NASA

NASA SP-8126

SPACE
VEHICLE
DESIGN
CRITERIA
(CHEMICAL
PROPULSION)

GLOSSARY

OF

CONVERSION
DESIGN

OF

CHEMICAL

TERMS

AND

FACTORS

TABLE
USED

OF

IN
SYSTEMS

PROPULSION

CASE

COpF

LE

OCTOBER1979

NATIONAL

AERONAUTICS

AND

SPACE

ADMINISTRATION

FOREWORD

This

Glossary

associated

is all

Propulsion.
NASA

(A

Space

document.)
collection
in the
an

better

list

of

the

Vehicle

design

and

used

in the

terms

does

it include
system.

properties
order,

and
with

series

monographs,
of conversion
propulsion

among

design

greater
is neither

exhaustive

on Chemical

with
highly
No

specialized

to material

design
are

fabrication
terms

It does

terms

unique
but

of all published

final

pages

vehicles

of monographs

an

aid

in

of

this

would

fill

in achieving

producing

it is based

not

meanings

included,

its

greater

effort.

all-inclusive;

conventional

materials

multiple-word

nor

list

the

for space

set

as

design

Propulsion.

well-accepted

systems
and

in the

on

and

on Chemical

it became
apparent
that a unified
factors
for units as they are used

to the

personnel

efficiency

('enter

monographs
in the

presented

addition

Research

Criteria

is included

monographs

as a useful

and

NASA-Lewis

Design

of chemical

both

monographs

propulsion

in this

Criteria

by

33

serving

presented

engineering

done
of

development

in design

Glossary

monographs

Design

communication

The

work
a set

course
of preparing
these
and definitions
and table

need,

consistency

of tile

m generating

In the
of terms

obvious

nor

outgrowth

contractors

(e.g.,

are

presented.

The

in the

normal

general
airfoil,

to a small

sigllificant

appearing

include

terms

entirely

and
torce)

of a chemical

relating

are arranged

sequence

terms

scientific
pressure,

segment

terms

on

to

material

in alphabetical

of usage:

for

example,

ablative
cooling
appears
as such, not its cooling,
ablative,
and lip seal appears
as such, not
seal, lip. Conversio11
Factors
for converting
U. S. customary
units
to thc International
System

of

density,

heat

The

Units

Glossary

Center,
Comments
National
Office),

October

who

(SI

flux,

units)

specific

was
also

compiled

edited

concerning
Aeronautics
Cleveland,

1979

are presented
impulse)

Ohio

the
the
and

and
Design

in alphabetical

of the

physical

quantity

(e.g.,

involved.
edited
Criteria

by

Russell

monographs

technical
content
Space Administration,

44135.

order

as

of

B. Keller,

Jr.

on Chemical

of

the

Lewis

Research

Propulsion.

this Glossary
will be welcomed
Lewis
Research
Center
(Design

by the
Criteria

CONTENTS
Page
GEOSSARY
FACTORS

OF TERMS

.............................

FOR CONVERTING

DEFINITIONS

OF SYMBOLS

NASA Space Vehicle

U. S. CUSTOMARY
AND ABBREVIATIONS

Design Criteria

Monographs

UNITS TO S1 UNITS
FOR UNITS

Issued to Date

iii

..............

.........

...........

87
91
93

GLOSSARY

OF TERMS

-Aablation,
process,
phase

process
in which
heat is absorbed,
transitions

thermal
blocked,

(melting,

energy
is expended
dissipated,
and/or

vaporization,

and

layer; convection
in the liquid
layer
into the solid body; chemical
reactions;
ablative
cooling,
nozzle
or chamber
ablative

material

through

accelerometer,

an

usually

charge,

forces

charge

on

through

absorber,

chamber,

to

the

the

an array

designed

or

instrument,

acceptor

transmitted

designed
of ablation

the gravitational

acoustic

(if one exists):

and erosion.

the process

measures

wave

sublimation);

reduction
of the heat
transferred
wall by ablation
of material
on the

material,

degrading

of

diaphragm

of acoustic

prevent

side

an

transfer

radiant-energy

from
wall
so

hot

as

to

dissipate

measures

by

In the
include

boundary

conduction

products

incident

change

to a

heat

by

in velocity,

or

in velocity
that

distributed

combustion

the

combustion

a change
igniter

into

transport:

is detonated

in a through-bulkhead

resonators

oscillatory

mass

that

of imparting

internal

internal

formulated

a transducer,

capable

by a sacrificial
loss of material.
generated
by mechanisms
that

along

by

the

shock

initiator
the

increasing

wall

of a combustion

damping

in the

engine

system
action

time.

pressure

level

interval

actuation
actuated

time.

actuator,
mechanical

device
that
motion

adhesive,

from

attainment

to attainment

material

elapsed

of a specified

of a specified
time

converts

applied

from

final

receipt

hydraulic,

between

initial

fraction

of

signal

to

pneumatic,

components

fraction

of maximum

of maximum
first

motion

electrical,

to

bond

thrust

or

the

of

thrust

or pressure
the

potential

device

energy

components

or
level

being

into

together

structurally
adiabatic,
removed

term applied
to a thermodynamic
from the system
involved;
when the

process
process

in which
heat is neither
added
is reversible,
it is called isentropic

to nor

adiabaticwall. in a tllermodynanlicsystem,a boundarythat is a perfectheat insulator

(neitheremitsnor absorbsheat):in boundary-layertheory,tile wall conditionin whichtile
telnperature
gradientat the wall is zero
adiabaticwall temperature,steady-statetemperatureof tile wall of a combustionchamber
or nozzlewhenthereis no heattransferbetweenthe wall and the exhaustgas:alsocalled
recoverytemperature
aerodynamicheating,heatingof a body by tile friction generatedby high-velocityair or
othergaspassingoverthe bodysurfaces
aerodynamicperformance,portion of the nozzleperformancedue to nozzledivergence
efficiency(the degreeof perfectionof the nozzlecontour)
aerodynamicthroat area.effectiveflow areaof the nozzlethroat:tile effectivellow areais
lessthanthe geometricflow areabecause
the flow is not tHlJfornl
aerospikenozzle, annular nozzle that allows the gasto expand from one surface a
centerbodyspike to ambientpressure
all-fire limit, minimumenergy(e.g.,voltagelrequiredto consistentlyfire anelectroexplosive
device
allowable
under

load

consideration.

failure,
whichever
Allowable
load
equivalent

engine,

sea-level

engi he)

ambient,
environment

almular
wall
anodize,
means

Failure

rocket

condition
or measured

nozzle,

to

that,
may

if exceeded,
be

produces

defined

as

failure

buckling,

of the

yielding,

structural

ultimate,

nozzle

produce

element
or

fatigue

function.
stress
is

strength
engine

term
referring
surrounding

anisotropy,

load

condition
prevents
the component
from performing
its intended
is sometimes
referred
to as criterion
load
or stress:
allowable

to material

altitude

observed

{or stress),

that

is designed

to operate

to a condition
or state
a component
or systenl
in a material

properties

with

in which

change

an

a protective

annular

oxide

when

throat

fihn

{e.g.,

properties
the

axis

not

a metal

an outer

(usually

pressure

tile same

of observation

by

conditions

temperature,

are

ik)rmed

on

at high-altitude

Isec

of

in all directions;

or test is changed

wall

All

and

by

a centerbody

electrochemical

the

anti-extrusionring. ring installedon tile low-pressure

sideof a sealor packingto prevent
extrusionof thesealingmaterial:alsocalleda backupring
anti-rothtiondevice,mechanicaldevice(e.g.,a key) usedin rotatingmachineryto prevent
rotationof onecomponentrelativeto anadjacentcomponent
anti-sloshbaffle, deviceprovidedin a tank to dampliquid motion: cantake manyforms
includingflai ring,truncatedcone,andvane
auti-w_rtexbaffle, radial vaneattached
feedline
area
the

to inhibit

ratio,

ratio

nozzle

asperities,
result

also

segmented

ratio.

to chord

of the

throat;

articulated,
aspect

fluid

vortexing

at the

geometric

flow

called

of width

3. ratio

minute

irregularities

separation

at localized

regions

in the

axial

deflection,

elongation

adjacent

to the

inlet

to engine

inlet
of the

thereby

nozzle

to the geometric

expansion

to accommodate

in a rectangular

to depth

exit

or simply

able

flow

in a rectangular

or roughnesses

separation,

self-ignition

wall

on

the

area of

motion

passage:

combustion
surface

flow

ratio

2. ratio

of blade

height

chamber

of a component,

usually

the

process

asymmetric

autoignition,

tank

area ratio

to height

of width

of the surface-finishing

not

and

inner

area

expansion

or jointed

1. ratio

length;

to

same

of

the

exhaust

jet

from

the

nozzle

plane

or spontaneous
or compression

combustion
along

the

of propellant
longitudinal

axis

wall

nonuniformly

or

-Bbacklash.

I. dead

tolerances
dement
a gear

space

in linkages:
or errors

and

baffle,

the

tooth

used,

thickness

exerted
element

on

balance

piston,

thereby

reduce

balance
face

ratio,

balance

ribs.

blades

impeller

back

side

the

special
axial

of

the

on

and

tube

film

to deflect,

of

use
of

1. configuration
that

forms
the

to balance

imposed

on the

bearings

effective

closing

area

the

back

of

control

of controlled

of a plug

in the

the

and

assembly

of the controlled

the

check,

tooth

or

spacing

interrupt

combustion,

ball

of

fluid

or in a tank

and

a regulated

mixture
gases

to reduce

in the

to the

rotor

base of a plug

with

near

reduce

partial-emission

nozzle

force

axial

pressure

necessary

thrust

forces

to actuate

the

in a turbopump

lace

to the actual

that

reduce

pressure
a flow

downstream
variable

ratio
to

the

unbalanced

the

and

area

of the seal

pressure

on

the

loads

a ball

upstream

the

seal

impeller

thrust

a hollow

of

of the

pump

axial

incorporating

mating

the attachment

the

into

wtriation

opening

counteract

used

low-temperature

vane)

to

device

valve
the

used

decrease

inserted

with

base.

cavity,

between

for stabilizing

thereby

Barske pump.
low-specific-speed
with radial blades

base

used

chamber

and

help

rotary-action

cooling,

element

mechanical
loads

ratio

passage

provide
chamber

fabrication
control

gear
screen)

chamber

valving

bandwidth,
limits
desired
value
barrier

wall,

from

positional

2. the clearance

in a combustion

pressurized

a poppet

tube.

flow

(plate,

results

poor

slosh

chamber,

ball valve,

that

produces

of a meshing

device

balance

flow

movement

backlash
instrumentation:

for cxample,

for preventing

ball

unwanted

in position

partitioning

motion,

or

excessive

the

pump

plane
(or vane
nozzle

passage

through
that

a ball

rotates

valve

to align

lines
(e.g.,

the

drop

pressure)

wall

of a combustion

severity

having

of truncation;
support)

above

of

gas-side

an open-face

2. portion

and

below

cJmmber
heating

impeller,

of

its

to
the

often

of a blade

(or

basefixity, index of the relativetightnessin tile mountingof a bladein tile rotor or a vane
in the vanesupport
basepressure,
staticpressurein thebasecavityof a plugnozzle
bearing(rolling-element).mechanicaldevice,usuallyconsistingof two integralconcentric
channelswith rollingelements(e.g.,spheresor cylinders)confinedbetweenthem,usedto
supportandpositiona rotatingshaftwith aslittle friction aspossible
bed reactor,term for
filled

with

Belleville
compressed

a gas generator
material
that assists

a solid

spring,
truncated
axially ; some

bell nozzle,
downstream

nozzle
of the

bellows,

conical
metal
washer
configurations
produce

thin-wall,

circumferentially

positive

similar

component

bevel

gear.

expulsion

one

nonparallel

axes:

bias

spring

spring,

of

also,

of

pair
a gear

used

chamber
or thermal

is nearly
action

that exerts
a nonlinear
spring
rate
a negative
rate over a portion
of the

with a circular
opening
for a throat
and
throat
that gives the nozzle
a characteristic

compressed
longitudinally
and,
duct
movements
by deflection
provide

design
in which
the combustion
decomposition
by either catalytic

corrugated

an axisymmetric
bell shape

cylinder

that

when
travel

contoured

can

be

wall

elongated

or

when integrated
into a duct
assembly,
can accommodate
of the corrugations
(convolutions);
also used in tanks
fluid

of

and

in fluid

systems

wheels

whose

toothed

whose

teeth

to maintain

are at an angle

a detail

part

to

isolate

working
to the

in a preferred

a regulator

surfaces

are

rotating

axis

position

while

to

or valve

or

inclined

to

the assembly

is

nonoperating
bifurcation
bird-cage
length

joint,

junction

attachment,
of the

blade.
carefully
fluid,
adjust

method

chamber

bipropellant
valve,
common
actuator
I. one
shaped

of

of two

from
valve

a set

tubes

tor
the

or flow

attaching

injector

as an airfoil

such

or (b) fluid flow

impinging
flow in a blade valve

chamber

to a separate

incorporating

of slat-like

both

objects
that
on

passages

fuel

rigidly
(a)

the

rotation
blades

with

another

to injector,
retaining
and

fixed

at the

shaft

units

shaft,

in a fluid

shaft:

bolts

2.

extend

the

aft end

valving

to a rotatable
the

or passage

in which

ring

oxidizer

of the
rotates

tube

driven

each
creates

a Ilat

plate

slat

by

being

a flow

of

used

to

bladevalve (rotaryL valve that controls flow by meansof

transversely
blade

in a slotted

valve

a slotted
bleed.

(slide).

chamber

valve

ctlamber

that

between

1. col_,tinuous

between

controls

flow

upstream

flow

upstream

and

by means

and

a pilot

downstream

plate

that

is rotated

lines

of a flat plate

downstream

of gas through

a flat

that

slides

transversely

in

lines

wdve.

2. to remove

or draw

off fluid

from

system
bleeder

cloth,

processing

1. decrease
layer on the

blockage

factor,

blockage;

system,

us propellant

boattail,

aft

nut

(rear)

end

ratio

complete

removal

flow area due to the

2. restriction
in a cavity
by which

of flow

area

ullage

to connect

of a rocket

system

volume
and

that

design

corrected

propellant/pressurant
and

used

effective
end wall;

or percentage

the

closed

to facilitate

of gas in vacuum-bag

parts

fraction

is consumed

coupling

vehicle

the

used

in pump
blades and

conversely,

blowdown

B-nut.

fabric

of reinforced-plastic

blockage.
boundary

lbr

open-weave

thereby

area

is increased

for blockage

to design

that

in ullage

decays

the

to account
flow

area

pressure

level

to a threaded

the

connector

propulsion

system

and

its interface

with

tankage

Boltzmann

superposition,

overlaying

to a time-varying

input

booster,
the
two or more

or basic
sections

first
such

separable

of a series

of step

self-propelled

functions

section

(stage)

to find

borescope,
otherwise
boundary
combustion
the

arrangement
inaccessible
layer,

in fluid

chamber
surface

of mirrors
locations

to

flow,

the

wall

or nozzle

the

point

at

or

fihn

fiber

of

wall;

optics

fluid

that

next

its thickness

which

fluid

velocity

velocity

makes

reaches

is taken
99

the

of

percent

having

allowing

inspection

surface
as the

response

vehicle

purpose

possible

to a bounding
usually

the gross

in a rocket

boss.
thickened
protuberance
in the wall of a duct
or tank
for the
attachment
of components
or connection
of other lines or instruments

from

and

is increased

seal tubing
contains

flow

blade
thickness
or flow passage

such
radial
of

of

as the
distance

freestream

boundary-layertrip. discontinuityor local turbulencein the boundarylayergenerated

by a
protrusionfrom the surfacein contactwith the boundarylayer:trippingusuallyincreases
theseverityof thethermalenvironment
breakawaydisconnect,separableconnectorthat isdisengaged
by theseparationforceasthe
vehiclerisesfromthe launchpador a stageseparates
froma lowerstage:alsocalleda rise-off
or stagingdisconnect.
bridgewire,resistancewire, attachedto tile leadsof an electroexplosivedevice,whose
function is to convertthe electricalfiring signalinto thermalenergyadequateto ignitethe
primechargeof anigniter
Brinell hardness,indentationhardnessdeterminedby pressinga hardened-steel
sphereinto
the test materialundera specifiedload for a specifiedtime,the diameterof the impression
producedisan indexto thehardness
brittle failure, rupture of structural material that is not precededby appreciable
deformationof the material
B-stage.
resin

intermediate

is dry

and

stage

relatively

in the
stiff

polymerization

at room

bubble
point,
gas pressure
at which
a test fluid: used to determine
filter
builtup

shaft,

bulkhead,
usually

with

structural
used

burndown
materials
burn

shaft

rate.

burning

literally,

temperature:

rate

at

surfacc,

in grain

to

butt weld
lips bent

tile

propellant

of components

such
the

separate

a solid

axis

of

rate

at which

web

of a filter

sleeves,
structure

fluids

contained

usually

applies

burns,

surface,

the

the

i.e.,

stage

the

immersed

and

in

couplings

containing

it:

in a single

tank

to thin-gage

rate

at a specified
decreases

in this

heated

as collars,

two

propellant

to that

resin:

when

at the surface

with no material
added"
up on ends to be welded
which

the

to

physically

perpendicular

design,

forms

perpendicular

vehicle

weld. fusion
with burndown

but softens

a gas bubble
rating

a multiplicity

membrane

in a rocket

of a thermosetting

temperature

duct

of recession
pressure

in thickness

of a

and

during

grain
motor

operation
burning

surface,

any given
burn

time.

of maxmmm

time

all surface
during

propellant

for a solid
thrust

of a solid-propellant

propellant,

or pressure

grain

that

is not

restricted

from

burning

combustion
the
level

interval

from

to web burnout

attainment

of a specified

initial

fraction

at

burst disk. passivephysicalbarrierin a l]uid systemthat blockstile

ruptured
burst

by fluid

pressure,

fluid

pressure

burst
test. pressure
test of
can withstand
the calculated
butterfly
around

valve,

flow

of

fluid

until

pressure

valve

a transverse

at which

a pressurized

a component
burst pressure

constructed
axis within

to close
the

flow

to rupture

off

passage

component

will rupture

to determine

or throttle

flow

whether

by rotation

tile component

or" a circular

disk

10

C-

cage.
them

mechanical
contrivance
to the bearing
raceways

camber,
curvature

curvature
of
to the chord

Campbell

diagram,

variable,
general

used

capacity

[pump).

the

plot

in a bearing

mean

of

line

rotational

to identify

resonant

volume

of liquid

captive

firing,

partial

thrust

while

restrained

to verily

design

and demonstrate

data

test

firing

bonding,

cementing

use of a thin
case

layer

hardening,

material

(case)

casing,

the part

casting

powder,

infiltration

(e.g.,

than

the

vs blade

per unit
system,

the

solid

elements

distance

from

the

frequency

with

forcing

or turbine

in which

stand;

rolling

and

point

or rotating

confiues

of greatest

function

as a

machinery

in

time

the

system

performance

for

the

in a pump

pumped

the

engine

is operated

is completely

at full

instrumented,

or
and

are obtained

propellant

propellant

in a solid

to the

motor

rocket

motor;

case

through

so that

the

the

2. the outer

insulation

by

liner)

of a metallic

harder

of the pump
small

speed

in a test

(the

contains

airfoil;

conditions

of the solid

of adhesive

is made

an

of a propulsion

case. I. the structural

envelope
portion
of metallic
materials
case

of

that

surface

the

housing

inner

that

O.050-in.

with

carbon

portion

surrounds
(1.27

outer

portion

of the

(core)
the

ram))

impeller

grains

used

in

the

interstitial

casting

process

"cat-eyes".
discharge

long,
narrow
turbine
exhaust

openings
gases

between

thrust-chamber

coolant

tubes

provided

to

cavitating
venturi,
convergent-divergent
constriction
in a line that produces
cavitation
at its
throat;
because
of the cavitation
effects,
flow of the liquid
in the line is a function
only of
pressure
cavitation,

upstream

of the constriction

formation
static

and

whenever

the

pressure

chamber,

see combustion

even

instantaneous
becomes

though
collapse

less than

chamber

11

the

the

downstream

pressure

of

vapor

bubbles

fluid

vapor

pressure

in

varies
a flowing

liquid

chamber filling interval, time period from complete

achievement
of equilibrium
burning pressure

ignition

chamber

gases in a combustion

channel
coolant

pressure,

stagnation

construction,
passages

pressure

of the exhaust

use of machined

grooves

char. rigid, porous

material
remaining
after
material; also refers to any solid residue formed
characteristic

length, ratio of combustion

characteristic
flow field

line. mathematical

characteristic
characteristic

velocity,
ratio of effective
exhaust velocity

in the wall of the nozzle

grain to

chamber
or chamber

to form

severe thermal
degradation
of an organic
by thermal degradation
of a material

chamber

line inclined

of the solid-propellant

volume

to nozzle

to the direction

exhaust

velocity

throat

area

of flow, used to compute

to thrust

coefficient;

the

also called

characterization.
1. definition
of physical or chemical properties
of a material in relation to
its application
or use in a propellant
formulation
or rocket motor; 2. definition
of the total
limctional capability
of a component
or system
chatter,
low-flow
check

uncontrolled
conditions

valve, flow-control

rapid

seating

and

unseating

of a flow-control

device that allows flow in one direction

chevron seal. term for a set of seals having a V-shaped

fluid wedging action
chilldown,
cryogenic
start

device,

usually

at

by mechanical

or

only

cross section

loaded

cooling of all or part of a cryogenic engine system from ambient

temperature
by circulating
cryogenic
fluid through the system

temperature
to
prior to engine

choked flow. flow condition in a flow passage such that flowrate through or upstream
passage cannot be increased by a reduction
of pressure downstream
of the passage
chord, straight line connecting
trailing edges of an airfoil

the ends of an arc; usually,

chugging,
low-frequency
oscillatory
combustion;
hydraulically
coupled to the propellant
feed system

12

the line joining

in a fluid

system,

the

of the

the leading

and

oscillations

are

circularlay. circulardirectionof the predominantpatternof a machinedsurface;ordinarily

determinedby theproductionmethodused
circumferentialseal. seal, composedof a continuousring or of one or more split or
segmented
rings,whosesealingsurfaceis parallelto the centerlineof the flow passage
(also
calledradialseal)
cleanroom. a delimitedspacein which dust,temperature,andhumidity arecontrolledas
necessary
for the fabricationand/orassemblyof criticalcomponents
clearanceseal.sealthat limits the leakagebetweena rotatingor reciprocatingshaftanda
stationaryhousingby controllingtheannularclearance
betweenthe two
closedloop. term applied to an electricalor mechanicalsystemin which the output is
comparedwith the input commandsignal,andally discrepancybetweenthe two resultsin
correct{veactionby thesystemelements
coaxial injector, type of injector in which one propellantsurroundsthe other at each
injectionpoint
cohesivefracture,ruptureor crackingof materialwithin the body of the material,not at a
bondlineat the interfacewith othermaterial
coil clash,contactof adjacentcoilsasa helicalspringis compressed
coinedgroove,narrow channelor depressionstampedin a burst disk to providelocalized
thinningof materialin a desirepattern
coking,depositionof a solidresidueby a materialwhenit is burnedor distilled
cold flow. 1. term appliedto a test of an engineor all or part of enginesystem,in which
fluid is flowed throughthe test configurationwithout theenginebeingstarted;termalsois
appliedto testsof modelfluid systems;2. permanentdeformationof materialcausedb'ya
compressive
load that is lessthan the load necessaryto yield the material;sometime is
requiredto obtaincoldflow
combinedstresses,stressesresultingfrom simultaneousaction of all loads to which a
structureis subject
combustionchamber,portion of a rocketenginein whichpropellantsareburned

13

combustionstabilizationdevice,contrivancein

the combustion

chamber

that

reduces

or

eliminates
oscillatory
combustion
by reducing
the coupling
of the oscillations
with
driving combustion
processes or by increasing the damping inherent in the engine system

the

compliance
(fluid). effective
unit pressure change

per

compressibility

composite
propellant, solid propellant
a continuous
solid phase
compressibility

factor,

of a fluid, i.e., the change

system

ratio of ideal-gas

comprising

density

solid phase dispersed

an elastomer

the fluid-column

fails to recover

loads

coined

word

for "cone

Conoseat.
trademark
all-metal radial seal
contact

ratio,

contaminant

average

of

Aeroquip

number

tolerance,

in cylinder",

amount

of teeth

Corp.,

a specific
Marman

in contact

(by weight)

solid-propellant

Div.

for

of a standard

pressure

similar

parts,

joint

using

an

gears

contaminant

a filter under specified

fluid flowrate, temperature,
and pressure)
loss in the filter to exceed a maximum allowable value

a fixed

grain configuration

a leak-proof

in a pair of meshing

after

due to internal

connector,
mechanical
device for joining or fastening
together two or more
e.g., lines or tubes in a fluid system or wires in an electrical system
conocyl,

in

to real-gas density

compression
set. percent of deflection
by which
time under specified squeeze and temperature
compression
system, duct system wherein
are reacted by the support structure

a discrete

in fluid volume

(added
that

causes

at the inlet of
the pressure

contamination
tolerance
level, value of contaminant
particle size, or level of contamination,
in a fluid system at which the specified performance,
reliability,
or life expectancy
of the
components
of the system is adversely affected
contraction
ratio, ratio
the area of the throat

of the area of the combustion

chamber

at its maximum

diameter

to

controller,
device that converts
an input signal from the controlled
variable (temperature,
pressure,
level, or flowrate)
to a valve actuator input (pneumatic,
hydraulic,
electrical, or
mechanical)
to vary the valve position to provide the required correction
of the controlled
variable

14

convolution,
metal)
tube

longitudinal

coolant

relatively

tube.

regeneratively
wall

Coulomb
directed

wave

small-diameter

cooled

coupling,

mechanical

that

piece

of

material,

representative

cracking.

1.

thermal

decomposition

hydrocarbons

and

other

creep,
than

permanent
the load

creep

strength,

which

a given

crevice
similar

degree
material

to

the

which

will not

of

critical

crack

tile concentration

stress

size.
level,

crack

or

a given
exhibit

flaw
and

caused

size

some

material

a significant

used

presstirant

a turbopump

in a part,

that

hydrocarbons

above

which

by a tensile

resists

creep;

amount

the

lighter

and

to allow

flow

load

to obtain
also,

properties

device

or compressive

is required

or
in a

accompanies

into
device

a flow-control

time

shaft

connector

to evaluate

of a flow-control

always

(in opposite

a separable

as a test specimen

(complex)

but

the

(e.g.,

that

is less

creep

maximum

load

at

of creep

in a narrow,
relatively
deep opening
where
two
fluid that acts as an electrolyte;
corrosion
occurs

of the

reactive

in a pressure

become

also,

material

2. opening

material;

gradient

will grow

of

is used

of material

to yield

parts

two

turbopump;

of a

to cool

in magnitude

together

pressure

corrosion,
corrosion
that occurs
surfaces
meet and trap a reactive

because
fluid

specified

deformation
necessary

is constant

(usually

the wall

propellant

and

or" heavy

cracking
pressure,
effective
differential
valve) will open and allow flow of fluid

force

thin-wall

to or tbrming

carrying

vapor

of the

products,

and

in a

of propellant

of the

and subsequently

attached

nozzle

friction

fastens

components

formed

conduit

or

damping:

device

the part during

processing
of tile part material

simpler
of fluid

chamber

simultaneous
migration
a permeable
membrane

connects
the shaft to othcr
fluid system
line or duct
coupon,

plastically

thin-wall

combustion

damping,
dry-friction
opposite
to tile velocity

counterpernmation,
directions)
across

(corrugation)

unstable

15

species

vessel
(i.e.,

established

at or above

within

which

will lead to brittle

the

the
failure)

trapped

crack,

at a

critical flow capacity,

point in the performance
of a tank-pressurization
heat exchanger
at
which pressurant
volumetric
flowrate
is at a maximum
and an increase in pressurant
produces a decrease in volumetric
rate
critical

ignition

pressure,

pressure

below

which propellants

critical speed, shaft rotational

speed at which
coincides with a possible forcing frequency
crowned

spline,

spline

modified

along

fluids or conditions

cryogenic

propellant,

cryogenic

seal. seal that must function

cryopump,
extremely

to reduce pressure in a cavity

cold (cryogenic)
surfaces

propellant

a natural

the face width

cryogenic,

at low temperatures,
that

cannot
frequency

or profile

usually

grain, solid-propellant

to anticipate

is liquid only at temperatures

effectively
by

at temperatures
condensing

may

be operated

below

cylindrical
slide or piston valve, valve with a cylindrical
covered or uncovered
by sliding of a piston in the bore

-150C

-150C
vapors

in a rocket

with

(123K)
(123K)

and gases on

and closed)

cross section
bore

(123K)

type of coupling

(e.g., opened

grain in which the internal

16

below

system

misalignment

-150C

confined

cyclic vibration,
vibration
mode, induced
by rough combustion
periodically
produces severe g loads at one predominant
frequency
cyfindrical

of a rotor/stator

at or below

curvic coupling, trade name of the Gleason Works for a face-gear

in manner similar to that used for bevel gears
cycle life. number
of times a unit
perform within acceptable
limits

be ignited

generated

and

engine,

still

that

is a circle

radial

holes

that

are

-Ddam.

flat

separate
datum,
shaft;

plate
two

inserted

streams

reference

stlrface

normally

debond,

the

localized

debulk,

term

decontamination,
component,
deflagration,
In

applied

burning

in order

to partially

or fully

bearing

locations)

on a turbopump

shoulder
of two

application

to pressure
to

(e.g.,

shaft

interlhce

the

process

process
the

move

points

or the

at the
by

manilk)ld

directions

less than

neutralize

components

cemented

of pressure

prior

10 -llmm

Hg(1.333x10-13

or

remove

together

to initiation

harmflfl

of cure
N/cm

fluids

2)

from

or assembly

deflagration,

products

axis

(q. v.)

cleaning

system,

critical

of adhesive

prcpreg

a fluid

opposite

longitudinal

failure

vacuum,

into

from

for locating

shaft

to compact

deep-space

perpendicularly

approaching

in which

reaction

away

from

large

front

quantities

advances

unreactcd

of gas and
at

material:

less

than

energy

are released

sonic

a dellagration

velocity

may,

but

rapidly.

and

need

gaseous

not,

be

an

explosion
design
and

allowables,

precise

accepted

values

design

burst

pressure,

design

load

{or pressureL

design

margin,

maximum

term

limit

product

for the

device

design

has a design

safety

account

for

quality,

load

be based

factor,
design

difference

margin

mechanical

on yield,

buckling,

limit

load

properties

multiplier
such
load

the

for use in design

greater

as slight

than

variations

strength

within

by the

structure:

or on fatigue

17

ultimate

in

in material
the

ultimate

multiplied

the

design

of a component

1 applied

design

load

factor

devices's
cycle life under
requirements
by 100,000

stress,
the stress,
in any structural
element,
that results
load or combination
of design loads, whichever
condition
limit

and

capability

design
design

load.

ultimate

of safety
safety

factor

to perform
full working
cycles,
then

cycles

distributions

or ultimate

by the

(or pressure)

e.g., if an expulsion
exceeds
mission

uncertainties
and

multiplied

between

of 100,000

arbitrary

magnitude,

pressure

of the

and the specified

use requirement:
pressure
and dynamic
environments
the

of material

analysis

structural

properties,
the

safety

design

to

fabrication
factor

may

life

design

from the application

results
in the highest
safety

factor

of the
stress

designyield load.limit loadmultipliedby the yield designsafetyfactor

detonation,
medium
at

explosion
supersonic

reaction-front

characterized
by propagation
of tile reaction
front within
velocity
and by motion
of reaction
products
in same

lllOVelllen

deviation

angle,

cambcr

angle

between

linc at the trailing

dewetting,

oxidizer

diffusion

factor,

diaphragln.
actuator
to expel

I.

thin

and

propcllant_,,

in which

difl'usion

membrane

that

on the blade

can

be used

dilatation,
diluent,

fluid

temperature
material

ioften
resulting

to attenuate

separable
separated
displacement
(displaced)
dissociation,
divergence

short
halves,
without

term

fuel)

from

chemically

or more

metals,

force:

thickness,

separation

to the

if eel) breaks

added

nlean

blade

frec from

thc

the

balanced

properties

ratio of the actual

inviscid
flow

to prevent

fluid

2. positive

expulsion

temperaturc

_volume)

exhaust

distance
of the

by

formation

of a compound

of the
into

sce half-angle

18

the

to

also,

to the

ideal

a separable

which

or as an

dcvice

and

pressure

the

gas

used

creatc

cool
any

substance

below

the

added

to a

material

flowrate

for a quick-disconnect

leakage

or extent

gas

combustion:

of the

in a pump

or decrements

in bulk

to

surface

wherein

increments

or expanding

excess

suction

outer

boundary
chemically

flowrate,

connector

an interlace
seal and, usually,
a latch-rclcase
the use of tools in a very short
time

as a result

angle,

two

in discrete

of enlarging

one

discharge
coefficient,
basis of one-dimensional

disconnect,

of joining

or operating

the action

tangent

the hinder

as a seal

to tr_.lllSl'Orlll all applied

prcssurc
to linear
propellant
from a tank in zero-g conditions

proceeding

the

particles

ol'local

diffusion
bonding,
method
intermolccular
bonds
digital,

direction

in solid

and metal
index

oullet-fluid

edge

phenomenon

embedded

tile reacting
direction
as

streamlines

calculated

characterized

locking

mechanism

in fluid

layer
simpler

components

l]ow

on

the

by

two

:it can

are

shifted

be

divergence
efficiency,
ratio
of thrust
calculated
flow) to the thrust of an ideal-flow
nozzle
DN.

index

to bearing

speed

in revolutions

capability:

the

product

shaft

speed

dome

manifold,

donor
shock

charge,
external
charge
in a through-bulkhead
wave through
the bulkhead
to detonate
the

double-base

per minute

for

manifl)ld

propellant,

that

spans

propellant

the

actual

nozzle

of bearing

bore

contour

(potential

in millimeters

(D_ and

IN)
the

back

with

of the injector

two

initiator
whose detonation
charge on the internal
side

explosive

ingredients,

e.g..

transmits

nitrocellulose

and

nitroglycerin
double
localion

pilot,
registry
between
mating
or where location
is transferred

doublel,

injector

dowllcomer.
conveys
coolanl

I. axial

and

through

dr}, cycle,
llow

13t,mp

radially

ratlially

consisting

fccd

passage

from

fluid
from
a higher
to
flows in tile same direction

immp.

enters

pattern

of

wherein
two surfaces
surface
lo anolhcr

one

or

more

pairs

of

establish

orifices

relative

that

produce

S [ l'C_.ln/S

co nvcl'gJllg

drag

orifice

components
from one

whose

rotor

is carried

the

rear

of

a lower
location
as cxh;.lusl ,_,ls
consists

within

of a disk

the

hladc

the

injcclor:

on

a vehicle:

with

nan._

passages

2. vertical
3.

short

around

radial

the

feedlinc

coolant

disk

tube

blades.
and

that

in which

The

flow

is discharged

:1 pOll

opcralion

of a valve

or similar

component

without

propellant

or test

fluid

in the

passages

dry-fihn

lubricant,

by coating
the stlrlacc:
dynamic

imbalance,

rotor
is rolalionally
rotates
about
the
requires

material

thai

reduces

one or both of the surfaces

also called solid lul-wicant

measurement

distribution
misaligned
bearing
axis.
alld

of

dynamic
seal. mechanical
device
region of a fluid-system
component

rotor

with the
i)ynamic

correction

rolling
with

or sliding

a slippery

mass

such

friction
fihn,

that

between

often

the

mating

permanenlly

principal

inertia

surfaces
bonded

axis

to

of the

bearing
axis. Moments
are generated
when the rotor
imbalance,
also referred
to as nlonlelll
imhalancc,

in two

or more

planes

perpendicular

used to minimize
lcz, kage of
when there is relative
motion

19

to the

rotor

axis

fluid from the flow-stream

of the sealing interfaces

duct.seeline
ductile failure,
dimensional
dump

cooling,

rupture
of
change
without

structural
fracture

method

reducing

of

material

heat

transfer

exhaust
gas down
the nozzle
coolant
passages
at the exit being used to increase
performance

20

after

plastic

by

dol'onnution

flowing

alld discharging

the
the

also,

nozzle

gas at the

tinacccptablc

collant
exil,

turbilw
expansion

-EE-D nozzle,short tcrm for expansion-deflection

nozzle,which hasan annularthroat that
discharges
exhaustgaswith a radialoutwardcomponent
effectivearea.

actual

of a bellows
joint
this area creates

area

acted

on that

at the main diameter

axial
or end thrust

results

ill a force

of the
(pressure

in ally

convolutions:
separating

device

; for example,

the area

internal
pressure
exerted
force)
tending
to elongate

over
the

bellows
effective

heat

heating
dissipated

ablation,

per unit

efficiency,

ratio

elastic
limit,
deformation
elastomer,
twice

of

conditions

undergoing

mass

of ablated

of energy

maximum

polymeric

its original

electrical

figure

and

delay,

time

under

to energy

input

that

can

that

and

on release

period

for

material

material

length

merit

steady-state

output
stress

of

the

material

ablation;

the

specified

be applied

at room

from

a given

temperature
quickly

initial

electrical

to steady-state

represents

the

heat

conditions

to a body

return

subjected
quantity

without

can

be stretched

to its original
signal

producing

permanent

to approximately

length

to first

motion

of the

activated

part
electroexpiosive
contact
with,
electrical

or

energy

electron-beam
produces

heat

electroforming,

end

burning
a long

process

for fusion

plating,
1. the

in the

strength,

load

is created

on total

longitudinal

cylindrical

end

reduction

structure

axial-load-carrying
by the pressure

terminals

a controlled

the workpiece
hollow
process

burning

direction;
under

in which electrically
insulated
terminals
are ill
that
reacts
chemically
when
the required
the

in which

of seamless

chemical
effects

through

by striking

production

effects.

contrivance
a composition

level is discharged
welding,

the

electroless

device
tEED),
adjacent
to,

stream

containers

high-velocity

electrons

by electrodeposition

for deposition

surfaces

of

in a vacuum

of a metallic

of internal-burning

2. three-dimensional

strain

coating

grains
condition

contributed
near

the

ends

stress
capability

separating

of braided
force

21

wire

in the hose

sheath

of a flexible

hose

section;

by
of

endurancelimit, naaximunlstressat which a materialpresumablycall endureandinfinite

numberof stressreversals/cycles)
endwall.surfaceof tile housingandrotor hubbetweenadjacentbladeson apumprotor
"energetic"propellants.1. liquid bipropellantsthat contributeenergyto tile exhaustgas
throughexothermaldecompositionprior to oxidationreactions:2. solid propellantwith
addedingredientsthat raiseenergyoutputabovethenormfor thatclassof propellant
energy releasesystem,portion of a solid rocket igniter that providesthe heat eftlux
necessary
to ignitetile propellantandraiseit to aself-sustaining
combustionlevel
engine,seerocketengine
entry, regionof the thrust chamberwherethe contour of the chamberconverges
to the
nozzlethroat
envelope,externalboundarydefining the limits on the dimensionsof the component,
subsystem,
or system
Enzian-plate
a solid

injector,

type

of injector

that

produces

atomization

by impingement

plate

equal-percentage
characteristic,
in which
a percentage
change
percentage

change

equilibrium
sufficient

relation
between
ira opening
at

valve flow
any stroke

and the
increment

composition,
time for reactants

chelnical
composition
to achieve
chemical

that the
balance

exhaust

burning,
increased
burning
of solid propellant
at high velocity
over tile burning
surface

that

erosive

burning

that includes

evaporative

rate.
flow

burning

rate

of combustion

freezing,
to pressures

element
stroke
cause
an equal

gas would

attain

if given

of surface
material
by tile action
of moving
liquids
or gases; may
of suspended
solid particles
and in some cases by corrosive
action

erosive
moving

high-velocity

valving
will

in flow

erosion,
wearing
away
accelerated
by presence
the lluid

expands

of a jet on

freezing
below

of solid

propellant

products
that

the triple

can

over
occur

point

the burning
when

of the

") "3

results

combustion

augmentation

products

induced

by

surface

a liquid

liquid

from

be
of

leaks

into

hard

vacuum

and

exfoliated
exhaust
expands

laminate,

plies of the laminate

stripped

from the surface

plume, hot gas ejected from the thrust chamber of a rocket engine: the plume
as the vehicle ascends, thus exposing the engine and vehicle to greater radiative area

exhaust
plume biowback,
condition in which ambient
gases forward, over the motor and its attachments
exit. aft end of the divergent portion
the nozzle : also called exit plane
exit pressure,

pressure

of the exhaust

expansion

geometry,

contour

expansion

ratio, see area ratio

exploding
bridge-wire
between two terminals

of a nozzle,

pressure

drives

the plane at which

the nozzle

the exhaust

exhaust

gases leave

gas at the nozzle exit

of the nozzle

from throat

(EBW). initiator
consisting
and exploded by application

to exit plane

of a small wire (1 to 4 nails) rumling

of a high voltage

explosion,
very rapid chemical reaction or change of state in a material involving production
of a large vohime of gas and resulting in rupture of the material container
(if present} and
generation
of a shock wave in surrounding
medium
explosive
valve, valve having a small
high-pressure
gas to change valve position

explosive
charge that when
(also known as a squib valve)

expulsion efficiency,
index of the ability of an expulsion
tank : the ratio of expelled volume to loaded volume
external expansion,
a controlled-expansion

expansion
wall

of the exhaust

23

device

detonated

to expel

gases from the nozzle

throat

the liquid

directly

provides

from a

without

24

-Ffabricability,capabilityof beingfabricatedinto a desiredconfigurationandsizewithoutloss

of properties
face seal.sealwhosesealingsurfaceis perpendicularto the centerlineof the flow passage;
generally,a face sealpreventsleakageof fluids alongrotating shaftsby a meansof a
stationaryprimary-sealring that bearsagainstthe faceof a matingringmountedon a shaft.
Axial pressuremaintainsthe contact betweenseal ring and mating ring. Also called
face-contactseal.
fail safe.term for philosophyin the designof propulsionsystemhardwarethat seeksto
avoid the compoundingof failures;fail-safedesignprovisionsensurethat the component
(e.g., a valve element) will move to a predetermined"SAFE" position if electrical,
pneumatic,or hydraulicpoweris lost
fatiguelife.
by a material

number of cycles
prior to failure

of stress,

under

a stated

test condition,

that can be sustained

filler, substance
added to another
material
(usually an elastomer
or plastic) to improve
material properties,
alter one or more specific properties
(e.g., change hardness), or extend
or dilute the material
fillet, material
faired into
relieve stress concentrations
fill yarn. yarn running

the angle formed

at the junction

perpendicular

by the junction

to the length

of two surfaces,

primarily

to

of the fabric

film cooling, technique

for reducing
heat transfer
to the gas-side wall of a combustion
chamber or nozzle by maintaining
a thin layer (film) of cooling fluid over the surface. The
fihn may be self-generated
by thermally
induced phase change in the surface material, or
fluid may be injected

through

holes or slots in the surface

filter, device in a fluid system that limits

the system downstream
of itself

size and amount

or through

a porous

of particulate

surface.

contamination

in

finite-element
method,
computer-based
technique
for structural
or hydrodynamic
analysis,
in which the structure
or flow system is divided into many small segments (called elementsL
for which a matrix of coefficients
of algebraic equations
is set up and solved for wflues of
the desired
finocyl,

parameter

coined

(stress,

strain, velocity,

word for "fin in cylinder",

etc.)
a specific

25

solid-propellant

grain configuration

flame spreading
ignition
of the
flaw.

interval,
time period
entire grain surface

unplanned

flexible

discontinuity

hose.

pliant

flexible

joint

ball-joint
ducts

assembly

in one

flexure
restrains

two

a solid

propellant

inner

core

such

sections

both

solid

is attached

connector

duct

inchides

of the

the

and

flexible

tube.
element

in

tube

is rigidly

flow

angle,

flow

coefficient,

a torquemotor-design

and
attached

direction

flowfield,

to the valve
of gas flow

in a pump,

tip speed);
the device

:it any

ratio

and

flow
limiler,
device
pressures,
in particular

that
body'

point

absohite

device,

(separated

of convoluted

detachment

buckling

as metal

bellows,

flexible

motion

and

restraint

allows
fits

poppet

interconnecting
motion

fluid

seals

velocity

motion

but

between

thc

tlow

to nozzle
to rotor

flowrate

flow

the

stream,

the

as a spring
referred

of the

or

linkage

axial

the

hose,

between

member

and

acts

nozzle,

of the

or plastic

ends

gas t]ow

from

axis

tangential

at specified

flowratc
at or below
a specified
flow during
presstire
surges

flowl,

metal

to prevent

to fixed

the

to the

grain

relative

vohlmetric

states

grain

permits

end and

in the

thermodynalnic

to control
restricting

the

transmits

at one

of axial

in a flow-control

aerodynanlic

separation

valve,

a dc torquemotor

propellant

member

disk. supporting
member
in a poppet
valve that
rotation
and prevents
misalignnlent
of concentric

valving

flow

of a flexible

nonrigid

joins

planes:

ignition

particularly

wire sleeve that

is presstirized

section),
that

or more

flexure

(blade
across

consisting

braided
the core

(flexible

first

in a structure,

conduit

tubing
and an outcr
and separation
when

from

in the

chamber

wlluc

the wall

velocity

pressure

or nozzle

over

of the

drop

a range

of

flow

passage

flow-to-close
valve,
valve in which
element
provide
a closing force

the

flow

direction

and

forces

acting

on

the

valving

flow-to-open

the

llow

direction

and

forces

acting

on

the

valving

ball

of

element
flow

valve,

provide
iube.

turbulcncc

tube
and

valve

in

an opening
inserted
presstire

which

force
in hollow

drop

26

a ball

valvc

to smooth

the

l]ow

and

to reduce

fluid-cooled,term appliedto a chamberor nozzlewhosewallsarecooledby fluid supplied

fromanexternalsource,asin regenerative
cooling,transpirationcooling,or film cooling
fluid-film bearing,type of bearingwhereinseparationof the bearingandjournaldependson
the shearingof a lubricatingfilm in the clearancebetweenparts;viscousforceswithin the
fluid supportthe bearingload
fluid interface,commonboundaryof two or moresurfacesexposedto fluid (e.g.,mating
flangesof a duct) or theinterfacebetweena fluid andcontainingdevice(e.g.,tubewall)
forced-separation
disconnect,
or pneumatic
forced-vortex
other

than

forcing

flow.

flow

in which

inversely

with

radius

function,

four-way

separable

connector

that

is disengaged

by explosive,

hydraulic,

pressure

vibration

valve,

simultaneous

valve
flow

the

lluid

of the

flow

or alternating

having

paths

four

tangential

stress

that

controlled

through

the

velocity

is forced

to vary

in a manner

passage
imposes

working

wtlve:

an oscillation

passages

commonly

on a system

such

used

that

to

control

very

high

there

are

two

double-acting

actuators
fractographic
analysis,
order to determine
the
fracture

mechanics,

this

discipline

and

provides

principles

bending

term
mode

free height,

and

resonance

of a spring
of

a surface;

free-vortex

flow.

tangential

flow
velocity

fracture

of minute
for analyzing

the

to resist

a complete

in the

2.

by any constraints

brittle

of a material

to designate

or

surface

under

of structural

flaws

and

the

effects

magnification

material

cracks

in

under

in structural

load:

materials

of such

discontinuities

applied

to

and

behavior

used

tmimpeded

fhlid

techniques

capability

1. length

jet

with

importance

of shaft

height

stream.

another

dealing
the

on material

toughness,

free-free,

free

science

emphasizes

nonhomogencities
fracture

examination
of a fractured
nature
of the fracture

jet
the

free
from

the

fluid

varies

inversely

lack

of

(unloaded)
the

central

in which

brittle

axial
with

27

restraint

the

first

lateral

condition

orifice

flow

failure

exit

region

velocity
radius

to
in

the
a flow

is constant

of the

flow

point

of

passage,

from
passage

hub

impingement
where

flow

to tip while

on
is

the

fretting,mechanism
of wearthat actson matingmetallicsurfacesto producesurfacedamage
when onesurfacerepeatedlymovesthroughsnlall-amplitudcdisplacements
relativeto the
othersurface
friability, tendencyof crystallinestructureto crtunble
frozen composition, exhaust-gaschemical compositionthat does not changeduring
expansionin tile nozzle
fuel. liquid or solid material used to supply thermal energy by chemicalreaction
(conlbustion)with anoxidizer
fuel binder, continuousphasethat contributesthe principal structuralconditionto solid
propellant but doesnot contain any oxidizingelement,either in solution or chemically
bonded
full-complementbearing,needleor
rolling-element
shaft

and

function
initiating
charge,
fuse.
ignition

spacing

roller bearing
that does
elements):
tile needles

bearing

time.
energy

in an electroexplosive
device,
tile
and some
later
function
such
as

igniting

cavity

tile

fill the

or start

of pressure
device

not incorporate
or rollers
ride

an inner
directly

race (a
on the

fully
time
period
between
application
or'
bridgewire
hreak,
ignition
of outpt_t

rise

consisting

of

a detonating

or

dcflagrating

train

for

per

unit

propagation

energy

FV factor,
length

retainer

(F)

term
and

in seal
rubbing

design
speed

for tile product

(V)

28

of total

contact

load

circunlferential

of

G-

gain. overall increase in the value

hydraulic,
or electrical system

of a given

galling, progressive
surlhce damage
being increased friction and possible

of mating
seizure

parameter

sliding

that

is produced

surfaces

under

by a pneumatic,

high loads,

the result

galvanic corrosion,
surface damage due to generation
of an electric current
resulting from
the exposure
of electrically
connected
dissimilar metals to an electrolyte;
the metal that is
lower on the EMF scale is rapidly attacked
garter spring, helically coiled wire spring with its ends connected,
maintaining
a radial (sealing) force on an element on a shaft
gas distributor,

passive

device

that

determines

the

flow pattern

used

in tension

of the gas entering

for

an ullage

space
gas generator,
assemblage
of parts similar to a small rocket engine, in which propellant
is
burned to provide hot exhaust gases to (1) drive the turbine in the turbopump
assembly of a
rocket vehicle,
or (2) pressurize
liquid propellants,
or (3) provide thrust by exhausting
through a nozzle
gasket, deformable
a fluid system

element

used to prevent

leakage

between

gas-metal-arc
(GMA) welding, inert-gas welding process
between a bare consumable
filler wire and the workpiece
gas permeativity,
gas solubility,

capability
capability

of a gas to penetrate
of a given gas to dissolve

two relatively

static

using as a heat source

or diffuse

through

another

surfaces

all electric

gimbal,

to incline

freely

curing

in any direction

gimbal ring. circular structural

member
the joint are attached,
so that the joint

in a given fluid under specified

of a liquid polymer

mix when viscosity

from a fixed support

(i.e., a pivot point)

of a gimballed joint to which

can be angled in any direction

29

arc

substance
conditions

gas-tungsten-arc
(GTA) welding, inert-gas welding process wherein heat is produced
electric arc between a nonconsumable
electrode and the work; a filler metal is optional
gel stage, condition
reached during
an essentially "no flow" condition

in

the yokes

by an

tests show

or clevises of

Gimbar.

coined

gland,

cavity

mated

part

word
ill

that

which
together

Goodman
slrucltlr'al

diagram,
adequacy

oo so-so,

term

comp_,nent
sla>_, abme}

grain,

for

integral

piece

anomaly,

an ()-ring

or

of

stress vs alternating
of the component

inspection

temperature,

process

whether

molded

rocket
relation

includes

strength

the t,._Tr()(,)'ve
'_[J]d the surface

oI" the

the O-ring

plot of mean
( latiguc
lifct
a test

crossed bars for structLlral

is installed:

confine

nonhomogencity

grai,i conditioned
ignition
guide

ring with

in a sot by determining
a spccil'ic
V_.I]LIO

oxidizer
in a solid
l+crformance-vs-timc
grain

Ior a gimbal

and

in cured
unit'orm

that

a given

or extruded

motor

stress

solid

establishes
parameter

propellant

is shaped

to

propellant

grain

temperature

in a component,

that

prodttce,

(e.g.,
of

thc
falls

the

used

to appraise

acceptability
below

{or,

comprises
when

a void,
propellant

of

both

burned,

fuel

just

pocket)
before

Valle. see \Lille

gyroscopic
molnent,
oI the rotating
axis,

moment
induced
as in _lgyroscope

on

rotating

3O

components

by the

angular

and

a specified

or a fflcl-rich
grain

any

conversely.

displacement

-Hhalf-angle,anglebetweenthe nozzlecenterlineanda line parallelto the innersurfaceof the

nozzleexit cone:alsocalleddivergence
angle
hard lille, line or duct that incorporatesno flexiblejoints but is providedwith deflection
capabilityby the useof loopsandelbowsandlow-modulusor thin-wallmaterial
hardpoppet,poppetwith a hardsealingsurface
hardsealingsurface,surfacefabricatedof material(metal,ceramic,or cermet)that doesnot
permanentlyyield or deform exceptwith wear(flexible metaldisksarca specialtype of
hardsealingsurfacet
hardseat.seatwith a hardsealingsurface
hardvacuum,termappliedto pressure
lessthan 10-8 mmHg(1.333x10-10N/cm2)
hat.descriptivetermfor a flanged,square-bottom-"U"crosssection
heador headrise,increasein fluid pressuresuppliedby a pump: the differencebetween
pressureat the pumpinletandpressure
at pumpdischarge,
fluid pressurebeingexpressed
as
equivalentheight(in feet)of a fluid column
headcoefficient,measureof headriserelatedto impeller
heat-affected
heater

zone

blanket,

cryogenic

component

falling

heat

of ablation,

limits
heat
result

below

(e.g.,

total

chamber,

wall
soak.

increase

rate

transfer

of heat

through

wrapped

to prevent

heat

chamber

that

the

around

of welding
all

temperature

an ablative

unit

in which

for short-duration

or

or brazing

a portion

within

the

of

component

material

dissipates

per unit

mass

area

the

parts

unit

31

capacity

components

when

or emprically
per

heat

of

the

chamber

wall

firing)

in rocket-engine

contiguous

analytically
per

form

by the heat

minimum

incident

in temperature

coefficient,

affected

tip speed

of ablation

(effective

heat-transfer

sheet

an actuator)

combustion

transfer

of material

in

operating

of the
heat

temperature

o, heat

region

heater

a stated

See effective

heat-sink

the

electrical

from

ablated.

(HAZ).

discharge

no active
determined

temperature

after
cooling

firing

parameter

difference

has ceased,

the

exists

between

that

expresses
two

the

substances

hermeticseal.sealevidencing
nodetectableleakageor permeationof gasor moisture
Hertz stress, maximum compressivestressdue to the pressurebetweencontacting
load-carrying
elasticbodies,atleastoneof whichis a curvedbody
heterogeneous
decomposition,separation
of a substance
into simplercomponentsthatdiffer
in phase
lfigh-cycle
fatigue,
life-cycle
greater than 10 4 cycles

capability

hi-pot

test performed

at a high

teeth

wheels

hob.

test.
tool

dielectric-strength
used

for cutting

the

determined

of worm

homokinetic
plane,
in universal
joints
plane containing
the shafts and bisecting
hot-core
injector,
injector
by a "cold"
fuel sheath

hot
and

fire. term
operated

measured
hot-gas

applied
while

: period
valve,

that

valve

produces

that

need

controls

a central

not
the

hot

term

applied

streaking,

zones
derives
housing,

hub/tip

stratification

of high-temperature
from the localized
physical

ratio,

to materials

ratio

of

electric

or gear

flow

of hot

burning

the plane
them

range:

that

combustion

generally

is normal

region

in which
the engine
and
its components

to the

surrounded

is started
(ignited)
is observed
and

duration

gases,

low elongation

gases

strain

wheels

opening

at temperatures

having

elastic

potential

hot-gas

be full operational

restricting
the flow at mainstage;
it operates
as high as 1000F
(811K)
or higher
hot-short,

the

(or gimbal
joints),
the angle between

to a test of an engine system

performance
of the system

of operation

by

at

in excess

(brittle)

in a combustion

low

power

of 200F

at elevated
chamber

into

levels

of radius

that

forms

of pump

the containing

rotor

at blade

hydraulic.
1. operated,
moved,
or effected
device using a liquid as the operating
fluid

by liquid

32

envelope

hub

used

and

temperatures
longitudinal

gases that
do not break
up and mix with cooler
gases;
heat marks visible on the chamber
wall after firing has ended

structure

but

(366K)

term

for an assembly

to radius

of rotor

to transmit

at blade

energy;

tip

2. a system

or

hydraulic
dashpot,
device used to reduce the velocity
fixed stop, so that impact energy levels are reduced

of the

actuator

as it approaches

hydrogen
embrittlement,
decrease in a metal's tensile strength,
notched
tensile strength,
fatigue strength,
resistance to crack growth, and especially ductility as a result of absorption
by the metal of newly formed gaseous hydrogen
hydrostatic
bearing, fluid-fihn
bearing
of the surfaces is externally
supplied
hydrostatic

pressure,

fluid pressure

wherein

the pressure

due to gravitational

required

to maintain

separation

force

hydrostatic
seal. seal that incorporates
features that maintain
means of pressure
provided
either by an external
source
across the seal

an interfacial
film thickness by
or by the pressure differential

hypergolic
ignition,
ignition that involves no external
energy source, but restdts entirely
from the spontaneous
reaction
of two materials
when they are brought
into contact:
materials may be two liquids or a liquid impinging on a solid
hypergolic

propellants,

propellants

that ignite spontaneously

33

when mixed

with each other

-1idealnozzle,nozzlethat whenanalyzedon the basisof one-dimensional

point-sourceflow
providestheoreticallyperfectperformancefor agivenarearatio
idealvelocity,speedthat a rocketvehiclecouldachieveif freeof dragandgravity
idiot pin. locating pin that matchestwo parts in correct orientation so that mating
components
cannotbematedincorrectly
igniter, devicethat call, in a controlledand predictablemanner,induceself-sustaining
combustion,ofpropellantsin the combustionchamberof a rocketengineor motor
ignition, attainmentof self-sustaining
combustionof propellantsin a rocketengineor motor
ignition delay,in solid rocket motors,time period from the momentof arrival of the
thermalenergyfromthe igniterat the propellantgrainsurfaceuntil anexothermicgas-phase
reactionis self-sustaining
(i.e., the propellantis burning);in liquid rocketengines,the time
frominitial contactof fuelandoxidizeruntil a measurable
pressure
is generated
ignition lag time. time period from initiation of the igniter until first ignition of solid
propellant
ignition temperature,surfacetemperatureof a solid-propellantgrain at the moment
combustionbegins;the temperaturedependsonthe extentof pyrolysis,on heatingrate,and
onpressure,
especiallyatlow pressures
andhighflux levels
impeller,disk with curvingradialribs (blades)or spiralledscrewthat rotateswithin a casing
andaccelerates
fluid in the flow passage
outwardlyinto a collectoror into flow passages
of a
followingstage
impulse,productof averagethrustandthe time duringwhich it acts;mathematically,the
integralof thethrust-timefunctionovera definitetime interval
impulsestage,stagein a pump or turbine in which thereis no changein static pressure
acrossthe rotor
incidenceangle,anglebetweeninlet-fluid direction and the tangentto the blademean
camberline at the leadingedgeof theblade
inducer,an auxiliarypump with a spiral impeller,mountedat the inlet of a mainpump,
whosefunctionis to raisethe fluid pressure
at the inlet by anamountsufficientto preclude
cavitationin the mainpump

34

inertance,impedingeffect of fluid inertia on transmissionof oscillationsin a fluid-filled

conduit
inertgas.gasthat will not reactwith othermaterials
inertweight,weightof all rocketvehiclepartsthatdo not producethrust
inhibitor. 1.materialappliedto surface(s)of solid-propellantgrainsto preventcombustion
of the surface;2. materialappliedto surfacesto reducechemicalreactivityof the surface,
i.e.,preventor reducecorrosionor deteriorationof the surface
initiation, processof startingcombustion,explosion,or detonationof materialsby such
meansasimpact,friction, electrostaticdischarge,
shock,fragmentimpact,flame,or heat
initiator
electrical,
system

or initiation
system,
part of the solid rocket igniter that converts a mechanical,
or chenfical input stimulus to an energy output
that ignites the energy release

injection
cooling,
method
of reducing
heat transfer
to a body by mass-transfer
cooling
accomplished
by injecting a fluid into the local flow field through openings in the surface of
the body
injector,
produce
innercore,

device
efficient

in a liquid rocket
engine
and stable combustion

pressure-carrying

insulation
(thermal).
from that surface

material

tubular

flexible

that

applied

atomizes

member

to a surface

and

mixes

of a flexible
to prevent

region

of mating (common

boundary)

between

interference
diagram, plot of the various vibrational
any modal-shape
standing-wave
frequencies
coincide

dimensions

of the mating

parts:

heat

transfer

to

to or

to a combustion
and is absorbed by

elements

modes of a gear to determine

with gear meshing frequency

also called a press fit

35

refers
region

interconnected

interference
fit. retention
of a component
in a mounting
solely
between the interfaces;
the degree of friction (and hence retention
relative

and oxidizer

hose

or reduce

interegen,
coined
word meaning
internally
regenerative;
term
chamber design in which heat is conducted
away from the throat
liquid film coolant over the forward part of the chamber
interface,

fuel

whether

by virtue of the friction

force) is governed by the

interflow, term for simultaneousflow into andout of thecontrol-pressure

regionin zipilot
circuit for a pressureregulator
intergranularcorrosion,type of corrosiongenerallyassociated
with stainlesssteels,ctiuscd
by formationof a complexchromiumcarbidethatdepletesthe chronaiumcontentalongthe
grainboundaries
internalballistics,study of the parametersthat governthe relationsamongtemperature.
pressure,
burningrate,massdischarge
rate,etc.in a solidrocketmotor duringfiring
internal-burning
grain,grainin whichthe surfaceof theperforationis a buntingsctrliico
internalexpansion,gasexpansionwithin acontrolledexpansionwall or shroud
interstitialcasting,processthat introducesa liquid into a bedof solidgranularmaterial
inviscid,havingzeroviscosity
ksentropic,
a reversibleadiabaticprocess
Jsotropy.conditionin a materialin whichpropertiesarethe samein alldirections
isochoricflametemperature,flametemperatureat constantvolume,i.e.,in a closedvessel
iterative,proceedingin a step-by-step
repetitivemanner

36

-JJoule-Thomsoneffect, the changein gastemperaturewith gaspressureas the gasexpands

througha throttling device
journal bearing,sliding-surface
bearingthat usescombinationsof metalsor nonmetalsto
achievelow friction, compatibility,andwearresistance

37

38

-KKiel probe,
total-pressure
contoured
ring that collects
kinematics,

study

of motion

probe
consisting
and converges
exclusive

of
the

of the

an
flow

impact
stream

influences

tube

of mass

surrounded

and

K seal.

flexible

metal

seal with

a cross

determined

section

39

by pressing

shaped

like

a K

a smoothly

force

kinetic
performance,
that
portion
of the
nozzle
performance
that
equilibrium
state of tile chemically
reacting
system
during
gas expansion
Knoop
hardness,
indentation
hardness
a material:
similar to the Brinell test

by

a rhombohedral

depends

diamond

on

the

into

40

-Llabyrinth seal.clearance-type
sealin which the fluid beingsealedmusttraversea tortuous
pathin orderto escape
Lam6'sequation,equationfor stresses
in thick cylinders
laminarflow. fluid flow in whichthemotionof the fluid is smoothandregular,andthereis
nocrossflowbetweenadjacentstreamlines
laminar-flowbench,controlled-cleanliness
benchusedfor critical assemblyoperations;the
benchis closedat the sidesandtop andhasa rearwall that distributesfilteredlow-velocity
air acrossthe work areato prevententry of airbornecontaminantsinto theassembly
laminarization,processby which a turbulent boundarylayer reverts to laminar-like
characteristics
asa resultof flow acceleration
land.the actualsealingsurfaceof thepart that mateswith a seal
latch. 1. mechanicalor magneticdevicethat maintainsa flow-control componentin a
desiredpositionwithout the constantapplicationof power;2. devicethat fastensonepart
to anotherbut issubjectto releasesothe partscanbeseparated
launchvehicle,the combinationof booster,upperstages,
andspacecraft
(or otherpayload)
adaptermakingup the total rocket at time of launch;thespacecraftor payloaditself is not
regardedaspart of the launchvehicle
leakage
rate.thequantity of fluid escaping
pasta sealill a givenlengthof time
"leak-before-burst"condition,conditionrequiringthat crackspenetratinga pressure-vessel
wall do so without reachingthe (critical) sizefor unstablepropagation(i.e., the sizethat
leadsto brittle fracture)
leverlink. mechanicallinkagebetweentile actuatorandthe valvingelementof rotaryvalve
that consistsof a leveror crankon the rotary memberanda link with clevisconnections
from theleverto the actuatorshaft
Lewisnumber,dimensionless
parameter,the ratio of massdiffusivity to thermaldiffusivity
liftoff, term designatingtile instant of vehicleflight at which vehiclecontact with all
holddownandsupportdevicesisterminated:alsocalled"first motion" of the vehicle

41

limit load (or pressure),

maximum
expected
under the specified
conditions
of operation,
limits

testing,

exposure

are expected
line

(or ductL
that

conveys

linear

characteristic,
value

in final

enclosed

walls)

constant

of a component

to occur

under

to reduce

(usually

length,

heat

distance

live length,
overall
imposed
dellections
load factor,

loading
surface

ratio

relation

the

transfer

along

length

between

downstream

pressure

in cross

valve

slot.

chaml_er

thrust

condition
being

low-cycle
than

lumped

fatigue,
cycles

10 4

mass.

concentrated

slot

inside

life-cycle

concept

section

flow

and

leakage
in dynamic
mating surface

wall over

which

in a bellows

to its overall

rocket
within
when

at or above

film coolant

that

with

relatively

thin

valving

element

stroke

at a

capability

that

motor,
the achievement
the smallest
practicable
a presstlrc
the

a propellant

in (shaft)

to the motor
case or
combustion
chamber

regulator

regulator

grain

dynamic

analysis

42

static

remains

are capable

applications

in liquid

by

state

of accommodating

of the
w_lume
is kept

required

closed

propellant

in response

to

setpoint

parallel

determined

at a point

and

mass

Iockwire.
I. flexible
slender
rod or thread
of material
matching
holes
in two (rotatingt
parts so as to fasten
securely
in place by means of a wire
longitudinal

conditions

to the wall

of the convolutions

of vehicle

no-tqow

the operational

specifically
used to bond solid propellant
material
used to line the inner wall of the

efficiency,
in a solid
area and web thickness

Iockup.

of
testing

circular

lip seal. pressure-actuated

seal that prevents
employing
a scraping
or wiping action
on the
liquid

flight

drop

liner. 1. thin layer of adhesive

to the insulation
: 2. ablative
or nozzle

extremes

and

will occur

pressure

straight-line

of pressure

to the

engine-system

passageway

fluid

load (or pressure)

on a structure
that
with allowance
for statistical
variation

(usually
metal)
that is passed thru
them
together
securely:
2. to fasten

by

to the
the

wherein

axis

plastic

of the grain
strain

a mass

range;

is treated

generally

less

as if it were

-MMachnumber,ratio of tile velocityof fluid flow to thevelocity

magnification
the deflection

factor,
ratio of the structural
deflection
produced
produced
by a steady
load of the same magnitude

mainstage,
rocket
main
flow

attainment

valve,

valve,

90

usually

of propellant

mandrel,

percent

or

more

of

the

fluid

steady-state

an alternating

rated

load

thrust

level

to

of

inlets

that

forms

fluid-flow

usually

margin
stress

of safety,

the

enclosure

geometry

the

of the

thrust

chamber

the

central

cavity

of

distributes

separable

the

flow

connector

aid of a lanyard,

fraction

technique

of addition
mass

that

disconnect,

with

addition,

flux.

upstream

injector,

that

controls

in

casting

the

of

in a desired

manner

from

an inlet

or

or outlets

operated

forces,

in terms

just

grain

to an outlet

manually

located

to injector

tool

manifold,

mass

of

by

in the

engine

solid-propelhmt

mass

of sound

by

which

of analysis

of small

flowrate

the

that

a given

area

or disengaged

by manual

device

load

evaluates

of mass

is engaged

or similar

allowable

that

amounts

through

cam,

or stress

the

exceeds

gas dynamics

at specific

the

within

design

a rocket

load

or

motor

locations

expressed

as the

to vehicle

total

ratio

of mass

flowrate

to flow

a re a
mass

ratio.

initial

I. ratio

of usable-propellant

mass

to vehicle

mass-transfer

cooling,

cooling

liquid,

or gas)

of mass

(solid,

master

lap. lapping

match
other

lap. lapping
in contour

mating
surface

final

of the

ring.
ring-like
for a face seal

(burnout)

or

technique

work

together

mass

piece

of

disk-like

two

launch

mass;

2. ratio

of vehicle

mass
characterized

with

a master

mating

part

on

43

by an energy-consuming

tool

detail

the

expenditure

shaft

parts

so that

or housing

they

that

are

matched

provides

to each

the

sealing

metal-to-metalseal. 1. internalsealin a poppet-typewdveachievedwith hard-on-hard

or
hard-on-softmetallicseats:2.staticsealwhereintwo metallicsurfaces,usuallyonehardand
onesoft, arc mechanically
joined
method of characteristics,techniquefor facilitating the solution of a set of partial
differential equationsby the useof lines or surfacesthat are at all points tangentto
characteristicdirections determinedby certain specified linear combinationsof the
equations:methodoften is us_ed
in nozzledesign
nfission duty
operations
mixture

ratio,

modality,
mode.

cycle,

over

the
mass

nunlber
any

modified
relation

propulsion

elapsed

flowrate
of peaks

of the various
linear

comprised

total
total

up to 80 or 90(_

relation
relation

proportional

to a sensed

parameter

separation,

stratification

momentum

as a result

momentum
thickness,
in the boundary
layer
monocoque,
major portion

to a control

the

and

relative

thickness
as a restllt

of the
of wall

that

scheduled

number

of

flow

in

44

valving

in which

a combustion
hot core
with

the

exothermally

is capable
stroke

followed

that

is

by a linear

relation
the

controlled

within

the

chamber

variable

regulated
(esp.

is

range
in

a gas

gases

a momentum

stressed

body

element

of stroke,

variable

potential
flow
shear forces

decomposes

an elastic

a square-root

of the

in which
stresses

of fuel
distribution

and

30%

or device

velocity

term applied
to a structure
of the torsional
and bending
propellant
hydrazine

flow

is continuously
of

of the high

monopropellant,
liquid
hydrogen
peroxide,
and

valve

remainder

system

flowrate

of which

to approximately

with

term

for

of particle-size

patterns

between

up

of stroke,

by mass

in a plot

vibration

modulating,

generator)

applied

divided

(or modes)

stationary

requirement

time

of oxidizer

characteristic,

of a parabolic

system

mission

outer

equal

skin

to produce

to that

carries

hot

lost

all or

gas:

e.g.,

-NNaflexseal.trade

name

NASTRAN.

acronym

Natorq

seal.

trade

needle

valve,

valve

negative

gain.

negative
element,

name

when

amplified

for NASA

valve

throat

for a U-shaped

tapered

for a control

circuit

seal

program
ring

a long

metal

for structural

seal

rod

(pintle)

in control

propellant

no bleed,
valve

being

term

under

of

circle,

nodal

diameter,

no-fire

limit,

firing

applied

pattern

circuit

an increase

is the head

to a control

circuit

nodes

of vibration

maximum

occurring

current,

causes

an

in a flexure
by a decrease

cavitation

is no flow

in the

pump

of gas through

the

pilot

term

firing

meters

gas chemical

to a control

a control

between

that

a diametral

line

or capacitance

without

of combustion

is prevented
for

a circle

the

that

can

be applied

to the

the device
flow

of

liquid

propellant

without

range

exhaust

applied

nomnodulating,

cycles

unit of deflection
is accompanied

to suppress

forms

voltage,

valve

of the products

region

etc.)

pressure

pump
inlet, between
the head due
vapor
pressure,
expressed
in feet of

there

forms
that

power,

flow-control

control-pressure

that

nodes

in its operating

term

the

available

in which

device

composition,

reaction

noninterflow,

pressure,

this

of vibration

pattern

nonequilibrium
chemical

of the

conditions

valve,

cavitation

or closing

in regulated

mechanical
spring
force per
that an increase
in deflection

of an electroexplosive

noncavitating

opening

deflection

pumped;

steady-state

nodal

for gradual

pressure

spring
rate.
change
with the characteristic
opposing

in which

net positive
suction
head INPSH).
the difference,
at
to total
fluid pressure
and the head due to propellant
the

analysis

translated

term

force

computer

for a modified

with

decrease

in flexure

flexible

limits;

by

circuit

composition
in the

in which

exhaust

simultaneous

a pressure-positioned

system

or device

sometimes

45

called

resulting

flow

three-way

in which

from

incomplete

gas
into

and

Otll of a

valve

the

controlled

a "bang-bang"

system

variable

(flow,

nonpositive-displacement
pump. pump in which the fluid pressure is raised by alternately
adding to and then diffusing the kinetic energy of the fluid ; examples of this type of pump
are the axial-flow,

Barske,

centrifugal-flow,

drag, Pitot,

normally
closed valve, powered valve that
failure of the actuating energy or signal

returns

normally open valve, powered valve that returns

of the actuating energy or signal
normal positions,
positions
operating forces are applied
"normal"
reactions;

assumed

propellants,
bipropellants
see "energetic"
propellants

and Tesla

to a closed

position

to an open position

by the elements

that derive

on shutoff

in a fluid-system

thermal

energy

on shutoff

or on failure

component

primarily

or on

when no

from oxidizer-fuel

nozzle. 1. carefully shaped aft portion of the thrust chamber that controls the expansion
of
the exhaust
products
so that the thermal
energy produced
in the combustion
chamber is
efficiently
converted
into kinetic
energy,
thereby
imparting
thrust
to the vehicle;
2.
convergent
passage in a pump or turbine that directs fluid into or leads it away from the
impeller or turbine wheel
nozzle

extension,

expansion
nozzle
wheel

nozzle

structure

area ratio or provide

ring. set of channels

NPSH. net positive

suction

that

is added

a change in nozzle
or passages

to the main

nozzle

in order

to increase

construction

through

which

fluid is directed

onto

the turbine

head

nucleate boiling, formation

and breaking away of bubbles from active bubble sites (nuclei)
on a submerged
heated surface; the rising bubbles stir the liquid so that heat transfer from
the surface to the liquid is much greater than that due to normal convection
Nusselt number, dimensionless
conductive
heat transfer
nutation,

motion

parameter

of the axis of a spinning

expressing

object

46

the ratio of convective

(e.g., a top or a gyroscope)

heat transfer

to

0-

O/F.
offset

ratio

of mass flowrate

or shear deflection,

its centerline
oil canning,

is parallel
flexing

of oxidizer
lateral

to mass flowrate

deflection

to the centerline

of unsupported

of fuel at the time of combustion

of one end of a flexible

of the opposite

occurs

term

referring

in response

to a system

to input

or device

in which

letter

full-stroke

omega; used in the wall

actuation

or deactuation

signals

open loop. term referring to an electrical

output
to the input is scheduled
or
comparison
and corrective adjustment
operating
pressure,
nominal
under steady-state
conditions

or duct such that

sheet metal

omega joint, expansion

joint shaped like the upper-case Greek
of a manifold or duct to relieve stresses due to thermal growth
on-off,

joint

end

or mechanical
preset;
there

system in whichthe
response of the
is no feedback
of the output
for

pressure to which the fluid-system

in service operations

operational deflections,
deflections
(e.g., by thrust vector gimballing,

components

are subjected

imposed on a structure
during engine operation
or flight
thermal differential,
flight accelerations,
and mechanical

vibration)
operational
pressure
startup, or shutdown)
operator,

transients,
rises in operating
pressure (due to water hammer,
rapid
with sufficient
duration to be felt as loads on the system or structure

any device that causes an actuator

orange peel. surface roughening

its elastic limit; the grain pattern
"O"-ring.
generally
O-ring

that occurs when a metal of coarse

formed resembles the outer surface

sealing ring with a circular cross section, which

made of elastomer or plastic but can be metal

squeeze,

oscillatory
by pressure

to function

compression

combustion,
oscillations

of the O-ring cross section

between

unstable combustion
in the rocket
in either transverse or axial modes

47

may

grain is stressed
of an orange

be either

opposite

engine

hollow

surfaces

or motor,

beyond

or solid;

of a gland

characterized

outgassing, release of gas from a material when it is exposed to an ambient pressure lower
than the vapor pressure of the gas; generally
refers to the gradual release of gas from
enclosed surfaces when an enclosure is vacuum pumped
overexpansion,
pressure

expansion

overstroke, displacement
displacement

of

nozzle

exhaust

of an operating

gas

component

to a pressure

lower

that exceeds

than

the

the maximum

ambient

allowable

overtravel tolerance,
feature of rotary valves such as the ball or blade whereby shutoff can
be achieved
even when the valving element
is not rotated
to exactly the same closure
position each time
oxidizer, material whose main function
is to supply oxygen or other
deflagration
of a solid propellant
or combustion
of a liquid fuel

48

oxidizing

materials

for

-p.
pack cementation,methodof applyinga coatingby packingthe article to be coatedin a
powdermixtureandheatingto reactiontemperature
packing fraction,

volunle

tYaction of solids when packed

parabolic characteristic,
relation
between
flow varies with the square of stroke
passivation,
of metal

formation
exposed

of a compact

to air (natural

valve

flow and

and continuous

passivation)

to minimum
valving

volume
element

corrosion-resistant

or to a chemical

solution

stroke

in which

film on the surface

(artificial

passivation)

payload penalty, extent to which the weight of a given component

in any part of the vehicle
decreases
the weight allowable for the useful load (usually the spacecraft)
that the vehicle
carries
percussion primer, mechanical
initiator in which
ignites an impact-sensitive
initiating charge
perforation,
perimeter,

central
outer

permeability,
a given gas

cavity

boundary

index

phase,
solid,
heterogeneous

or

gaseous

of a given penetrable

homogeneous

element
acting
relative position'.

pilot circuit, flow-control

with a pilot valve, control

of a firing

pin against

an finvil

grain

of the flow area at a given station

to the resistance

liquid,
system

pilot. 1. mechanical
alignment
or proper
(see pilot valve)

of a propellant

the impact

on another
2. auxiliary

form

in a solid-propellant

barrier

existing

to passage

rocket

Ipermeation)

as a distinct

part

mechanical
element
to provide
unit in a hydraulic
or pneumatic

elements (orifices, diaphragms,

the operation
of a larger valve

springs,

etc) that,

of

of a

correct
circuit

in combination

pilot operated,
term denoting
the use of an auxiliary
or relay valve that controls
the
actuation
pressure to a large valve so that low-energy circuits can be used Ibr the control of
high-energy
systems
pilot valve,
valve

low-capacity

valve that

amplifies

49

a low-power

control

signal to operate

a larger

pinion,

toothed

wheel

with

a small

number

of teeth

designed

to mesh

with

shaft

(pintle)

a larger

wheel

or

rack
pintle
area

valve,

flow-control

through

pitch.
center
measured
Pitot

points
along

pump.

Pitot

fluid

tube.

the mouth
pitting,

tube

having
bent

Dutch

successively
order'
the
a dense

in

which

of surface
single

the
a

to change

ilow

of a gear

this

ring

blades

woven

is created

stationary

on a turbine

wire

heads

wheel,

tluid

chemical

cloth

a rotating
and

as

drunl

dueled

iri a moving

vertically

to measure

erosion,

inside

Pitot

immersed

used

by mechanical

one
than

by

bend

upstream

(PDSW).

over one and under

shut wires are smaller

or oil adjacent

liquid
ring

right-angle

voids

a lateral
axis passing
through
its midpoint
or
the
longitudinal
axis:
2. distance
between

rotating

pointed

weave

tapered

pitchline

from

a short
part

about
to

teeth

arc,

is scooped

creation

plain

on adjacent

of the

a translating

utilizing
passage

of a vehicle
perpendicular

a prescribed
pump

pressurized
outside

to

tluid

the

with

velocity

corrosion,

in which

each

or cavitation
shute

wire

passes

warp wire, each successive

shute
wire alternating
the warp wires and are closely spaced,
the result

the
being

weaw"

planish,

to

highly

polished

plastic,
tlcxiblcl

produce

a smooth

shape

deformation,
the inaterial

permanent

finish

orl

a wrought

metal,

usually

by

rolling

with

material
is at some

by application

that
stage

of heat

while tisually
firm
in its manufacture

or presstire

and
soft

hard (although
often
enough
to be forlned

or both

permanent
beyond
its

distortion
of material
under applied
elastic
limit" also called plastic
flow,

suspension

of

stress great
permanent

enough
to
strain,
and

distortion

plastisol,
imbibe

surface

rolls

high-molecular-weight
in its finished
state

a desired

plastic
strain

plug

or flow

1. angular
motion
of gravity
and

corresponding

into

device

an orifice

llowable
to produce

nozzle,

truncated
pneunlatic,

annular

a polymer

in a plasticizer

that

the

may

later

gelation
nozzle

that

discharges

exhaust

gas with

a radial

aerospike
operated,

polymer

moved,

or effected

by gas tised to transmit

50

energy

inward

component:

pogo. term for feed-system-coupled

motion of a pogo stick

longitudinal

point-source
flow. concept in flowfield analysis
point from which it diverges outward uniformly
poison, any material

that interferes

poppet, valving element

to control flow

sudden,

of a rocket

after

to originate

at a

action

to control flow by translating

of the poppet
away from the

short-duration

vehicle;named

in which flow is considered

in all directions

(ball, cone, or disk) that moves perpendicularly

poppet valve, valve constructed

the valve housing: translation
orifice flow
popping,

with catalytic

oscillations

surges of pressure

to and from its seat

a poppet to or from a seat in

seat can result in essentially

in a combustion

chamber

positive-displacement
pump. pump in which fluid is forced into a high-pressure
region by
reducing the volume of a chamber that is momentarily
sealed off from a low-pressure
region;
examples of this type of pump are the piston, Rootes, and vane
positive gain. term for a control circuit
amplified increase in control pressure
potential

core. length of unmixed

potential

flow. flow with effects

angle,

of viscosity

angle through

Prandtl number, dimensionless

thermal diffusivity
preflight,

occurring

before

an increase

in regulated

pressure

causes an

flow in a gas generator

pot life. length of time a polymerizing

to a gel or solid
Prandtl-Meyer
nozzle

in which

fluid system

which

parameter

vehicle

not considered
can be held or worked

supersonic

flow may turn during

expressing

the ratio

before

of momentum

setting

expansion

up

in the

diffusivity

to

liftoff

preload, the mechanical

load applied to components
in an assembly at the time of assembly
to ensure dimensional
accuracy and proper operation:
bolt or nut torque, and spring force,
for example,

are means

for providing

preload

51

prepreg,
reinforcing
from supplier
prepressurization,
level some
time
vehicles,

material

sequence
before
the

prepressurization

pressurant,

gas that

pressure-actuated
or increases
pressure
pressure
pressure

sealing

divider,
between

term
two

propellants

term

from

curve,

turbine

ratio.
inlet

full complement

that
increases
of propellant

of resin

the ullage
flow and

when

received

pressure
to the desired
engine
firing:
in launch

to lil'toff

pressure
such

in a propellant
that

the

tank

pressure

of the

tluid

being

sealed

activates

action
applied
to a pneumatic
flow restrictors
in series
a

propulsion

tanks

and

into

or hydraulic
circuit
in which
is used as a control
signal

system

in

which

the combustion

method

nlaxilllttm

to

effect

tank

chamber

fail-safe

or re[ativc-maximtull

pressurization

1. ratio
pressure

of

or engine

combustio,_

to turbine

pressure

recovery,

conversion

pressure

ullage

pressure

of the engine:

engine

an intermediate

starts

by

expels

of. pump

the

fcd

sequencing

thc

regulator,

pressure

pressure

separating

force

separate
such as

two parts
a bellows

of a line
or metal

pressure

and

pressure

pressure

surface,

pressures

are highest

{or load),

cross-sectional
concave

chamber

outlet

control

to a downstream

surface

that

occurs

on

tile pressure-time

pressure

to

ambient

pressure:

2. ratio

of

pressure
head

valve
signal

force

assembly
innercore,
duct

point

ignition

of velocity

response
constant

the

the

engine control
valves, the sequencing
is achieved
by vent mechanisms
in
or propellant
feed system
or both that are triggered
by pressure
changes

overshooI,
as in ullage

pressure

ullage

sequence,

operation
of rocket
the control
system

prior

seal designed

for

the

pressure-ladder

pressure

occurs

seal.

with

of operations
main sequence

provides

the

fed.

impregnated

that

varies

head

(or load)

of a pump

52

the

generated

the line of the

force
is equal

at the

in a fluid

the volumetric

so as to maintain

along
this
area

to pressure

mean

llowrate
downstream

by internal

through

itself

pressure

pressure

blade,

of the
along

in

nearly

tending

force:
for a convoluted
to the product
of the

diameter

or turbine

system

to

section
internal

convolutions
this

surface,

the

fluid

pressure-volume
compensator
(PVC). flexible duct system that, by means of mechanical
linkage to a series of secondary
bellows having an effective area equal to that of the primary
bellows, creates an opposing force that counteracts
the end thrust
pressurizatiou
system,
controlled
gas pressure

the set of fluid-system

components
that provides
in the ullage space of space vehicle propellant
tanks

prevalve, valve in the propulsion

the main valves
primary

leakage,

leakage

from

system

located

the upstream

between

the vehicle

side to tile downstream

and maintains

propellant

tankage

and

side of a fluid-system

component
primary

seal. seal intended

primary-seal
primary-seal

to limit primary

leakage

ring. ring-shaped
member
in a face seal
ring forms the primary seal with the mating

or in a ring seal; the

ring

face

of the

prime charge, in an electroexplosive

device, the material in contact
electrical heating of which causes the material to deflagrate

with tile bridgewirc,

primer,
enhance

insulation,

material
applied
bond strengths

to surfaces

of solid

rocket

processability,
measure of relative ease with which
produced
with state-of-the-art
techniques
profile loss. pressure

ratio,

thrust,

proof pressure,
pressure
that a pressurized
satisfactorily,;
proof pressure is the maximum
safety factor and is the reference from which
established
proof test. pressure
test to prove
without exceeding allowable stresses
propellant, material
thus provides thrust

pressure,

ratio of final to initial burning

cases,

a component,

loss in a blade or vane row attributable

progressive
burning,
condition
in which
respect to time or to web burned
progressivity

motor

surface

assembly,

vehicle

53

or liners

or system

to

can be

to the airfoil
or burning

surface

increases

with

of a solid propellant

component
must sustain and still function
limit pressure multiplied
by the proof-test
the pressure levels for acceptance
testing are

the structural
integrity
of a component
or producing
any permanent
deformation

carried in a rocket
to the vehicle

tile

that

releases

energy

during

or assembly

combustion

and

propellant

stratification,

propulsion
equipment

non-isothermal

temperature

distribution

in the propellant

system, vehicle system that includes the engines, tanks, lines, and all associated
necessary to provide the propulsive force as specified for the vehicle

pump. machine
flowing through
pressure

for transferring
it, the increased

mechanical
energy from an external source to the tluid
energy being used to lift the fluid or increase the fluid

pump fed. term for a propulsion system that incorporates

a pump that delivers propellant
the combustion
chamber at a presstire greater than the tank ullage pressure: of. pressure
purge, gas flow
products

used

to clear

PV factor,
term in seal design
velocity (V); the factor provides
wear life
pyrogen,
pyrolysis,

small rocket
chemical

pyrotechnics,
propellant-like

motor

(e.g.,

a manifold)

of propellant

or combustion

for the product

of face pressure (P) and relative sliding
an index to severity of service and thus relates to a seal's

used to ignite a larger rocket

decomposition

igniters
chemical

a volume

to
fed

of a material

(other
than
formulations

motor

by heat

pyrogens)
in which solid
arc used as the heat-producing

54

explosives
material

or

energetic

Q-

quality
assurance
program,
provide adequate confidence
also called quality control
quantity/distance,
term
lbr processing or storing
quick

disconnect,

quincunx,

planned
and systematic
pattern
of all actions necessary
to
that an end item will perform satisfactorily
in actual operation;

for a system for specifying

safe distances for location
propellant
or propellant
ingredients
(liquid or solid)

of buildings

see disconnect

geometrical

pattern

in which

four

55

items are spaced equally

around

a central

item

56

-Rrace

(or raceway),

track

rack

and

mechanical

shaft

incorporates

pinion,

or channel

term

applied

either
outwardly
(e.g.,
burning
tube or rod and
equilibrium,

component;
centrifugal
radial

i.e.,
forces

lip

seal.

elastomeric

the

passage,

radial

seal.

in

an

annular
forces

seal
the

manifold

passage
seal

cooling

radiation

balances

heat

operates

ratio,
nozzle

ramping,
relation

opening

flow.

reaction.

1. term
headrise
activity

recompression,

gained

in thermal

or closing

Rayleigh
renloved

chemical

of

ratio of radius
throat

random
vibration,
frequencies

static

that

in the

rellection

inwardly

passage

in

a flexible
scaling

that

exerts

radial

combustion

from

the

sealing

to the

therc

menaber,

sealing

chamber

combustion

is

flow

internal-external

radial

velocity

lip:

with

clstially

the

made

of

shatt

over

nozzle

products,

direction,

direction

pressure
or

radial

no

the

actuator
shaft

are in equilibriun_

on a mating

injector

an

the

rotary

in the

(e.g.,

direction

pressure

to the

burns

which

radial

an annular

in which

and

the

shaft

heat

chanlber

area

loss

by

or nozzle

equilibrium
of the wall

of a valve

at a controlled

characterized

and

stage:

between

or

ride

in which

attached

grain)

is lmrmal

gear

elements

valve

that

in the

radial

rolling

grain

that

frictionless

in pump

a pinion

of curvature

vibration

steady

features

lip exerts

the

of a rotary

a solid-propellant

presstire

cooling,

radius
of the

to

to drive

fluid

positive-contact

thereby

rack

ill which

operation

an internal-burning
tube)

radiation
wall

for

flow

radial

material,

radial

linkage

a straight-sided

radial-burning,

radial

in a bearing

flow

turbine

of exhaust

[k)r the

of a vehicle
(e.g.,

propellant

gas from

57

ambient

nozzle

rate

in a constant

design

2. response
substances

by

in the

to achieve

wide

ratio

duct

thrust

contacting
boundary

to the

a desired

heat

headrise
of the

of

being

multiple

added

or

in the rotor

to

vehicle

surfaces)

radius

llow-vs-time

band

with

of static

to the

jet

region

continuous

area

and

ihro_t

engines;

3.

recovery
line

moment,

bending

recovery temperature,

caused

by centrifugal

see adiabatic

incorporating

multiple

from a radial

wall temperature

redline.
1. term denoting a critical
threatens
the integrity of a system,
establish a critical value as described
redundant,

force in a blade that is tilted

value for a parameter

or a condition
performance
of a vehicle, or success
in 1.
identical

components

to achieve

that, if exceeded,
of a mission; 2. to

increased

reliability

redundant
design, design in which more than one unit is available for the performance
of a
given function,
so that failure of a unit will not cause failure of the system or abort the
mission
reference
value

load.

relatively

reference streamline,
calculations

constant

force

that

is used to modulate

path of the flow along which the velocity

a valve within

is assumed

a desired

for transonic

flow

regenerative
cooling, cooling of the wall of a combustion
chamber or nozzle by circulating
a
propellant,
usually fuel, in coolant passages in or wrapped around the outer surface of the
wall to be cooled
regression,
regression
establishing

erosion

of the surface

of a material

analysis,
statistical
technique
a mathematical
representation

regressive burning,
condition
time or with web burned

in which

based
on
of empirical
thrust,

the
data

pressure,

regulator,
flow-control
device that adjusts the pressure
meet the demands of a liquid-propellant
rocket system
reliability,
functions

method

of

or burning

least

surface

and controls

the

squares

decreases

flow

for

with

of fluid to

the probability
that a system, subsystem, or component
will perform its required
under defined conditions at a designated
time and for a specified operating period

relief valve, pressure-relieving

pressure is reached

device

repeatability,
capability of a component
same time each time it is actuated

that

opens

or assembly

58

automatically

to operated

when

a predetermined

in the same way and in the

repressurization,sequenceof operationsduring vehicleflight that utilizes an on-board

pressurantsupplyto restoretheullagepressureto the desiredlevelaftera burnperiod
reseat pressure, pressure
flow as specified

at which

a flow-control

device (e.g., a valve) will close and shut off

resilience, the property

of a material that enables it to return to its original shape and size
after deformation;
e.g., it is this property
of a sealing material that makes it possible for a
seal to maintain sealing pressure despite wear, misalignment,
or out-of-round
conditions
response.
component

1. the behavior
of material
when
to an input stimulus or signal

a stimulus

is applied;

2. the

reaction

of a

response time. in a flow-control

device, the interval from receipt of signal to completion
of
the commanded
action, a total comprised
of electrical delay plus pneumatic
or hydraulic
control system delay plus travel time for the movable element
restricted
surface,
use of inhibitors

surface

of a solid propellant

grain that

is prevented

from burning

by the

restriction inlet, flow path of reduced cross section or all orifice through which gas flows
into a control-pressure
region: gas is discharged through a throttling valve positioned
by the
pressure

sensor

restriction
discharged
a throttling
restrictor,

outlet, flow path of reduced cross section or an orifice through

which gas is
from a control-pressure
region ; gas flows into the control-pressure
region through
valve positioned
by the pressure sensor
discrete

flow resistance

retort, vessel used in an oven

controlled
atmosphere
retro rocket, small rocket engine
so as to reduce vehicle velocity

in a fluid flow passage;

or furnace

used

to enclose

to produce

usually
the

a retarding

an orifice

work

thrust

being

heat

treated

in a

or force on the vehicle

reverse-flow
design, design of a gas generator
that produces
turbulent
mixing and largely
prevents hot streaking by forcing the flow to stagnate and then reverse its direction
reverse transition,
change from a turbulent
acceleration
(laminarization)

to a laminar

Reynolds
number, dimensionless
viscous forces in fluid flow

expressing

parameter

59

boundary

layer

as a result

the ratio of the inertial forces

of flow

to the

right characteristic,characteristicline that travelsdownstreamand to tile right of the

supersonic
flow direction
ring seal.piston-ringtype of sealthat assumes
its sealingpositionundertile pressureof the
fluid to besealed
riseoff. term denotingthat a giveneventoccursonly asa resultof vehicleverticalmotion
from the launchpad
rise time. interval from first continuouschamberpressureincreaseto attainmentof a
specifiedlevelof thrustor pressure
rocket engine,the portion of the chemicalpropulsionsystem in which combustible
materials(propellants)aresuppliedto a chamberandburnedunderspecifiedconditionsand
the thermalenergyis convertedinto kineticenergy,or thrust,to propelthe vehicleto which
the engineis attached.The term "rocket engine"usuallyisappliedto a machinethat burns
liquid propellantsand thereforerequiresrather complexsystemsof tanks,ducts,pumps,
flow-controldevices,etc.; the term"rocketmotor" customarilyis appliedto a machinethat
burnssolid propellantsandthereforeis relativelysimple,requiringbasicallyonly the solid
propellantgrainwithin a case,anigniter,anda nozzle.In this monograph,the term"rocket
engine"is usedto referto chemical-propulsion-system
enginesasa class.
rocket motor,
Rockwell
surface

see rocket

hardness,

indentation

engine

indentation

hardness

or penetration

rolling-element

bearing,

rolling element,

ball, needle,

(of metals

by a diamond

and plastics)

determined

cone or steel ball under

by measuring

a specified

load

see bearing
or tapered

roller in a rolling-element

bearing

rolloff chart, graph paper onto which the involute

surface of an actual gear tooth is
translated by an inspection machine to a straight line, so that deviations of the tooth surface
from a perfect

involute

root. juncture

of blade and rotor hub or of vane and vane support

Rootes

pump.

rotary

positive-displacement
rosette
surface

are readily

pump
pumping

observed

consisting

of two intermeshing

cam-like

rotors

that

produce

action

layup, spiral arrangement

of plies in which plies are laid up at an angle with the inner
of the thrust chamber wall in both radial and axial directions

6O

rotary seal. mechanicalsealthat rotates with the shaft and is usedwith a stationary
matingring
rotor, turbopumpshaftplusall attachments
that rotatewith it
runawayregulator,regulatorthat has failed in the fully open position, the result being
uncontrolleddownstreampressure
run in. period of initial operation
during
surface of mating components
is developed
R = -1. expression
from neutral

showing

that

imposed

which

strain

61

the wear rate is greatest

in fatigue

testing

and

the contact

is equal in both directions

62

-Ssafe/arm(S/A) system,mechanismin a solid-propellantigniter that in theSAFEcondition

physicallypreventsthe initiating chargefrom propagatingto the energyreleasesystem:in
the ARM condition, the mechanismreliably and reproduciblypropagatesignition to the
energyreleasesystem
safe operating
protect

personnel

safety factor,

pressure,
maximum
operating
and associated hardware

see design safety

Schmidt number,
mass diffusivity

dimensionless

pressure

allowable

parameter

expressing

combustion,

the ratio of momentum

characterized

scuffing, mild degree of galling that results from the welding

the welded asperities break, causing surface degradation
seal. device in a fluid system that limits or controls
another
in the system,
limits or controls
leakage
excludes contaminants
from the system

by

seal extrusion,
permanent
displacement,
into a gap provided for such displacement
engine

designed

under

shields

to

seal lip. part of a lip seal that comes in contact

with the mating surface, forms the primary seal

with the mating

seal rubbing speed, speed

stationary
seal nosepiece

rotating

seal weld. weld seam with the primary

function

63

to

emanating

by Iictional

of components

heat ;

mating

surface

to
or

to prevent

of part of a seal

at sea level; i.e., the nozzle

the sealing surface;

the

noise

of fluid pressure,

seal nose. part of a face seal that contains

at which

diffusivity

leakage of fluid from one location

from the system to the exterior,

the action

to operate

shrill

of asperities

liquid/solid
mixture
installed at joints
and junctions
of fluid (esp. gas) from the joint or junction

sea-level engine, rocket

sea-level pressure

using

factor

screech,
high-frequency
oscillatory
from the combustion
chamber

sealant,
leakage

without

flows full at

and that,

together

also called seal nosepiece

ring on the shaft

of sealing against

rubs against

fluid leakage

the

seat.

surface

primary

in valve

secoudary

leakage,

secondary

seal.

self-cooled,
controlled
frollt

housing

that

leakage

from

to limit

applied

to a combustion

term

atmosphere,
through
it

separated

flow.

servovalve,

that

flow

to shut

off

flow

e.g., a seal on a valve

shaft

and

limit

part

modulating

shaft-riding

closed-loop

elements,

pump

shaft

shaft-riding
with

seal.
the

shaft runout,
rotation,
i.e.,
table,

vibrational

twice
twice
device

mode

life.

storage

satisfactorily

when

are not

or nozzle

flow

part

that

and

of the

is keyed

wall

temperature

wall of coolant

significant

of contained

resistance

to deflagration

is

supplied

lluid

to a body

or detonation

passage

low-power

control

signal

for

position

to support

as collars

the

or boiloff

offers

of actuator
used

seal

that

amplifies

control

an integral

in whi_'h

within

vaporization

of the

that

such

flow

of a propellant

wall

cylindrical)

circumferential

shaft

the

components
and

by

susceptibility

operator

shaft,
a bar (almost
always
or motion
by rotation

chamber

do not involve

of an atmosphere

from

to the exterior

leakage;

of ullage pressure
pressurant

detached

variable-displacement,

shelf

contacts

component

secondary

that

sensitivity,
measure
of relative
trader specified
conditions

shake

element

a fluid-system

or limited
by methods
external
source

an

sensible
passing

mate

valving

seal intended

self-pressurization,
increase
without
the aid of additional

of the

the

leakage

rotating

sleeves

pieces

that

or to transmit

are attached

to the

power

surface

shaft
to the

shaft

and

whose

outer

surfaces

housing
the distance
by
the eccentricity
for subjecting

patterns;

during

the

components

also called

time
put

which

simply

which

center

of a shaft

or assemblies

is displaced

from

the axis

to vibration

in order

serviceable,

i.e.,

to reveal

"shaker"
an

in use

64

item

remains

will

of

operate

shingle layup,
roof covering

geometric

arrangement

of plies in which

Shore hardness,
indentation
hardness
indenter point tinder a specified load
shroud.

I. short

continuous

extension

covering

of the outer

of the outer

surfaces

shutoff valve, valve that terminates

fully open or fully closed
sigma,

term in statistics:

of plastics

the standard

the plies overlap

or elastomers

wall of a plug nozzle

of an impeller

the flow of fluid;

deviation

measured

rotative

a two-way

as in a

by use of a blunt

downstream

or other
usually

each other

of the throat:

2.

component
valve that

is either

from the mean

sleeve valve (linear). valve with a cylindrical

sleeve element that reciprocates
in tile cylinder
bore to open or close the flow area by uncovering
or covering annular slots in the bore
sleeve valve (rotary).
valve with concentrically
mated slotted
the flow area by rotation of one cylinder relative to the other

cylinders

that open

and close

slinger, washer-like
device mounted
next to a mating ring and used for imparting
momentum
to a liquid in order to keep the liquid away from the sealing interface
slip coefficient,
index to the ability of an impeller
the same tangential
whirl to the fluid as an impeller
slip effects,
discontinuities
rarefaction
of the exhaust
slip
gas
gas
the

in momentnm
gas

and

radial

with a finite number of blades to impart

with an infinite number of blades

temperature

in the

boundary

layer

due to

flow. flow in the transition

regime of gas dynamics,
wherein the mean free path of the
molecules
is of the same order of magnitude
as the thickness of the boundary
layer. The
in contact with a body surface immersed
in the flow is no longer at rest with respect to
surface

slipstream,

flow of fluid around

sliver, portion

of solid-propellant

a structure

that is moving

grain remaining

through

the fluid

at time of web burnout

slotted crank, valving-element

linkage mechanism
in which a slot in the lever of the rotating
member holds the pin from the reciprocating
actuator shaft so that linear actuator
motion is
translated
rotation

to rotary

motion

without

additional

65

linkage

to compensate

for the change

due to

slump,

flow

or sag of material

wall or otherwise

cast

S-N,

stress

vs number

soft

poppet,

poppet

soft

sealing

surface,

deform
soft

to provide

seat.

seat

that

solenoid
actuator

valve,

solid

(blade).

lubricant,

solidus

poppet,

stage

plots

sealing

fabricated

of such

or

of

piston

spring

fihn

material

data

arc used

(plastic

valve

that

in t'atiguc

or elastomer)

when

actuated

conducting

by

to the

length

to blade

testing

that

can

yield

or

electricity

generates

an integrally

point

where

the

mounted

coils

are

solenoid

in contact

spacing

lubricant
ut whid_

mclth_g

s_ur_s

selI-conh_ined,
self-propelled
earth
or m travel to and orbit

(useful

payload)

atop

u launch

off

particles

and

chunks

spalling,
localized

t]aking
stresses

specific
flowrate,

diameter,
parameter
and performance

in

pump

vehicle
designed
to operate
m space
about
another
heavenly
body:generally

vehicle
from

design

the

used

surface

to

specific
impulse,
performance
propellant
combustion
divided

index
for rocket
propellants,
by the mass flowratc

specific
flowrate,

pump

speed,
parameter
and performance

to a chamber

or plastic

compressed

chord

tcml?cratur

of

applied

is possible

of blade

see dry

it has been

surface

of an elastomer

of a coil

ratio

after

action

spool,

compression

temperature,

final

elastomer)

wound
coil of insulated
wire
actuates
a movable
core

spacecraft,
separable,
either in orbit about
is the

has a soft

surface

height

and no further
solidity

that

filled

in place
to failure;

is fabricated

helically
field that

height,

of cycles

the sealing

solenoid,
magnetic

solid

(e.g.,

or troweled

in

design

66

used

to

relate

relate

of a material

pump

equal

pump

to the

as a result

physical

size,

thrust

produced

rotational

speed,

of

head,

by

head,

spillage,amountof fluid that remainstrappedwithin a double-valve

disconnectwhenthe
disconnectis partiallydisengaged
andbothvalveshaveclosed
spiral-woundgasket,static sealformed by windinga metalstrip or ribbon anda suitable
filler layer into a spiral; it is usually comprised of strips having a "V"-shaped
cross section
spool

valve,

valve

utilizing

a solid

lands that fit closely

within
the '-;pool within
the bore

the

cylindrical

bore

spring
rate. tile force,
independent
of a spring unit distance

square-root

characteristic,

flow varies
opening

with

relation

the

square

squeeze-fihn
damping,
friction
of lluid subjected
to high load
squib,

term

device,

stacking,

the

tension,

of

coolant

tubes

of

simulates
the chamber/nozzle
tubes to the required
contour

stacking

axis

for

gravity

of the

stackoff,

sections

eccentricity

.eccentricity

stage.

profile

1. a separable,

blades
associated
synthetic

of

accumulating

and

stator

flow
resin

ira pump

vanes

and

working

stroke

is also

flow

or

more

by translating

the

valving-element

and

two

or closes

characteristic

length

ira which

termed

forces

quick

ira a thin

fihn

same

in a turbine

device
rocket

thrust

contour;
this
prior to brazing
the

imaginary

to form

the

blade

of

direction

self-propelled
or an

in a centrifugal-flow

a bellows
during

pump:

or vane
with

facihtates

on

which

shape

respect

of a space
pump,

3. the

staged
combustion,
rocket
engine
cycle
ira which
propellants
preburner
prior to being burned
in the combustion
chamber

67

line

vertically
fitting

hub

each

and

the centers

from
to

on

of

to tip

other,

the

fabrication

section
axial-flow

chamber

procedure

for

convolutions

in the

self-contained,

passages

to extend

this

a liquid

design

are stacked

the

baying

required

by presstrre

stabilization

that
the

term

(spool)
opens

flow

stroke;

produced

mandrel
adjusting

line),

valve

the

element
the valve

device

see combustion

assembling

of initial

damping
and shear

for an electroexplosive

stabilization

housing:

between

root

wilving

of the

or
degree

are

vehicle:
one

set

2. a set of rotor
of

impeller

of polymerization

partially

burned

and
of a

in

staggerangle,anglebctwccnthe chordline anda referencedirection,which usuallyis the

axisnormalto tile planeof the bladerow
staging.1. separatinga stageor set of stagesfrom a spentstageof a launchvehicle:2.
incorporatingtwo or morestagesin a pumpor turbine;3. increasing
the molecularweightof
a resinwithout effectinga cure
stagnation,conditionin whichflowingfluid is broughtto restisentropically
stagnationpoint, point in a flow fieldabouta bodyimmersedin a flowingfluid at whichthe
fluid particleshavezerovelocitywith respectto the body
stagnationpressure.1. pressurethat a flowing fluid would attain if brought to rest
isentropically;2. pressureof a flowing fluid at a point of zero fluid velocity on a body
aroundwhichthe fluid flows
stagnationregion,the regionin the vicinity of a stagnationpoint in a flow field abouta
bodywherethe fluid velocityrelativeto the bodyis negligible
stagnationtemperature,
brought
ideal

gas, the

stall.
the

to rest

process

pump,

force,

loss

stall

to the

margin,

operation

only

the actuation
thus

capability

dimensionless

to heat

transported

by the

starting

torque,
imbalance,

forces

that

imbalance,
mass

turning

also

in a single

pump

referred
plane

attain

as total

if the

fluid

were

temperature):

for an

tlow

separation
abruptly

operation
the

is equal

at
pump

to the

in a partially
in the

the

dynamic

open

rotor

or stator

design-point

flow

force

position:

plus
2. in a

flow

passages

coefficient

and

will stall

expressing

the

ratio

of heat

transferred

to a fluid

fluid

of

to
by

force
stopped

drops

parameter

distribution
reacted

being

at which

or twisting

eccentric
are

headrise

coefficient

number,

translationally

when

at which
between

flow

would

(same

be adiabatic

element

point

fluid

velocity

wherein

Stanton

static

a flowing
flow

condition

margin

at the

a given

the valving

of pumping

progresses

that

from

need

1. in a valve,
friction

temperature

isentropically

the

force

required

rotor

mass

such

that

bearing

axis.

This

mass

the

bearings

when

to as

force

imbalance,

perpendicular

to rotor

to initiate

the
axis

68

rotor
can

rotary
the

rotor

motion
center-of-gravity

eccentricity

rotates

generates

about

be corrected

the
by

bearing

adding

axis
centrifugal
axis.

Static

or subtracting

is

static seal. device used to prevent leakage of fluid through a mechanical joint in which there
is no relative motion of the mating surfaces other than that induced by changes in the
operating environment
stator, part of a turbopump
assembly
or moving part of the assembly

that

remains

stay time. average length of time spent

molecule or atom involved in the combustion

fixed or stationary

relative

to a rotating

within the combustion

cliamber
by each
process: also called residence time

gas

steady state, condition

of a physical
system in which parameters
of importance
(fluid
velocity, temperature,
presstire, etc.) do not vary significantly
with time: in particular,
the
condition
or state of rocket engine operation
in which mass, momentum,
volume, and
pressure of the combustion
products
in the thrust chamber do not vary significantly
with
time
sterilization,
process in which
micro-organisms
and bacteria)
sterilization
fluid or both
stiffness,

resistance

a propulsion
system
by the application

to deflection

stoichiometric
combustion,
the
proportions
required for complete
strain gauge,
test specimen
streamline,
streamline

instrument
subjected

burning
reaction,

used to measure
to a load

of fuel and oxidizer

with no excess of either
the strain

line tangent to the velocity vector

is the pathline of a fluid element

stress concentration,

package is rendered
sterile (free from
of heat or by the use of a special

localized

increase

or distortion

at each point

in a structural

in a flowfield;

in the stress in a structural

stress corrosion,
corrosion
of a metallic surface enhanced
existence of localized stresses, whether applied or residual

in precisely
reactant

(i.e.,

or

in rate)

by the

member
increased

structural
structural

purpose

69

member

flow, a

of the combined

for the

right

in steady

stress-corrosion
cracking, delayed fracture of a material as a result
static tensile stress and a corrosive (agressive) environment
test motor (STM). motor model constructed
integrity of a solid rocket motor design

the

action

of evaluating

of

the

stubout,
welded

tubular
or brazed

nipple

stuffing

box.

purpose

of preventing

cavity

in the

coined

or (2) fluid

maintained

word

sublilnation,
liquefaction)

phase

denoting

of

whirl,

rotational

speed

subsystem

tank.

is essentially

whirl

container

isolated

from

operation

which

designed

of rotating

a substance

the

which

fluid
loads,

speed,
minimum

NPSH

suction

surface,

convex

surface

pressures

in

of pressurized

to the

index

vehicle

to

connecting

to accept

machinery

below

directly

adverse

specific

line

a packing

is

for the

below

from

pump
at which

solid

to

or turbine

and

velocity

apparent

part

is less

or all of

than

internally

shaft

in a vehicle,

design

relating

rotational

specified

blade:

speed

point

(without

throat,

is mounted

will deliver

critical

gas

is of monocoque

perfonnance

pump

ot" a pump

whirl

or gas that

suction
the

shaft

and

a critical

its corresponding

along

speed

and

the

fluid

performance
this

surface,

are lowest

supercritical,
or

coined
(2)

fluid

applications:
sustainer
the main
synchronous
speed

word

denoting

maintained

super-insulation,

swaging,

shaft

or temperatures

condition

flowrate

speed
point

a pump

to

the shaft
(I)

at pressures
change

of

along

a component

nozzle,
nozzle
configuration
in which the nozzle entry,
exit cone are cantilevered
into the combustion
chamber

subsynchronous

suction

from

housing

leakage

subcritical,

submerged
the nozzle

protruding

high-efficiency
thermal

engine,
booster

whirl,

process

of

is 1/10

booster
engine
cease firing

whirl

tapering

operation

condition

or

rotating

that

the

squeezing

70

diameter

system

whirl

of

above

a critical

its corresponding

critical

used

of common

in a propulsion

shaft

machinery

above

insulator

to 1/150

in which

reducing

of

or temperatures

laminated-foil

conductivity

auxiliary
engines

(1)

at pressures

velocity

a rod

in

low

insulating
that

temperature
materials

provides

equals

or tube

thrust

shaft

by

after

rotational

hammering

or

T-

tailoff,
time

period

of decay

in rocket

motor

thrust

after the end of effective

propellant

tailoring, modification
of a basic solid propellant
meet requirements
of a specific rocket motor

by adjustment

tangled-yarn,

whirl orbit of a pump rotor

term used to describe

tank. pressure
system

vessel containing

a nonrepetitive

propellant

or pressurant

of propellant

to be use.d in a rocket

properties

vehicle

tank components.
slosh and vortex
insulation

1. devices for controlling

the behavior of propellants
(positioning
suppression
devices,
baffles, standpipes,
expulsion
devices);

tap density,
times

density

bulk

of granular

taper.
1. gradual reduction
increase in grain perforation
taper ratio, ratio
kept below 4

powder

measured

in or enlargement
area along a section

of maximum

coolant-tube

after

of coolant-tube
of fixed shape

diameter

tapping

2. gradual

tube diameter;

temperature
jump. difference
in temperature
between the nozzle wall and the layer
molecules next to the wall, a result of rarefaction
of the exhaust gas
tension system, duct system
pressure are not transmitted
duct system

are reacted

thermal-compensating
temperature
changes
thermal
cycling,
temperatures
thermal
surface
become

fluid

several

axial

usually

of gas

wherein the fluid-column

or longitudinal
forces due to internal
to the supporting
structure;
the fluid-column
loads of such a

by axial tension

in the duct walls

orifice,
orifice
whose
in the controlled
fluid

exposure

to

devices,
2. tank

the container

diameter;

to minimum

burning

of a component

flow

to alternating

area

adjusts

compensate

levels of relatively

induction interval, time period during which the temperature

is raised by external
heating to the temperature
at which
significant

71

to

for

high and low

of the solid propellant

chemical reaction rates

thermal

reactor,

chamber

does

promote

the

term
not

that

acts

thermorheological
on
(for

the

material

to decrease

grain

valve

stress

intensity,

throat,

portion

highest

subsonic

throat
venturi

gap. width
valve

of the

annular

throttle

valve,

valve

to

kind

stress

to a shutoff

combustion

depended

on

to

studies
for

passage

burning
end

usually
for

pressure

denoting

that

by adjusting

and

in

effects

the

time

of

scale,

at the

have

is either

one

is no

cross-sectional

by

described

by

of

an

infilaite

number

open

or fully

two
crack

outlet

ports

growth

in a

period
area

is minimal,

the

gases

of an annular

fluid

is

and

loading

of exhaust

throat

fully

inlet

there

long

at which
flow

surface
effects)

which

a sufficiently

flowrate
may

whose

intensity

nozzle

which

vapor

of a turbopump

considers
ports,

to supersonic

valve

valve,

that

during

control

of

in material

controlled

environment

in fluid

requirement

be accounted

grain

of a convergent/divergent

this

the

are

hot)

(one

three

from

contrasted

(for

geometry

of transition

NPSH

can

configuration,

region

restriction;

in which

processes

to a decrease

for a concept

modulus

having

in a particular

design

convection

due

the critical

term

analytical

valve,

and

an effect,

or contracting

three-dimensional
three-dimensional

threshold

head.

relaxation

cold)

gas-generator

bed,

reactions

simplicity,

temperature

three-way

a catalyst

suppression

density,

expanding

a monopropellant

decomposition

thermodynamic
fluid

for

contain

means

nozzle

of
of

or of a variable

a variable-area

operating

flow

positions

as

closed

through-bulkhead
initiator,
contrivance
in which
a small charge
of material
is detonated
such
that
the resulting
shock
wave
is transmitted
through
a solid metal
interface:
the
transmitted
shock
wave detonates
an acceptor
charge
on the internal
side of the interface,
which

then

initiates

thrust,

propulsive

the
force

deflagration
developed

thrust-balance

system,

force

necessary

to balance

thrust

barrel,

more

engines,

thrust

chamber,

structure
also
the

set

or
axial

in the

called

thrust

assembly

of heat-producing
by a rocket

arrangement
thrust
rocket

engine
of

devices

material
during
that

that

ignites

the

propellant

firing
provides

the

(pressure

X area)

in a turbopump
vehicle

designed

to accept

the

thrust

and

nozzle

structure
of injector,

combustion

72

chamber,

load

from

two

or

thrust coefficient,
inlet pressure
thrust
thrust

ratio

collector,
structure
to thrust-measuring

thrust-time

profile,

thrust-vector
engine thrust

of engine

thrust to the product

attached
to a rocket
instruments

plot of thrust

engine

during

time-temperature
shift factor, shift in time required
modulus vs time onto a single curve
of a valve in a prescribed

manner

to superpose

area times

to transmit

of a rocket

by angular

within

throat

testing

vs time for the firing duration

control,
steering or guidance
of vehicle
vector; e.g., by gimballing the engine

timing, operation

of nozzle

the engine

engine

deflection

of the rocket

curves of tensile

a prescribed

nozzle

relaxation

time

tolerance stackup, additive effect of all the allowable manufacturing

dimensions
of the assembly; also called tolerance buildup

tolerances

on the final

torquemotor,
electrical
motor of small rotary
displacement
that
winding composed
of two separate coils and a permanent
magnet

incorporates

a control

torsional deflection,
longitudinal
axis
total pressure,

deflection

same as stagnation

total temperature,

imposed

on a flexible

joint

by applying

a torque

about

its

pressure

same as stagnation

temperature

transient, condition
of a physical system in which paralneters
of importance
(temperature,
pressure, fluid velocity, etc.) vary significantly
with time; in particular,
condition
or state of
rocket
engine operation
in which the mass, momentum,
volume,
and pressure
of the
combustion
products within the thrust chamber vary significantly
with time
transient
reached

period,

interval

from

start

or ignition

to the time when steady-state

conditions

transpiration coofing, cooling of a porous inner wall of a combustion

chamber or nozzle
flow of coolant
fluid through
the porous
material;
the fluid may be supplied from
external source or generated within the material (as in ablation)
transverse slot. slot inside a propellant
of the rocket motor

grain, positioned

73

at an angle approximately

are

by
an

90 to axis

travel

time.

elapsed

to full-open
triple

triplet,
streams

point,

first

of

tile

solid,

tripping,

the

central

tube-waU
combustion

portion

solid/liquid,

and vapor

phases

of the coolant

turbine

(usually

velocity

classifying

tube

that

of parallel
wall

ratio

type

turbopump,

an assembly

turbopump

system,

source)
deliver

liquid/vapor

coexist

of burning
turbulent

the

of pitchlinc

and

lines

in a phase

consisting

an assembly

the

outer

tubes

wall

that

of the

carry

disks (rotor
so designed

cooling

coolant

or turbine
that the

jacket
to

form

the

wheel)
and one or
wheel is turned
by

blades

velocity

for estimating

to isentropic

spouting

velocity,

an index

for

performance

of one

or more

of components

ring.
circumferential
chamber
intended

pumps
(e.g.,

driven

by a hot-gas

propellant

pumps,

turbine

turbine(s),

protuberance
in the gas-side
wall
to generate
turbulent
flow and thereby

of a (gas
enhance

power
tanks

and

generator)
the mixing

gases
flow.

fluid

irregularly

in both

turndown

ratio,

turning

vane.

twilled

double

flow

in which

magnitude

ratio

the

velocity

at a given

point

fluctuates

randomly

and

and direction

of maximum

to minimum

controlled

flowrates

wire

in which

of a throttle

valve

see vane
Dutch

weave

{TDDW).

successively
over two and under
two and under
two shute wires:
result

device

is equilibrium

designed
to raise the pressure
of the propellants
received
from the vehicle
them to the main thrust
chamber
at specified
pressures
and flowrates

turbulence
combustion

the

and

may

forms
metal

hot gas) striking

ratio,

turbine

in a flow-control

trip

turbine,
machine
consisting
of one or more bladed
more sets of fixed vanes (stator)
inside
a casing,
fluid

element

consisting
of one or more sets of three orifices
that produce
usually
fuel is injected
through
outer orifices,
and oxidizer
is

construction,
use
chamber
or nozzle

incoming

movable

orifice

see boundary-layer

crown,

of the

solid/vapor,

liquid,

injector
orifice
pattern
converging
to a point:
through

motion

position

intersection

at this

injected

tube

from

or full-closed

point,

diagram;

time

being

a dense

weave;

woven

cloth

each

shute

wire

passes

two warp wires and each warp wire passes successively

over
the shute wires are smaller
than the warp wires and overlap,
used

for filter

74

elements

two-dimensional
grain
configuration,
solid-propellant
grain whose
burning
described
by two-dimensional
analytical geometry
(cross section is independent
two-phase
flow. simultaneous
or of liquid and vapor

flow of gases and solid particles

75

(e.g., condensed

surface
is
of length)
metal

oxide),

76

-Uullage, volume by which a container

space being filled with gas

(tank)

ullage

space

pressure,

pressure

load

(or pressure),

ultimate
or rupture)
ultimate
umbilical,
or fluids

in the ullage

of a structure

stress,

UMR injector,
with relatively

injector
uniform

underexpansion,

of being

of a container,

load (or pressure)

at which

fllll of liquid,

either

supplied

catastrophic

the empty

or self-generated

failure (general

collapse

occurs

stress at which a material

line or duct

falls short

connecting

fractures

the launch

vehicle

that produces a uniform

temperature
distribution

expansion

of the nozzle

or becomes
to ground

mixture

exhaust

structurally

unstable

facilities

that supply

ratio and thus a combustion

gas to a pressure

higher

power

region

than the ambient

pressure
untwist forces,
blade twist
upcomer,
gas flow

nozzle

forces

acting

on a twisted

tube in which

coolant

blade that produce

flows ill a direction

upper stage, the second or later self-propelled

two or more such sections

77

separable

a torque

opposite

section

tending

to reduce

the

to that of the exhaust

in a rocket

vehicle

having

78

-Vvalve,mechanicaldeviceby whichthe flow of fluid maybestarted,stopped,or regulatedby

a movablepart that opens,closes,or partiallyobstructsa passageway
or port in acontaining
structure,thevalvehousing
valve-typedisconnect,quick-disconnectcouplingthat includesvalveelementsfor sealing
purposes
at separation
valvingelement,the movableportionof a valvingunit that translatesor rotatesto vary flow
or to shutoff the flow of liquid
valvingunit. combinationof

the valving

element

and the valve seat contained

in a suitable

housing
valving-unit

throat,

flow area between

the valving

element

and seat of the valving unit

vane. one of a set of slat-like objects rigidly fixed to a wall or other nonmoving
part of a
fluid system, each slat being carefully shaped, usually as an airfoil, so as to guide or direct
the flow of fluid or create a special kind of flow
vane pump. pump consisting of a rotor
mounted
in an eccentric housing

with sliding

vanes (blades

as herein

defined)

that is

vapor honing, method

of eroding (or cleaning)a
metal surface by blasting a fine erosive
material against the surface, a vaporized fluid being used as a carrier for the material
vehicle tank. tank that serves both
container
of pressurized
propellants
velocity
between

as primary

head. pressure (i.e., head) of a fluid

total pressure and static pressure

velocity slip. velocity

the exhaust gas

of the gas molecules

next

integral

due

structure

to speed

to the nozzle

of a vehicle

of flow,

i.e., the

wall, a result

and

as a

difference

of rarefaction

of

vent-and-relief
valve, specialized
version of a relief valve wherein the assembly acts as an
outlet for ullage vapor during filling of a tank and then performs
as a relief valve during
operation
vent valve, pressure-relieving
shutoff
valve that is operated
on
contrasted
to a relief valve, which opens automatically
when pressure

79

external
reaches

command,
as
a given level

vernierengine,smallrocket engineattachedto a rocketvehicleto providelow thrustlevels

for precisecontrolof velocity
Vickershardness,indentation-hardness
test in which the indenteris a diamondconeof a
specifiedanglebetweenoppositefaces:the load,testduration,andrate of descentof the
indenterarespecified
virtual mass.massof fluid neara movingbody(e.g.,a blade)thatmoveswith the bodyand
therebyincreases
the effectivemassin motion
viscosity,fluid resistance
to flow causedby internalmolecularattraction
visorvalve,ball valveutilizingonly a segmented
shellof the ball:thisdesignreducesweight
void.air bubblein a curedpropellantgrainor in rocketmotor insulation
volumetricefficiency,measureof the desirabilityof a givendesignfor anexpulsiondevice:
ratioof loadedliquid volumeto internaltankvolume
volute,spiral-shaped
part of a pumpcasingthat collectsfluid from the impellerin a single
channelof graduallyincreasingarea

8O

W"

warmant
actuator

passages, passages provided

temperatures
above specified

warp yarn. yarn

running

parallel

water hammer,
literally,
suddenly
stopped; more
stoppage
wave spring,
perpendicular

to the length

of the fabric

the sound of concussion

in a conduit
when a flowing liquid is
generally, the pressure surge in the system that results from such

disk/washer
to its axis

wear rate. amount

in cryogenic-valve
hydraulic
actuators
to maintain
operating minimums under extended
hold conditions

of surface

element

deformed

to have

wear in a designated

a multiple-wave

pattern

in a plane

time period

web. minimum
thickness of a solid propellant
grain from the initial ignition surface to the
insulated
case wall or to the intersection
of another burning surface at the time when the
burning surface undergoes
a major change; for an end-burning
grain, the length of the grain
web fraction,

ratio of web to grain outer

weld dropthrough,
wet cycle,
passage

operation

excessive

weld-bead

of a flow-control

wettability,
ease with which a fluid
solder on a heated metal surface)

radius
projection
device

will flow

on the inner walls of a fluid passage

with

over

propellant

and

whirl, motion of a rotating shaft in a path or orbit about

the axis of rotation; whirl may be forced or self-excited

adhere

or test

to a surface

a longitudinal

wind. flow of gas from region of high pressure to region of low pressure
and mixture-ratio
maldistribution.
When the flow is radial to equilibrate
given axial location, the movement
is termed radial wind
windage, circulation
or pumping of fluids caused by impeller action
a gas contained
in a cavity with rotating shafts, gears, or bearings
cavity by windage

81

fluid

in the

flow

(e.g., molten

axis different

from

as a result of mass
pressure across a

of rotating components;
will circulate within the

workhardening,anincreasein hardness
(stiffness)of a metalbroughtaboutby subjectingit,
at temperaturesbelow the recrystallizationrange,to stresses
greatenoughto plastically
deformthe metal:work hardeningmayoccurduringfabricationor duringuse,but in either
eventthe materiallosesductility
worm screw (or
reciprocating

motion

wraparound,
term
thrust-vector-control

ball screw),
mechanical
device
used
for positioning
the valving element

to

convert

rotary

for a flexible
duct
or hose assembly
that
"wraps
gimbal of a rocket engine in the plane of the gimbal

82

motion

around"

to

the

Yo

yaw. angular motion of a vehicle about a vertical

gravity and perpendicular
to the longitudinal
axis

axis through

yield load. load that must

specified amount

to cause a permanent

be applied

yield stress, stress at which a material

0.0020 inch per inch (0.2 percent)

to a structure

exhibits

yoke. cross member

used in mechanical
elements with a single driver

a permanent

devices

83

(e.g.,

its midpoint

deformation,

valves)

or center

deformation

usually

to connect

of

of a

specified

two movable

as

84

-Zzero-g,

term applied

to a condition

or state in which

85

the force of gravity

is absent

86

TABLE

OF

(Factors

for

CONVERSION
Converting

U.S.

Customary

FACTORS
Units*

to SI

U.S. customary
Physical

quantity

Units*)

Conversion

unit

SI unit

factor**

Acceleration

ft/see2

m/sec 2

3.048x

10-1

Angle

deg

rad

1.745x

10-2

rpln

rad/sec

1.047x

10-1

mm 2

5.067x10

ft2

m2

9.290x

in-2

cm 2

6.452

in.-lb f

N-m

I. 130x I 0-1

in./sec

mm/sec

2.54x

lbf 2/in.2

N 2/cm 2

3.067

gm/cm

kg/m 3

1.00x

lbm/ft

kg/m 3

1.602x

I 01

Angular
Area

velocity

circ.

Bending
Burn

moment

rate

Chamber
times

mil

-4
10 -2

10 t

pressure
thrust

Density

]0

Ibm/in.3

kg/m 3

2.768x

104

DN

mm-rpm

mm-rad/sec

1.047x

10-1

Energy

Btu

1.054x

10 a

cal

4.184
1.356

ft-lb f

Btu

1.054x

cal

4.184

Btu/lbm

J/kg

2.324x10

Flowrate

gpm

m 3/min

3.785x

10 -3

kg/sec
N

4.536x
4.448

10-1

Force

Ibm/see
lbf
ozf

ksi-in. '/2

(kN/m

2)-m '/2

1.099x

lbf/in.

N/cm

X m/sec

5.338x10

Enthalpy

Enthalpy

Fracture
FV

(specific)

toughness

factor

X ft/sec

ft/sec 2

103

2.780x10

m/sec 2

3.048x

-1
10 a
-1

I 0 -t

A definition of all symbols and abbreviations for units appears at the end of the table. The symbol gm is used for gram to
distinguish it from the symbol g used for the unit force of gravity.
**Except

for temperature

conversions,

which are to be made as shown, multiply

value given in U.S. customary

unit by

conversion factor to obtain equivalent

value in SI unit. For a complete listing of conversion factors for basic physical
quantities,
see Mechtly, I!;. A.: The International
System of Units. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors. Second
Revision, NASA SP-7012, 1973.

87

Gas constant,

specific

( ft-lb f)/(lbm

- R)

(in.-lb f)/(lbm-
Gas constant,

universal

R)

headrise
Heat

flux

(ft-lb f)/(lbm-mol-

J/(kg-mol-K)

4.483x10

-1

3.048x10

-1

Heat

R)

(ft-lbf)/lbm

J/kg

2.989

Btu/(fff-sec)

W/m2
W/in=

3.152

generation

rate

2-hr)

W/cm 2

1.634x102

2-sec)

W/cm 2

4.184

1.054x103

Btu/sec

Btu/(sec-in.2

Heat of explosion
Heat-transfer

Btu/(hr-ft

W[cm

1.634x10

Btu/lbm

J/kg

2.324x103

cal/gm

J/kg

4.184x103

W/(m 2-K)
W/(cm 2-K)

5.674

gr/lbm

kg/kg

1.428xl

energy

ft-lbf

1.356

(total)

lbf-sec

N-sec

4.448

in.-ozf

N -m

7.061x10

-3

sc fin

SC Ill Ill

2.832x10

-2

SCCII]

2.832x104

coefficient

cal/(sec-cm
Humidity

Impulse
hnbalance

Leakage

rate

2-F
2-C)

scim

SCCDI
scch

Length

Load

Load

1.135x104

2-sec)

per unit area

Heat of ablation

hnpact

R)

llq

cal/(cm
rate

5.380

Btu/(in.

generation

-1

4.184x10

J/(kg-mol-K)

Btu/(fl

Heat

J/(kg-K)
J/(kg-mol-K)

ft

or

5.380
4.483x10

cal/(mol-K)
(in.-lb f)/(lbm-mol-

Head

J/(kg-K)

factor

Load/unit

Magnetic

length

field

*Conversion

0-4

1.639x10

9.834x102

Clll

ft

_m
in

3.048x10

in.

Cnl

2.54

rail

bLm

1.00x I 0-8
1.00 x t 0-4

2.54x10
2.54x

-1
r

10 -2

g in.
lbf

_m
N

4.448

psi

N/cm 2

6.895x10

lbf/lbm

N/kg

9.807

lbf/in.

N/cm

1.751

1.00xl0

kg

6.480x10

-s

_r

Ibm

kg

4.536x10

-I

ozm

kg

2.835x10

-2

gamlTla

strength
Mass

4.184

to non-S1 units scram, sccm, etc. are provided

for completeness.

88

-1

"9

(kg-sec2)/cm

Mass density

(lbm-sec

Mass diffusivity

ft 2/hr

Mass flux

lbm/(in.

2 -sec)

kg/(cm

lbm/(in.

2 -rain)

kg/(cm

elastic

; tensile)

2 -sec)
2 -rain)

kg/(m

2 -sec)

2 -sec)

-2
-2

7.030xl0

-2

7.030x10

-2

6.895x10

6.895x106

N/m 2

6.895x10

lbm/(lbm-mol)

kg/(kg-mol)

1.00

lbf/in.

N/cm

1.751

Peel strength
Permeativity

(lbm-mol)/(in.24_r-psi)

(kg.mol)/(cm

Power

hp

Molecular

Power

weight

Pressure

7.457x102

W/in. 2

1.560x10

-1

atm

N/m 2

1.013x10

N/cm 2

1.013x101

in. Hg (60F)

kN/m

3.386

ksi

kN/m 2

mm

N/cm 2

Hg (0_C)

kN/m

6.895x10

-1

N/cm 2

1.333x10
2.102x10

-2
-3

1.667x10

-1

Resistivity

ohm/cmf

_ohm-cm

ohm-in.

ohm-cm

rev/sec

speed

modulus

Specific

heat

Specific

Spring rate
stiffness

rad/sec

J/(kg-K)

(lb f-sec)/lbm

m/sec

9.807

(N-sec)/kg

9.807

N/cm

1.751

J/(sec.m

cm

in./in.
(compressive,
shear,

yield,

(compressive,
etc.)

etc.)

4.184x103

j/(kg-i_)

4)

psi
ksi
psi
ksi

] cm

89

4.184x103

2 -K 4)

3.310x10

1.

N/cm 2

6.895x10

kN/m 2

6.895x103

N/cm 2

6.895x10

kN/m 2

-l

1.639x101

constant
Strain

1.047x10

cal/(gm-C)

Btu/(hr-ft2-R

Stefan-Boltzmann

1.356
6.283

Btu/(lbm-R)

lbf/in.

or

N-m

cm

in. 3

impulse

2.54

rad/sec

rpm

Section

6.895

MN/(m-sec)

fl-lbf

-2

N/cm 2

psi ft/sec

Rotational

1.333x10
4.788x101

PV factor

Roll moment

6.895x103

N/m 2

torr (OC)

tensile,

-1

W/cm 2

psi

tensile,

1.020x10

psf

Stress

2 -hr-

N/cm 2)

flux

Strength

-1

6.895x102

N/cm 2

kN/m

1.090x10
9.290x10

4.882

N/cm 2

psi
ksi

(compressive;

m 2 ]hr

lbm/(ft
Modulus

2 )/in.4

6.895x103

-1

-I

Surface
finish
Surface
speed
(rubbing
speed)
Surface
tension
Taper
Temperature
Temperature
difference
Tensile
strength
or stress
Thermal
conductivity

Thermal
diffusivity

#m

2.54x

m/sec

3.048x

dynes/cm

Ntm

1.00x10-3

lb i7 ft

N/in

1.459x101

or toni/ram

10-2
10 - i

in./in.

cm/cm

1.00

oF

oR

K = (5/9)

K =C

F or R,

ks/

kN/m 2

6.895x103

K = C + 273.15
K = (5/9)

(F + 459.67)

K = (5/9)

(F

(R)

or R)

N/m 2

6.895x

N/cm 2

6.895x10

W/(m-K)

1.730

Btu/(hr-in.-F)

W/(m-K)

2.075x

(Btu-in.)/(hr-ft

W/(m-K)

1.441 x 10-1

Btu/(sec-ft-F)

W/(m-K)

6.227x

cal/(cm-sec-C)

W/(cm-K)

4.184

ftZ/hr

m 2/hr

9.290x

in.=/hr

6.452
t.054xlO
1.8

psi
Btu/fhr-ft

- F)

2- F)

103
-t

101
103

10-2

Ttlennal
energy

Btu

cnl 2/hr
.1

Thermal
expansion
coefficient

in./(in.-F)

m/(m-K)

Themlal

(o F-sec)/Btu

KfW

5.269 x 10 -4

lbf

4.448
1.356

resistance

Thrust
Torque

Velocity

Viscosity,

Viscosity,

absolute

dynamic

fl-lbf

N-m

in.-lbf

N-m

1.130x10

in.-ozf

N-m

7.06 | x l 0 -3

ft/sec

m/sec

3.048x

in./sec

cm/sec

2.54

{,lbf-sec)/ft

(N-see)/m2

(lb f-sec)/infl

(N-sec)/cm

lbm/(ft-sec)

(N-sec)/m

10-1

4-788x101
z
2

6.895x

10 -1

1.488

Ibm/(in.-sec)

(N-sec)/cm

1.786x

gm/(cm-sec)

(N-sec)/cm

1.00xl0-S

in.2/sec
cent/st okes

cm2/sec
cm 2/sec

6.452
1.00x

ft 3

m3

2'832x10-2

gal.

m3

3.785x10-3

in.3

cm3

1.639x

Wear rate

in./hr

mm/hr

2.54x101

Yield strength
or stress

psi
ks/

N/cm 2

6.895x10

kN/m 2

6.895x

Young's

psi

N/ctn 2

6.895x10

Viscosity,

kinematic

Volume

modulus

90

10-3

10 -2

101

-1
103
-1

DEFINITION

OF

SYMBOLS

ABBREVIATIONS

angstrom

FOR

atmosphere

Btu

British thermal

degrees centigrade (Celsius)

calorie (thermochemical)
circular rail (area of a circle

unit

cmf

centimeter
( 10-2 m)
circular mil foot

deg

degree

oF
ft

degrees
foot

g
gal

acceleration
due to gravity
gallon
gram (10 -3 kg)
gallons per minute

cm

gm
gpm
gr

UNITS

unit (lO-_m)

atm

cal
circ. mil

AND

1 mil in diam.)

Fahrenheit

grain

hp
hr

horsepower
hour

in.

inch
Joule

K
kg
kg-mol

degrees Kelvin
kilogram
kilogram-mole
(mass in kilograms

kN
ksi

kilonewton

lbf
Ibm

pound
pound

10 a pounds

(10 a N)
force per square inch

force
mass

91

numerically

equal to molecular

weight)

meter
10 -3 in.
minute
millimeter

111

mil
rain
mm
MN

(10 -3 m)

meganewton

(10 6 N)

tool

mole (mass in grams or pounds

newton

ozf

ounce

force

ozm

OklllCe

IFIaSS

psf
psi

pounds

force per square

foot

pounds

force per square

inch

oR
rev

degrees Rankine
radian
revolution

rpm

revolutions

scch

standard

cubic centimeters

SCCm

cubic
cubic
cubic
cubic

sec

standard
standard
standard
standard
second

tesla

watt

/gin.

micro-inch

( 10 -6 in.)

/2111

micrometer

(10 -6 m)

rad

scfnl

scim
scmm

*Measured

at a pressure

of 1 atm

and

munerically

per minute

temperature

per hour*

centimeters
per minute*
feet per minute*
inches per minute*
meters per minute*

of 70F

(standard

92

condition)

equal to molecular

weight)

NASA
SPACE VEHICLE DESIGN
CRITERIA
MONOGRAPHS
ISSUED TO DATE

ENVIRONMENT

SP-8005

Solar

SP-8010

Models

of Mars Atmosphere

SP-8011

Models

of Venus

SP-8013

Meteoroid

Electromagnetic

March

Radiation,

(1974),

Atmosphere

Environment

Revised

(1972),

Model

May

1971

December

Revised

1969

1974

September

(Near

Earth

1972

to

Lunar

Surface),

1969

SP-8017

Magnetic

SP-8020

Surface

Models

SP-8021

Models

of

SP-8023

Lunar

Surface

SP-8037

Assessment

and Conlrol

SP-8038

Meteoroid

Environmen!

(iltober

SP-8049

The

SP-8067

Earth

SP-8069

The

SP-8084

Surface

Fields

Earth

and

Extraterrestrial,

of Mars (19751,

Earth's

Revised

Atmosphere

Models.

May

(00

March

September

Io 2500

1969

1c)75

kin),

Revised

March

1073

1969

of Spacecraft

Model

Magnetic

1970

Fields,

(Interplanetary

Seplember

and

1_)70

Planelarv}.

1970

Earth's

Ionosphere,

Albedo

Planet

March

1971

and

Emitted

Radiation,

July

Jupiler

(1970),

December

1971

Atmospheric

Revised

June

Extremes

(Launch

1971

and

Transportation

Areas),

1974

SP-8085

The

Planet

Mercury

SP-8091

The

Planet

Saturn

SP-8092

Assessment
June

Revised

and

1972

93

11971),

(1970),

Control

March

June

of

1972

1972

Spacecraft

Electromagnetic

Interference,

SP-8103

The

SP-8105

Spacecraft

SP-8111

Assessment

and Control

SP-8116

The

Trapped

SP-8117

Gravity

SP-8118

Interplanetary

SP-8122

The

Planets

Uranus,

Neptune.

Thermal

Earth's

Fields

and

Contrt)l,

(1971),

Solar

System,

of Titan

Charges,

Bells,

Particle

November

1972

1973

of Electrostatic

Charged

Environment

May

Radiation

of the

Pluto

March

April

Models

(1975

May

1974

1975

1975

(I 974),

}, July

March

1975

1976

STRUCTURES

SP-8001

Buffeting

SP-8002

Flight-Loads

SP-8003

Flutter,

SP-8004

Panel

Flutter,

Revised

SP-8006

Local

Steady

Aerodynamic

SP-8007

Buckling

SP-8008

Prelaunch

Ground

SP-8009

Propellant

Slosh

SP-8012

Natural

SP-8014

Entry

SP-8019

Buckling

SP-8022

Staging

SP-8029

Aerodynamic
May

During

Atmospheric

Ascent,

Measurements

Buzz,

During

and Divergence,

of Thin-Walled

Loads,

Vibration

Thermal

Loads,

Loads

November

August

1968

Protection,

August

and

During

Loads,

Analysis,

February

and

Exit,

Launch

and

1970
December

1964

Exit,

1965

1964

Cylinders,

Modal

of Thin-Walled

November

1972

Circular

Wind

Launch

July

June

Revised

Truncated

Revised

August

Transient

SP-8031

Slosh

Loads

September

1968

1968
Cones,

September

Heating

During

1968

1969

Rocket-Exhaust

Suppression,

94

From

May

1968

1965

Launch

1969

SP-8030

May

Thrust

1969

Excitation,

February

1969

and Ascent,

SP-803

Buckling

of Thin-Walled

SP-8035

Wind

Loads

During

SP-8040

Fracture

SP-8042

Meteoroid

SP-8043

Design-Development

SP-8044

Qualification

SP-8045

Acceptance

SP-8046

Landing

Control

Doubly

Ascent,

June

of Metallic

Damage

Curved

Assessment,

Testing,

Testing,
Impact

April

Vessels,

May
May

May

August

1969

1070

Pressure

Testing,

Shells,

May

1970

1970

1970

1970

1970

Attenuation

for

Non-Surface-Planing

Landers,

April

1970

SP-8050

Structural

Vibration

SP-8053

Nuclear

and

SP-8054

Space

Radiation

SP-8055

Preven

titre

Prediction.

Space

Radiation

Effects

Protection.

of Coupled

June

June

Strucl

1970

on Materials,

June

1970

1970

ure-Propulsion

Instability

(Pogo),

October

1970

SP-8056

Flight

Separation

SP-8057

Structural

blechanisms,

Design

Criteria

October

1970

Applicable

in a Space

Shtlttle.

Revised

1972

SP-8060

Colnpartlnent

SP-8061

Interaction

SP-8062

Entry

SP-8063

Lubrication,

SP-8066

Deployable

SP-8068

Buckling

Strength

SP-8072

Acoustic

Loads

SP-8077

Transportation

Venting.
with

Novelnber

Umbilicals

Gasdynamic

and

Ileatmg,

Friction,

January

Generated

June

Handling

Plates,

by the

Stand,

Augusl

1970

1971

Deceleration

of Structural

95

Launch

and Weal,

Aerodynalnic

and

1970

1971

Systems,
June

Propulsion

Loads,

September

June

1971

1971

System,

1971

June

1971

March

SP-8079

Structural
Interaction
withControlSystems.
November
It)7I

SP-8082

Stress-Corrosion
Cracking
inMetals,
August1971

SP-8083

Discontinuity
Stresses
inMetallic
Pressure
Vessels,
Novembe_
1t)71

SP-8095
SP-8099
SP-8104
SP-8108

Preliminary
June 1971

Criteria

Combining

Ascent

Structural
1973

Interaction

for

Loads.

the

May

With

Advanced

Composite

Guidance

and Navigation

Fracture

Ccq/tro]

of

Space

Shuffle

Strttctules.

1972

Transportation

Structures,

and

December

Itandling

S,,stems.

Janual"_

1974

GUIDANCE
ANDCONTROL
SP-8015
SP-8016

Effects
1969

of

for Entry

Structural

Flexibility

SP-8018

Spacecraft

Magnetic

SP-8024

Spacecraft

Gravitational

SP-8026

Spacecraft

Star

SP-8027

Spacecraft

Radiation

SP-8028

Entry

SP-8033

Spacecraft

Earth

SP-8034

Spacecraft

Mass Expulsion

SP-8036

Effects

Vehicle

February

of

Control

1968

Systems.

April

1969

May

1969

1970

October

November

1969

1969

Sensors,

December

Torques,

Flexibility

1969

December

on

Launch

1969

Vehicle

Control

Systems,

1970

Spacecraft

Sun

SP-8058

Spacecraft

Aerodynamic

Spacecraft
1971

July

Horizon

Structural

March

Torques,

Control,

November

on Spacecraft

Torques,

Trackers,

SP-8047

SP-8059

Torques,

Vehicles,

Sensors,

Attitude

96

June

1970

Torques,

Control

January

During

1971

Thrusting

Maneuvers,

February

SP-bl065

Tubular

SP-8070

Spaceborne

SP-8071

Passive

SP-8074

Spacecraft

SP-8078

Spaceborne

SP-8086

Space

Vehicle

Displays

SP-8096

Space

Vehicle

Gyroscope

SP-8098

Effects
June

SP-8102

Spacecraft

Booms

Digital

(Extendible,

Computer

Gravity-Gradient

Solar

Cell

Libratitm

Arrays,

Electronic

of

Systems,

1971

February

February

1971

197 I

1971

Criteria,

Sensor

June

1971

March

1972

Applications,

Flexibility

on

October

Entry

Vehicle

1972

Control

Systems,

1972

Space

Vehicle

SP-8089

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Injectors,

SP-8087

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Fluid-Cooled

SP-8113

Liquid
1974

SP-8120

Liquid

SP-8107

Turbopump

SP-8109

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

SP-8125

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Axial

SP-8052

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Turbopump

SP-8110

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Turbines,

SP-8081

Liquid

Propellant

SP-8048

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

Turbopump

SP-8121

Liquid

Rockel

Engine

Rotating-Shaft

CHEMICAL

March

Systems,

Design

Structural

Stored),

Dampers,

May

Imaging

Reel

Accelerometer

Applications,

December

1972

PROPULSION

Rocket

Rocket

Engine

Engine

Systems

March

Combustion

Combustion

Nozzles,

1972

November

1974

December

April

Inducers,

January

August

Turbopumps,

Turbopumps,

Gas Generators,

97

Engines,

Flow

Flow

Devices,

April

1976

Rocket

Centrifugal

Chambers,

Stabilization

July

for Liquid

1976

May

1978

1971

1974

March

1972

Bearings,
Seals,

blarch
February

1971
1978

1973

SP-8101

Liquid
1972

SP-8100

Liquid

Rocket

Engine

SP-8088

Liquid

Rocket

Metal

Tanks

SP-8094

Liquid

Rocket

Valve

Components,

SP-8097

Liquid

Rocket

Valve

Assemblies,

SP-8090

Liquid

Rocket

Actuators

Liquid

Rocket

Disconnects

SP-8119

Rocket

September

Liquid

SP-8112

Pressurization

SP-8080

Liquid

SP-8064

Turbopump

Turbopump

and

Gears.

and Tank

('ouplings,

March

August

May

1974

1973

November

1973

May

Couplings,

September

t c_74

Components,

and Operators,

Rocket

Rocket

Lines,

Bellows,

Systems

1973

Fittings,

Pressure

and Explosive

Flexible

for Liquid

Fixed

Propellant

Selection

Solid
1971

Propellant

SP-8076

Solid

Propellant

Grain

Design

SP-8073

Solid

Propellant

Grain

SP-8039

Solid

Rocket

SP-8051

Solid

SP-8025

Processing

Relief

March

and

Hoses,

Rockets,

Regulators,

Valves,

Solid

SP-8075

Shafts

Joints,

and Se',.ds

1976

SP-8123

Disks,

Engine

and

Filters,

October

1975

Valves.

Check

Factors

June

in Rocket

Motor

Design.

Ballistics,

March

Structural

Integrity

Analysis,

June

Motor

Performance

Analysis

and Prediction,

Rocket

Motor

Igniters,

Solid

Rocket

Motor

Metal

SP-8093

Solid

Rocket

Motor

Internal

Insulation,

SP-8115

Solid

Rocket

Motor

Nozzles,

June

SP-8114

Solid

Rocket

Thrust

Vector

Control,

SP-8041

Captive-Fired

98

March

of Solid

Burst

1971

and Internal

Testing

Valves,

1977

1973

Characterization,

Cases,

April

October

1972

1973

May

1971

1971

April

1970
December

1976

1975

Rocket

December

Motors,

1974

March

1971

NASA-Langley,

1980