Cc hm s trong Mathcad

Cc hm s trong Mathcad
Bi:
KS. Hunh Vng Thu Minh

CC HM S TRONG MATHCAD
Mathcad lp sn mt s hm dng trong tnh ton k thut thng dng v chuyn su.
c c mt hm s ta c th thc hin theo hai cch sau:
? T thanh menu: chn Insert/Function (hnh5. 1).
? T bn phm: g chnh xc tn hm.

Hnh 5.1. Hp thoi Insert Function

Sau y s lit k mt s hm thng s dng trong tnh ton k thut:
Hm Bessel
Hm Bessel thay i
I0(x) I1(x) In(m,x)

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Cc hm s trong Mathcad

K0(x) K1(x) Kn(m,x)

Hm Airy
Ai(x) Bi(x)
Hm Bessel Kelvin
Bei(n,x)ber(n,x)
Hm Spherical Bessel
is(n,x)ys(n,x)
- Trong x l tp hp s thc v khng c th nguyn.
Hm iu kin khng lin tc
? if(cond,x,y) : tr v x nu cond l TRUE, ngc li tr v y.
? ?(m,n) - Kronecker delta : tr v 1 nu m=n, ngc li tr v 0.
? sign(x): tr v 0 nu x=0, tr v 1 nu x>0, tr v -1 vi nhng trng hp cn li. x
l s thc.
? ?(i,j,k): hon tt hm s khng i xng Tensor.
? ?(x) : hm s bc. Tr v 0 nu x<0, ngc li tr v 1.
Hm s v ng cong (Curve Fitting)
Hm tuyn tnh
? slope(vx,vy) v intercept(vx,vy): hai hm ny c s dng chung vi nhau, nhng
hm ny tm ng thng cho ng vi b s liu khai bo.
Hm a gic
? regress(vx,vy,k): tm a gic cho ng vi b s liu khai bo.
? loess(mxy,vz,span): tm b th t a gic th hai cho ng vi b s liu k cn.
Hm Multivariate polynomial

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Cc hm s trong Mathcad

? regress(Mxy,vz,k) : tm b mt ca hnh a gic cho ng vi b s liu khai bo.

? loess (Mxy, vz, span): tm b th t a gic th hai cho ng vi b s liu k cn.
? Hm Generalized
? linfit(vx,vy,F): tm h s to thnh s kt hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm cho ng vi cc
im d liu.
? genfit(vx,vy,F): tm cc thng s to thnh hm s ch nh cho ng vi cc im
d liu.
Hm thng k v phn tch d liu
Cc hm phn tch d liu (Data analysis functions)
M t cc hm phn tch d liu nh mean, variance, standard deviation, kurtosis v
correlation.
Cc hm phn phi (Distribution functions)
M t cc hm gamma, error v nhng hm khc c kh nng thc hin vic phn phi.
Cc s ngu nhin (Random numbers)
M t cc con s ngu nhin c kch hot v cch p dng chng kch hot cc
con s ngu nhin thc hin vic phn phi.
Hm lp ph (Histograms):
M t cch nhn s phn b tn s ca d liu mu.
Phn tch tng hp (Combinatorcal analysis)
Tnh cc s hon v v tp hp
Hm s tnh giao im (Interpolation and prediction)
M t giao im ca ng tuyn tnh v khi.
Smoothing
M t mt s phng php lm phng d liu tp m.

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Curve fitting
M t k thut trong php tnh hi quy, c tuyn tnh ln khng tuyn tnh.
Gii phng trnh vi phn
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn
rkfixed(y x1,x2,npoints,D)
Cc h thng phng
Bulstoer(y,x1,x2,npoints,D)
Cc h thng Stiff
stiffb(y,x1,x2,npoints,D,J)
stiffr(y,x1,x2,npoints,D,J)
Cc h thng thay i chm
Rkadapt (y,x1,x2,npoints,D)
Tm im cui cng trong vng nh im (interval)
? bulstoer(y,x1,x2,acc,D,kmax,s)
? rkadapt(y,x1,x2,acc,D,kmax,s)
? stiffb(y,x1,x2,acc,D,J,kmax,s)
? stiffr(y,x1,x2,acc,D,J,kmax,s)
Gii quyt gi tr ti hai im
? bvalfit(v1,v2,x1,x2 xf,D,load1,load2,score)
? sbval(v,v1,v2,x2,D,load,score)
Gii quyt thnh phn trong phng trnh vi phn
? relax(a,b,c,d,e,f,u,rjac)

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Cc hm s trong Mathcad

? multigrid(M,ncycle)
Hm tm p n phng trnh
? find(x,y): tm n s ca phng trnh.
? minerr(x,y,...): tm p n tng ng ca h phng trnh.
? root(f(x),x): tm n s ca hm lng gic.
? lsolve(M,v): gii h phng trnh.
? polyroots(v): tm cc cn s ca t s c h nm trong v.
Hm chuyn i ring bit
? fft(v): tm chuyn i Fourier ca s liu gn trong Vc t v.
? ifft(u): hm nghch o ca fft. Tr v v nu u=fft(v).
? cfft(A): hm chuyn i Fourier ca s thc hoc phc trong mng A.
? icfft(B): hm nghch o ca ca cfft. Tr v A nu B=cfft(A)
? FFT(v): nhn dng fft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc.
? CFFT(A): nhn dng ifft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc.
? IFFT(u): nhn dng ifft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc.
? ICFFT(B) : nhn dng iccft ngoi tr nhng ton t v h s bnh thng khc.
? wave(v): chuyn i ring sng hiu ca s liu thc trong Vc t v.
? iwave (u): hm nghch o ca wave. Tr v v nu u=wave(v).
Hm bo li
? erf(x)
Hm s m v Logarith
? exp(z): s e tng theo bi s z.

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? log(z,b): tnh gi tr logarit c s b ca z. Nu b qua khng khai bo b, s xem nh

tnh logarit c s 10 ca z (mc nh b=10).
? ln(z): s log t nhin (log c s e) ca z.
Khai bo:
- z phi l mt tp hp (s thc, s phc hoc s o).
- z phi khng c nh hng.
- i vi cc hm log v ln, z khng th mang s zero.
- b l thnh phn ty chn, mang s dng. Nu c gp chung, b l mt tp hp. Nu
b qua b c xem nh 10.
- i vi s phc z, cc hm log tr v nhng gi tr t v chnh ca nhng hm ny,
ngc li:
ln(z)=ln(|z|) + i arg(z)
Khai bo loi hm s (EXPRESSION TYPE)
? IsScalar(x): tr v 1 nu x l mt tp hp, ngc li s tr v 0.
? isArray(x): tr v 1 nu x l Vc t hoc ma trn, ngc li tr v 0.
? sstring(x): tr v 1 nu x l chui, ngc li tr v 0.
Hm truy cp (FILE ACCESS FUNCTIONS)
? READPRN("File"): c mng s liu t tp tin d liu.
? WRITEPRN("file"): ghi mng s liu t tp tin d liu.
? APPENDPRN("file"): ni mng s liu t tp tin d liu.
? READRGB("file"): c tp tin nh mu.
? READBMP("file"): c tp tin hnh nh theo ch thanh xm.
? WRITERGB("file"): to tp tin nh mu.
? WRITEBMP("file"): to tp tin nh mu theo ch thang xm.

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Hm s ti u (FUNCTION OPTIMIZATION)
? minimize (f,var 1,var2,...): tm gi tr ti thiu.
? maximize (f,var1,var2,...): tm gi tr ti a.
Cc hm Hyperbol (HYPERBOL FUNTIONS)
sinh(z) cosh (z)
tanh (z) csch (z)
seach (z) coth (z)
Khai bo:
- z phi mang gi tr radians.
- z phi l mt tp hp.
- z khng c nh hng.
Hm nghch o Hyperbol (INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNTIONS)
asinh (z)acoth (z)
acish (z)acsch (z)
atanh (z)asech (z)
Khai bo:
- z phi l tp hp.
- z khng nh hng.
Hm lng gic o (INVERSE TRIG FUNTIONS)
asin (z)acsc(z)
acosh (z)asec (z)
atan (x,y)

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Khai bo:
- z phi l tp hp.
- z khng nh hng.
- x v y l nhng tp hp.
Nhng gi tr c tr v:
- asin(z), acsc(z), acosh(z), asec(z), atan(z): tr v gc theo radian gia / 2v / 2
khi z l s thc.
- atan2(x,y): tr v gc ( theo radian gia / 2v / 2 bao gm ) t trc x n
ng thng cha im gc (0,0) v ta (x,y).
- acos(z): tr v cc gc theo radian gia 0 v khi z l s thc.
Cc hm tip tuyn (INTERPOLATION FUNTIONS)
? Linterp(vx,vy,x): gi tr giao im ti x khi cc im trong vx, vy c ni vi nhau
bng nhng ng thng.
? Ispline(vx,vy): giao im ca cc im u cui ca nhng ng thng to thnh
khi. Tr v Vc t vs dng vi hm interp.
? pspline(vx,vy): giao im ca cc im u v cui ca nhng ng parabol to
thnh khi.tr v vc t vs dng vi hm interp.
? cspline(vx,vy): cc ng giao tuyn nhau trong khi. Tr v Vc t vs dng vi
hm interp.
? bspline (vx,vy,u,n): s giao tip ca cc ng B-spline to gc n a ra cc im
c ch nh bng nhng gi tr trong u. Tr v Vc t vs dng vi hm interp.
? interp(vs,vx,vy,x): tr v gi tr giao im ca qua cch dng nhng ng giao tip.vs
l Vc t c tr v t cc hm Ispline, pspline, cspline hoc bspline.
? predict (v, m, n): tr v nhng gi tr n c xc nh trc da theo cc thnh phn
nm trong v.
Cc hm ph (MISCELLANEOUS FUNTIONS)
? mod(x,y): tr li s d ca x chia y.
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? angle(x,y): gc t trc x n ta (x,y).

Hm v ph (HISTOGRAMS)
? hist (intervals,data): tr v ph ca d liu.
? Nu intervals l Vc t, tr v Vc t vi thnh phn ith l s im trong d liu data
nm gia ith v (i+1)th ca intervals.
? Nu intervals l mt tp hp (scalar), tr v vc t minh ha s im trong data nm
trong dy s ca khong cch u nhau c th hin bi intervals.
Khai bo:
- intervals l mt tp hp hoc mt vc t. Khi l tp hp, chng c trng bng nhng
con s vi khong cch u nhau vi nhng gi tr c cha trong data.
- Khi intervals l vc t ca nhng gi tr thc theo th t tng dn, cc gi tr th hin
nhng khong cch theo cc thnh phn c cha trong data.
- Data l Vc t ca gi tr s liu thc.
Hm lm trn s (Rounding a number)
? round(x,n): lm trn gi tr x theo s thp phn n. Nu b qua n, gi tr x s c lm
trn theo s nguyn gn nht (n c xem nh bng 0). Nu n<0 th x c lm trn
theo s thp phn n nm bn tri du thp phn. Lu rng x phi l tp hp s thc v
n phi l s nguyn.
V d:
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Hm rt gn chui s (Truncation Functions)
? floor(x): tr v s nguyn ln nht.
? ceil(x): tr v s nguyn nh nht.
? trunc(x): tr v s nguyn ca x bng cch loi b phn phn s.
Khai bo:
- x l s thc.
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Lu : khi x dng hm floor v trunc tr v cng kt qu.

V d:
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Cc hm chui (String Functions)
? concat(S1,S2): ni chui S2 vo cui chui S1. Tr v chui.
? error(S): tr v chui S v hin thng tin li.
? IsString(x): tr v 1 nu x l chui, ngc li tr v 0.
? Strlen(S): xc nh k t trong chui S. Tr v s nguyn.
? Search(S,Sub,S,x): tm v tr bt u ca chui ph SubS trong S, bt u t v tr x
trong S.
? Str2num(S): i chui s S thnh hng s.
? Num2str(x): i s x thnh chui.
? Str2vec(S): i chui S thnh Vc t ca m ASCII.
? Vec2tr(v): i cc Vc t ca m ASCII sang dng chui.
Cc hm ni suy (Cubic Spline Interpolation)
? cspline(vx,vy): tr v Vc t ngun th hai i vi d liu ca Vc t vx v vy.Vc t
ny s tr thnh i lng th nht ca hm interp. Kt qu s l khi ti cc im u
cui.
? pline(vx,vy): tng t nh hm cspline, ngoi tr kt qu c dng parabol ngay cc
im u cui.
? lspline(vx,vy): tng t nh cspline, ngoi tr kt qu l ng tuyn tnh ngay cc
im u cui.
? interp(vs,vx,vy,x): tr v gi tr giao im ca vy ti im x.
Khai bo:

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- vx l Vc t ca nhng gi tr d liu thc theo th t tng dn. Chng tng ng vi

gi tr x.
- vy l Vc t ca nhng gi tr d liu thc. Chng tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh
phn tng t nh vx.
- v l Vc t c kch hot bi cspline, pspline, lspline.
- x l gi tr ca bin c lp m ngay s a ra kt qu giao thoa. i vi nhng kt
qu tt nht, nhng gi tr bin ny nn nm trong phm vi c a r t nhng gi tr
vx.
- hm cubic spline interpolation cho php bn chuyn ng cong qua cc im theo
cch ngun th nht v th hai ca ng cong c ko tip tc qua cc im k tip.
ng cong ny c tp hp bng cch ly ba im k nhau v to thnh khi chy
qua cc im . Khi a gic ny sau c ni li vi nhau to thnh ng cong
hon chnh.
cc hm hi quy
? slope(vx,vy): xin ca ng thng khp vi d liu trong vx, vy.
? intercep(vx,vy): ng giao tip va ng vi s liu trong vx, vy.
Khai bo:
- vx l Vc t ca nhng s liu thc i vi hm slope. Cc gi tr trong vx tng ng
vi cc gi tr x.
- vy l Vc t ca cc s liu thc. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi cc gi tr y. S
thnh phn ca vy cng tng t nh vx.
? Hm slope v intercep rt hu ch khi d liu k tha s tuyn tnh m cng c th p
dng cho cc hm s m.
? Cng thc ca ng thng va khp vi s liu ca vx v vy l y=mx+b l kt qu
t hm slope v b l kt qu t hm intercept.
(xem v d hnh 5.2)
V d:

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Hnh 5.2. Minh ho dng hm spline v hm intercept

Hm tuyn tnh kt hp (LINEAR COMBINATION OF FUNCTION)
? linfit(vx,vy,F): tr v Vc t cha cc h s c dng to s kt hp ca cc hm
tuyn tnh trong F vi d liu c nh trong vx v vy (hnh 5.3).
Khai bo:
- vx l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr x. cc thnh
phn phi c xp theo th t tng dn (c th dng hm sort).
- vy l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh
phn tng t nh vx.
- F l hm s tr v Vc t vi nhng thnh phn l hm s hnh thnh cc hm tuyn
tnh, hoc trong trng hp l hm tuyn tnh n. F l mt tp hp.
V d:

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Hnh 5.3. Minh ho dng hm linfit

? Genfit(vx,vy,vg,F): Vc t ang cha cc tham s to nn hm f(x) v cc tham s n,
u1un ca cc d liu trong vx v vy (hnh 5.4).
Khai bo:
- vx l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi gi tr x.
- vy l Vc t ca cc gi tr d liu thc v tng ng vi gi tr y. S thnh phn tng
t nh vx.
- vg l thnh phn Vc t n d on, hoc vg l mt tp hp trong trng hp n=1.
- F l hm s tr v Vc t n+1 ang cha hm f v nhng thnh phn ngun ca chng
tng ng vi cc tham s n. Khi n=1, F l tp hp.
- n l s nguyn.
V d:

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Hnh 5.4. Minh ho dng hm genfit

Hm tuyn tnh nh trc (LINEAR PREDICTION)
? predict(v,m,n): tr v Vc t vi nhng gi tr n c nh trc da theo cc thnh
phn m k nhau trong v (hnh 5.5).
Khai bo:
- v l Vc t vi cc gi tr mu c ly t nhng khong cch u nhau.
- m, n l cc s nguyn.
V d:

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Hnh 5.5. Minh ho dng hm predict

THAY I CC THAM S CHNG TRNH
Khi thao tc vi cc i tng ca chng trnh, c th thc hin theo ring ca mnh
bng cch chp nhn hoc thay i cc tham s ca chng trnh cho phu hp. thay
i cc tham s ca chng trnh, thc hin nh sau:
Trn thanh menu: chn Math/Options, xut hin hp thoi Math Options (hnh 5.6).

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Hnh 5.6. Hp thoi Math Options/Built-In Variables

? Chn th
(hnh 5.6): c th t cc gi tr tham bin mc nh ca
chng trnh theo hng dn sau y:
? Array Origin: kim sot cc tham s ORIGIN lp sn c trng cho vic lp ch s
cho cc phn t ca mng trong cng thc. Gi tr mc nh l khng 0.
? Convergence Tolerance: kim sot cc tham s TOL vi mc sai s ca cc s
nguyn v cc s dn xut t chng. Tham s ny cn kim sot di ca cc s
nguyn trong cc php tnh cn. Gi tr mc nh l 0.001.
? Constraint Toleranc: kim sot cc tham s CTOL vi mc sai s ca cc iu kin
rng buc khi gii bi ton bng ton t Slove. Gi tr mc nh l 0.001.
? Seed value for random numbers: thng bo cho hm to s ngu nhin bit s dng
th mt chui ngu nhin no . Gi tr mc nh l 1.
? Precision: kim sot cc tham s PRNPRECISION cho sn c trng cho cc con
s p dng khi vit tp tin m ASCII vi hm WRITERPRN hoc APPENDPRN. Gi
tr mc nh l 4.
? Column Width: kim sot cc tham s PRNCOLWIDTH lp sn c trng cho
rng cc ct trong tp tin m ASCII c lp bmg cc hm WRITERPRN hoc hm
APPENDPRN. Gi tr mc nh l 8.

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? Restore Defaults: tr v tt c gi tr mc nh ca chng trnh.

? Chn th
: t cc lnh lin quan n cch thc tnh ton cc gi tr trong
cng thc, biu thc, hm ca chng trnh (hnh 5.7).
? Recalculate Automatically: Mathcad t ng tnh ton li tt c cc kt qu v hnh
nh th hin din trn mn hnh mi khi bn thay i gi tr no n ca bin s.
? Optimize expressions befor calculating: Mathcad t ng ti u ho nh l n s lm
n gin ho biu thc bt k nm bn tri hay phi du gn ( ). Khi gi tr qu di
Mathcad s nh du vo vng s liu bng du hoa th ri thay vo s tnh theo dng
n gin hn. Khi mun quan st dng n gin, kch vo du hoa th.

Hnh 5.7. Hp thoi Math Options/Calculation

? Chn th

: chn n v tnh ton trong Mathcad (hnh 5.8).

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Hnh 5.8. Hp thoi Math Options/Unit System

? SI (International): s dng theo n v o lng quc t, h SI: meters, kilograms,
second, amps
? MKS: s dng n v o l meters, kilograms, seconds
? CGS: s dng n v o lcentimeters, grams, seconds
? US: s dng theo n v o lng ca M-Anh l feet, pounds, seconds
? None: loi b tt c n v o lng theo mc nh.
? Chn th
5.9).

: cha cc tn hng mc nh ngi s dng tu chn (hnh

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Hnh 5.9. Hp thoi Math Options/Dimensions

? Display dimensions: kch chn th hin cc kt qu qua cch dng cc tn hng
s c cp n trong phn Dimension Names thay v l mc nh.
? Dimension Names : khai bo cc tn hng vo cc khung n v c lin quan th
hin trong bng kt qu.
BI TP CHNG 5
1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a.

b.

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c.

d.

2. S dng hm if, linterp v input table tnh btk nh sau:

Cho Q=95 (m3 /s) ; i=0.0001 ; n=0.0225 , m=1.5 (hoc m=1.5) ; h=3(m)
+ Xc nh Rln =
Lp t s

h
Rln

nQ
4m0i

tm

b
Rln

h
Rln

3
8

vi m0 = 21 + m2 m

c tra trong bng sau:

b
Rln

m=1.25

m=1.5

0.8350.8580.8810.903 10.59110.0929.6439.237 11.30010.75910.2719.829

Tnh btk =

b
Rln Rln

1. Vit hm ni suy tm cng chu ko Ra ca thp cho trong bng sau:

Loi ct thp Ra (kG/cm2)
AI

2100

AII

2700

AIII

3600

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Ti gi tr gn loi ct thp, dng Hyperlink (dng Pop-up) gii thch cho ngi s
dng hiu l ch c th chn ct thp vi nhng loi trn.

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