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Multiphase Flow Through Centrifugal Pumps
Multiphase Flow Through Centrifugal Pumps
FLOW
Dr. Rajesh
THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
MULTIPHASE
FLOW THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
bY
ABSTRACT
Inc.)
WORK
MULTIPHASE
FLOW THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
FORMULATION
CURVE
Continuitv Equations
h
Along a streamline z, parallel to the impeller blades, the
phasic continuity equations for gas and liquid are given
by:
M, = P&4
...(I)
ML = pr W, (1 -a) A,
...(2)
Differentiation yields:
I dA,
--+-A, dz
1 da
I dWg
a dz +Tqdz+p,dz=
1 dps
...(3)
dA, ---+-- 1 da
(1-a) dz
dz
dW=()
W, dz
...(4)
4 = A@-$(/)
Momentum Equations
One-dimensional phasic momentum equations for steady
state flow are given by Wallis* as:
Yl
PLVrf ar
=q+WL-;
av,
PA ar
+$mL
= sir-$?(f) cosy(f)
Q2f
. ..(lO)
= pL Q2f
...(I 1)
= p,
and
CD
a
(1-a)2.78
. ..(6)
and
...(9)
. ..(5)
Here, Zb, and Zb, are the body forces and Zf, and Zf,
are leftover or balancing forces.
cos&)
xb,
These equations are valid for both bubbly and churnturbulent flow regimes.
. ..(8)
and,
rbg
--I
A,
= W,sin#?(f) cosy(f)
...(7)
f draga =c,
(1 -a).
PIYL
...(13)
MULTIPHASE
FLOW THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
where
. ..(18)
The liquid and gas apparent mass terms are given as:
famg = -C/3&
-$ Kl
- V,)
The y-angle is constant for the axial K-70 pump. With the
above assumptions Equation (7) can be expressed as:
and.
. ..(19)
famc = C(y- ,aa)PYg
(Kg - V,)
--g dP =
PL df
Q2r
- + $3
...(16)
logtan
[
W-f,)
+B,
-logtan
w, -fJ +B,
2
420)
=c
Y
Pg
.I
..(21)
5
Differentiation yields:
dP
y-l
G?J
...(22)
=0
SOLUTION
CD
-=
rb
a:
...(23)
OF
El = 3.33
E3 = 5.92
OF THE DYNAMIC
MODEL
21
RESULTS
(Model
El = 2.36
E3 = 5.87
MODEL
El = 0.943308, E2 = -1.175596
and E3 = -1.300093
0.1531026,
El = 0.875192,E2
= -1.764939,
E3 = -0.918702
El = 0.622180,
E2 = -1.350338,
E3 = -0.317039
MULTIPHASE
FLOW THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
2)
3)
4)
5)
PUMP DESIGN
ORIENTATION
(AXIAL
verses
RADIAL)
CONCLUSIONS
AND
The axial K-70 and the radial C-72 pumps are similar in
dimensions and their performance will be compared
here. In general, the axial pump suffers less degradation
than the radial pump. This trend can be seen in Figures
(5) through (12). The reader can compare Figures (5)
and (9) Figures (6) and (10) and so on until Figures (8)
and (12) and see that in general, the axial pump
performs better. The dynamic model predicts this trend.
Another useful parameter to compare is the C,,/rb value
for the K-70 and C-72 pumps. For the same values of a,
P, and Q,, the value of Cdr,, is lower for the radial C-72
pump compared to that for the K-70 pump. This implies
that the gas-liquid velocity lag will be lower in the axial K70 pump. Thus, the liquid phase will be accelerated less
in the K-70 pump and less head will be lost as velocity
head. This explains why the radial pump of comparable
size performs worse than an axial pump. The higher
C,Jrb value is also reflective of a pumps tendency to
have bubbly rather than churn-turbulent flow. Pump
manufacturers should strive for hiaher G/Jr, values. This
can be done by avoiding or breaking up the churnturbulent regime. Reference (14) is an example of a
patent application for a two-phase pump that tries to
break up the bubbles and mix a churn-turbulentflow
regime into a bubbly regime.
Note that the ratio of centrifugal to gravitational forces is
about 150 or more even in ESPs with diameters of 2-4
inches. This ratio will obviously be even higher for
pipeline pumps. This suggests that (i) the pump
orientation (vertical versus horizontal) does not effect the
model, (ii) The model can be used to model the
performance of multiphase pipeline pumps currently
under development. Indications are that C,,/r,,will be the
NOEMENCLATURE
Symbol Description
A
b
c
CLY
El,E2,E3
f
i
M
;
Q
r
u
V
W
Area, @
body forces
apparent mass coefficient, dimensionless
drag coefficient, dimensionless
exponents
leftover forces
gravitational constant
constant
mass rate (Ibm/s)
exponent
pressure (psi)
flow rate
radial coordinate
peripheral velocity (Ws)
absolute fluid velocity (ft/s)
fluid velocity relative to the impeller (Ws)
GREEK
Symbol Description
e
;
a
Y
density, Ibm/ft!
angular impeller velocity, radians/s
blade angle, degrees
void fraction (fraction)
blade angle (r-z plane), = 0 for radial
pumps adiabatic exponent
SUBSCRIPTS
Symbol Description
1
2
am
drag
Y
r
Z
inlet
outlet
apparent mass
drag
gas
liquid
radial coordinate
streamline coordinate (parallel to blades)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank the Society of Petroleum
Engineers for allowing copyright release of the material
of this paper previously presented in SPE papers
SPE22767 and SPE24328. Thanks are due to Ms. Vira
Estrada for preparing the manuscript.
REFERENCES
1. Sachdeva, R., Doty, D. R. and Schmidt, Z.:
Performance of Electric Submersible Pumps in
Gassy Wells, SPE 22767, presented at the 66th
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of SPE,
Dallas, TX, Oct. 6-9, 1991, accepted for publication.
2.
MULTIPHASE
SI METRIC
CONVERSION
FLOW THROUGH
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
FACTORS
E-01 = m3
E-01 =m
E-02 = m
E-01 = kg
E+OO = kPa
TABLE
Error
Comparisons
for Dynamic
1
and Correlational
DYNAMIC
MODEL
ABSOLUTE
AVG. ERROR
(PSI)
Models
CORRELATIONAL
MODEL
(MODEL 2)
STANDARD
DEVIATION
(PSI)
ABSOLUTE
AVG. ERROR
(PSI)
STANDARD
DEVIATION
(PSI)
PRESSURE
RISE AT BEP
FOR 100%
DIESEL
PUMP
AVERAGE
ERROR
(PSI)
l-42
-0.29
1.09
1.35
3.19
4.64
14.20
C-72
-0.34
1.61
1.66
1.49
2.02
11.43
K-70
1.06
1.27
2.07
5.03
5.52
15.93
ACTUAL
vu2
triange
A
--B
THEORETICAL
RISE (LIQUID)
-m--
PRESSURE
THEORETICAL PRESSURE
RISE (29PHASE)
PUBLISHED PRESSURE
RISE (LIQUID)
PREDICTED PRESSURE
-PHASE)
FLOW RATE
Figure 2: Dynamic
model formulation
I
I
I = IMPELLAR 1NLE.T
2= IMPELLAR OUTLET
Figure 3: Noemencalture
L42B
C-72
K-70
100% LIQUID
2=PHASE, ACTUAL
2=PHASE, PREDICTED
0
0
Figure 5: Dynamic
1000
3000
2000 i
FLOW RATE (bbl/d)
Model Predictions
(K-70):
4000
5000
20
A 77o
LQUD
:I ASE,
ACTUAL
L-PHr
2=PHASE, PREDICTED
. 0
I,_
n
Figure 6: Dynamic
I,
1000
2000
FLOW RATE (bbl/d)
Model Predictions
(K-70):
4000
5000
3000
2000
FLOW RATE (bbl/d)
Figure 8: Dynamic
Model Predictions
(K-70):
4000
5000
25
- 100% LIQUID
n 2-PHASE, ACTUAL
0 Z-PHASE, PREDICTED
20
F
sW 15
ctl
3
%I0
W
Qi
n
5
0
Figure 9: Dynamic
3000
2000
FLOW RATE (bbl/d)
Model Prediction
(C-72):
4000
5000
25
20
e
5
e_15
w
OL
3
zW -lo
100% LIQUID
2=PHASE, ACTUAL
Z-PHASE, PREDlCTED
111:
e
5
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Model Prediction
(C-72):
25
n
20
--
100% LIQUID
2=PHASE, ACTUAL
2=PHASE, PREDICTED
1000
2000
1000
3000
5000
Model Prediction
(C-72):
25
n
0
20
100% LIQUID
2=PHASE, ACTUAL
2=PHASE, PREDICTED
0
2000
3000
Model Prediction
(C-72):
500
100% LIQUID
ZPHASE, ACTUAL
2-PHASE, PREDICTElI
2000
1500
FLOW RATE (bbl/d)
1000
2500
in=5.67%,
3000
Diesel-CO2
n
0
100% LIQUID
2=PHASE, ACTUAL
2-PHASE, PREDICTED
in=30%, Diesel-CO2
loo0
1500
2000
2500
in=30%, Diesel-C@
20
15
100% LIQUID
2-PHASE, ACTUAL
2=PHASE, PREDICTED
10
0
0
500
loo0
1500
2000
2500
3000
in=39.94%,
Diesel-CO
STAGE 1 d
STAGE 2
4r
STAGE 3 --~
I = IMPELLER
D = DIFFUSER
a-
b---++---D-w-----L---w+-
D---c~~---I
-c-)+----D
pump behavior
-w