Algebra II Reference Page

Trigonometric Functions
y ,
r
csc =
r
y
r
x
cos = , sec =
x
r
y
x
tan = , cot =
y
x
sin =

Logarithm Properties

logb MN = logb M + logb N

M =
logb
logb M logb N
N
p
logb M = p logb M

x
r = x2 + y 2

logb x = y x = b

Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences and Series

a1

= 1st

r = common ratio
d = common difference
term
n = number of terms in series
an = nth term

Arithmetic Sequence: an = a1 + n 1 d

Geometric Sequence: an = a1 r n1

n a1+ an
or Sn = 1 n 2 a1+ n 1 d
2
2
n
a 1 r
Sn = 1
, r 1
1 r
a
S = 1 where r < 1
1 r
Sn =

Sum of a Finite Arithmetic Series:

Sum of a Finite Geometric Series:
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series:

Combinations
nCr

Permutations

n!
r! n r !

n Pr

Binomial Theorem
a+b

n!
n r !

Quadratic Formula
b b2 4 ac
2a
2
y = ax + bx + c

x=

n n r r
=
a b
r
r =0
Interest Formulas
nt

r
n
Continuous compound interest: A = Pert
Compound interest: A = P 1 +

P = present value
A = future value
r = annual interest rate
t = time in years
n = frequency of compounding per year

Algebra II Reference Page

Conic Sections Standard Equations
2

y =a xh
Parabola

y k

+k

x =a y k

or

= 4p x h

+h

x h = 4p y k

or

2
2
x h + y k = r2

Circle

x h
a2

Ellipse

xh
a2

Hyperbola

y k

b2
y k

=1

or

b2

=1

or

x h
y k
+
a2
b2
2
x h
y k

2
a
b2

=1
2

=1

Normal Curve Distribution

+ 2

+ 3

about 68%
about 95%
about 99.7%

Standard Deviation

Probability Formulas
Exclusive
P A or B = P A + P B

The standard deviation , , for values

x1, x 2 , x3 ,. . . , x n with mean is
determined by the following:
=

x1

+ x 2

+ . . . + xn

Inclusive
=
P A + P B P A and B
P A or B
2

Independent
P A and B = P A P B
Dependent
P A and B = P A P B A
Conditional
P A and B
P BA =
P A

Algebra II Reference Page

Cramers Rule for Solving a System of Linear Equations
For a 2 2 System:
c1 b1

a1x + b1y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2

x=

c2 b2
a1 b1

a1 c1
y=

a2 c2
a1 b1

a2 b2

a2 b2

d1 b1 c1

a1 d1 c1

a1 b1 d1

d2 b2 c2

a2 d2 c2

a2 b2 d2

For a 3 3 System:

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

x=

d3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1

y=

a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 c1

z=

a3 b3 d3
a1 b1 c1

a2 b2 c2

a2 b2 c2

a2 b2 c2

a3 b3 c3

a3 b3 c3

a3 b3 c3

Converting Degrees to Radians

Converting Radians to Degrees

Multiply degree measure

by
180

Multiply radian measure

180
by

Definition of i

Absolute Value of a
Complex Number

i 2 = 1
i = 1

a + bi = a2 + b2