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Amine Corrosion
Amine Corrosion
ABSTRACT
Amines are used in refineries and gas plants around the world to remove both H2S and CO2 from feed gas. The
corrosion in amine plants is not caused by the amine itself, but is caused by the hydrogen sulphide, CO2 and by amine
degradation products. Amines are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of ammonia, NH3 by organic
radicals. Problems with amine units can be corrosion or by cracking (sulphide stress cracking, hydrogen induced
cracking associated with hydrogen blistering, stress-orientated hydrogen induced cracking, and alkaline stress corrosion
cracking).
Areas to have a close look at is where impingement erosion could occur, where there is elevated temperatures, where
flashing off of CO2 could occur, and where heat stable salts could cause scaling.
Carbon steel and stainless steel are suitable for most applications, with the choice of material being determined by the
susceptibility to the damage modes in each location. Careful consideration should also be given to the repair of plant
(controlling weldment hardness)
1. INTRODUCTION
In the case of the Methanolamine (MEA), the methanol
molecule loses an H bond and attaches to the amine
molecule (which also loses an H bond. The formula is
CH2OHNH2. Secondary amines such as diethanolamine
(DEA) and diisopropanolamine (DIPA) are similar
except that there are two alcohol molecules for the one
amine molecule (i.e NHR2), where the R represents the
alcohol radical. A tertiary amine has 3 alcohol radicals
to the N atom (i.e NR3).
by replacing hydrogen
organic radicals. The
by amine solutions is
simplified reactions
Corrosion
Corrosion of amine units is usually not caused by the
amine itself, but more the dissolved acid gases,
primarily hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. Heat
stable salts resulting from the amine degradation can
also cause corrosion problems.
3. PROCESS ISSUES
Cracking
There are four basic cracking mechanisms for carbon
steel:
Material Choices
The shell is usually carbon steel with either 304 or 316
internals. Stainless steel 316, is generally considered to
give better resistance to corrosion in environments of
chlorides, Naphthenic acid. The pitting resistance of
316 SS is typically 22.5, as opposed to 304 SS that is
Material Selection
Material selection is influenced by a number of factors
including areas of turbulence, temperature.
Amine Circulation
The lean solvent that enters the Absorber column is
upwards of 40oC, and potentially upwards of 50oC
when it exits the Absorber column as rich amine. The
simple amine sweetening plant schematic shown in the
paper by Lunsford and Bullen7 is typical of many
plants in which the rich amine is invariably flashed off
in a knock out vessel before going through a Lean/Rich
Exchanger (or series of Exchangers) in which the rich
solvent is heated up from a temperature upwards of
50oC to approximately 90oC. The lean solvent exits the
bottom of the Stripper or Solvent Regenerating Column
at a temperature of greater than 100oC, before being
cooled in the Exchangers down to 50oC, and entering
the Absorber Column above the top tray.
Amine Regeneration
In the Amine regeneration circuit, the rich amine
(liquid) from the Lean/Rich Exchangers enters the
Regeneration column towards the top of the column at
approximately 80oC. The rich solvent flows down the
column where the acid gases are stripped by the rising
steam. The lean solvent exits the bottom of the
Regeneration Column at approximately 110oC.
Material Selection
Regenerator columns can be lined with type 405
stainless steels. This is a ferritic stainless steel with
lower yield strength than 410, 420 or 440 martensitic
stainless steel. 405 Stainless Steel generally has lower
corrosion resistance than type 304, 316 or 430 stainless
steels (Vedder). Some literature reports corrosion to
have occurred with 410 stainless steel in hot rich
solvent10.
4. REPAIR CONSIDERATIONS
A standard interpretation by the US Department of
labor14 concluded that the manner of field
modification and repair of amine absorbers and
associated equipment is critical to safe operation. Of
particular concern are welding procedures and
methods.
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5. CONCLUSION
While carbon steel and stainless steels are widely used
in amine service, great care should be taken in correct
design of plant, choice of materials in different parts of
the amine circuit,
inspection and evaluation of
susceptible areas, and any remedial work that needs to
be carried out.
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References
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