09 Safetyengineering

g
GE Energy
9.
Safety Engineering
9.1
Page
General .................................................................................... 9.2
9.2
Hazardous Area Classification ................................................. 9.7
9.3
Building and Compartment Ventilation Design ....................... 9.19
9.4
System Vent Design............................................................... 9.24
9.5
Gas and Chemical Storage and Distribution Systems............ 9.28
9.6
Provision and Control of Personnel Access ........................... 9.32
9.7
Design of Emergency Eyewash / Shower Stations ................ 9.45
9.8
Design of Work Areas for Appropriate Noise Levels .............. 9.50
9.9
Signs and Pipe Marking ......................................................... 9.51
9.10 Design of Lighting and Power ................................................ 9.56

9.11 Fire Protection ........................................................................ 9.58
9.12 Reference Materials ............................................................... 9.63
9.13 Review Documentation Deliverables...................................... 9.67
9.14 Revision Table........................................................................ 9.67
GE PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Safety Engineering
ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document
Page 9.1
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.1
General
This document details design requirements for personnel safety in the
permanent facility. The information provided herein describes good power
plant safety engineering practices.
Applicable National and Local safety regulations that require additional or
specialized equipment or designs beyond those described in the proposal shall
be included in the plant design or take precedence as required by law.
Similarly, if National or Local safety regulations, or Owner preference
requires additional safety studies and services to be performed, they may be
included as contract adjustments.
In cases where Country/Local practices and codes are determined to be
equivalent or more stringent than the practices and codes, cited in the GE
Safety Engineering DBD, these Country/Local practices and codes should be
referenced within the project specific Safety Summary Report.
9.1.1
Owners Responsibility
The Owner is responsible for providing a site free of hazardous material risks
to Personnel prior to project mobilization. This shall be addressed by
removal, disposal and/or treatment of pre-existing contaminated materials
(e.g. soil, ground water, etc.) at the site.
9.1.2
Design Criteria Documentation

A site specific Safety Engineering Plan shall be submitted to GE Engineering
Review Board (ERB) prior to the reviews and shall address all of the elements
of this Safety Engineering section of the design basis document. It shall
describe how it to meet the requirements of the GE Design Basis Document
(DBD). This plan shall also include:
A tabulated summary of all of the potentially hazardous materials being

used in the construction and operation of the power plant including: type
of hazards, location (use and storage), and required PPE (Personal
Protective Equipment) including locations where PPE is required.
Requirement that specifications for procurement of the above material

shall include the requirement to provide MSDS (Material Safety Data
Sheets).
Safety Engineering
G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT
Page 9.2
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.1.2.1
Hazardous Area Classification Map for systems and equipment within the
scope of supply. This is required for the Initial Review.
Hazardous Area Classification Map for the entire site. It is important to

begin creating this map as soon as there is a tentative site layout since
hazardous areas will impact the final site layout. A preliminary site
hazardous area map shall be provided for the Progress Review.
Consolidated map of all ventilation intake and exhaust locations, and vent
discharge locations, including elevations.
A detailed listing of all codes and standards (including date issued) for
supply of equipment and construction of systems and facility, for example:
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, 2000 or ANSI/ASME B31.3 Code for
Process Piping, 1999 (Not just ANSI, ASME, NFPA).
Project Specific Safety Summary Report Guidance

To help GE understand the design philosophy being used to address safety
issues associated with the specific project. A safety summary report is useful
to provide safety design philosophy information that is not readily called out
on the project design documents (e.g. why a pipe is sized a certain way) to GE.
Suggested partner & A/E design relevant aspects for inclusion in the safety
engineering design basis document summary report.
Top-level narratives describing what safety aspects are addressed for the
project, including reference to compliance with customers technical
specification as well as regional, national, and local codes, standards and
regulations.
Hazardous Area Classification: methodology / assumptions used to create

the Hazardous Area Map(s) for the plant, what specific codes, standards,
references, internal calculation done by hand or using software, etc.
Ventilation Design: for the Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning

Design (HVAC) describes the basis and methodology for the
determination of the ventilation rates in hazardous areas. GE Hazardous
Area Maps are based on equivalent outdoor ventilation as defined by
NFPA 497 for the United States and projects in other countries subscribing
to the NFPA approach or IEC 60079-10 for the European Union and
projects in other countries subscribing to the IEC approach.
Gas and Chemical Storage and Distribution Systems: asphyxiating &

flammable gases design, including discussion related to prevention of
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above normal concentrations in confined space; plus automatic shut-off

provisions in event of emergency or major leak occurrence.
Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: storage of petroleum &

chemical products design, including discussion related to containment of
minor/major spills; plus health & safety considerations from workplace
personnel exposure.
Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: fuel gas equipment

design, including discussion related to compliance to what specific codes,
standards, and references that are used for the design.
Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: compressed gas design,

including discussion related to compliance to what specific codes,
standards, and references that are used for the design.
Provisions and Control of Personnel Access: overall workplace personnel

protection provisions, including discussion related to fall heights &
protection, safe touch temperatures, security fencing, mechanical &
electrical equipment lockout provisions including discussion related to
compliance to what specific codes, standards, and references that are used
for the design.
Provision and Control of Personnel Access: mechanical & electrical

guarding provisions, including discussion related to personnel access,
workplace maintenance provisions and what specific codes, standards, and
references that are used for the design.
Design of Emergency Eye Wash / Shower Stations: provide a summary

and a map of where all emergency eye wash and shower stations are
located throughout the plant, acknowledge that the site is meeting the
minimum requirements defined in this document for location and type.
Design of Work Areas for Appropriate Noise Levels: near field noise
compliance means, plus health & safety considerations from workplace
personnel exposure.
Design of Lighting and Power: lighting provisions and grounding

protection including discussion related to compliance to what specific
codes, standards, and references that are used for the design.
Fire Protection: design details, including discussion on which plant areas

are covered by what type of fire protection / suppression, portable fire
extinguishers and locations and rating of fire rated walls; plus integration
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Page 9.4
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into hazardous area classification development and plant emergency egress

means.
9.1.3
Acronyms and Definitions of Key Terms
9.1.3.1
Acronyms
AE - Architect Engineer
BOP Balance of Plant
EN European Normative standard
EPC Entity responsible for Engineering / Procuring / Constructing the plant
GT Gas Turbine
GE DBD General Electric Design Basis Document
HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PPM Parts Per Million
ST Steam Turbine
9.1.3.2
Definitions
Confined or Enclosed Spaces (extracted from OSHA 1910.146) means any
space that:
1. Is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter and
perform assigned work; and
2. Has limited or restricted entry or exit (such as tanks, vessels, silos
storage bins, hoppers, vaults and pits); and
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Page 9.5
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3. Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

Permit required confined space means a confined space that has one or more
of the following characteristics:
1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere (e.g. is
subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has
an oxygen deficient atmosphere);
2. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant (e.g.
grain, sawdust, sand);
3. Has an internal configuration; in which an entrant could be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or a floor that slopes
downward and tapers to a smaller cross section; or
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
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Page 9.6
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9.2
Hazardous Area Classification

The Hazardous Area Classification evaluates all the locations within the
power plant and classifies them based on the potential existence of hazardous
properties due to the presence of flammable vapors, liquids, or gases, or
combustible concentrations of dust or fibers. This classification shall be done
in accordance to applicable standards. It is to be cautioned that International
Standards and specific Country Standards may differ from the NFPA
Standards followed in the U.S.
To create a Hazardous Area Map for US projects refer to:
United States Codes and Standards
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)
NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable

Liquids, Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous Locations for Electrical
Installations in Chemical Process Areas
API 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for

Electrical Installations At Petroleum Facilities Classified As Class 1,
Division 1 and Division 2
API 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for

Electrical Installations At Petroleum Facilities Classified As Zone 0, Zone
1 and Zone 2
To create a Hazardous Area Map for European Union projects refer to:
European Codes and Standards
IEC / EN 60079-10 - Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Atmospheres Classification of Hazardous Areas
EN 1127-1 Explosion prevention and protection
94/9/EC, Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of

23 MARCH 1994 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member
States Concerning Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for the Use
in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. (ATEX)
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IP-15 Institute of Petroleum Area Classification Code for Petroleum

Installations (Part 15 of the Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe
Practice in the Petroleum Industry)
IGE SR 25 Hazardous Classification of Natural Gas Installations
This area classification shall include associated interconnections and

equipment designed by the AE/EPC as well as the GE supplied equipment.
All interconnections and equipment with the potential to create a hazard shall
be clearly indicated on a comprehensive site map indicating size, location, and
elevation of the hazard created. Special consideration shall be made for
equipment not provided by the AE/EPC.
The considerations for this
equipment shall include:
1. Ensuring equipment is rated for use as located (e.g. rated equipment in
a hazardous area).
2. Identifying the hazardous area(s) it may create and ensuring that nonrated equipment (not suitable for hazardous zone) is not located within
these identified hazardous areas .
3. Ensuring that inlets to fan ventilated enclosures / compartments
cannot draw potentially hazardous atmospheres into the enclosure /
compartment.
NOTE: specific hazardous area dimensions listed in this document are based
on US Standards.
This classification should include, as a minimum, any of the items below that
are associated with the particular project:
Natural Gas: Gas Turbine Enclosure, Fuel Gas Module/Compartment,

Flow Metering Tube, Piping, Filter/Separator, Heater(s), Scrubber,
Pressure Reducing Station, Fuel Gas Booster Compressor, HRSG duct
burner or auxiliary Boiler.
Syn-gas (gas derived from coal or residuals): Syn-gas Compartment, Gas

Turbine Enclosure, piping, processing equipment.
Hydrogen: Generator, generator shaft seals, detraining enlargement vent,

Collector Cab/Compartment, hydrogen storage bottles, hydrogen manifold,
battery compartment/room, Load Compartment.
Liquid Fuel Vapor/Mist: Liquid fuel Module, Gas Turbine Enclosure,

piping, processing equipment, storage and drains tank(s).
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9.2.1
Lube Oil Vapor/Mist: Mist Eliminator discharge, high-pressure

piping/tubing, Accessory Module, Lube Oil Skids with Lift Oil.
Mechanical Connections (Non-Welded) in the above systems.
Ventilation exhausts or vent discharges for the above systems.
Hazardous Area Philosophy Document

A Hazardous Area philosophy document shall be created. It defines the
assumptions used to create the Hazardous Area Map. Each area of the
Hazardous Area Map shall have its own assumption criteria that includes, but
is not limited to, the following items:
9.2.2
Ventilation (e.g. air changes per hour / flow for area)
Hazardous gas / liquid vapor (e.g. natural gas, hydrogen)
Volume / quantity of release of gas / liquid vapor - this can be during

normal modes of operation or during a credible failure scenario
Interconnection points (e.g. flanges, welds, compression fittings)
All areas should have dimensions in x, y, and z directions and / or defined

shape
Identification of compartments and components that are to be located in

areas outside of Hazardous Areas.
Hazardous Area Map

The Hazardous Area Map is a pictorial representation of the hazardous areas
as defined in the philosophy documentation (9.2.1). A Hazardous Area is an
area with the potential to contain hazardous atmosphere due to the presence of
gas / liquid vapor / liquid mist at an ignitable concentration. The Hazardous
Area map is required to have the following features:
Plan and elevation views
Each area shall have dimensions in x, y, and z directions and / or defined

shape
Approximate locations for all field installed pipe vents. The Hazardous
Area bubble can either be shown directly on the Hazardous Area Map or
its dimensions can be tabulated in an attachment.
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Restricted areas are those areas that must be isolated from potentially
hazardous leak sources. Items that are not rated for use in a Hazardous Area
must be in a Restricted Area. There shall not be any potential for a Hazardous
gas / liquid vapor to exist in a Restricted Area. Examples of Restricted Areas
include:
Compartment air inlets as defined in the Ventilation Design section of this

document
Areas where non-rated components external to the compartments are

located (as a general rule external components are non-rated for use in a
Hazardous Area)
Any other areas that may reasonably be expected to include a source of

ignition (e.g. welding area).
Once the site Hazardous Area Map has been compiled, a review shall be
conducted to verify that the equipment located in the hazardous areas is
properly rated, and address any non-compliance issues. This may require
relocating either equipment that creates a hazard or the non-rated equipment,
or upgrading the components affected by the hazards.
Examples of different hazardous area map views can be seen in FIGURES 1, 2
and 3.
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FIGURE 1 SAMPLE: Isometric View of Accessory Module Hazardous

Areas Created During Normal Operation.
FIGURE 2 SAMPLE: End View of Accessory Module Hazardous

Areas Created at Gas Compartment Doors During Ventilation Shut
Down
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FIGURE 3 SAMPLE: Pipe Vent Termination With High Pressure Flow

of Gas Indicating Large Release Source.
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9.2.3
Design of Equipment Located in Hazardous Areas

For equipment located in a hazardous area,
9.2.4
Properly locate electrical wiring conduit seal fittings in the conduit runs,
per the NEC, and install the manufacturers recommended conduit sealer
in the fitting
Pressurize and vent electrical junction boxes that potentially contain arcing
/ sparking devices.
Hazard Identification Reference

The tables and figures in this section provide a reference for potential areas
within the basic designs of a typical power plant that may be deemed
hazardous due to the potential for:
Gas / liquid vapor /liquid mist resulting in a fire/explosion
Chemical releases
Electrical energy release
Note: not all of the hazards listed above are required to be identified on a site
Hazardous Area Map as identified by NFPA or EN 60079-10 (IEC 79-10).
Other hazards may need to be considered depending on the applicable codes;
for example, hot surfaces.
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TABLE 1 Hazard Identification Reference associated with Figures 4, 5, and 6

Chemical
Electrical
Fire / Explosion
HRSG Duct Burner System
Exhaust Enclosure
GT Turbine Compartment
Liquid Fuel / Atomizing Air Module
Gas Valve Module / Compartment
Fuel Gas Performance & Start-Up Heaters
Coalescing Filter / Separator
Fuel Gas Scrubber
Fuel Gas Pre-Heater
10
Filter Separator
11
Gas Drain Tank
12
GT False Start Drains Tank
13
ST HPU Module (not shown)
14
Generator
15
H2 Generator Bottle Storage & Manifold (not shown)
16
Collector Cab
17
Collector Enclosure
18
Generator Terminal Enclosure (GTE)
19
LCI & Excitation Module
20
Battery Room(s) GT (end of the PEECC), ST
21
X
X
X
X
ST Electrical Room
22
Oil Filled Transformers
23
Switch Yard (not shown)
24
Biofouling Chemicals
25
Water Treatment Chemicals
26
Waste Neutralization Tank
27
Fuel Oil Storage Tank
28
Fuel Gas Flow Metering Tube
FIGURES 4, 5, and 6 are Hazard Identification Maps that identify where the
chemical, electrical, and fire / explosion hazards outlined in the above table
are located. These figures are representative of a typical Combined Cycle
power plant with 2 7FA Gas Turbines and a Steam Turbine, but elements
depicted can be applied to any plant.
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FIGURE 4 Chemical Hazard Identification Map.
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FIGURE 5 Electrical Component Hazard Identification Map.
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FIGURE 6 Fire / Explosion Hazard Identification Map.
The locations of potential Fire / Explosion hazards shown in this figure are for
reference only.. This figure does not meet the requirements of a Hazardous
Area Map as required by either the US NFPA requirements defined in NFPA
70 (NEC) and NFPA 497 or the European Union requirements as defined by
ATEX and EN 60079-10.
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TABLE 2 Additional Hazard Identification References (Not shown on Figures

4, 5, and 6)
Chemical
Electrical
Generator Line Accessory Compartment (GLAC)
Generator Neutral Accessory Compartment (GNAC)
Switch Gear / Medium Voltage Cell
GT Electrical Room / PEECC / TCC / MCC
Water Wash Skid
Closed Cooling Water System (closed w/ antifreeze)
Fuel Gas Shut of Valve and Vent Valve skid (SSOV)
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Fire / Explosion
Page 9.18
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9.3
Building and Compartment Ventilation Design

Building and compartment ventilation is defined as airflow through any
building or compartment of a power plant. GE uses a variety of compartment
ventilation methods: positive pressure (forced draft), negative pressure
(induced draft), and natural/convective.
Positive pressure occurs when air is pushed into the building or

compartment by ventilation fans, creating a higher pressure inside the
building or compartment than the ambient pressure.
Negative pressure occurs when air is drawn out of the building or

compartment by ventilation fans, creating a lower pressure inside of the
building or compartment than the ambient pressure.
Natural/convective ventilation is created by wind, temperature or gas

density differentials that cause the air within the building or compartment
to move.
Ventilation air may enter a building or compartment through a variety of

inlets. An inlet is any opening into a building or compartment through which
air may enter. This includes, but is not limited to, ducts and damper covered
openings, doorways, windows that open, and easily opened access panels.
The air drawn in through the inlet shall be safe air, which does not contain
hazards. Safe air is defined as:
Air with no significant contamination by flammable gasses or vapors that

might be harmful to either the equipment or personnel (greater than 25%
LEL Lower Explosive Limit per US-NFPA and EU guidance). Note: US
requirement specifies not greater than 10% LEL for personnel exposure.
Air that is not significantly above the ambient air temperature.
Ventilation air exits from a building or compartment through exhaust outlet(s).

Precautions must be taken when establishing exhaust outlet locations if there
are potential hazards in the exhaust air from power plant buildings and
compartments. The potential for hazards in exhaust air is dependent upon
what is contained within the building or compartment being ventilated. For
example:
Buildings and compartments containing hot equipment, in excess of 60C

(140F), use the ventilation for cooling purposes; exposure to the elevated
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temperature of this exhaust air may potentially harm personnel or

equipment. Note: this may include steam.
Buildings or compartments containing parts of a fuel system have the

potential for fuel leaks from equipment and the piping system, which may
contaminate the ventilation air. The ventilation exhaust of each building
or compartment, along with the estimated potential concentration of fuel in
the ventilation duct, should be factored into the location/orientation of the
building or compartment exhaust outlet(s). The potential fuel sources
may include natural gas, syn-gas, liquid fuel vapor/mist, or other
alternative fuel source.
Buildings or compartments containing high-pressure oil lines have the

potential for lube oil mist or vapor to leak into the building or
compartment, which may contaminate the ventilation air. The ventilation
exhaust of each building or compartment along with the estimated
potential concentration of lube oil vapor or mist in the duct should be
factored into the location/orientation of the building or compartment
exhaust outlet(s).
Buildings or compartments containing hydrogen system equipment or DC

batteries have the potential for hydrogen to accumulate in the building or
compartment, which may contaminate the ventilation air. The ventilation
exhaust of each building or compartment along with the estimated
potential concentration of hydrogen in the enclosed space should be
factored into the location/orientation of the building or compartment
exhaust outlet(s).
Buildings or compartments containing a CO2 fire suppression system shall

not exhaust into an enclosed area that could present a personnel hazard.
For indoor installations, the compartment exhaust outlet(s) must be taken
outside the main building.
Buildings or compartments that serve as maintenance areas where

welding, cutting or other fume producing processes take place shall not
circulate ventilation exhaust from those maintenance areas into the inlet
ventilation of other non-maintenance areas located within the same
building.
Turbine-Generators installed within buildings have additional ventilation

considerations. Each compartment placed inside of the building needs to be
evaluated for the requirements of both its inlet and exhaust air, for example:
When installing compartments within a building with the associated

ventilation fans mounted external to the building, the location of the
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ventilation fan must be considered carefully with respect to the impact

created by this exhaust. (e.g. away from the face of the inlet filter house,
personnel access areas, non-rated equipment, etc.).
When installing compartments within a building with the ventilation fans

mounted internal to the building, the location of the outlet duct termination
must be considered carefully with respect to the impact created by this
exhaust (e.g. away from the face of the inlet filter house, personnel access
areas, non-rated equipment, etc.).
Compartments with temperatures significantly above ambient should be

reviewed for location of the ventilation exhaust outlet to ensure that the air
does not exhaust into personnel access areas or other ventilation inlets.
Also, impact on the overall building ventilation design must accommodate
the additional heat load if this exhaust air is released inside of the building,
as some compartments may draw inlet air from inside of the building.
Note: For each project, the specific model of GE gas turbines and their
accessories must be reviewed since GE designs vary.
9.3.1
Design for Gas Turbine Compartment Ventilation

Exhaust
Potential ventilation exhaust hazards include: high temperature and / or the
presence of any of the following in the ventilation exhaust: natural gas, syngas, liquid fuel vapor, alternative fuel gas or vapor/mist, lube oil mist or
vapor, and CO2. Refer to the project specific GE Gas Turbine Heating &
Ventilation Schematic (0426) for design requirements.
9.3.2
Design for Fuel Gas Module (Compartment) Ventilation

Exhaust
Potential ventilation exhaust hazards include: high-temperature and / or the
presence of any of the following in the ventilation exhaust: natural gas,
hydraulic oil vapor or mist, and CO2. Refer to the project specific GE Gas
Turbine Heating & Ventilation Schematic (0426) for design requirements.
9.3.3
Design for Generator and Collector Cab Ventilation

Potential ventilation exhaust hazards include: high-temperature and / or the
presence of any of the following in the ventilation exhaust: lube oil vapor or
mist and hydrogen (hydrogen generators only). Refer to GE Generator
Equipment Documentation for design requirements.
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For indoor installations of hydrogen generators, the building design must

prevent the accumulation of hydrogen either by natural or forced ventilation of
ceiling / roof high points. The ventilation flow capacity must be sized for
the maximum generation rate of hydrogen to preclude gas build-up.
9.3.4
Design for Load Compartment Ventilation (when

applicable).
Potential exhaust hazards include: high-temperature and /or the presence of
hydrogen in the ventilation (when attached to hydrogen generators only).
Refer to the project specific GE Gas Turbine Heating & Ventilation Schematic
(0426) for design requirements.
For indoor installations with hydrogen generators, either the ventilation must
be taken outside the building or the building design must prevent the
accumulation of hydrogen either by natural or forced ventilation of ceiling /
roof high points. The ventilation flow capacity must be sized for the
maximum generation rate of hydrogen to preclude gas build-up.
9.3.5
Design of Battery Room Ventilation

Hydrogen is the only potential exhaust hazard. Hydrogen evolution occurs
during battery charging. Battery locations include: the PEECC, steam turbine
UPS batteries, and plant facilities batteries.
Battery room design must prevent the accumulation of hydrogen by ventilation
of ceiling / roof high points. Irrespective of the type of ventilation used
(convection or forced), flow requirements must be sized for the maximum
generation rate of hydrogen. In the case of forced ventilation, the ventilation
system shall have a redundant fan system with a method for starting the backup fan if the primary fan should fail. A means for detecting hydrogen
accumulation may be required by local codes or standards.
9.3.6
Design for Liquid Fuel/Atomizing Air Compartment

Ventilation
Potential ventilation exhaust hazards include the presence of any of the
following in the ventilation exhaust: liquid fuel vapor / mist and CO2. Refer
to the project specific GE Gas Turbine Heating & Ventilation Schematic
(0426) for design requirements.
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9.3.7
Turbine-Generator Building
Potential exhaust hazards include: high-temperature, lube oil vapor / mist and
hydraulic fluid vapor / mist, fuel gases and liquid fuel vapor / mist (if Gas
Turbine is located indoors) and hydrogen (when hydrogen generator is
included).
The turbine building ventilation system design must consider the inlet and
outlet requirements under all potential modes of operation (e.g. minimum
allowable number of building fans in operation) and ambient conditions (e.g.
cold winter or hot summer temperatures) to ensure that the individual
compartments / modules have sufficient ventilation to meet their safe
operating requirements.
Refer to GE DBD Mechanical Systems Documentation for general design
requirements.
9.3.8
Design for Control Room and Office Area Ventilation

Control Room and Office Areas are intended for continuous human
occupancy. These areas are not designed for hazardous air. Ventilation
design must draw air in from a safe area outside the building. The air must
be free from contaminant levels that could be harmful to human health. .
When these areas are part of a building that has the potential to contain
hazardous air, there must be a separate ventilation system that draws in air
from outside the building, and a slight positive pressure must be maintained
inside the office or control room areas.
9.3.9
Design for Exhaust Compartment Ventilation

Potential ventilation exhaust hazards include: high temperature and / or the
presence of CO2 in the ventilation exhaust. Refer to the project specific GE
Gas Turbine Heating & Ventilation Schematic (0426) for design requirements.
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9.4
System Vent Design

Vents are defined as piping or tubing that discharge to the atmosphere. Vent
lines can either be isolated by a manual or automatic valve, or be continuously
open. Common examples are vent lines connected to return lines, open
funnels, drains, tanks, chemical storage tanks, pressure relief valves, gas
turbine gas fuel stop-ratio valve cavity (P2) vents, valve stem packing leak-off
tubing, hydrogen casing purge, hydrogen scavenging, hydrogen detraining
enlargements, and stator cooling water system vents.
For all vents, the following must be shown on the P&ID:
Whether of not the vent is a source of hazardous release
What type of release it is
Reference to the Hazardous Area documentation for all vents that

create a hazardous area as defined in the Hazardous Area
Classification section of this document.
All hazardous vents shall be routed individually to a safe discharge area based
on the potential hazards. Potential areas to avoid are:
Personnel access ways (e.g. platforms, walkways)
Arcing & sparking devices
Maintenance areas (e.g. grinding, welding)
Designated smoking areas
Note: Information denoted in blue with square brackets [ ] in the below

sections refers to the European Union classification for hazardous area
designation using Zone and Group, which is different from the US Class,
Division, Group system.
9.4.1
Fuel Gas Vents

All fuel gas vents shall be individually routed and discharged to a safe area
clear of all ventilation inlets, non-rated electrical devices, other potential
ignition sources (e.g. hot components, furnaces, etc.), and walkways /
personnel access areas. Occasional releases from a small vent of a known
volume (e.g. block and bleed vent valve) has a minimum Class I, Div 1, Group
D [Zone 1, Group IIA] 1.5 m. (5 ft) spherical radius hazardous area inside of a
Class I, Div 2, Group D [Zone 2, Group IIA] 3.0 m (10 ft) spherical radius
hazardous area around the vent terminus. Large releases will have a larger
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hazardous area based on the pressure and amount of gas released (e.g. gas
compartment/module strainer blow-down connection (FG2)). Pressure Relief
lines shall not be ganged with each other or any other vent lines. Do not
route fuel gas vents to any drains tanks.
Note: Follow ALL notes and recommendations found on the GE Fuel Gas
System Schematic (0422) for additional information on routing of field run
vents, this includes requirements for vent lines to be run individually,
recommended vent discharge design per GEK 110743 and hazardous area
size/shape at the discharge of the vent.
9.4.2
Purge Vents
All purge vents shall be individually routed and discharged to a safe area clear
of all ventilation inlets, non-rated electrical devices, other potential ignition
sources (e.g. hot components, furnaces, etc.), and walkways / personnel access
areas. Occasional releases from a small vent of known volume (e.g. block and
bleed vent valve) that are purging fuel gas piping has a minimum Class I, Div
1, Group D [Zone 1, Group IIA] 1.5 m (5 ft) spherical radius hazardous area
inside of a Class I, Div 2, Group D [Zone 2, Group IIA] 3.0 m (10 ft) spherical
radius hazardous area around the vent terminus.
Note: Follow ALL notes and recommendations found on the GE Purge Air
System Schematic (0477) for additional information on routing of field run
vents, this may include requirements for vent lines to be run separately,
recommended vent discharge design per GEK 110743 and hazardous area
size/shape at the discharge of the vent.
9.4.3
Hydrogen Vents
All Hydrogen vents shall be individually routed to a safe area clear of all
ventilation inlets, non-rated electrical devices, other potential ignition sources
(e.g. hot components, furnaces, etc.), and walkways / personnel access areas.
Occasional releases from a small vent of known volume has a minimum Class
I, Div 1, Group B [Zone 1, Group IIC] 1.5 m (5 ft) spherical radius hazardous
area inside of a Class I, Div 2, Group B [Zone 2, Group IIC] 3.0 m (10 ft)
spherical radius hazardous area around the vent terminus (Note: this guidance
is per NFPA 497 and is superceded by any GE provided hazardous area
information). Pressure Relief lines shall NOT be ganged with each other or
any other vent lines.
Note: Follow ALL recommendations found on the GE Customer drawings
provided for the Generator Accessories (potentially Generator Gas System
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Installation Design Specification 357A2258 and Specification, BDE Vent

Piping 358A4741) for additional information on routing of field run vents, this
may include requirements for vent lines to be run separately, recommended
vent discharge design and hazardous area size/shape at the discharge of the
vent.
9.4.4
Lube Oil Vents

Lube oil mist and vapor shall be exhausted outside of the Turbine Building.
Lube oil mist and vapors should be considered potentially hazardous and this
should be taken into account when locating the terminus of the lube oil
demister vent. The vent from the lube oil mist eliminator has a minimum
Class I, Div 2, Group D [Zone 2, Group IIA] 1.5 m (5 ft) spherical radius
hazardous area. Note: depending on the efficiency of the technology used for
oil mist elimination, the concentration of oil released in parts per million
(ppm) of will vary. This may result in this area not requiring a hazardous
classification for oil.
Note: Follow ALL notes and recommendations found on the GE Lube Oil
System Schematic (Gas Turbine: 0416, and Steam Turbine VD01L) for
additional information on routing of field run vents, this may include
requirements for vent lines to be run separately and hazardous area size/shape
at the discharge of the vent.
9.4.5
Steam Vents
All Steam vents shall be routed to an area away from personnel access areas to
allow for safe release of the steam. Recommendations include locating
silencer and vent discharges away from any personnel access areas including
floors, platforms, ladders or stairs at a minimum of 6.0m (20 ft) horizontally
and 3.0 m (10 ft) vertically and situated in such a manner that the vents do not
direct steam towards stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, maintenance areas,
and/or heat detection devices.
9.4.6
Liquid Fuel Vents

All liquid fuel oil vents and open funnels shall be routed to a safe area clear of
all ventilation inlets, non-rated electrical devices, other potential ignition
sources (e.g. hot components, furnaces, etc.), and walkways / personnel access
areas. The vent from a liquid fuel oil storage / drains tank has a minimum
Class I, Div 2, Group D [Zone 2, Group IIA] 0.5 m (0.5 ft) spherical radius
hazardous area. Note: Depending on the design of the piping to the liquid
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fuel False Start Drain Tank, this area can be larger based on the fail open
properties of the GE inline drain valves, which may allow the drain line to be
pressurized during GT operation.
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9.5
Gas and Chemical Storage and Distribution Systems

These sections address design requirements for chemical storage areas and
compressed gas storage areas. This section does not cover design standards
for bulk fuel storage; this is covered in the GE DBD Mechanical Systems
Documentation. Typical chemicals that need to be addressed include aqueous
ammonia, anhydrous ammonia, anionic and cationic resins, ethylene glycol,
phosphate ester (a.k.a. Fyrquel), fire suppression foam, propylene glycol,
sodium hypochloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite/sulfate, sulfuric acid,
and various water treatment chemicals. Compressed gases, which need to be
considered typically include: Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Storage areas for chemicals and compressed gases must be provided with
appropriate signs. Ventilation of chemical storage areas shall be in
accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910, NFPA, Uniform Fire Code and / or
applicable local requirements.
The location of chemical storage areas shall be shown on the appropriate
drawings including the General Arrangement, Plot Plan, and, for all areas
containing flammable/explosive liquids or gases, on the Hazardous Area Map.
9.5.1
Storage and Distribution of Gases

Compressed gas systems for power plants in general fit into the following gas
categories and uses:
Carbon Dioxide Generator purge and Fire Suppression
Compressed Air Instrument and Service air
Gas Fuel Fuel for Gas Turbine, auxboiler and / or HRSG

supplemental firing
Hydrogen Generator fill and makeup for cooling
Nitrogen HRSG / BOP equipment blanketing and various system

purges
These systems will be under high pressure and require careful considerations
during design, construction and operation. The systems and components shall
be designed in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII and ASME Power Piping Code 31.1. For European Community
Countries the local pressure code (or already mentioned ASME Code),
97/23/EC, the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) and 87/404/EEC Simple
Pressure Vessels shall apply. Additionally all systems shall address container
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specifications; safety relief devices; design of piping, tubing and fittings;

ventilation; and heating. Systems shall be tested and proved to be tight at
maximum operating pressure. Facilities design shall comply with OSHA
1910 Subpart M. Non-US projects shall conform to either the US Codes or
the national codes and standards specified by that country per contract
requirements. Proper ventilation is required for processing and storage areas
to mitigate any combustion and/or asphyxiation potential.
Each one of these systems may contain the following:
High pressure gas storage cylinders
High pressure safety relief devices
Gas pressure control valves
Compressors
Extensive runs of interconnecting piping
Storage and handling facilities
Gas venting requirement
In general equipment and cylinders should be protected against mechanical

damage. Racks should be provided or other means to hold them securely. Full
bottles should be kept separately from empty bottles. Caution signs should
address depressurizing systems before disassembly. There should be local
gauges for the technician to verify depressurization of the system. Cylinders
should be located where they will not be exposed to excessive heat. Outdoor
installations should include a roof for solar radiation protection.
Bulk storage facilities should be located in the plant yard away from the main
structure. Limited numbers of cylinders are acceptable in main building areas.
Safety shutoff valves between bulk hydrogen storage facilities and the
regulating valve manifold assembly is recommended per NFPA 850,
paragraph 5-7.1.
GE specification 357A2258, Generator gas System Design Specification,
provides guidelines for the design and installation of CO2 and Hydrogen gas
supply systems for Generator Applications.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen (H2), and Nitrogen (N2) shall be stored in an
outside area, inside an enclosure with forced or otherwise well ventilation, or
inside an enclosure that precludes the unrestricted entrance of personnel.
Enclosed compressed gas storage areas shall be designed to address exposure
to potentially hazardous or asphyxiating atmospheres through adequate forced
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ventilation, gas monitoring and warning systems, or a design that precludes

entrance into the gas storage area. Compressed gas storage areas shall be
provided with means of securing cylinders.
CO2 used for generator purge gas must be stored indoors or in a compartment
that maintains a temperature above 10C (50F). Refer to GE Generator
Station Designers Handbook, C411 Document for specific project
requirements. If unventilated, this compartment should be sized to store the
CO2 bottles only and preclude the entry of personnel. Refer to GE DBD
Mechanical System Description for design requirements of storage area.
Hydrogen storage enclosures shall be well ventilated enclosure, as defined per
NFPA 497 for hydrogen storage, is one that has any 3 of the possible 5 sides
(4 walls and roof) open, that arrangement allows for ventilation equivalent to
the equipment being outdoors.
CO2 storage used for Fire Suppression systems shall have signs / monitoring
of any pits into which the CO2 can settle that meet the recommendations of
NFPA 12.
9.5.2
Design Considerations for Gas Fuel Conditioning

Equipment
The design of an outdoor installation shall include a risk assessment based on
the probability of a gas leak and the possible consequences to personnel safety
and equipment safety (e.g. Classification of Hazardous Locations published
by Institution of Chemical Engineers Rugby, Warwickshire England 1990
authored by AW Cox, FP Lees, and ML Ang or British Standard IGE SR 25
Hazardous Classification of Natural Gas Installations). All Gas Turbine,
Steam Turbine, and Generator equipment is designed to be installed in a safe
area regardless of the hazards that equipment may generate. Refer to GE DBD
Mechanical System documentation for design requirements.
9.5.3
Chemical Storage
A variety of chemicals are used throughout the power plant. Each chemical
has specific requirements for safe handling, storage, and use.
The main chemicals in use are:
Acids for demineralizer regeneration, and demineralizer waste

neutralization, e.g. sulfuric acid
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Caustics for demineralizer regeneration and demineralizer waste

neutralization, e.g. sodium hydroxide
Biocides for circulating water system treatment, e.g. sodium

hypochlorite
Ammonia, phosphates and carbohydrazide for cycle water treatment
Refer to the chemicals MSDS for details. These requirements shall be taken
into consideration when designing various chemical storage areas.
Additionally there may be National or Local requirements that will mandate
additional requirements be addressed for various chemicals. For example:
Ammonia storage in the US must comply with 40 CFR 68: General Guidance
for Risk Management Programs. Chemical storage areas shall be provided
with secondary adequate containment sized per the specifications in the GE
DBD Environmental Engineering Systems Documentation. Materials used for
construction of containment areas and associated equipment shall be
compatible with the chemicals that will be stored in that area. Separate
containment areas shall be designed for incompatible chemicals (i.e. acids and
bases). Ventilation shall be provided as a means of controlling excessive
temperature build-up in storage areas. To comply with NFPA 497 and local
fire codes, specific fire protection measures for storage of combustible and
flammable materials shall be addressed. Design specifications for systems
including storage and piping which use highly hazardous chemicals (as
defined by 29 CFR 1910.119 Appendix A, or other appropriate national
standards) - shall include safety measures such as interlocks, detection
systems, and suppression systems. Additional requirements may apply to the
use of highly hazardous chemicals.
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9.6
Provision and Control of Personnel Access

9.6.1
Provision of Access to Work and Maintenance Areas

Safe access and working platforms shall be provided for all work and
maintenance areas. A stairway or ladder must be provided at all worker points
of access where there is a break in elevation of 0.5 m (19 in) or more, and no
ramp, runway, embankment, or personnel hoist is provided. Access via stairs
or ladders shall be provided for access from one structure level to another
where operations necessitate regular travel between levels, and for access to
operating platforms for any equipment that requires routine attention. Fixed
stairs or ladders shall also be provided where access to elevations occurs daily
or during each shift for such purposes as gauging, inspection, regular
maintenance, etc.
9.6.2
Design for Provision of Fall Protection

Areas and equipment with work/maintenance areas higher than 1.2 m (4 ft)
above grade, and for which permanent means of fall protection (e.g. standard
railings) are not feasible or are inappropriate, shall have a means of anchoring
a personnel fall protection system. Anchors to which personal fall arrest
equipment is attached shall be capable of supporting at least 2270 kg (5,000
lbs) per employee attached or meet the specific load requirements for an
engineered fall arrestment system under OSHA 29 CFR 1910.66 or other
applicable codes / laws. The location of the anchorage point should also
consider hazards presented by obstructions in the potential fall path of the
employee. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.23.
9.6.3
Design of Platforms, Walkways, Stairways, and Ladders

The design of platforms, walkways, ladders, and stairways shall conform to
NFPA 101 and, OSHA 29 CFR 1910 for US projects. Non-US projects shall
conform to either the US codes or the national codes and standards specified
by that country per the contract requirements, such as EN Standards for
European Community Countries. Note: requirements for the European
Community are provided in blue and square brackets [ ] per the following
specifications: Pr-EN 12437-2, 3, 4, EN-131-2, EN 292-1, EN-292-2, EN 3531. These design requirements are to ensure safe and easy access to all
components and required access areas in a safe manner by personnel. Refer to
the GE DBD Civil / Structural System documentation for design requirements.
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9.6.3.1
Platforms
Platforms shall be designed and installed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.23.
Platforms are designed to serve as a working space for persons elevated above
the surrounding floor or ground, including balconies or walkways provided for
access to machinery and equipment. All platforms where a potential fall of
over 1.2 m (4 ft) [EN: 0.5 m.] can occur shall be guarded with a standard
guardrail system.
Standard guardrail systems shall consist of a top rail, intermediate rail, and
posts, and shall have a vertical height of 1.0 m (3.5 ft) [EN: 1.1 m] nominal
from upper surface of top rail to floor, platform, runway, or ramp level. The
top rail shall be smooth-surfaced throughout the length of the railing. The
intermediate rail shall be approximately halfway between the top rail and the
floor [EN: 0.5 m], platform, runway, or ramp. The ends of the rails shall not
overhang the terminal posts except where such overhang does not constitute a
projection hazard.
A standard toe-board shall be provided whenever the platform is located
above an area where people may pass or where objects may fall. The toeboard shall be 100 mm (4 in) nominal in vertical height from its top edge to
the level of the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. It shall be securely fastened
in place and with not more than 6.4 mm (0.25 in) clearance above floor level.
It may be made of any substantial material either solid or with openings not
over 25 mm (1 in) in greatest dimension.
Pipe railings, posts, top and intermediate railings shall be at least 38 mm (1.5
in) nominal diameter with posts spaced not more than 2.5 m (8 ft) on centers
[EN: 1.5 m]. The anchoring of posts and framing of members for railings of
all types shall be of such construction that the completed structure shall be
capable of withstanding a load of at least 90 kgs (200 lbs) applied in any
direction at any point on the top rail [EN: Note: Testing of Guard Rails:
Horizontal deflection of handrail shall not exceed 30 mm when loaded for a
minute with a force equal of 300 N times the distance in meters between the
stanchions. The measurement must be done at the junction point between
stanchions and the handrail and repeated halfway between the posts].
Walking surfaces shall be nominally level. The slope of a walking surface in
the direction of travel shall not exceed 1 to 20 (1:20) unless the ramp
requirements of NFPA 101 are met. The slope perpendicular to the direction
of travel shall not exceed 1 to 48 (1:48). Abrupt changes in elevation of
walking surfaces shall not exceed 6.4 mm (0.25 in) [EN 4 mm]. Changes in
elevation exceeding 6.4 mm (0.25 in), but not exceeding 13 mm (0.5 in), shall
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be beveled 1 to 2, (27 degrees). Changes in elevation exceeding 13 mm (0.5

in) shall be considered a change in level. Where the elevation difference
exceeds 0.5 m (21 in), changes in level in the means of egress shall be
achieved either by a ramp or a stair.
Minimum ceiling height or height to the next platform or walkway level shall
be 2.3 m (7.4 ft) above the platform level. [EN: The minimum headroom over
platforms and gangways shall be 2.1 m] There shall be no projections from
the ceiling or the next platform or walkway that are less than 2.0 m (6.75 ft)
from the floor or platform level.
9.6.3.2
Stairways
Stairways and stairway railings shall be designed and installed in accordance
with 29 CFR 1910.23.
All treads shall be reasonably slip-resistant and the nosing shall be of non-slip
finish. Welded bar grating treads without nosing are acceptable providing the
leading edge can be readily identified by personnel descending the stairway
and provided the tread is serrated or is of definite non-slip design.
Rise height and tread depth shall be uniform throughout any flight of stairs
including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs.
Stair width shall be at a minimum 0.56 m (22 in). All stairway landings and
platforms shall be no less than the width of the stairway and a minimum of
30" in length measured in the direction of travel. Stairway landings and
platforms shall be designed and constructed to be reasonably slip-resistant.
Stairway platforms shall be no less than the width of a stairway and a
minimum of 0.76 m (30 in) [EN: 0.8 m] in length measured in the direction of
travel. All open sides of stairs and stairway platforms shall be fitted with
standard guardrail systems as described in the Platform section above.
Vertical clearance above any stair tread to an overhead obstruction shall be at
least 2 m (6.67 ft) [EN: 2.3 m] measured from the leading edge of the tread.
9.6.3.3
Fixed Ladders
Fixed Ladders shall be designed and installed in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.27.
When ladders are used to ascend to heights exceeding 6.1 m (20 ft) (except on
chimneys), landing platforms shall be provided not more than 9.1 m (30 ft)
apart. Where there is no cage, well, or ladder safety device provided, landing
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platforms shall be provided for each 6.1 m (20 ft) of height. Each ladder
section shall be offset from adjacent sections. Where installation conditions
(even for a short, unbroken length) require that adjacent sections be offset,
landing platforms shall be provided at each offset. [EN: When a fixed ladder
exceeds 10 m. it shall be provided with a rest platform. Platforms shall be
provided not more than 6 m. apart. Recommended intermediate platform
length is 0.7 m]
All rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 19 mm (0.75 in) for metal
ladders. The distance between rungs, cleats, and steps shall not exceed 0.3 m
(12 in) [EN: between 0.25 and 0.3 m] and shall be uniform throughout the
length of the ladder. The minimum clear length of rungs or cleats shall be 0.4
m (16 in) [EN: between 0.4 and 0.6 m]. The rungs of an individual-rung
ladder shall be designed so that the foot cannot slide off the end "Climbing
side." On fixed ladders, the perpendicular distance from the centerline of the
rungs to the nearest permanent object on the climbing side of the ladder shall
be 0.91 m (3 ft) for a pitch of 76 degrees, and 0.76 m (30 in) for a pitch of 90
degrees. [EN: 0.65 m in front Climbing Side, 0.2 m back (0.15 m in case of
discontinuous objects)]. The distance from the centerline to the nearest
permanent object in back of the ladder shall not be less than 0.18 m (7 in)
except when unavoidable obstructions are present. The clearance in back of
each rung shall not be less than 0.1 m (4 in).
FIGURE 7 Rail Ladder with Bar Steel Rails and Round Steel Rungs (from
29 CFR 1910.27, Figure D)
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The step across distance from the nearest edge of the ladder to the nearest edge
of equipment or structure shall not be more than 0.30 m (12 in).
Protection against the risk of falling through ladder openings shall be provided
by a hatch cover or by guardrails in combination with a swing gate (Note:
chains are not sufficient to meet this requirement). If gates are utilized, they
shall provide both top and mid rail protection. The hatch cover shall move
upwards or horizontally and close automatically (e.g. by spring or gravity) not
hindering the passage of the user. Counterweighted hatch covers shall open a
minimum of 60 degrees from the horizontal. There shall be no protruding
potential hazards within 0.61 m (24 in) of the centerline of rungs or cleats.
The relationship of a fixed ladder to an acceptable counterweighted hatch
cover is illustrated in FIGURE 8. [EN: Exit in the platform; Trap doors:
Protection against the risk of falling through such an opening shall be
provided by a trap door or by guard-rails in combination with gate. The trap
door shall move upwards or horizontally and close automatically (e.g. by
spring or gravity) not hindering the passage of the user.]
FIGURE 8 - Relationship of Fixed Ladder to a Safe Access Hatch (29 CFR
1910 27 Figure D-6
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9.6.3.4
Ladder Cages or Wells

Ladders, cages, and wells shall be designed and installed in accordance with
29 CFR 1910.27.
All fixed ladders of more than 3.7 m (12 ft) shall be provided with cages.
[EN: ladders of more than 3 m or the distance from the center of the ladder to
the unprotected side of a platform (or similar) is less than 3 m, then an antifall device (such as a safety cage or a guided type fall arrester on rigid line)
shall be provided].
Cages shall extend a minimum of 1.1m (3.5 ft) above the top of landing [EN:
1.1 m], unless other acceptable protection is provided.
Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than 2.1 m (7 ft) nor
more than 2.4 m (8 ft) above the base of the ladder [EN: between 2.5 and 3
m], with bottom flared not less than 0.1 m (4 in), or portion of cage opposite
ladder shall be carried to the base.
Ladder cages shall have a clear width of at least 0.38 m (15 in) measured each
way from the centerline of the ladder [EN: Cage diameter shall be between 0.7
and 0.8 m]. Smooth-walled wells shall be a minimum of 0.7 m (27 in) from
the centerline of rungs to the well wall on the climbing side of the ladder.
Where other obstructions on the climbing side of the ladder exist, there shall
be a minimum of 0.8 m (30 in) from the centerline of the rungs.
The spacing between vertical bars on the cage shall not exceed 0.24 m (9.5 in).
[EN: The spacing of safety cages shall be designed so that the empty spaces
are not more than 0.42 m2 whereby the horizontal width of these space shall
not exceed 0.3 m].
When ladders provide access to landings that measure 1.2 m (48 in) or less
from the ladder rungs to the platforms guardrails, special means shall be used
to prevent personnel from falling over the guardrail. (See FIGURE 9)
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FIGURE 9 Special Means for Guarding Ladders Ending on

Platforms (29 CFR 1910.27 Figure D-9)
9.6.4
Emergency Egress
All buildings and structures designed for human occupancy shall be provided
with exits sufficient to permit the prompt escape of occupants in case of fire or
other emergency. Every building or structure shall be provided with exits of
the kind, number, location, and capacity appropriate to the individual building
or structure, with due regard to the character of the occupancy, the number of
persons exposed, the fire protection available, and the height and type of
construction of the building or structure, to afford all occupants convenient
facilities for escape.
The design of exits and other safeguards shall be such that reliance for safety
to life in case of fire or other emergency will not depend solely on any single
safeguard. Additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety in case any
single safeguard is ineffective due to a human or mechanical failure.
Exits shall be arranged and maintained to provide free and unobstructed egress
from all parts of the occupied building or structure at all times. Every building
or structure, section, or area meant for human occupancy shall have at least
two means of egress remote from each other and arranged to minimize any
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possibility that any one fire or other emergency condition may block both.
Exits and means of egress shall comply with the requirements of 29 CFR
1910.37 for US projects. Under US code, a single means of egress is
permitted for Special Purpose industrial occupancies from a story of section
in low or ordinary hazard industrial occupancies (e.g. the interior of a GE or
fuel handling enclosure is a high hazard area) where the distance to the exit
does not exceed 15 m (50 ft). Non-US projects shall conform to either the US
codes or the national codes and standards specified by that country per the
contract requirements, for European Community Countries IEC 60364.
9.6.5
Access and Working Space around Power Generation

Equipment
Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained around
electric equipment to permit safe operation and maintenance of such
equipment in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.269.
Note: Guidelines for the dimensions of access and working space around
electric equipment in generating stations are contained in American National
Standard - National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2-1987 and in NFPA 70
National Electrical Code.
9.6.6
Access, Limiting Access, and Providing Sufficient Work

Space Around High and Low Voltage Areas
Note: The below information is extracted from NFPA 70 National
Electrical Code. This information shall be used for US projects. Non-US
projects shall conform to either the US codes or the national codes and
standards specified by that country per the contract requirements. For
European Community IEC 60364 is to be utilized.
9.6.6.1
Low Voltage (< 600 V)

At least one entrance of sufficient area shall be provided to gain access to the
working space around electrically energized equipment. For equipment rated
1200 amps or more, and over 1.8 m (6 ft) wide, that contain over current
devices, switching devices, or control devices, there shall be one entrance to
the required working space not less than 0.6 m (24 in) wide and 2.0 m (6.5 ft)
high at each end of the working space. Any doors shall open in the direction
of egress and be equipped with panic bars, pressure plates, or other devices
that are normally latched but open under simple pressure. A single entrance
shall be permitted if :
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a) the location permits a continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel (e.g.
away from the equipment), or
b) the depth of the workspace is twice that shown in TABLE 3 and the
distance from the entrance to the nearest edge of the equipment is not less
that shown in Table 3 for the voltage and condition applicable to the
equipment.
The minimum headroom of working spaces around service equipment,
switchboards, panel-boards, or motor control centers shall be 2.0 m (6.5 ft).
Where the electrical equipment exceeds 2.0 m (6.5 ft) in height, the minimum
headroom shall not be less than the height of the equipment.
Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more shall be guarded
against accidental contact. Acceptable guards include approved enclosures
(e.g. NEMA enclosures); limited access rooms or vaults; suitable
permanent, substantial partitions or screens with limited access; location on a
gallery, balcony, or platform elevated and restricted so as to exclude
unauthorized personnel; or an elevation of more than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the
floor or other working surface.
The working space for equipment operating at 600 volts nominal, or less to
ground, and likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance while energized may not be less than indicated in TABLE 3. The
workspace shall be adequate to permit at least a 90-degree opening of doors or
hinged panels. In addition to the dimensions shown in TABLE 3, the working
space in front of electrical equipment shall be the width of the equipment or
0.76 m (30 in), whichever is greater. Distances shall be measured from the
exposed live parts, or from the enclosure or opening if the live parts are
enclosed. Working space is not required behind or on the sides of assemblies,
such as dead-front switchboards or motor control centers, where all
connections or renewable or adjustable parts, such as fuses or switches, are
accessible from locations other than the back or sides. Where rear access is
required to work on nonelectrical parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a
minimum horizontal workspace of 0.76 m (30 in) shall be provided.
Switchboards, panelboards, distribution boards, and motor control centers
shall be located in dedicated spaces and protected from damage. For indoor
locations, this space is equal to the width and depth of the equipment and
extends from the floor to a height of 1.8 m (6 ft) above the equipment or to the
structural ceiling, whichever is lower. No piping, ducts, leak protection
apparatus, or other equipment foreign to the electrical installation shall be
located in this zone.
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TABLE 3 Working Spaces
Minimum clear distance [mm (ft)]

Condition
(a)
Condition
(b)
0-150
900 mm (3 ft)
900 mm (3 ft)
151-600
900 mm (3 ft)
1 m (3.5 ft)
Nominal
voltage to
ground
Condition
(c)
900 mm (3 ft))
1.2 m (4 ft)
Conditions (a), (b), and (c), are as follows:

(a) Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other
side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides effectively
guarded by suitable wood or other insulating materials.
(b) Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side.
Concrete, brick, or tile walls shall be considered grounded
(c) Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace [not guarded as
provided in Condition (a)] with the operator between.
Note: this table is taken from the 2005 version of the NEC article 110, table
110.26(a)(1).
9.6.6.2
High Voltage (> 600V)

Buildings, rooms, or enclosures containing exposed live parts or exposed
conductors operating at over 600 volts, nominal, shall be equipped with a
means of preventing access. A wall, screen, or fence shall be used to enclose
outdoor electrical installations to deter access by unqualified persons. A fence
shall not be less than 2.1 m (7 ft) in height or a combination of 1.8 m (6 ft) or
more of fence and a 0.30 m (12in) extension utilizing three or more strands of
barbed wire or equivalent. At least one entrance not less than 0.61 m (24 in)
wide and 2.0 m (6.5 ft) high shall be provided to give access to the working
space about electric equipment. On switchboard and control panels exceeding
1.6 m (6 ft) in width, there shall be one entrance at each end of the equipment.
A single entrance shall be permitted if
a) the location permits a continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel
(e.g. away from the equipment), or
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Page 9.41
(05 Nov. 2004)
b) the depth of the workspace is twice that shown in TABLE 4 and the
distance from the entrance to the nearest edge of the equipment is not
less that shown in TABLE 4 for the voltage and condition applicable to
the equipment. Where bare energized parts (at any voltage) or
insulated energized parts (above 600 volts) are located adjacent to the
entrance, they shall be suitably guarded with a partition, screen, or
other barrier against accidental contact. Entrances shall be equipped
with a means of locking
Sufficient space shall be provided and maintained around electrical equipment
to permit safe operation and maintenance of equipment. The minimum
headroom and working space width is the same as defined above for systems
energized to 600 volts or less. The working space depth shall be as required in
TABLE 4. The workspace shall be adequate to permit at least a 90-degree
opening of doors or hinged panels. The minimum clear working space in front
of electric equipment such as switchboards, control panels, switches, circuit
breakers, motor controllers, relays, and similar equipment may not be less than
specified in TABLE 4 unless otherwise specified in this section. Distances
shall be measured from the exposed live parts or from the enclosure or
opening, if the live parts are enclosed. However, working space is not
required behind equipment such as dead front switchboards or control
assemblies where there are no renewable or adjustable parts (such as fuses or
switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible from locations
other than the back. Where rear access is required to work on de-energized
parts on the back of enclosed equipment, a minimum working space of 0.75 m
(30 in) horizontally shall be provided.
TABLE 4 Minimum Depth of Clear Working Space At Electrical Equipment
Minimum Depth of Clear Working Space [mm (ft)]
Nominal voltage
to ground
601 to 2,500
Condition
(a)
Condition
(b)
Condition
(c)
900 mm (3 ft)
1.2 m (4 ft)
1.5 m (5 ft)
2,501 to 9,000
1.2 m (4 ft)
1.5 m (5 ft)
1.8 m (6 ft)
9,001 to 25,000
1.5 m (5 ft)
1.8 m (6 ft)
2.8 m (9 ft)
25,001 to 75kV
1.8 m (6 ft)
2.5 m (8 ft)
3.0 m (10 ft)
Above 75kV
2.5 m (8 ft)
3.0 m (10 ft)
3.7 m (12 ft)
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Page 9.42
(05 Nov. 2004)
Conditions (a), (b), and (c) are as follows:

(a) Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on the other
side of the working space, or exposed live parts on both sides effectively
guarded by suitable wood or other insulating materials.
(b) Exposed live parts on one side and grounded parts on the other side.
Concrete, brick, or tile walls will be considered as grounded surfaces.
(c) Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace (not guarded as
provided in Condition (a)) with the operator between.
110.34(A).
Unguarded live parts located above the working space shall be maintained at
elevations not less than specified in TABLE 5.
TABLE 5 - Elevation of Unguarded Energized Parts Above Working Space
Nominal voltage
between phases
Minimum elevation
601 to 7,500
2.8 m (9 ft)
7,501 to 35,000
2.9 m (9.5 ft)
Over 35kV
2.9 m (9.5 ft) + 9.5 mm (0.37 in) per kV above

35kV.
110.34(E)
9.6.7
Design for Safe Touch Temperature of Equipment

Maximum surface temperature exceeding 60C (140F) per ASTM C 1055 /
EN 563 within the power plant shall be guarded, covered, or equipped with a
means to prevent accidental contact where personnel are likely to be in close
proximity. Alternative protection can be provided to limit personnel access to
high temperature areas with standoff systems or other means of preventing
access. Refer to GE DBD Mechanical System for design requirements.
9.6.8
Design for appropriate Equipment Guarding

Appropriate OSHA compliant guards shall be provided to protect personnel in
the power plant from all exposed hazardous surfaces, e.g. rotating, pinch
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Page 9.43
(05 Nov. 2004)
point, electrical, and hot temperatures. Refer to OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart
O, Machinery and Machine Guarding, for requirements. For projects in
Europe, refer to EN-292 The Machinery Directive
9.6.9
Design to Accept Locks (Control of Hazardous Energy

Mechanical and Electrical)
All energy isolating devices shall be designed to accept a lockout device. An
energy-isolating device is capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other
means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it
has a built-in locking mechanism. Energy isolating devices are defined as any
mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of
energy, including but not limited to the following:
A manually operated electrical circuit breaker
A disconnect switch
A manually operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can

be disconnected from all ungrounded supply conductors, and, in
addition, no pole can be operated independently
A line valve
A block
Any similar device used to block or isolate energy
Refer to 29 CFR 1910.147 for design requirements.
9.6.10
Design of Security Fencing

Appropriate security fencing shall be provided to restrict access of personnel
and the public to potentially hazardous power plant equipment (e.g.
switchyards) Refer to GE DBD Civil/Structural System for design
requirements of the Security Fencing.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.44
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.7
Design of Emergency Eyewash / Shower Stations

The installation of emergency safety showers and eyewash fountains are
required in locations where personnel may contact chemical, biological, or
physical agents that require emergency washing facilities. Eyewash and
shower equipment for the emergency treatment of the eyes or body of a person
exposed to injurious materials shall meet the minimum performance
requirements outlined below in the General Requirements for Emergency
Eyewashes / Sowers. Emergency eyewash and shower stations shall meet
ANSI Z358.1.
9.7.1
General Requirements for Emergency Eyewashes/

Showers
Provide in accordance with TABLE 6.
Provide eyewash units in any area where there is a potential for the eyes to
be exposed to corrosive, irritating, or toxic chemicals, biological hazards,
or physical hazards, such as chips or dust from sanding or grinding
processes.
Connect showers and eyewash units to potable water.
Specific water temperature ranges are not specified by regulation.

Coordinate with client to determine desired water temperature.
Heat tracing shall be provided for outdoor installations with ambient

temperatures below 0C (32F) to prevent freezing of piping and
equipment.
Emergency showers and eyewash units shall be accessible within 10

seconds at walking speed from the potential exposure source. Do not
locate in rooms or areas with lockable doors.
The water supply to shower and/or shower/eyewash combination units

shall be controlled by a shutoff valve, which is visible and accessible for
shower testing or maintenance personnel in the event of leaking or failed
showerhead valves.
Definitions of the different types of emergency eyewash and shower units used
in TABLE 6:
Combination Shower and Eyewash unit* consisting of schedule 80 hot
dipped galvanized steel, chrome plated bronze stay open ball valves with
Safety Engineering
Page 9.45
(05 Nov. 2004)
chrome plated ball, stainless steel actuators and actuation graphics, ABS
plastic shower head delivering a minimum 500 mm (20 in) diameter
pattern to the target are 1.5 m (5 ft) above standing level, ABS plastic dual
stream head with ABS plastic float off covers secured with stainless steel
bead chains, self adjusting 0.5 lb/sec (8.0 gpm) eye/face wash regulator
assuring a constant, even flow under varying hydraulic conditions.
Self-contained, Gravity Feed Eyewash unit** with retractable tray

protecting eyewash heads, pinch valve design to ensure positive water
flow within one second of activation.
Eyewash / Body Wash unit*** consisting of piping which is hot dip

schedule 80 steel drain/pedestal mount, 12 mm (0.5 in) chrome plated
bronze stay open ball valve with chrome plated ball and stainless steel
push plate with actuation graphic, ABS plastic dual stream head with ABS
float off covers secured with stainless steel bead chain, self adjusting 0.22
lb/sec (3.5 gpm) regulator assuring a constant, even flow under varying
hydraulic conditions, ABS plastic bowl or stainless steel bowl.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.46
(05 Nov. 2004)
TABLE 6 - Emergency Eyewash / Shower

System
Equipment
Or Location
Chemical(s)
Wash Station
Boiler Chemical Feed
HRSG
Phosphate
(pH control, corrosion
inhibitor, remove hardness)
Combination Shower and

Eyewash *
Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR)
Ammonia Storage
Tank and Injection
Skid
Circulating Cooling
Water Chemical Feed
HRSG
19% Aqueous Ammonia
Eyewash / Body Wash

***
Once-through Cooling
Raw Water Chemical

Feed (if provided)
Condensate Chemical
Feed
DC Power Supply
Cooling Tower
Intake Structure
ST-G Bldg
(Surface Condenser
Outlet)
Raw Water Storage
Tank
ST-G Bldg
GT-G PEECC
Batteries
ST-G Bldg
Battery Room
Sodium Hypochlorite
Eyewash *
Sulfuric Acid, Inhibitor
And Sulfite
Sodium Hypochlorite
Self-contained, Gravity Feed
Eyewash **
(Reduce Biological Fouling)
Sodium Sulfite
Utilize Station for
(Reduce Residual Chlorine)
Condensate Chemical
Feed *
Sodium Hypochlorite
Eyewash / Body Wash
***
Oxygen Scavenger and
Ammonia
Eyewash *
Battery Electrolyte
Personal Eyewash Station
(Saline Solution in Bottles)
(e.g. Sulfuric Acid)
At Battery Compartment
Level and Combination
Shower and Eyewash
Base * of Access Stairs
Battery Electrolyte
Eyewash / Body Wash
(e.g. Sulfuric Acid)
***
Steam Water
Sampling and
Analysis Panel
ST-G Bldg
Ground Floor
Testing Chemicals
Personal Eyewash
Station (Saline Solution in
Bottles)
Water Testing
Laboratory (if
provided)
ST HPU
ST-G Bldg
Ground Floor
Testing Chemicals
Eyewash / Body Wash

***
Fyrquel (Phosphate Ester)
Eyewash / Body Wash

***
Self Contained, Gravity Feed
Eyewash **
ST-G Bldg
Ground Floor
Fuel Oil Treatment (if Fuel Oil Storage Area
provided)
Magnesium Sulfinate
(Vanadium Fuels),
Hytec 580 made by Ethyl
Corporation
Water Treatment
(Lubricity Additive for Light

Fuels Kerosene, Naphtha)
Water Treatment Bldg
Acid / Caustic storage

Eyewash *
Safety Engineering
Page 9.47
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.7.2
Permanent Emergency Showers

Emergency showers shall be designed and located in accordance with the
following specifications.
9.7.3
Provide quick-acting Ball valve for the shower. Shower valve to

remain open after the initial pull until manually closed. Locate the
face of the showerhead between 2.1 m (6.8 ft) and 2.5 m (8 ft) above
the floor.
Provide no greater than 0.6 m (23 in) horizontal distance from the
center of the showerhead to the activating mechanism.
Provide shower unit with one activating mechanism at no higher than

1.7 m (5.75 ft) above the floor. Identify each shower location with a
highly visible sign within the area served by the shower.
Provide well-lighted area around each shower location.
Provide showerhead and pipe sizing with at least 1.26 l/sec (20 gpm)
flow, with the operating valve in the open position. Drains are not
generally provided for emergency showers. Address design and
operational issues with curbs, sloped floors, and dry drain traps for
designs incorporating drains. No obstructions, protrusions, or sharp
objects shall be located within 0.4 m (16 in) from the center of the
spray pattern of the emergency shower unit. Electrical apparatus,
telephones, thermostats, or power outlets shall not be located within
0.45 m (18 in) of either side of the emergency shower unit.
Permanent Eyewash Stations

Permanent emergency eyewash stations shall be designed and located in
accordance with the following specifications.
Hand-held drench units are acceptable to be used in conjunction with

eyewash units, but NOT as a substitute.
Locate eyewash units between 0.83 m (33 in) and 1.1 m (3.75 ft)
above finish floor level. Provide minimum 0.15 m (6 in) clearance
from walls or nearest obstruction.
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Page 9.48
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.7.4
If available, connect to a tempered water system preset at 21 2.8C

(70 5F). If tempered water is not available, connect to cold water
system.
Provide supply line with an uninterruptible supply at 13.6 kg (30 lbs)

per square inch of flow pressure. Provide pipe sizing with a minimum
of 0.025 l/sec (0.4 gpm) of flushing fluid for 15 minutes for eyewash
units.
Identify each eyewash location with a highly visible sign within the
area served by the eyewash.
Nozzles shall be protected from airborne contaminants. The removal

of the nozzle protection shall not require a separate motion by the
operator when activating the unit.
Provide well-lighted area around each eyewash location.
No obstructions, protrusions, or sharp objects shall be located within

0.4 m (16 in) from the center of the spray pattern of the emergency
shower unit.
Electrical apparatus, telephones, thermostats, or power outlets shall not

be located within 0.45 m (18 in) of either side of the emergency
eyewash unit.
Portable bottle eyewash units are not an acceptable alternative for

these units.
Portable Eyewash Stations

Portable Eyewash Stations shall be provided in accordance with ANSI Z358.1.
There are a number of different options available. Handheld versions that are
permanently fixed in the location are best for temperate climates / indoor
applications. For outdoor cold weather applications (below freezing), a
portable unit that is easily carried is acceptable. Note: portable squeeze bottle
eyewash units are not acceptable.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.49
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.8
Design of Work Areas for Appropriate Noise Levels

Near field noise levels have been designed to limit the potential for permanent
hearing loss to plant personnel. The power plant shall meet near field noise
levels as stated in the Guarantee Section of the proposal. Areas of high noise
within the power plant shall have warning signs with the requirement that
personnel noise protection must be worn when entering into the area. Refer to
OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental
Control, for requirements or for EN requirements refer to Directive
2000/14/EC Noise Emission in the Environment. Note: 2000/14/EC applies
to electrical generation, but only specified max noise level for units less than
400KW. Units greater than 400KW require marking of the sound level only.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.50
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.9
Signs and Pipe Marking

[This section is taken from the GE REAP 072]
In addition to signs that may be required by a specific applicable code (e.g.
warning signs required under NFPA 12 for spaces protected by a CO2 fire
Protection system), signs are required to warn personnel of hazards anytime
the existing equipment design, guarding, or other engineering controls cannot
adequately mitigate the risk of injury or illness. To objectively determine the
level of residual risk posed by equipment, a risk assessment must be
performed by the manufacturer per ISO 14121:1999. For example, if the
design of a piece of equipment includes rotating part hazards and engineering
controls, (such as guards), do not adequately reduce the risk of injury (as
determined by a risk assessment), a sign must be used. [Note that hazards that
present a lesser risk to personnel may also warrant signs as determined on a
case-by-case basis.]
In determining the location / need of signs, hazards including, but not limited
to, the following shall be considered:
9.9.1
Fire
Chemical
Electrical
Temperature Extremes
Confined Spaces
Configuration of Signs
Safety signs must include the following five standard components:
A Safety Signal Word appropriate for sign hazard classification
A corresponding Safety Alert Symbol
Specific Hazard identification
A Safety Message panel
Appropriate Safety Symbol/Pictorial
These components must be arranged in such a way the Safety Signal Word
and Safety Alert Symbol appear in a rectangular band at the top of the sign,
Safety Engineering
Page 9.51
(05 Nov. 2004)
the Specific Hazard and Safety Message on the lower-right portion, and Safety
Symbol/Pictorial in a square panel on the lower left as depicted in FIGURE
10. FIGURE 11 lists the Safety Signal Words and corresponding Safety Alert
Symbols, and defines when each combination shall be used.
FIGURE 10 Standard Components of Safety Signs and Their Configuration
Safety Engineering
Page 9.52
(05 Nov. 2004)
FIGURE 11 Guidelines for Use of Safety Signal Words and alert Symbols
Safety
Signal Word
DANGER
Safety Alert
Symbol
Definition
Example
!DANGER indicates an imminently
!DANGER -
hazardous situation, which, if not
High Voltage
avoided will result in death or
serious injury.
WARNING
!WARNING indicates a potentially
!WARNING -
Rotating Parts
avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.
CAUTION
!CAUTION indicates a potentially
!CAUTION -
Hot Surfaces
avoided, may result in minor or
moderate injury.
CAUTION
CAUTION used without the safety
CAUTION - Do
alert symbol indicates a potentially
Not Operate
Without Filter
avoided, may result in equipment
property damage, but not

personnel injury.
9.9.2
Element
Installed
Colors
All colors used to create safety signs must conform to ANSI Z535.1-1998.
The background color for the upper portion of the sign including the Safety
Signal Word and Alert Symbol must be Safety Black. The background for the
lower portion of the sign including the Specific Hazard, Safety Message, and
Safety Symbol shall be Safety White. The Safety Signal Word DANGER
and its corresponding Safety Alert Symbol shall appear in Safety White over a
Safety Red band.
The Safety Signal Word WARNING and its
corresponding Safety Alert Symbol must appear in Safety Black over a Safety
Orange band. The Safety Signal word CAUTION and its corresponding
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Page 9.53
(05 Nov. 2004)
Safety Alert Symbol must appear in Safety Black over a Safety Yellow band.
The Specific Hazard and Safety Message must appear in Safety Black. Safety
Symbols/Pictorials may appear in any of the following colors individually or
in combination: Safety Red, Safety Yellow, and/or Safety Black.
9.9.3
Size
The size of the lettering and symbols on safety signs are determined by the
length of the message and the distance from which the message / symbol must
be easily read. Lettering and symbols must be large enough so that a person
with normal vision (including corrected vision) is able to read the sign at a
safe viewing distance from the hazard. For this reason, text messages in the
Specific Hazard identification and Safety Message portions of the sign should
be concise. Per ANSI Z535.4-1998 B3.2.12, multiply the minimum safe
viewing distance (in feet) by 0.084 inches to determine the appropriate letter
height (in inches). No lettering on safety signs shall be smaller than 2 mm
(0.08 in) in height.
9.9.4
Safety Symbols/Pictorials
Whenever possible, Safety Symbols/Pictorials shall be used to convey the
nature of the hazard, the consequences of not avoiding the hazard, and/or
evasive/avoidance actions to be taken. Symbols must be compatible with the
word messages on the sign. Only symbols/pictorials that have been designed
in accordance with ANSI Z535.3-1998 (6), and validated for recognition per
ANSI Z535.3-1998 (7) may be used.
9.9.5
Materials, Mounting, and Placement

Safety signs shall be constructed of a material that will provide color stability
and legibility under adverse environmental conditions for the duration of the
expected life of the product (30 years for most power generation equipment
and accessories). Mounting systems must be adequate to keep signs attached
for the same time period and make it difficult for signs to be removed. Signs
shall be placed in the immediate vicinity of the hazard in such a way that
maximizes their visibility. The placement must provide a safe viewing
distance, which permits a reasonable hazard avoidance reaction time.
Additionally, signs must be protected from foreseeable damage, fading,
abrasion, ultra-violet light, chemicals, dirt, and weathering. In general the
number of separate signs placed in a single location should be limited to
reduce the potential for overwhelming or confusing the operator. Whenever
possible, limit the number of signs on a given panel or door to three or less.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.54
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.9.6
Multi-Lingual Signs
The AE / EPC shall inquire if multi-lingual safety signs are required. This
decision will be based upon:
Local codes and regulations
Customer request
Contract conditions
If it is determined that multi-lingual signs are necessary, signs with 3 sections

set horizontally shall be provided as depicted in FIGURE 12. The center
section will contain the Safety Symbols/Pictorials. The left section will
contain the Safety Signal Word, Safety Alert Symbol, Specific Hazard, and
Safety Message written in the local or other appropriate language. The right
section will contain the Safety Signal Word, Safety Alert Symbol, Specific
Hazard, and Safety Message written in English.
FIGURE 12 Standard Components of Safety Signs and Their Configuration
for Multi-Lingual Signs
Safety Engineering
Page 9.55
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.10 Design of Lighting and Power

9.10.1
Design for Plant Exterior and Interior Lighting

The plant exterior and interior lighting shall be designed to provide adequate
lighting for access to equipment during operation. Refer to GE DBD
Electrical System document for design requirements. Additional information
is available in ANSI/IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) RP-7, Practice
for Industrial Lighting and the IES Lighting Handbook for US projects. NonUS projects shall conform to either the US codes or the national codes and
standards specified by that country per the contract requirements, for European
Community Countries IEC 60364 & IEC 60061.
All means of access, walkways leading to working areas, and the working
areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated. Refer to the American
National Standard A11.1-1965, R1970, Practice for Industrial Lighting, for
recommended values of illumination for US projects. Non-US projects shall
by that country per the contract requirements. For European Community
Countries, refer to IEC 60364 & IEC 60061.
9.10.2
Design for Emergency Power

Emergency Power shall be of sufficient DC power to bring the power plant
down to a safe condition upon loss of normal AC power and to supply power
to the DC emergency lighting system and the turbines DC emergency motors.
Refer to NFPA 101 for US projects. Non-US projects shall conform to either
the US codes or the national codes and standards specified by that country per
the contract requirements. European Community Countries shall refer to IEC
60364 & IEC 60061 for specific requirements on how long the lights must
work. Refer to GE DBD Electrical System document for design requirements.
Note: The rapid restart or AC Shutdown is detailed in the GE DBD
Electrical Systems document.
9.10.3
Design for Emergency Lighting

Emergency Lighting systems shall be sized to provide sufficient emergency
lighting to allow for plant personnel to safely leave operational areas. NFPA
101 Life Safety Code requires a minimum 1-foot candle for safe egress from
these areas within the power plant during loss of AC power, and it also
requires a minimum 0.2-foot candle with the loss of a single emergency
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Page 9.56
(05 Nov. 2004)
illumination unit. Refer to NFPA 101 for US projects, Non-US projects shall
by that country per the contract requirements. European Community
Countries shall refer to IEC 60364 & IEC 60061 for specific requirements on
how long the lights must work. Refer to GE DBD Electrical System
document for design requirements.
9.10.4
Design of Protective Grounding Systems

Protective grounding equipment shall be capable of conducting the maximum
fault current that could flow at the point of grounding for the time necessary to
clear the fault. This equipment shall have an ampacity greater than or equal to
that of No. 2 AWG copper. Protective grounds shall have an impedance low
enough to cause immediate operation of protective devices in case of
accidental energizing of the lines or equipment.
All non-current carrying metallic objects such as fencing, building steel,
equipment enclosure, pullboxes, equipment support structures and other frame
work, shielded cable sheaths, metal conduit, pipe, etc shall be grounded to a
common earth potential to minimize the effects of shock hazards. Note:
Guidelines for protective grounding equipment are contained in American
Society for Testing and Materials Standard Specifications for Temporary
Grounding Systems to be used on De-Energized Electric Power Lines and
Equipment, ASTM F855-1990 and 29 CFR 1910.269(n) for US projects. NonUS projects shall conform to either the US codes or the national codes and
standards specified by that country per the contract requirements. , For
European Community Countries, refer to IEC 60364 & IEC 60061.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.57
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.11 Fire Protection

Note: The design of the Fire Protection System shall meet the various
requirements defined by NFPA or other national codes and standards specified
by another country per the contract requirements. Additionally all insurance
company requirements in excess of any of these codes shall be met per the
contract requirements.
9.11.1
Design of Fire Detection Systems

The number, spacing and location of fire detectors shall be based upon design
data obtained from field experience, testing, engineering surveys, the
manufacturer's recommendations, or a recognized testing laboratory listing.
Custom fire detection systems should be designed by knowledgeable fire
protection or electrical engineers who are familiar with the workplace hazards
and conditions. Fire detection systems shall meet the requirements specified in
NFPA 72.
Fire detectors must be protected by protective coatings, manufactured from
non-corrosive materials, or placed in a non-corrosive environment in order to
prevent corrosion. Detectors must also be protected from mechanical impact
damage, either by suitable cages or metal guards where such hazards are
present, or by locating them above or out of contact with materials or
equipment that may cause damage.
Fire detector supports shall be
independent of their attachment to conduit, wires or tubing.
Fire detection systems installed for the purpose of actuating the fire
protection system shall be designed to operate in time to control or
extinguish a fire.
Fire detection systems installed with the purpose of warning

employees to evacuate shall be designed with alarms to provide a
warning for emergency action to allow the safe escape of employees.
Fire detection systems should be monitored. Electrically operated

sensors are typically used to measure air pressure, fluid pressure, or
electrical circuit faults and provide effective monitoring capability.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.58
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.11.2
Alarm Systems
In every building or structure of such size, arrangement, or occupancy that a
fire may occur, fire alarm facilities shall be provided where necessary to warn
occupants of the existence of fire. The alarm must be recognized above
ambient noise or light levels in the affected portions of the workplace. Fire
alarm shall meet the requirements specified in NFPA 72.
9.11.3
Design of Fire Suppression Systems

Design for Fire Suppression Systems shall be in accordance with NFPA 850
Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electrical Generating Plants
and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations. Fire Suppression
Systems shall be designed in accordance with the applicable NFPA
requirements for that system
NFPA 11
Standard for Low Expansion Foam
NFPA 11A
Standard for Medium and High Expansion Foam
NFPA 12
Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 15
Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection
NFPA 16
Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and

Foam Water Spray Systems
NFPA 17
Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 230
Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage
NFPA 750
Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 2001
Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems
The selection of an extinguishing agent or a combination of agents shall be

based upon a fire risk evaluation (Note: Guidelines for conducting a Fire Risk
Evaluation are provided in NFPA 850 Chapter 3) and shall take into account
the type of hazard, the effect of the discharge agent on equipment, and health
hazards associated with the discharge agent.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.59
(05 Nov. 2004)
Refer to GE DBD Mechanical System document for design requirements of

the Fire Protection Systems(s). The final design of the Fire Suppression
System often requires approval from local fire officials. Appropriate
instruction and warning signs shall alert personnel to both location of fire
protection system and hazards created by the fire protection system.
9.11.3.1
Design of Water Fire Sprinkler Suppression Systems

Automatic sprinkler systems shall meet 29 CFR 1910.159 and NFPA 13
standards in effect at the time of installation.
All automatic sprinkler designs shall provide the necessary discharge patterns,
densities, and water flow characteristics for complete coverage in a particular
workplace or zoned subdivision of the workplace.
Every automatic sprinkler system shall be provided with at least one automatic
water supply capable of providing design water flow for at least 30 minutes.
Piping shall be protected against freezing and exterior surface corrosion. All
dry sprinkler pipes and fittings shall be designed and installed so that the
system may be totally drained.
A local water-flow alarm, which sounds an audible signal on the premises
upon water flow through the system equal to the flow from a single sprinkler
shall be provided.
Sprinklers shall be spaced to provide a maximum protection area per
sprinkler. Building structural members or building contents should cause a
minimum interference to the discharge pattern and be of suitable sensitivity to
possible fire hazards. The minimum vertical clearance between sprinklers and
material below shall be 0.45 m (18 in.).
9.11.3.2
Design of Fixed Extinguishing Systems Other Than CO2 and

Sprinkler Systems
Foam and water spray systems shall be designed to be effective in controlling
fire in the protected area or on protected equipment. When selecting the type
of foam for a specific hazard, the design shall consider the following
limitations:
Some foams are not acceptable for use on fires involving flammable gases
and liquefied gases with boiling points below ambient workplace
temperatures.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.60
(05 Nov. 2004)
Other foams are not effective when used on fires involving polar solvent
liquids.
Any agent using water as part of the mixture should not be used on fire
involving combustible metals unless it is applied under proper conditions
to reduce the temperature of burning metal below the ignition temperature.
Do not use chlorobromomethane or carbon tetrachloride as an

extinguishing agent.
Only those foams that have been tested and accepted for this application
by a recognized independent testing laboratory shall be used.
Drainage facilities shall be provided to carry contaminated water or foam

overflow away from the employee work areas and egress routes. This drainage
system shall be designed such that contaminated water or foam can be
collected for treatment or disposal.
A distinctive alarm or signaling system capable of being recognized above
ambient noise or light levels shall be designed to indicate when the
extinguishing system is discharging. Discharge alarms are not required on
systems where discharge is immediately recognizable. On total flooding
systems the design shall include a pre-discharge employee alarm, which will
give employees time to safely exit from the discharge area prior to system
discharge.
Systems installed in the presence of corrosive atmospheres shall be
constructed of non-corrosive material or otherwise protected against corrosion.
Systems designed for and installed in areas with climatic extremes shall
operate effectively at the expected extreme temperatures.
The design shall include at least one manual station for discharge activation of
each fixed extinguishing system.
9.11.3.3
Design of CO2 Fire Suppression Systems (Other than the GE

provided Gas Turbine System)
Systems shall be designed to comply with NFPA 12. Agents used for initial
supply and replenishment shall be of the type approved for the system's
application.
Total flooding gaseous systems are based on the volume of gas, which must be
discharged in order to produce a certain designed concentration of gas in an
enclosed area. The concentration needed to extinguish a fire depends on
Safety Engineering
Page 9.61
(05 Nov. 2004)
several factors including the type of fire hazard and the amount of gas
expected to leak away from the area during discharge. At times it is necessary
to "super-saturate" a work area to provide for expected leakage from the
enclosed area. The design shall assure that the designed extinguishing
concentration is reached within 30 seconds of initial discharge.
A pre-discharge alarm for alerting employees before system discharge shall be
provided on carbon dioxide systems with a design concentration of 4 percent
or greater. The pre-discharge employee alarm shall provide employees time to
safely exit the discharge area prior to system discharge. The time duration
between the alarm and the actual discharge shall be determined via live drills
from all foreseeable work locations with the protected space.
9.11.4
Design for Fire Extinguishers in Buildings

Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be selected and distributed based on
the classes of anticipated workplace fires and on the size and degree of hazard,
which would affect their use.
Fire extinguishers for use on Class A fires shall be distributed so that the
travel distance for employees to any extinguisher is 23 m (75 ft) or less.
Fire extinguishers for use on Class B fires shall be distributed so that the
travel distance from the Class B hazard area to any extinguisher is 15 m (50 ft)
or less.
Fire extinguishers used for Class C hazards shall be distributed on the basis of
the appropriate pattern for the existing Class A or Class B hazards.
9.11.5
Design for Use of Fire Retardant Materials in Buildings

Appropriate use of fire retardant materials shall be used to allow personnel to
safely exit the building in case of a fire incident. Refer to GE DBD
Civil/Structural System for design requirements. Additional recommendations
on design and requirements for fire retardant materials in buildings can be
found in NFPA 850.
Safety Engineering
Page 9.62
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.12 Reference Materials

The master list of codes and standards can be found in GE DBD Section 12
Codes & Standards, which contains the most up to date information.
9.12.1
ANSI American National Standard Institute

ANSI C2 (1987) National Electrical Safety Code,
ANSI Z358.1 (1998) Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment
ANSI Z535.1 (1998) Safety Color Code
ANSI Z535.2 (1998) Environmental and Facility Safety Signs
ANSI Z535.3 (1998) Criteria for Safety Symbols
ANSI Z535.4 (1998) Product Safety Signs and Labels
ANSI Z535.5 (1998) Accident Prevention Tags
9.12.2
API American Petroleum Institute

API 500 Recommended Practice For Classification of Locations For Electrical
Installations At Petroleum Facilities Classified As Class I, Division 1 and
Division 2
API 505 Recommended Practice For Classification of Locations For Electrical
Installations At Petroleum Facilities Classified As Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2
9.12.3
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME PV CODE 8 DIV 1 (2001) Pressure Vessel - Division 1 (Boiler &
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII)
9.12.4
ASTM - American Society of Testing & Materials

ASTM C 1055 (1999) Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions
That Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Safety Engineering
Page 9.63
(05 Nov. 2004)
9.12.5
IEC / EN Harmonized European Standards

Directives
87/404/EEC, Directive 87/404/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the harmonization of
the laws of the Member States relating to simple pressure vessels
94/9/EC, Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23
MARCH 1994 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States
Concerning Equipment and Protective Systems Intended for the Use in
Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. (ATEX)
97/23/EC, Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States
concerning pressure equipment (PED) 2000/14/EC Noise Emission in the
Environment Directive
Standards
EN 1050 (1996) Safety of Machinery Principles for Risk Assessment.
Pr-EN 12437-2,3,4 (1996) Permanent Means of Access to Machines and
Industrial Plants.
EN 131-2 (1993) Ladders Part 2: Specification for Requirements, Testing,
Marking
EN 292-1 (1997) Safety of Machinery; Basic Concepts and General Principles
for Design; Basic Terminology, Methodology
EN 292-2 (1997) Safety of Machinery; Basic Concepts and General Principles
for Design; Basic Terminology, Methodology - Part 2. Technical Principles
and Specification
EN 353-1 (1993) Personal Protective Equipment Against Falls From a:
Guided Type Fall Arresters Part 1: Specification For Guided Type Fall
Arresters on a Rigid Anchorage Line
EN 563 (1994) Safety of machinery - Temperatures of touchable surfaces Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values for hot surfaces
EN 60079-10 - Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Atmospheres Classification of Hazardous Areas
Safety Engineering
Page 9.64
(05 Nov. 2004)
IEC 60061 Lamp Caps and Holders Together with Gauges for the Control of
Interchangeability and Safety
IEC 60364 - Electrical Installations of Buildings
9.12.6
IES Illuminating Engineering Society

IES RP 7 Industrial Lighting Facilities (2001)
9.12.7
IP Institute of Petroleum
IP-15 Institute of Petroleum Area Classification Code for Petroleum
Installations (Part 15 of the Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe
Practice in the Petroleum Industry)
9.12.8
ISO International Standard Organization

ISO 3864 (1984) Safety Colours and Safety Signs
ISO 7000 (1989) Graphical Symbols for Use on Equipment
ISO 14121 (1999) Safety of Machinery Principles of Risk Assessment
9.12.9
NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam Systems
NFPA 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (2000)
NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 Water Spray Fixed Systems
NFPA 16 Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray
Systems
NFPA 20 Centrifugal Fire Pump Design
NFPA 70 National Electric Code
Safety Engineering
Page 9.65
(05 Nov. 2004)
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 214 Water Cooling Towers
NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for Classification of Flammable Liquids,
Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous Locations for Electrical Installations in
Chemical Process Areas
NFPA 750 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 850 Recommended Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating
Plants and High Voltage Direct Current Converter Stations (2000)
NFPA 2001 Clean Agent Extinguishing Systems
9.12.10
OSHA / EPA
29 CFR 1910 Occupational Health and Safety Standards
40 CFR 68 General Guidance for Risk Management Programs
EPA home page: www.epa.gov
OSHA home page: www.osha.gov
9.12.11
UK Standards
Classification of Hazardous Locations published by Institute of Chemical
Engineers Rugby, Warwickshire England 1993 authored by AW Cox, FP
Lees, and ML Ang
IGE SR 25 Hazardous Classification of Natural Gas Installations
British Standards
BS 5378:PT1 (1980) Safety Signs and Colours Specification for Colour and
Design
BS 5378:PT2 (1980) Safety Signs and Colours Specification for
Colorimetric and Photometric Properties of Materials
Safety Engineering
Page 9.66
(05 Nov. 2004)
BS 5378:PT3 (1982) Safety Signs and Colours Specification for Additional

Sighs to Those Given in BS 5378: PART 1
9.13 Review Documentation Deliverables

A List of required Review Documentation Deliverables by sequence and by discipline can be found
within Volume I, Section 01 General of this Document.
9.14 Revision Table

DATE
AUTHOR
LIST OF CHANGED SECTIONS
19 Sept.
2001
A. Ouellette Templin
ALL
30 July
2002
25, Sept.
2003
Peggy Dwyer
Restructured Layout, Major Expansion of Section:

9.1.3, 9.2 all, 9.3.4, 9.3.8, 9.3.9, 9.4.5, 9.5.1, 9.5.3,
9.6.1, 9.6.2, 9.6.3, 9.6.4, 9.6.5, 9.6.6, 9.6.9, 9.7 all, 9.9
all, 9.10.4, 9.11.1, 9.11.2, 9.11.3, 9.11.4, 9.12
Minor Corrections of Sections: 9.1.1, 9.3.1, 9.3.2,
9.3.3, 9.3.5, 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 9.5.1.1, 9.5.1.2, 9.6.10,
9.10.2, 9.10.3
New Sections: 9.46, 9.7.1, 9.74
Larger Corrections: 9.3, 9.3.5, 9.3.7, 9.4, 9.4.4,
9.4.5, 9.10.4
Minor Corrections of Sections: 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.1.2,
9.1.3.1, 9.2, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 9.2.4, 9.3.1, 9.3.2,
9.3.3, 9.3.4, 9.3.6, 9.3.8, 9.3.9, 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3,
9.5.1, 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.6.2, 9.6.3, 9.6.4, 9.6.5, 9.6.6,
9.6.7, 9.6.10, 9.7, 9.7.2, 9.7.3, 9.8, 9.9, 9.9.3, 9.9.6,
9.10.1, 9.10.2, 9.10.3, 9.11, 9.11.1, 9.11.2, 9.11.3,
9.12
27 May
2004
S. McCullough
5
November
2004
Added section 9.13 Review Documentation

Deliverables
New Sections: 9.1.2.1, 9.1.3.2
Larger Corrections: 9.4.3, 9.5.1 (was 9.5.1.1, and
9.5.3), 9.5.3 (was 9.5.1.2)
Minor Corrections of Sections: 9.1, 9.1.2, 9.1.3.1,
9.2, 9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.2.4, 9.3.3, 9.3.4, 9.3.6, 9.3.9, 9.4,
9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.4, 9.5 (was 9.5.1), 9.6.2, 9.6.3.2,
9.6.6 (updated per NFPA 70 2005 changes), 9.6.8,
9.8, 9.11.2, 9.11.3, 9.11.5
Safety Engineering
Page 9.67
(05 Nov. 2004)

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Hazardous Area Classification ................................................. 9.7

Building and Compartment Ventilation Design ....................... 9.19

System Vent Design............................................................... 9.24

Gas and Chemical Storage and Distribution Systems............ 9.28

Provision and Control of Personnel Access ........................... 9.32

Design of Emergency Eyewash / Shower Stations ................ 9.45

Design of Work Areas for Appropriate Noise Levels .............. 9.50

Signs and Pipe Marking ......................................................... 9.51

9.10 Design of Lighting and Power ................................................ 9.56

Design Criteria Documentation

A tabulated summary of all of the potentially hazardous materials being

Requirement that specifications for procurement of the above material

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

Hazardous Area Classification Map for the entire site. It is important to

Project Specific Safety Summary Report Guidance

Hazardous Area Classification: methodology / assumptions used to create

Ventilation Design: for the Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning

Gas and Chemical Storage and Distribution Systems: asphyxiating &

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

above normal concentrations in confined space; plus automatic shut-off

Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: storage of petroleum &

Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: fuel gas equipment

Gas and Chemical Storage Distribution Systems: compressed gas design,

Provisions and Control of Personnel Access: overall workplace personnel

Provision and Control of Personnel Access: mechanical & electrical

Design of Emergency Eye Wash / Shower Stations: provide a summary

Design of Lighting and Power: lighting provisions and grounding

Fire Protection: design details, including discussion on which plant areas

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

into hazardous area classification development and plant emergency egress

Acronyms and Definitions of Key Terms

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

3. Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

Hazardous Area Classification

NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)

NFPA 497 Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable

API 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for

API 505 Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for

EN 1127-1 Explosion prevention and protection

94/9/EC, Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

IP-15 Institute of Petroleum Area Classification Code for Petroleum

IGE SR 25 Hazardous Classification of Natural Gas Installations

This area classification shall include associated interconnections and

Natural Gas: Gas Turbine Enclosure, Fuel Gas Module/Compartment,

Syn-gas (gas derived from coal or residuals): Syn-gas Compartment, Gas

Hydrogen: Generator, generator shaft seals, detraining enlargement vent,

Liquid Fuel Vapor/Mist: Liquid fuel Module, Gas Turbine Enclosure,

G E DESIG N BASIS DO CUMENT

ERB/PDBD_Project Design Basis Document

Lube Oil Vapor/Mist: Mist Eliminator discharge, high-pressure

Mechanical Connections (Non-Welded) in the above systems.

Ventilation exhausts or vent discharges for the above systems.

Hazardous Area Philosophy Document