-3
-4
-3
TEC/QMC 16
Particle Radiation
Orbit
-2
Electrons Protons
MIR;LEO;350;
51,6;C
ISS;LEO;426;
51.6;C
GEO;35790;0;
C
GLON;19100;
64.9;C
HEO;50039660;65;E
POL;LEO;600
;97;C
Absorbed Dose in 4 m Al
-1
(Gy.year )
Electrons Protons Total
-1
Fluence [J.m . Year ]

Total
11
4.7x10
36
3.8x10
2.6x10
1x10
4.6x10
8.6x10
9.8x10
8.3x10
4.9x10
2.3x10
6.4x10
9.0x10
1.2x10
5.4x10
1x10
1.1x10
6.8x10
5.6x10
2.4x10
1.5x10
4.8x10
2x10
3.1x10
3.0x10
3.8x10
2.6x10
2.5x10

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
6.6x10
1.2x10
8.3x10
8.8x10
2.4x10
5.7x10
2.8x10
TEC/QMC 17
Charged Particles Environment

Radiation Source
Galactic Cosmic
Rays
Solar Wind
Solar Cosmic
Events (Flares)
Nature
Protons (~90%)
(He-nucleus) &
Heavy Ions (10%)
Protons (96%)
and O-ions
Electrons
Protons (95%)
Heavy Ions
Trapped Radiation
1.Inner Belts (1.2- Protons and
3.2 RE)
electrons
2.Outer Belts
(3-7 RE)
Protons and
electrons
Aurora
Electrons and
protons
Energy
-2
10
Flux
-2 -1
(part.cm s )
10 GeV-10 GeV
2-5
~ 1KeV
~ 1 KeV
~20-40 eV
1-100 MeV
(below 10 MeV
-1..2
spectrum ~E ,
-5
beyond ~E )
p 2.10 at 1A.U.
Characteristics
Remarks
Least Significant for
materials
- Neutral plasma
- Low energy restricts hazards
to surface
Precise prediction - E and N particles varies by
of solar activity
events
cannot be made
- Omnidirectional isotropic
- Omnidirectional Isotropic
+
5
Ep+ < 30 MeV (90%) p 5.10 E>1 MeV - Flux varies with magnetic
7
Ee- < 5MeV (90%)
e 2.10 E>.5MeV latitude
- Spectra are very variable
+
9
All Ep+<1MeV
p 10 E>10KeV
with solar activity (GEO)
7 -5xE
e 5.2.10 e
- Fluxes not entirely
with E in MeV
symmetric in Longitude
(SAA for protons)
o
e 2KeV<E<20 KeV e 1010 during
- Observed between 65 and
+
p 80<E<800 KeV
storms
70o N and S magnetic
+
p <107
latitude at altitudes between
100 and 1000 km
- Very much time dependent
ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
No influence on
circumterrestrial orbits at
altitudes<6.6 RE
- Most important for orbits

at altitude <6.6 RE
- High E protons in inner
belts only
- Atomic displacements are
possible at LEO in SAA
TEC/QMC 18
Space Environment Effect :

Radiation
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY ON
(SEE VACUUM)
INCREASED
OUTGASSING
RADIATION
(VV, PROTONS,
ELECTRONS)
MODIFICATION AT
MOLECULAR LEVEL
MODIFICATION
THERMO-OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
PERTURBATION OF
MEASUREMENTS
MODIFICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL

CHARGE STATE/ SURFACE CHARGING
INCREASED SENSITIVITY
MODIFICATION MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
BREAKDOWN
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE ATOX )
FRACTURES (THIN
STRUCTURES UNDER
STRESS)
THERMAL PROBLEMS
( SEE TEMPERATURE )

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 19
White paints
PSB
0.135
s after 1100
e.s.h.
0.025
SG120FD
0.2
0.042
0.145
PSBN
0.16
0.010
0.11
SG121FD
0.154
0.011
0.078
PCBE
0.23
0.003
0.063
PCBZ
0.19
0.03
0.17
Z93P
0.136
0.025
0.094
S13GP6N
0.20
0.021
0.193
Coating
initial

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
s after 1100
+
e.s.h. + e +p
0.20
TEC/QMC 20
SSM and Flexible Solar Reflectors

(RSF)
Material
s after 1100
e.s.h. UV
s after 1100
+
e.s.h. UV + e +p
RSF-R on Al
0.126
- 0.003
0.06
RSF-F on Al
0.132
-0.007
0.058
RSF-F C on Al
0.137
0.002
0.07
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.153
.025
0.04
0.42
0.009
0.026
SSM FEP 125

m /Ag
SSM FEP 25
m
MAPATOX K

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 21
Effect contamination on Solar

Absorption

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 22
Solar Absorptance in Flight Data

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 23
Effect of Radiation on Tensile

strength of Mylar

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 24
Radiation Sensitivity of Polymers
PTFE
105
Absorbed dose (Gy)

106
107
FEP
Filled Siloxanes
Unfilled Siloxanes
Polyimides
Nylon
Polyurethane
Polyethylene
Minor
Noticeable
ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
Significant
TEC/QMC 25

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 26

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 27

Temperature
(SEE VACUUM )
INCREASED OUTGASSING
MOLECULAR
DEGRADATION
DEGRADATION OF OPERATIONAL
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
HIGH
DEBONDING
TEMPERATURE
CYCLING
THERMAL
MECHANICAL
FATIGUE
FRACTURES/CRACKS
LOSS OF PROTECTIVE
COATING
LOW
INCREASED
CONDENSATION
MODIFICATION
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
MODIFICATION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MODIFICATION CHARGE
STATE
(SEE ATOX)
(SEE
RADIATIONS)
EMBRITTLEMENT
( SEE VACUUM)

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 28
Equilibrium surface temperatures

Mercury, Venus, Earth orbits
Surface Temperature
(sun facing)
5 0 0 .0 0
4 0 0 .0 0
3 0 0 .0 0
2 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
0 .0 0
[deg C]
-1 0 0 .0 0
0 .0 5
0 .1 5
0 .2 5
0 .3 5
0 .4 5
0 .5 5
0 .6 5
0 .7 5
0 .8 5
0 .9 5
Alpha/Epsilon ratio
T celsius 1AU
T celsius 0.47 AU Mercury ap
T celsius 0.31 AU Mercury per
T celsius 0.72 Venus

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 29
Thermo-0ptical Properties of
Coatings
Thermo optical comparison
1
H
0.8
0.6
Metal
OSR
FEP
Kapton
Black Paint
White Paint
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
0.8
1
s
TEC/QMC 30

Temperature
(SEE VACUUM )
INCREASED OUTGASSING
MOLECULAR
DEGRADATION
DEGRADATION OF OPERATIONAL
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
HIGH
DEBONDING
TEMPERATURE
CYCLING
THERMAL
MECHANICAL
FATIGUE
FRACTURES/CRACKS
LOSS OF PROTECTIVE
COATING
LOW
INCREASED
CONDENSATION
MODIFICATION
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
MODIFICATION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
MODIFICATION CHARGE
STATE
(SEE ATOX)
(SEE
RADIATIONS)
EMBRITTLEMENT
( SEE VACUUM)

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 31

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC
32
Nov 1995
FEP/VDA
Pristine
VDA layer at BOL
14 days aged at 200 C
44.9 days aged at 200 C

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TC 100 C/+100 C
TEC/QMC 33
FEP/VDA
14 days at 200C

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 34
FEP/VDA 6400 cycles

between 100/+100

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 35

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 36

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 37

Atomic Oxygen
CONTAMINATION
CLOUD
OXIDE LAYER
PROTECTION
GENERATION OF
PARTICLES
BREAKAGE
MASS LOSS
ATOMIC
OXYGEN
(ATOX)
OXIDATION
DEGRADATION
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
RUPTURE/
DEFORMATION
EROSION
TEXTURE CHANGE
CHANGE IN
THERMO-OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
( SEE TEMPERATURE )
ELIMINATION OF
CONTAMINANTS
PROPERTY
RECOVERY

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 38
Neutral Composition during

Medium Solar Activity
20
10
N /m
18
10
16
10
14
10
12
He
10
H
N
10
10
10
10
10
100
Ar
1
200
400
600

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
800
km
1000
TEC/QMC 39
O- density
3
O (N/m )
10
20
10
18
10
16
10
14
10
12
High Solar Activity
Medium Solar Activity
Low Solar Activity
10 10
10 8
200
400
600

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
800
km
1000
TEC/QMC 40

Atomic Oxygen
CONTAMINATION
CLOUD
OXIDE LAYER
PROTECTION
GENERATION OF
PARTICLES
BREAKAGE
MASS LOSS
ATOMIC
OXYGEN
(ATOX)
OXIDATION
DEGRADATION
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
RUPTURE/
DEFORMATION
EROSION
TEXTURE CHANGE
CHANGE IN
THERMO-OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
( SEE TEMPERATURE )
ELIMINATION OF
CONTAMINANTS
PROPERTY
RECOVERY

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 41
Silver interconnector flown on

Eureca. The silver is oxidised.
Silver loss: 1 micron per 1021
TEC/QMC 42
atoms
ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 43

Micrometeoroids & Debris
EXPOSURE OF
UNDERLAYER
( SEE ATOX)
THROUGH
HOLE
LOSS OF
MATERIAL
INTEGRITY/
CRACK
INITIATION
CONDUCTIVE
PATH
HIGH
VELOCITY
PARTICLE
IMPACT
CRATERING
DEBRIS
CHANGE IN
THERMO
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY
EMBRITTLEMENT/LEAK
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE
TEMPERATURE)
CONTAMINATION
CLOUD

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 44

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 45
Cumulative number of
impacts in ISS Orbit
-2
Number m year
-1
10000
h = 400 km, inclination = 51.6o,

year 2000
100
1
0.01
-4
10
N debris
N meteoroids
N total
-6
10
-8
10
-10
10
-12
10
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Diameter (cm)
ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 46
Cumulative number of impacts in

Polar Orbit
-2
Number m year
-1
10000
h = 800 km, inclination i = 98 o
100
1
0.01
N debris
-4
10
N meteoroids
N total
-6
10
-8
10
-10
10
-12
10
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
Diameter (cm)
ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 47
Cumulative number of impacts in

GEO
10
-2
-1
Number m year
100
h = 35786 km, inclination i= 0.5o
1
0.01
0.0001
10
-6
10
-8
N debris
N meteoroids
N total
-10
10
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Diameter(cm)

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
10
TEC/QMC 48

Micrometeoroids & Debris
EXPOSURE OF
UNDERLAYER
( SEE ATOX)
THROUGH
HOLE
LOSS OF
MATERIAL
INTEGRITY/
CRACK
INITIATION
CONDUCTIVE
PATH
HIGH
VELOCITY
PARTICLE
IMPACT
CRATERING
DEBRIS
CHANGE IN
THERMO
OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY
EMBRITTLEMENT/LEAK
ELECTRICAL
PROBLEMS
( SEE
TEMPERATURE)
CONTAMINATION
CLOUD

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 49

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 50

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 51

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 52

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 53

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 54

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 55

Re-entry
RUPTURE
LOSS
MECHANICAL
RESISTANCE
ULTRA-HIGH
TEMPERATURE
RE-ENTRY
PLASMA
DYNAMIC
PRESSURE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
EROSION/CORROSION
LOSS OF MATERIAL
INTEGRITY
SURFACE TEXTURE
CHANGES
MODIFICATION OF
HEAT EXCHANGES

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY
EMBRITTLEMENT
THERMAL
PROBLEMS
TEC/QMC 56
Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle

IRDT
nd
2 inflatable
deceleration unit
1st inflatable
deceleration unit
Ablative shield

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 57
Re-entry Apollo 8

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 58

Manned Volumes
NUMEROUS PROBLEMS
PARTICULARLY
INSULATION/
GASKETING
DEGRADATION OF
MATERIAL FUNCTION
LIFE SUPPORTING
ATMOSPHERE
OFFGASSING/AGEING/
CORROSION
TOXIC GASES
COMBUSTION
LOSS OF MATERIAL
FUNCTION
BIOLOGICAL
GROWTH
TOXINES
AGRESSIONS TO
LIFE
CATASTROPHIC
FAILURES
DISEASES
SMELL
DISCOMFORT

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 59
Conclusions
During the whole lifetime of a spacecraft, materials are subjected to a large
number of different environments, some of which can be very harsh and
harmful to the integrity or functionality.
Earth and space environment experienced by a spacecraft must both be
considered during the design process.
Material selection has to be biased towards the specific needs of space
programmes. The environmental factors associated with space have a direct
influence on material selection. The application dictates the use of a
particular material type.
Interactions between a material and the different environments to which it
is exposed are quite often synergistic and not simply additive; i.e. the sum
of both interactions is larger than each of the effects separately.

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 60
Conclusions (cont.)
Materials require evaluation to ensure adequate performance under a variety
of combined conditions.
Tests must be optimised
differentiate between primary and secondary parameters/degradation
mechanisms.
Simulation of these combined environments
Technical limitations
Cost effectiveness/ affordability

ESA/ESTEC/TEC-QM
TEC/QMC 61

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The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

The Spacecraft Environment

Marc Van Eesbeek

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Launch and Ascent

Solid Boosters burn out

3 stage Cut Off

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Space Environment Effects :

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Space Environment Effects :

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Space Environment Effect :

MODIFICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

High Energy Solar Flux

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Fluence [J.m . Year ]

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Charged Particles Environment

- Most important for orbits

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Space Environment Effect :

MODIFICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

SSM and Flexible Solar Reflectors

SSM FEP 125

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Effect contamination on Solar

Materials and Processes Division

The ESA SME Initiative Training Courses

Solar Absorptance in Flight Data