Mass Transfer!: Binary Diffusion!

Mass Transfer!
Binary Diffusion!
! Mass transfer in a single phase!

! Ficks law of diffusion!
! Interphase Mass Transfer
!!
! Two film theory!

! Empirical relationships!
! Analogies between Momentum - !
Heat and Mass Transfer!
! Simultaneous Heat and Mass !
Transfer!
F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
Time = 0!
1/23!
Binary Diffusion!
Binary Diffusion!
Mixture of A and B!
Homogeneous Mixture of A and B!
After some time!
After Long Time!
3/23!
2/23!
4/23!
Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Binary Diffusion!
Diffusion flux (Ficks law)!
Z=0!
uF!
uF!
uF!
uF!
dx!A!
(Kmol /m2,s)!
dy!
Total concentration, Ct !
constant:!
dC!
N!A! =! !!DA! B! A!
(10.1)!
dy!
N!A! =! !!Ct!!DA! B!
Diffusion flux is a relative flux !!
Large Z!
5/23!
6/23!

Definition:!
Fluxes in stationary coordinates!

(Kmol /m2,s)!
Molar-average velocity of the mixture!
Component A:!
'!
N!A!=! u!AC
! !A!
u!F!=!
u!A!CA! ! +!u!B!C!B!
C!t!
(m/s)!
Component B:!
'!
N!B!=! u!BC
! !B!
7/23!
8/23!
The diffusion flux is a flux relative to the !

molar-average velocity of the mixture ! !
Addition of diffusion fluxes:!

N!A! +! N!B! =! 0!
Or more general!
Component A:!
N!A! =! !! D!AB!
dC!A!
=! C!A!(!u!A! !! u!F!)!
dy!
!N
= 0
k=1
Component B:!
N!B! =! !! D!BA!
dC!B!
=!C!B!(!u!B! !! u!F!)!
dy!
DA! B! =! D!BA! =!D!

D = Diffusion coefficient (m2/s)!
9/23!
Mass transfer in a single phase!
Diffusion Coefficients of gases and vapours !

in air at 298 K and atmospheric pressure!
Diffusion Coefficients in Gas Phase!
Substance!
105
!!4! 1.!!5!
! 10! T!
4!
.
3
!
!
(!1!/!M!A!)!+!(!1!/!M!B!)!
D!=!
1!/!3!
1!/3
! ! 2!
P!(!VA!! +!V!B! )!
(10.43)!
(m2/s)!
Hydrogen!
4.10!
Water!
2.56!
Methanol!
1.59!
! A Function of Pressure-1!
! Independent of Composition!
Hexanol!
0.59!
! Dependent on the sizes of molecules!
10/23!
! A Function of Temperature1.5!
11/23!
12/23!
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at 293 K!

( at infinite dilution )!
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquid Phase!

(dilute solutions)!
solvent!
D 109 (m2/s)!
H2!
Water!
5.13!
CO2!
Water!
1.50!
Sucrose!
Water!
0.45!
CO2!
Ethanol!
3.40!
Solute!
!!16! 1!/!2! 1!/!2!

1!.!173!!10! "!B! M!B! T!
(10.96)!
0.!!6!
D!=!
!VA! !
! A Function of Temperature!
! A Function of (Solvent viscosity)-1!
! Independent of Pressure!
! Dependent of Composition!
(Non-dilute solutions)!
13/23!
14/23!
Flux relative to stationary axes!

dC!
'!
'!
'!
N!A! =!x!A!(!N!A! +! N!B!)! !! D! A!
dy!
Another Equation of a Different kind !

is Required !!
Bulk flow! Diffusion!

Two components, two fluxes!
How many equations?!
15/23!
16/23!

Example of Equimolecular Counter-Diffusion!
Equimolecular
Counterdiffusion!
'!
'!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
1!
2!
'!
N!B!
CB2!
! Distillation of a Mixture with Species !

of Equal Molar Heat of Vaporization!
'!
N!B!
CB2!
CB1!
Liquid!
Gas!
A + B! CA1!
CA2!
'!
N!A!
CB1!
CA1!
'!
N!A!
CA2!
y1!
y2!
y!
D!
'!
N!A! =!
(!C!A!1! !! C!A!2!)!
(!y!2! !! y!1!)!
y!
'!
#!A!M!A!N! =! !! #!B!M!B!N!B!
'!
A!
#!A!M!A! =! #!B!M!B!
Mass Transfer through a Stationary Component!

1!
! Equimolecular Heterogeneous Reaction!

'!
CB2!
CB1!
CA1!
CB1!
Solid!(S)!
B+S!
CA1!
'!
N!A!
y!
'!
2!
CB2!
'!
N!B! = 0!
'!
N!A!
CA2!
CA2!
y1!
Gas Phase!
A!
18/23!
Example of Equimolecular Counter-Diffusion!

N!B!
'!
17/23!
'!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
'!
N!A! =!
'!
N!A! =! !! N!B!
y!
y2!
D! C!t!
(!C!A!1! !! C!A!2!)!
y!2! !! y!1! C!Bm!
with! C!Bm! =!
19/23!
C!B!2! !! C!B!1!
ln(!C!B!2! /!C!B!1!)!
20/23!
Example of Mass Transfer through a !

Stationary Component!

CB2!
Pure! CB1!
Liquid A! CA1!
CB2!
Solid +!
C
Liquid A! B1! Gas!
Liquid!
CA1! '!
N!A! CA2!
content!
Gas!
N! CA2!
'!
A!
! Evaporation of a liquid into an inert gas!

(inert: non-condensable, insoluble)!N!'!B! = 0!
! Drying of a wet solid into an inert gas B!

'!
(inert: non-condensable, insoluble)! N!B! = 0!

Cc!
'!
B!
N! = 0!
N!
Pure A!
(Acetone)!
CA!
Liquid A +C!
CA1!
CB1!
'!
N!A! CA2!
Gas A+ B!
CB2!
y!
0!
T!
22/23!
Mass Transfer through a Stationary Component!

u!
Pure B
(Air)
A!
B!
'!
A!
21/23!
x!
! Absorption into a non-volatile liquid C!

from a binary gas mixture containing!
an insoluble gas B, ! N!'!B!= 0,! N!'!c! = 0!
1.0!
dC!
'!
x!B!N!A! =! D! B!
dy!
23/23!
24/23!
Summary!
N'A = u F C A ! D
Diffusion!
N A!
'!
N!t!
(kmol/m2, s)!
dC!
'!
'!
'!
N!A! =! x!A!(!N!A! +! N!B!)! !! D! A!
dy!
uF CA!
Diffusion !
u!A!C!A! +! u!B!C!B! Bulk flow! Coefficient (m2/s)!
A!
uF!
Pure B!
dC A
>0
dy
CA!
'!
N!A! =! bulk! !! diffusion!
Direction depends on!
magnitudes of uF, D!
and gradients!
C!t!
Molar-average velocity !
of the mixture (m/s)!
dC A
dy
25/23!
Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures )!

! Equimolecular Counterdiffusion:! N!'!A! =! !! N!'!B!
hD (m/s)!
D!
'!
N!A! =!
(!C!A!1! !! C!A!2!)!
(!y!2! !! y!1!)!
dC A
<0
dy
y!
'!
N!A! =! bulk! +! diffusion!
26/23!
Mass Transfer in a Single Phase ( Binary mixtures )!
! Mass Transfer through a Stationary !

Component:!N!'!B! = 0!
D! C!t!
'!
N!A! =!
(!C!A!1! !! C!A!2!)!
(!y!2! !!y!1!)!C!Bm!
! Low concentration of the diffusing component:!

xA = CA/CT " 0! (The same solution as above)!
! General case of counterdiffusion:fN!
! '!A! =! !! N!'!B!
'
NA =
" 1 ! x A2 (1 ! f) %
D
Ct
ln #
&
(y2 ! y1) (1 ! f) $ 1! xA1 (1! f ) '
27/23!
28/23!
Mass Transfer!
Interphase Mass Transfer!

Two-Film Theory!
Pure solvent 1!
Pure solvent 2!
CAe2 (CAo1 )!

! Two film theory!
CAe1 (CAo2 )!
D1!
L1!
Phase 1!
29/23!
C! A1! ! =! HC! A! 2!
CAi1!
D2!
L2!
Phase 2!
Mass Fluxes according to!

Fictitious driving!
forces!
30/23!
Two-Film Theory!
Single coefficients (real driving forces)!

NA = hD1(CAo1 - CAi1)
phase 1
NA = hD2(CAi2 - CAo2)
phase 2
(10.150)!
Overall coefficients (fictitious driving forces)!
(CAo1 - CAe1)!
CAe1!
CAo2! CAi2!
CAo2!
Two-Film Theory!
CAo1!
N A!
CAi1!

Transfer!
(CAe2 - CAo2)!
CAi2!
N A!

CA1!
CAi1 =HCAi2 !
CAo1!
!!
CAe2! CA2!
Real driving!
forces!
31/23!
NA = K1(CAo1 - CAe1)
phase 1
NA = K2(CAe2 - CAo2)
phase 2
(10.151)!
32/23!
Empirical relationships, j-factors!

Dimensionless groups!
Mass transfer!
Heat transfer!
Sherwood!
hD l!
Nu = !h l!
Sh = !
k!
D!
Schmidt!
!
%!
Pr!= ! %!
Sc = !
=!
D!H!
$!D! D!
Stanton:!
hD!
Sh!
Nu!
h!
Std = !
=!
St
!
=
!
=
!
u!
Re Sc!
Re!Pr! $u! Cp!!
j-factor:!
j!h! = St !Pr!0.67!
jd = Std Sc 0.67!
Relationship between Single and overall !

coefficients!
1!
K! 1!
1!
K!2!
1!
K! 1!
=!
1!
h! D1! !
+!
1!
=!
Hh! D!1!
=!
H!
K! 2!
H!
(10.153)!
h! D!2!
+!
1!
h! D!2!
(10.154)!
(10.155)!
33/23!
Empirical relationships, j-factors!

hD [ m/s ]!
Magnitudes of Pr and Sc!
10"0"
Gases!
Pr!
" 1!
Liquids!
10"-1"
10"-2"
" 10 - 100!
10"-3"
Sc!
" 1!
34/23!
" 100 - 1000!
Mass Transfer Coefficients!

Gases!
Gases in porous!
media!
Liquids!
10"-4"
10"-5"
10"-6"
Liquids in porous!
media!
10"-7"
10"-8"
35/23!
36/23!
Mass Transfer!
Empirical relationships, jh-factor!

Heat Transfer!
Turbulent flow in a pipe!

! Two film theory!
St =
Nu
h
=
= 0.023Re#0.2 Pr #0.67
RePr "uCp
(9.63)!

Chilton and Colburn!

Transfer!
(9.64)!
Nu = 0.023 R
! e!0.8! Pr!0.33!
!!
jh = St Pr 0.67 = 0.023Re"0.2 # $ (9.62)!
37/23!
38/23!
Empirical relationships, jd-factor!
j - Factor for Mass Transfer!
Chilton-Colbourn analogy between !

Heat and Mass transfer!
j! = !j!
d! h!
j d = St d Sc 0.67
=
h D C Bm 0.67
( )
uC T !D
(10.226)!
h!CT! !
Pr!
h!D! = !
C!p!$! C!Bm! Sc!
0.67!
(! )!
39/23!
(10.227)!
40/23!
jd!
jd!
Re!
Re!
Fig. 10.14 Mass transfer in wetted-wall columns!
Fig. 10.15 Evaporation from plane surfaces!

41/23!
Empirical Relationships, mass Transfer !

to Single Spheres!
(10.234)!
h!D!d!
D!
h D d'
Sh =
D
'
Empirical Relationships, mass Transfer !

to Single Spheres!
Sh!=!
Sh ' = ! + "' Re'0.5 Sc 0.33
42/23!
0.3 < & <1.0!
! Frssling: ' = 2, & = 0.552!

! Rowe et al.: For Air and Water & varied !
from 0.68 to 0.79!
2!/!3!
Re!Sc!
Fig. 10.16. Mass transfer to single spheres!
43/23!
44/23!
Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer!
Mass Transfer Coefficients!

hD [ m/s ]!
0"
10"
Molecular and eddy transfer together!
Gases!
10"-1"
Gases in porous media!
10"-2"
Momentum!
Transfer!
!
d!($
! u! !x!)!
R!y! =! !! (! +! E!)!
$!
dy!
Heat!
Transfer!
d!($
!C
! !p!(!)!
k!
q!y! =! !!(!
+! E!H!)!
$!C!p!
dy!
Mass!
Transfer!
dC!
N!A! =! !!(!D!+! E!D!)! A!
dy!
10"-3"
Liquids!
10"-4"
10"-5"
Liquids in porous!
media!
10"-6"
10"-7"
10"-8"
45/23!
46/23!
Valid Only for Turbulent Flow !
Fluxes associated to the movement of mass M!

us! (s! CAs!CBs!
Limit of!
boundary !
layer!
y!
us! (s! CAs!CBs!
x!
At!
Mass M!
n molar units!
Mass M!
n molar units!
)b!
MC!p!(!s!
CAw!
CBw!
'us! b(s!
CAw!CBw!
(12.96)!
(12.97)!
(12.98)!
1! M!
(!C!As! !! C!Aw!)!=! (!!!N!A!)!y!=!0!
At! $!
Fig. 12.5. The Reynolds analogy!

Mu!s!
=! !!R!0!
At!
=! !!q!0!
47/23!
48/23!
Reynolds Analogy, StH= StD="!

!Valid for highly turbulent flow or when Sc or Pr " 1 ( gases )!
a) Heat - Momentum! St!H!= ! h!
C!p!$!u!s!
= ! R!2! ( 12.102 )!
$!u!s!
h!
b) Mass - Momentum! St!D! = !u!D! = ! R!2!
s!
c) Mass - Heat !
$!u!s!
h!D! = ! h!
C!p$!
!
( 12.103 )!
( 12.105 )!
( Lewis analogy )Valid even when Sc or Pr # 1, if Sc " Pr!

OBS! b) and c) without bulk flow !
49/23!
50/23!
Reynolds Analogy (with bulk flow)!
Modified Reynolds Analogy!

( The laminar sub-layer is included )!
a) Heat - Momentum!
h!DC
! w!
! B
= ! R!2!
u!sC
$!u!s!
! t!!
b) Mass - Momentum! St!D! = !
R!/!$!u!2!
s!
St!H!= ! h! = !
C!p!$!u!s! 1 + '
! !(Pr - 1)!
( 12.111 )!
c) Mass - Heat!
b) Mass - Momentum ( without bulk flow )!
C!Bw!
= ! h!
C!t!
C!p!$!
(! )!
h!D!
R!/!$!u2!
s! !
h!D!
St!D! = !u! = !
s!
1 + '!
! (Sc - 1)!
( 12.112 )!
( Lewis analogy ) Valid even when Sc or Pr # 1, if Sc " Pr!
( 12.117 )!
51/23!
Flat surface!
( 12.118 )!
'! = 2.1 R!e!-0.1!

x!
Flow in pipes! '! = 2.0 R!e!-1/8!F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!
52/23!
Analogies including the buffer layer!

( applicable to highly viscous liquids )!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer!
a) Heat - Momentum!
{!
R! = ! h!
1 + 5!
$!u2!
s! ! C!p!$!us! !
[!
)!]!}!
R! (Pr - 1) + ln! 5!Pr + 1!

!
6!
6!
$!u!2!
s!
( 12.130 )!
(!
{!
[!
! Analogies between Momentum - Heat and Mass Transfer!

! Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor
Multicomponent diffusion!
Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer!
)!]!}!
R! (Sc - 1) + ln! 5!Sc + 1!

!
6!
6!
$!u!2!
s!
(!
Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with !

Chemical Reaction!
!!
! Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer!
b) Mass - Momentum ( without bulk flow )!

R! = h! D! 1 + 5!
u!s!
$!u!2!
s!
Mass Transfer!
!!
( 12.131 )!
53/23!
Mass Transfer!
54/23!
Unsteady-State Diffusion with Chemical Reaction!

!Rectangular Coordinates (One-Dimensional Case)!
Diffusion / Unsteady State Mass Transfer!

Mass Transfer to a Sphere and Mass Transfer with !
Chemical Reaction!
Interphase Mass Transfer!!
Boundary Layer Theory for Mass Transfer!
*!C!A!
*!2!C!
*!C!
=! D! 2!A! !! uF! A! + RA!
*!t!
*!y!
*!y!
Accumulation!
Production!
Diffusion! Bulk Flow!
!Spherical Coordinates (One-Dimensional Case)!
*!C
*!C!A! D! *! 2! *!C!A!
=! 2! {!r!
}!- uF! A! +! R!A!
*!r!
*!t! r! *!r!
*!r!
Accumulation!
Production!
Diffusion! Bulk Flow!
Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor !!

Multicomponent diffusion!
with! R!A! = !!kC!n!A!

55/23!
56/23!
Unsteady-State Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Slab!
1"
Solution!
0.9"
Time = 0!
CA!
CA!
CAe!
C!A! !! C!A!0!
C!Ai! !! C!A!0!
Time > 0!
.!CAi!
0.7"
(10.108)!
0.6"
0.4"
y!
y!
time!
0.5"
CA0!
CA0!
C!A! !! C!A!0!
y!
=! erfc!
C!Ai! !! C!A!0!
2! Dt!
0.8"
0.3"
0.2"
0.1"
0"
0"
0.1"
0.2"
0.3"
0.4"
0.5"
y!
57/23!
58/23!
Unsteady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !

Homogen Reaction in a Finite Slab!
Molar flux at the interphase!
Time = 0!
*!C!
N!'! (!t!)!=! !! D!(! A! )!
A!
D!
(!C!Ai! !! C!A!0!)!
y!=!0! =!
*!y!
+!t!
(10.113)!
CAi! CAi!
L!
Average!
(N!A'! )!
! av! = 2!
Time > 0!
CAe!
D! C! - !C!
+!t!e! (! Ai! Ao!)!
CAe!
L!
(10.115)!
CA0!
hD!
59/23!
y!
CA0!
y!
60/23!

! One-dimension,!First-order Reaction! R!A! = !!kC!A!
*!C!A!
*!2!C!A!
=! D! 2! + RA!
*!t!
*!y!
! Initial condition!
C!A! = !CA! o!
-L/2 $ y $+L/2 !

D = 10-9 m2/s!
0.1"
0.08"
CA!
t = 0!
0.07"
k = 10-4 s-1!
0.06"
0.05"
C!A! = !CA! i!
y = -L/2!
C!A! = !CA! i!
y = +L/2!
CAi!
0.09"
! Boundary conditions!
or!
t > 0!
0.04"
t > 0!
0.02"
time!
0.03"
0.01"
0"
*!CA! !
= 0!
*!y!
y = 0!
0"
t > 0!
1"
2"
3"
y (m)!
5" x 10"-3"
61/23!
Steady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !
4"
62/23!
Steady-State Diffusion and Chemical Reaction !

Effect of the reaction rate!
D = 10-9 m2/s!
0.1"
CAi!
Homogenous Reaction in a Finite Slab!

*!C!A!
*!2!C!A!
=! D! 2! + RA!
*!t!
*!y!
0.09"
k = 10-5!
0.08"
steady-state!
CA!
0.07"
k = 10-4!
0.06"
First-order Reaction! R!A! = !!kC!A!
0.05"
0.04"
*!2!C!
D! 2!A! !! kC!A! =! 0!
*!y!
(10.168)!
0.03"
Steady-State Solution!
C!A! =! B!1!e!
(!k!/!D!)y! !
0.02"
!! (!k!/!D!)y! !
+!B!2!e!
(10.173)!
63/23!
k = 10-3!
0.01"
0"
0"
1"
2"
3"
y (m)!
4"
5" x 10"-3"
64/23!
Penetration Theory!
Penetration Theory!
second !
phase!
penetration phase!
time =
> 0!
CAo!
'!'!
.!
t!
C!Ai!
One-dimensional diffusion!
CAi!
t!
CAo!
Boundary conditions! (t > 0):!
CAi!.!
C!A! = C
! A! i!
C!A! = C
! A! o!
CAo!
CAo!
*!2!C!A!
*!CA! !
penetration phase! second !

= D! 2!
*!t!
*!y!
phase!
Initial condition! (t = 0):!
time > 0!
'!'!
! !
! A! o! 0 $ y $ ,
C!A! = C
C!Ai!
y = 0!
y=,
! !
Solution:!
N!'!A! = ! D! (!C!Ai!- !CA! o!)!

+!t!
penetration time!
(10.113)!
65/23!
Penetration Theory!
Penetration Theory!
-4"
6"
hD! [m/s]!
D!
+!t!
66/23!
Exposure Time!
x 10"
Regular Surface Renewal!

5"
(N!'!A)!
! av! = 2!
D = 10-9 m2/s!
4"
D! C! - !C!
+!te!! (! Ai! Ao!)!
(10.114)!
d!
3"
h!D! = 2!
2! D!
+!t!e!
2"
1"
D!
+!t!e!
u!
t!e! =! d!/!u!
Random Surface Renewal!
0"
0"
0.01"
0.02"
0.03"
0.04"
h!D! =! Ds!
0.05"
exposure time [ s ]!
Mass transfer coefficient according to penetration theory!
67/23!
s = rate of production of fresh surface per unit !

total area of surface!
68/23!
Penetration Theory with Varying Interphase Composition!
time > 0!
penetration phase (2)!
Phase (1)!
D!
Df!
penetration phase (2)!

'!'!
Ao!
C!
CAi!
Time!
*!C!
!! D!(! A! )!y!=! 0!
*!y!
C!Ai! =!
'!'!
Ai!
C!
Phase (1)!
D!
Df!
'!'!
CAi!
1! '!'!
C!Ai!
H!
'!'!
C!A0!
C!Ai!
N!A! =! !!
D!f! '!'!
'!'!
(!C!Ai! !! C!Ao!)!
L!f!
CAo!
Lf!
Lf!
*!CA! !
*!2!C!A!
= D! 2!
*!t!
*!y!
One-dimensional diffusion:!
Initial condition:!
C!A! = !CA! o!
0$y$,
! !
69/23!
70/23!
Penetration Theory with Laminar Film at the Interphase!

penetration phase (2)! D!
CAi!
t = 0!
Phase (1)!
'!'!
C!Ao!
Boundary conditions:!
*!CA! !
C!"!Ao! D L!
+ ! ! f!
C!A! = !
H! D!f!H! *!y!
C!A! = !CA! o!
(! )!
y = 0!
t!
y = 0!
t > 0!
y=,
! !
t > 0!
Solution:!
2! 2!
2!
D!
N!'!A! = (!C"!A! o! - !HC!Ao!)! f! e![(!Df!!H!)/(D!L!f!)]t! erfc!
L!f!
{!
2!
D!2!
f!H! t! 1/2!
D!L2!
f!!
[! ]! }!
(10.132)!
71/23!
CAo!
L!
Previous solution with D = Df, L = L f , H = 1!
(!
2!
N!'!A! = (!CA! i! - !CA! o!)!D! e!D!t/!L! erfc! Dt!
L!
L!
)!
(10.133)!
72/23!
Film-Penetration Theory!
Film-Penetration Theory!
N!'!A! =
One-dimensional diffusion!
2!
*!CA! !
*! C!A!
= D! 2!
*!t!
*!y!
penetration !
phase!
0$y$L
!!
t = 0!
C!A! = C
! A! i!
y = 0!
t > 0!
C!A! = C
! A! o!
y=L
!!
t > 0!
73/23!
The Boundary Layer for Mass Transfer !

Mass transfer for streamline flow over a plane surface!
)!
CAs!
x0!
CA0!
NA!
y!
)D! ux! CA!
CAo!
N!'!A! = (! C
! A! i! - !CA! o!)!D!
L!
2!
L!
0 < ! $ !+!
Dt!
N!'!A! = (! C
! A! i! - C! !Ao!)! +!D!t!
2!
+! $ !L! < ,
! !
Dt!
74/23!
The Boundary Layer for Mass Transfer !
.! " S
! c!- 1/3!
x!
l!
*!
*!C!A!
u!x(! C
!A
! s! - C!
! A)! dy =D!
!
*!x! 0!
*!y!
C!A! - C
! !A0! 3! y! 1! y! 3!
=! (! )!!! (! )!
C!As! - C
! !A0! 2! )!D! 2! )!D!
-!
CAi!
'!'!
C!Ai!
second !
phase!
Mass transfer for streamline flow !

over a plane surface!
us!
ux! CAs!
)!
penetration phase!
'!'!
C!Ai!
CAo!
Boundary conditions!
us!
(!
CAi! second !
phase!
Initial condition!
! A! o!
C!A! = C
(! C! A! i! - C! !Ao!)!
n=!,!
D! 1 + 2! e!-(!n2!! L!2!)/(Dt)! (10.139)!

#"
+!t!
n=1!
(! )!
assumption . < 1!
( Sc > 1 )!
with!
.! = !)!D!
)!
liquids!
good!
gases!
small errors!
y=0!
(Shx)m! = 0.65 S
! c!1/3! R!e!1/2!
x!
Assumption: )! D! <! )!
75/23!
76/23!
Practical Studies of Mass Transfer, jD-factor!

Turbulent flow in a pipe:! Nu = 0.023 R
! e!0.8! Pr!0.33! (9.64)!
Nu! = S
! t!= ! h! = 0.023 Re!
! -0.2! Pr!-0.67!
Re Pr!
C!p!$!u!
(10.223)!
St!Pr!0.67! = j!!H!= 0.023 Re!

! -0.2! " "
(10.224)!
!
h! C!
0.67!
j!D! = S
! t!DS
= ! D! Bm!
! c!
uC
! T! ! $!D!
(10.226)!
0.67!
(! )!
! Two - film theory!
h!D! 0!D!
! Penetration theory!
h!D! 0!D!
! Film - penetration theory!
h!D! 0!D!
1!/!2!
n!
1/2 $ n $ 1!
! Analogies and empirical relationship!

Analogies are valid for turbulent flow!
Chilton and Colburn: jD = jH = " !
h!CT! !
Pr!
j!D! = j!!H! /! h!D! = !
C!p!$! C!Bm! Sc!
Mass Transfer Coefficients according the Theories!
0.67!
(! )!
! Boundary layer theory!
(10.227)!
77/23!
2!/!3!
h!D! 0!D!
78/23!

Effect of Temperature Gradients on Mass !
transfer !
! Condensation!
! Evaporation!
! They are the direct cause of molecular !

motion!
! Drying!
! They may cause bulk motion !

of the fluid!
! They influence phase equilibria !
and reaction rates!
! Chemical reaction with !

large heat effects!
(Absorption, Adsorption)!
Effect of Mass transfer on Heat Transfer !

! Mass transfer fluxes transfer energy !
and affect temperature gradients!
79/23!
80/23!
q!
Condensation in presence of a non-!

condensable gas!
T!
x!
Liquid!
T!
x!
y!
Evaporation!
N'A
Tube!
wall!
y!
q!
Gas phase!
T!
x!
N'A
Solid!
q!
T!
N'A
T!
C!
Drying!
Ti!
Tw!
y!
y! Condensation!
x!
Liquid!
Ts!
q!
A!
CAoVapour
!
+!
CAi!Non-condensable!
'!
N!A! B!
Condensate!
q =! h!(!1s!!!1!i! )! +! h!D!M!A!(!C!Ao! !!CAi!)! #!
81/23!
Wet-bulb Temperature!
Wet-bulb Temperature!
Heat flux:!
us! C! (!
qc!
(!
q!
Heat flux:!
q! =! h!(!(!!!(!i!)!
Mass flux:!
=! h!D!(!C!i!!!C!)!
'!
N!w!
'!
#2wN!
! w!
(!i
m!
'!
CP! C i! N!w!
C!
mC!P!
us! C! (!
Steady-State:!
d! i
=0
dt
83/23!
Mass flux:!
'!
N!w! =! h!D!(!C!i!!!C!)!
q! =! h!(!(!!!(!i!)!
c!
(!
82/23!
d!(!i!
'!
=! Aq! !! A!#!M!w!N!w!
dt!
Energy Balance:!
Balanced!
Energy!
fluxes!
h!(!(! !!(!w!)! =! h!D!M!w!(!C!0!!!C!)!#!

84/23!
Approximate Wet-Bulb Temperature!

By introducing:!
C!0! =!
P!w!0!
RT!
C! =!
P!w!
H=
RT!
'!
mC!P!d!(!i! =! Ahq! !! Ad #!! M!w!N!w! + Q!
dt!
H = Humidity (kg liq/kg dry air)!

(!H! !!H!w!)! =!!!
'!
N!w! =! h!D!(!C!i!!!C!)!
q! =! h!(!(!!!(!i!)!
Pw M w
(
)
P ! Pw M A
Energy Balance:!
h!
(!(! !!(!w!)!
h!D! $!A!#!
Wet-bulb!
Temperature!
Mass flux:!
More general balance!
Convection:!
Production!
Steady-State:!
! w!(!C!0!!!C!)!#! + Q!
h!Ah!(!(! !!(!w!)! =! h!D!Ad M!
85/23!
Adiabatic saturation Temperature!
Adiabatic saturation Temperature!
Gas!
Hs, (s!
Liquid!
(s!
(, H! Gas temperature!
Make-up!
(s!
(, H! Gas temperature!
H s!
H s!
Gas!
humidity!
Gas!
humidity!
(s!
Gas!
H, (!
(s!
Liquid!
Cpa + HCpw!
(s!
Liquid temperature!
Time!
Fig. 13.2. Saturation of air !

with organic solvents!
s!
(!H! !! H!s!)!=!!! (!(!!!(!s!)!
#!
87/23!
86/23!
Liquid temperature!
Time!
Fig. 13.3. Saturation of !

air with water!
88/23!

Mass Transfer!: Binary Diffusion!

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Mass Transfer!: Binary Diffusion!

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Mass Transfer!

! Mass transfer in a single phase!

! Two film theory!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Homogeneous Mixture of A and B!

After some time!

After Long Time!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Diffusion flux (Ficks law)!

Diffusion flux is a relative flux !!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Fluxes in stationary coordinates!

Molar-average velocity of the mixture!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

The diffusion flux is a flux relative to the !

Addition of diffusion fluxes:!

DA! B! =! D!BA! =!D!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass transfer in a single phase!

Diffusion Coefficients of gases and vapours !

Diffusion Coefficients in Gas Phase!

! Dependent on the sizes of molecules!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass transfer in a single phase!

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at 293 K!

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquid Phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

!!16! 1!/!2! 1!/!2!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Flux relative to stationary axes!

Another Equation of a Different kind !

Bulk flow! Diffusion!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

! Distillation of a Mixture with Species !

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer through a Stationary Component!

! Equimolecular Heterogeneous Reaction!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Example of Equimolecular Counter-Diffusion!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

F11 Transportprocesser och Energiomvandlingar!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!

Example of Mass Transfer through a !

Example of Mass Transfer through a !

! Evaporation of a liquid into an inert gas!

! Drying of a wet solid into an inert gas B!

Mass Transfer in a Single Phase!