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Trigonometric Identities and Equations
Trigonometric Identities and Equations
1
cos
2. csc =
1
sin
3. cot =
1
tan
B.Quotient identities
1. tan =
sin
cos
2. . cot =
cos
sin
C. Pythagorean identities
1. sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
2. tan 2 + 1 = sec 2
3. 1 + cot 2 = csc 2
tan tan
1 m tan tan
2 tan
1 tan 2
1 + cos
2. cos 2 =
2
2
1 cos
3. tan 2 =
2 1 + cos
G. Miscellaneous identities
1. sin( ) = sin
2. cos( ) = cos
3. tan( ) = tan
m
4. sin sin = 2 sin
cos
2 2
+
5. cos + cos = 2 cos
cos
2 2
+
6. cos cos = 2 sin
sin
2 2
7. sin cos =
1
1
sin( + ) + sin( )
2
2
8. cos sin =
1
1
sin( + ) sin( )
2
2
9. cos cos =
1
1
cos( + ) + cos( )
2
2
1
1
cos( ) cos( + )
2
2
sin
1 cos
11. tan =
=
sin
2 1 + cos
1 3
30 o
1 cos 60 o
2 =
=
=
(a) sin 15 = sin
2
2
2
2 3
=
4
2 3
2
2 3
2 1
6 2
2 2 =
4
1
o
2
= sin 30
=
1 + cos 30 o
1+ 3
1
2
=
2
1
2+ 3
= 2 3
1
1
cos(37.5o + 7.5o ) + cos(37.5o 7.5o ) =
2
2
1
1
1 2 1 3
cos 45 o + cos 30 o =
=
+
2
2
2 2 2 2
2+ 3
4
2. Prove:
1 + sec x
= sin x + tan x
csc x
)(
1
1 + sec x
1
sec x
sin x = sin x +
=
+
= sin x + cos x = sin x + 1
cos x
1
1
csc x
csc x csc x
sin x
sin x
= sin x + tan x
cos x
3. Prove:
cos x sin x
2
+
=
sin x cos x sin 2 x
4. Prove:
(cos x)(cos y )
+
+
tan x + tan y cos x cos y cos x cos y
=
=
=
tan x tan y sin x sin y sin x sin y
(cos x)(cos y )
3. Solve the resulting equation, whether it be linear or quadratic in nature, for all
the values of the angle in the given domain.
4. Checks the results by substituting into the original equation.
B. Examples
1. Solve for x in the interval [0,2 ) : 2 sin x + 3 = 0
2 sin x + 3 = 0 2 sin x = 3 sin x =
3
. Get the reference angle
2
3
= (60 o ). Since sin x is negative, x lies in the 3rd and 4th
sin 1
2 3
4
quadrants. Thus, x = (180 o ) + (60 o ) =
(240 o ) or x = 2 (360o )
3
3
5
(60 o ) =
(300 o ) . Both of these values do check.
3
3
( 90 o )
3
(270 o ). tan x = 1 reference angle = tan 1 (1) = (45 o ) . Since
2
4
(180 o ) +
(45 o ) =
(45 o ) or x =
5
3
5
(225 o ). Thus, the solutions are x = , , , or
4 2 4
2
4
1
. Since 0 x < 2 , 0 x < 6 . The reference angle
2
1
for 3x is cos 1 = (60 o ) and cos x is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
2 3
5
Thus, 3 x = (60 o ) , 3 x = 2 (360 o ) (60 o ) =
(300 o ) , 3 x = 2 (360 o ) +
3
3
3
(60 o ) =
7
11
(420 o ) , 3 x = 4 (720 o ) (60 o ) =
(660 o ) , 3 x = 4 (720 o ) +
3
3
3
(60 o ) =
13
17
(780 o ) , and 3 x = 6 (1080 o ) (60 o ) =
(1020 o )
3
3
3
x=
5 7 11 13
9
, or
17
and they all check.
9
cos x =
1
1
1
or cos x = 1 . cos x = reference angle is cos 1 = and
2
2
2 3
2
or
3
4
2
4
. cos x = 1 x = 0 . Thus, x = 0,
and they all
, or
3
3
3
check.
5. Solve for x in the interval [0,2 ) : sin x = cos x
sin x = cos x
sin x
and
= 1 tan x = 1 reference angle is tan 1 (1) =
4
cos x
5
and they both check.
4
or x = +
1 + sec x
= sin x + tan x
csc x
(3) csc 2 x =
(5)
sec x
2 sin x
cos 2 x
(2) tan + x =
4
1 sin 2 x
x sec x 1
(4) sin 2 =
2 2 sec x
cos 4 x cos 2 x
= tan 3 x
sin 2 x sin 4 x
II. Solve the following equations for all values of x in the interval [0, 2 ) :
(1) 3 sin x 4 = 5 sin x 3
(3) 4 cos 2 x 1 = 0
1
csc x
csc x csc x
cos x 1
sin x
sin x
1+
(
)
+
x
tan
1 + tan x
(2)
cos x
(3) csc 2 x =
1
1
1
1
1
sec x
=
=
=
sec x =
sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x
2 sin x
1 cos x
1
cos x
sec x 1
x 1 cos x
= cos x = cos x cos x =
(4) sin 2 =
2
2
2 sec x
2 sec x
2
cos x
4x + 2x 4x 2x
2 sin
sin
cos 4 x cos 2 x
2 2 2 sin 3x sin x
=
=
=
(5)
2 sin( x) cos 3x
sin 2 x sin 4 x
2x 4x 2x + 4x
2 sin
cos
2 2
2 sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x
=
= tan 3 x
2 sin x cos 3 x cos 3 x
II. (1) 3 sin x 4 = 5 sin x 3 sin x =
1
7 11
and they both check.
,
x=
2
6 6
2
3
3
or cos x = 0 x = ,
or x = ,
2
3 3
2 2
1
2 4 5
and they all check.
,
,
x= ,
2
3 3 3 3
1
or x = and
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) = 0 sin x = or sin x = 1 x = ,
2
6 6
2
they all check.
(5) sin x cos x = 1 sin x = 1 + cos x (sin x )2 = (1 + cos x )2 sin 2 x = 1 +
2 cos x + cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x = 1 + 2 cos x + cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos x = 0
3
or x = .
2 cos x (cos x + 1) = 0 cos x = 0 or cos x = 1 x = ,
2 2
3