Chng 5 : L THUYT I CNG V KIM LOI

I. TNH CHT CA KIM LOI:

1. Tnh cht vt l chung : tnh do, dn in , dn nhit, nh kim.
Nguyn nhn : do c s tham gia ca cc electron t do
Kim loi do nht : vng (Au), dn in , nhit tt nht : bc(Ag)
Tnh cht vt l ring:
+ Tnh cng : cng nht : crom(Cr) ; mm nht : Xesi (Cs)
+ Nhit nng chy : cao nht : Vonfram(W) ; thp nht :thu ngn(Hg)
+ Khi lng ring : nh nht :Liti(Li) ; nng nht :osimi(Os)
2. Tnh cht chung ca kim loi :
M Mn+ + ne
Kim loi ch th hin tnh kh trong cc phn ng ha hc :
d nhng electron tr thnh ion dng ( do bn knh nguyn t ln , m in nh, in tch ht nhn nh,
nng lng ion ho nh )
3. Pin in ha : - Hiu r qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra ti cc in cc trong pin in ha.
catt l cc (+) : xy ra qtr oxh
ant l cc( ) : qtr kh
E0pin = E0(+) - E0(-)
E0(+) l TC chun ca KL h yu hn
E0(-) l TC chun ca KL h mnh hn
II. DY IN HO :
Tnh oxi ha tng dn
K+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( axit ) ------------------------------K Ca Ba Na
Mg Al
Mn
Zn Cr Fe
Ni
Sn Pb
H
Cu Fe2+ Ag Hg Pt Au
Tnh kh gim dn
- ngha : cho php d on chiu ca phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ha kh theo quy tc .VD:

Cu 2
Cu

Ag
Ag

III. N MN KIM LOI :

* Phn bit : Gng : u l p oxi ho kh
Khc : - n mn ha hc : khng pht sinh dng in.
- n mn in ha hc : pht sinh dng in.
+ iu kin c n mn in ha (3 k )
+ C ch n mn in ha.
in cc m (ant) : M Mn+ + ne : qu trnh oxh ( kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn b n mn)
in cc dng (catt) : 2H+ +2e H2 : qu trnh kh
* Cch chng n mn kim loi : bo v b mt ( sn , m,)v bo v in ha(dng kim loi c tnh kh mnh
hn bo v kim loi c tnh kh yu hn)
IV. IU CH KIM LOI:
-Nguyn tc : kh cc ion kim loi thnh nguyn t kim loi : Mn+ + ne M
- Chn phng php iu ch kim loi thch hp v cc nguyn tc c th ca mi phng php
K Ca Na Mg Al
Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Au
in phn nng chy
Nhit luyn, thy luyn, in phn dung dch
Thc t phng php thy luyn thng c dng iu ch cc kim loi yu nh: Cu, Hg Ag,Au...
in phn :
P nng chy : iu ch cc kim loi t nhm tr v trc trong dy in ho
P dung dch : iu ch cc kim loi t sau nhm trong dy in ho
Cc m : (Catt ) xy ra qu trnh kh
Cc dng : (Ant ) xy ra qu trnh oxi ho
Nu l cc cation t nhm tr v trc th nc Nu l cc anion : SO 2 ; NO ; CO 2 ;OH- th
4
3
3
s tham gia in phn
nc s tham gia in phn
2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH2H2O O2 + 4H++ 4e
Nu l cc cation t sau nhm th chnh cation Nu l cc anion : Cl- ;Br - ; I- th chnh anion
s tham gia in phn
s tham gia in phn
n+
M + ne M
2X- X2 +2e
* Ch :
+ Nm vng th t oxi ha kh cc in cc :

- Kh nng nhn electron tng dn ti catt :

K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Ag+ Au3+
- Kh nng nhng electron tng dn ti ant :
SO24 NO3 CO32 H2O O 2 OH- Cl- Br- I- anot tan
- Nu ant lm bng cc kim loi ( tr Pt ) th kim loi lm ant nhng electron (in phn ant tan).
+ Vn dng cng thc : m

AIt
tnh khi lng cht sinh ra ti cc in cc.
nF