Microwave and Radar Engineering

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Microwave and Radar Engineering

by M. Kulkarni1
Created by
Chandawar Saichander
ECE
Electronics Engineering
SASTRA UNIVERSITY
College Teacher
N. Raju
Cross-Checked by
K. V. P. Pradeep
June 13, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Microwave and Radar Engineering
Author: M. Kulkarni
Publisher: Umesh Publications, New Delhi
Edition: 3
Year: 2008
ISBN: 81-88114-00-6
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
3 Transmission Lines
4 Microwave Transmission Lines
18
5 Cavity Resonators
45
6 Microwave Components
50
7 Microwave Measurements
60
8 Microwave Tubes and Circuits
64
9 Solid State Microwave Devices
83
10 Microwave Communication Systems
95
11 Radars
107
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
Terminating Impedance . . . . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
phase velocity . . . . . . . . . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VSWR and Reflection coefficient
point of attachment . . . . . . .
Terminating Impedance . . . . .
VSWR and Impedance . . . . .
Reflection loss . . . . . . . . . .
Characteristic Impedance . . . .
attenuation and phase constants
breakdown power . . . . . . . . .
ratio of areas . . . . . . . . . . .
breadth of the guide . . . . . . .
guide wavelength . . . . . . . . .
area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
possible modes . . . . . . . . . .
frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . .
possible modes . . . . . . . . . .
proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
amount of attenuation . . . . . .
max power handling capacity . .
maximum power . . . . . . . . .
peak value of electric field . . . .
minimum distance . . . . . . . .
lowest resonant frequency . . . .
resonant frequency . . . . . . . .
resonant frequency . . . . . . . .
distance to be shifted . . . . . .
Scattering parameters . . . . . .
powers in the remaining ports . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reflected power . . . . . . . . .
Scattering matrix . . . . . . . .
Scattering matrix . . . . . . . .
output powers . . . . . . . . . .
coupling isolation directivity . .
VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
phase shift . . . . . . . . . . . .
measured distance . . . . . . . .
VSWR and Reflected power . . .
VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reflected power . . . . . . . . .
electron velocity and etc . . . . .
power and etc . . . . . . . . . .
efficiency and etc . . . . . . . . .
electronic efficiency and etc . . .
cyclotron frequency and etc . . .
phase velocity and anode voltage
dc electron velocity and etc . . .
gap transit angle . . . . . . . .
5
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38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
50
51
52
53
53
54
55
56
57
57
58
60
61
62
62
64
65
66
67
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.14
8.15
8.16
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
cyclotron angular frequency

efficiency and etc . . . . . .
repeller voltage and etc . .
frequency . . . . . . . . . .
threshold electric field . . .
power gain . . . . . . . . .
breakdown voltage and etc
Avalanche zone velocity . .
power gain . . . . . . . . .
minimum voltage . . . . . .
rational frequency . . . . .
efficiency and etc . . . . . .
drift time . . . . . . . . . .
breakdown voltage and etc
max power gain and etc . .
gain and etc . . . . . . . .
radio horizon . . . . . . . .
value of factor . . . . . . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . .
antenna beam angle . . . .
round trip time . . . . . . .
figure of merit . . . . . . .
CNR . . . . . . . . . . . .
system noise temperature .
HPBW . . . . . . . . . . .
gain . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gain . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power gain . . . . . . . . .
max range . . . . . . . . .
max range . . . . . . . . .
RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Duty cycle and etc . . . . .
max range . . . . . . . . .
factor . . . . . . . . . . . .
and etc
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80
81
81
83
84
84
85
86
87
88
88
89
90
91
92
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Chapter 3
Transmission Lines
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Terminating Impedance

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// c h a p t e r 3 p a g e 47 e x a m p l e 3 . 1
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Z0 =100; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms
S =5; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
//CALCULATION
Zm = Z0 * S ; // T e r m a i n a t i n g i m p e d a n c e a t a max o f t h e
v o l t a g e s t a n d i n g wave
11 Zl = Zm ; // L o a d i n g Impedance
12
13
14
15
16
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( T e r m i n a t i n g i m p e d a n c e a t a maximum o f t h e
v o l t a g e s t a n d i n g wave i s Z l= %3 . 0 f ohms , Zl ) ;
//====================END OF PROGRAM
========================================
7
Scilab code Exa 3.2 power

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 R =8; // R e s i s t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n ohm/km
7 L =0.002; // I n d u c t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n h e n r y
/km
8 C =0.002*(10^( -6) ) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n
9
l i n e in Farads
G =0.07*(10^( -6) ) ; // C o n d u c t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i s s i o n
l i n e i n s i e m e n s /km
f =2000; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
Vs =2; // I n p u t V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
l =500; // Length o f T r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n km
10
11
12
13
14
15 //CALCULATIONS
16 Z0 = sqrt (( R +( w * L *( %i ) ) ) /( G +( w * C *( %i ) ) ) ) ; //
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance
x = real ( Z0 ) ;
y = imag ( Z0 ) ;
disp ( C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms i s ) ;
disp ( Z0 ) ;
g = sqrt (( R +( w * L *( %i ) ) ) *( G +( w * C *( %i ) ) ) ) ; // P r o p a g a t i o n
Constant
a = real ( g ) ; // A t t e n u a t i o n C o n s t a n t i n NP/km
b = imag ( g ) ; // Phase C o n s t a n t i n r a d /km
Is = Vs / Z0 ;
I0 = Is * exp ( -( g * l ) ) ; // Load c u r r e n t
8
26 m = sqrt (( real ( I0 ) ) ^2+( imag ( I0 ) ^2) ) ;

27 P =( m ^2) * x ; // Power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i n w a t t s
28
29 //OUTPUT
30 mprintf ( \ n A t t e n u a t i o n C o n s t a n t i s a=%1 . 6 f NP/km \
nPhase C o n s t a n t i s b=%1 . 6 f r a d /km \ nPower

d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i s P=%1 . 6 f w a t t s ,a ,b , P ) ;
31
32
//===============END OF PROGRAM
================================
Scilab code Exa 3.3 phase velocity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
w =4*( %pi ) ; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
b =0.02543; // Phase C o n s t a n t i n r a d /km
//CALCULATION
Vp = w / b ; // Phase V e l o c i t y i n km/ s e c
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( Phase V e l o c i t y i s Vp=%3 . 2 f km/ s e c , Vp ) ;
//=========END OF PROGRAM=========================
//NOTE:CHECK THE CALCULATION PART GIVEN IN THE

TEXTBOOK
18
//GIVEN ANSWER 4 9 4 . 2 2 KM/SEC
19
//GETTING ANSWER 4 9 4 . 1 6 KM/SEC
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =37.5*10^6; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
c =3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n m/ s e c
l1 =10; // Length o f l i n e i n met
Vg =200; // G e n e r a t o r V o l t a g e i n v o l t s ( rms )
Zint =200; // I n t e r n a l R e s i s t a n c e o f G e n e r a t o r i n ohms
Zl =100; // Load i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
//CALCULATIONS
w = c / f ; //Wave Length i n met
b =2*( %pi ) / w ;
l1 =(5/4) * w ; // For L o s s l e s s L i n e
Zi = Z0 *(( Zl +( Z0 *( %i ) * tan ( b * l1 ) ) ) /( Z0 +( Zl *( %i ) * tan ( b *
l1 ) ) ) ) ; // I n p u t Impedance a t G e n e r a t o r end
Vs = Vg *( Zi /( Zi + Z0 ) ) ; // V o l t a g e i n l i n e i n v o l t s
Is = Vg /( Zi + Z0 ) ; // C u r r e n t i n L i n e drawn from G e n e r a t o r
i n amps
Ps = Vs * Is ; // Power drawn i n l i n e
Pl = Ps ; // For L o s s l e s s L i n e s Power d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d
i s e q u a l t o t h e Power drawn i n l i n e
Il = sqrt (( Pl / Zl ) ) ; // C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e l o a d
m = real ( Il ) ; // Magnitude o f C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e
load
p = imag ( Il ) ; // Phase o f C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e l o a d
10
27
28
29
30
//CALCULATIONS
mprintf ( \ n C u r r e n t drawn from G e n e r a t o r i s I s=%1 . 3 f
amps \ nMagnitude o f C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e l o a d
i s m=%1 . 3 f \ nPhase o f C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e l o a d
i s p=%2 . 2 f deg \ nPower d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d i s Pl=
%2 . 2 f w a t t s ,Is ,m ,p , Pl ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
==============================================================
Scilab code Exa 3.5 VSWR and Reflection coefficient

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =300*10^6; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Zl =50+(50*( %i ) ) ; // T e r m i n a t i n g l o a d i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
w =((3*10^8) / f ) ; //Wave Length
//CALCULATIONS
p =(( Zl - Z0 ) /( Zl + Z0 ) ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t ( Complex
Form )
y = real ( p ) ;
z = imag ( p ) ;
x = sqrt ( y ^2+ z ^2) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t V a l u e
s =((1+ x ) /(1 - x ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t i s x=%1 . 4 f \
11
n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s s=%1 . 2 f ,x ,

s);
20
21
//===================END OF PROGRAM
=====================================
Scilab code Exa 3.6 point of attachment

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Zl =100; // Pure Load r e s i s t a n c e
o f a d i p o l e antenna in
ohms
7 Z0 =600; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance o f a w i r e f e e d e r
i n ohms
8 f =100*10^6; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 c =3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n m/ s e c
10
11 //CALCULATIONS
12 w = c / f ; //Wave Length i n met
13 l =(( w /(2*( %pi ) ) ) * atan ( sqrt ( Zl / Z0 ) ) ) ; // The p o s i t i o n
o f t h e Stub i n met
14 x = atand ( sqrt (( Zl * Z0 ) ) /( Zl - Z0 ) ) ;
15 y =180+ x ; // I n D e g r e e s
16 l1 =(( w /(2*( %pi ) ) ) * y ) ; // Length o f S h o r t C i r c u i t e d
Stub i n met
17 l0 = l1 *(( %pi ) /180) ;
18
19
20
//OUTPUTS
mprintf ( \ nThe P o i n t o f Attachment i s l=%1 . 3 f met \
nLength o f SC Stub i s l 1=%1 . 2 f met ,l , l0 ) ;
12
21
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
==============================================================
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Terminating Impedance

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Z0 =50; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms
7 S =3.2; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
8
9 // I t i s p o s s i b l e t o m e a s u r e t h e l o a d i m p e d a n c e
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
if
t h e l i n e i s assumed l o s s l e s s , by m e a s u r i n g t h e
VSWR, w a v e l e n g t h and t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e l o a d t o
t h e n e a r e s t v o l t a g e minimum
//CALCULATIONS
w =1; // Assume Wavelength i n met
Xmin =0.23* w ; // D i s t a n c e from t h e l o a d t o t h e n e a r e s t
v o l t a g e minimum i n met
b =(2*( %pi ) ) / w ;
Zl = Z0 *((1 -( S *( %i ) * tan ( b * Xmin ) ) ) /( S -(( %i ) * tan ( b * Xmin )
) ) ) ; // Load i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
disp ( Load i m p e d a n c e i n ohms i s ) ;
disp ( Zl ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===================================================
13
20
21
// Note : Check t h e a n s w e r g i v e n i n Text book o n c e . I

t h i n k i t i s wrong i n t e x t book . .
Scilab code Exa 3.8 VSWR and Impedance

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =300*10^3; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Pl =0.05; // Load Power i n w a t t s
//CALCULATIONS
w = c / f ; //Wave Length i n met
p =(( Zl - Z0 ) /( Zl + Z0 ) ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t
S =((1+ p ) /(1 - p ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
// S i n c e Zl >Z0 , f i r s t Vmax i s l o c a t e d a t t h e l o a d and
f i r s t Vmin i s l o c a t e d a t Wavelength /4
x1max =0; // P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t Vmax ( l o c a t e d a t t h e
l o a d ) from l o a d i n met
x1min = w /4; // P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t Vmin from l o a d i n met
Vmax = sqrt ( Pl * Zl ) ; // V a l u e o f maximum v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
Vmin = Vmax / S ; // V a l u e o f minimum v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
Zmax = Z0 * S ; // Impedance a t Vmax i n ohms
Zmin = Z0 / S ; // Impedance a t Vmin i n ohms
//OUTPUTS
14
26
27
28
mprintf ( \ n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s S=%1

. 0 f \ n P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t Vmax from l o a d i s x1max=
%d met ( l o c a t e d a t t h e l o a d ) \ n P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t
Vmin from l o a d i s x1min=%3 . 0 f met \ nValue o f
maximum v o l t a g e i s Vmax=%1 . 2 f v o l t s \ nValue o f
minimum v o l t a g e i s Vmin=%1 . 2 f v o l t s \ nImpedance
a t Vmax i s Zmax=%3 . 0 f ohms \ nImpedance a t Vmin i s
Zmin=%2 . 0 f ohms ,S , x1max , x1min , Vmax , Vmin , Zmax ,
Zmin ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
==============================================================
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Reflection loss

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Zs =50; // G e n e r a t o r i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
l =200; // Length o f t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e i n met
//CALCULATIONS
p =(( Zl - Z0 ) /( Zl + Z0 ) ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t
x = abs ( p ) ;
Lr =10* log10 (1/(1 - x ^2) ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n l o s s i n dB
La =0; // S i n c e t h e l i n e i s l o s s l e s s , a t t e n u a t i o n l o s s
i s z e r o dB
16 Lt = La + Lr ; // T r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s i n dB
15
17 Lrt =10* log10 ( x ) ; // Return l o s s i n dB

18
19 //OUTPUT
20 mprintf ( \ n R e f l e c t i o n l o s s i s Lr=%1 . 3 f dB \
n T r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s i s Lt=%1 . 3 f dB \ nReturn l o s s
i s L r t=%2 . 3 f dB ,Lr , Lt , Lrt ) ;
21
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
==============================================================
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Characteristic Impedance

1
2
// c h a p t e r 3 p a g e 52 e x a m p l e 3 . 1 0
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 f =1000; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 l =10000; // Length o f open w i r e t r a n s m i s s i o n
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
l i n e in
met
z1 =2930; // Magnitude o f a s h o r t c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e i n
ohms
p1 =26; // Phase o f a s h o r t c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e i n deg
z2 =260; // Magnitude o f a open c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e i n
ohms
p2 = -32; // Phase o f a open c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e i n deg
//CALCULATIONS
Zsc =(( z1 * cosd ( p1 ) ) +(( %i ) *( z1 * sind ( p1 ) ) ) ) ;
Zoc =(( z2 * cosd ( p2 ) ) +(( %i ) *( z2 * sind ( p2 ) ) ) ) ;
Z0 = sqrt ( Zsc * Zoc ) ; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms
disp ( C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms i s ) ;
[ ro , theta ]= polar ( Z0 )
16
18 disp ( ro ) ;
19 disp ( theta *180/ %pi ) ;
20 g =((1/ l ) *( atanh ( sqrt ( Zsc / Zoc ) ) ) ) ; // P r o p a g a t i o n
Constant
21 disp ( g )
22 b = imag ( g ) ; // Phase C o n s t a n t
23 w =2* f *( %pi ) ; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
24 Vp = w / b ; // Phase V e l o c i t y i n m/ s e c
25 disp ( Vp )
26 //OUTPUT
27 mprintf ( \ nPhase V e l o c i t y i s Vp=%5 . 2 f m/ s e c , Vp ) ;
28
29 //=========================END OF PROGRAM
==============================================================
30
31
32
// Note : Check t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o n c e
17
Chapter 4
Microwave Transmission Lines

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
d =0.0049; // D i a m e t e r o f i n n e r c o n d u c t o r i n met
D =0.0110; // I n n e r D i a m e t e r o f o u t e r c o n d u c t o r i n met
er =2.3; // P o l y e t h y l e n e d i e l e c t r i c
//CALCULATIONS
x = log ( D / d ) ;
L =(2*10^( -1) * x ) ; // I n d u c t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h s i n
microH /m
14 C =(55.56*( er / x ) ) ; // The C a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h s
i n p i c o F /m
15 R0 =( x *(60/ sqrt ( er ) ) ) ; // The C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance
i n ohms
16 V =( c / sqrt ( er ) ) /(10^3) ; // The V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n
18
i n Km/ s
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n I n d u c t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h s i s L=%1 . 5 f
microH /m \ nThe C a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h s i s C=
%2 . 2 f p i c o F /m \ nThe C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i s
R0=%2 . 2 f ohms \ nThe V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s V=
%6 . 2 f Km/ s ,L ,C , R0 , V ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===================================================
Scilab code Exa 4.2 attenuation and phase constants

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 R =0.05; // R e s i s t a n c e i n ohm/m
7 L =0.16173*10^( -6) ; // I n d u c t a n c e p e r u n i t
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
lengths in H
/m
C =0.15802*10^( -6) ; // The C a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h s
i n F/m
V =197814.14; // The V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i n Km/ s
l =50; // Length o f C o a x i a l L i n e i n met
Pin =480; // I n p u t Power t o t h e System i n w a t t s
f =3*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
c =3*10^5; // V e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n Km/ s e c
e0 =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y i n f r e e s p a c e i n F/
m
15
19
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
//CALCULATIONS
Z0 = sqrt ( L / C ) ;
A =( R /(2* Z0 ) ) ; // A t t e n u a t i o n C o n s t a n t i n NP/m
w =(2*( %pi ) * f ) ; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
B =( w * sqrt ( L * C ) ) ; // Phase C o n s t a n t i n r a d /m
Vp =(1/ sqrt ( L * C ) ) /(10^3) ; // Phase V e l o c i t y i n Km/ s
er =((( c / V ) ^2) / e0 ) ; // R e l a t i v e P e r m i t t i v i t y
Pl =(2* Pin * l ) ; // Power L o s s i n w a t t s
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n A t t e n u a t i o n C o n s t a n t i s A=%1 . 4 f NP/m \
nPhase C o n s t a n t i s B=%4 . 3 f r a d /m \ nPhase V e l o c i t y
i s Vp=%4 . 3 f Km/ s \ n R e l a t i v e P e r m i t t i v i t y i s e r=
%12 . 2 f \ nPower L o s s i s Pl=%5 . 0 f w a t t s ,A ,B , Vp , er ,
Pl ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===========================================
Scilab code Exa 4.3 breakdown power

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an a i r f i l l e d c o a x i a l c a b l e
7 f =9.375*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 c =3*10^10; // V e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n cm/ s e c
9 disp ( Assuming a r a t i o o f ( b/ a ) =2.3 and ( b+a ) <(w/ p i )
t o e x c l u d e h i g h e r o r d e r modes and a dominant

mode p r o p a g a t i n g ) ;
10 a =0.36432; // l e n g t h o f c o a x i a l c a b l e i n cm
20
11 x =2.3; // r a t i o o f b / a
12
13 //CALCULATION
14 w0 =( c / f ) ; // f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
15 Pbd =(3600*( a ^2) * log ( x ) ) ; // Breakdown power o f a
c o a x i a l c a b l e i n kW
16
17
18
19
20
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nBreakdown power o f a c o a x i a l c a b l e i s Pbd
=%3 . 0 f kW , Pbd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 b =0.3175; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n g r o u n d p l a n e s
of strip
l i n e i n cm
7 d =0.0539; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r c o n d u c t o r i n cm
8 er =2.32; // D i e l e c t r i c C o n s t a n t
10
11 //CALCULATION
12 Z0 =((60/ sqrt ( er ) ) * log ((4* b ) /( d *( %pi ) ) ) ) ; //
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i n ohms
13 V =( c / sqrt ( er ) ) /(10^3) ; // The V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n
i n Km/ s
14
21
15
16
17
18
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Impedance i s Z0=%2 . 2 f ohms
\ nThe V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s V=%5 . 2 f Km/ s ,
Z0 , V ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===================================================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a m i c r o s t r i p t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
7 er =9.7; // r e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f an a l u m i n a
substrate
8 x1 =0.5; //w/h r a t i o i n f i r s t t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
9 x2 =5; //w/h r a t i o i n s e c o n d t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
11
12 //CALCULATION
13 disp ( For c a s e 1 : w/h =0.5 ) ;
14 disp ( S i n c e x1 =0.5 <1 , f o r t h i s we u s e h i g h i m p e d a n c e
a n a l y s i s );
Eeff1 =((( er +1) /2) +(( er -1) /2) *(1/(( sqrt (1+(12/ x1 ) ) )
+(0.04*(1 - x1 ) ^2) ) ) ) ; // E f f e c t i v e d i e l e c t r i c
constant
16 Zo1 =((60/ sqrt ( Eeff1 ) ) * log ((8/ x1 ) +( x1 /4) ) ) ; //
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
17 V1 =( c / sqrt ( Eeff1 ) ) /10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i n
15
22
1 0 8 m/ s e c
18 mprintf ( \ n E f f e c t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t i s E e f f 1=%1
. 2 f \ n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i s Zo1=%2 . 2 f ohms
\ n V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s V1=%1 . 1 f 1 0 8 m/ s e c
, Eeff1 , Zo1 , V1 ) ;
19
20
21
22
disp ( For c a s e 2 : w/h=5 ) ;

disp ( h e r e x2 >1 ) ;
Eeff2 =((( er +1) /2) +(( er -1) /2) *(1/( sqrt (1+(12/ x2 ) ) ) ) ) ;
// E f f e c t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
23 Zo2 =((120*( %pi ) / sqrt ( Eeff2 ) ) *(1/( x2 +1.393+(0.667* log
(1.444+ x2 ) ) ) ) ) ; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
24 V2 =( c / sqrt ( Eeff2 ) ) /10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i n
1 0 8 m/ s e c
25 mprintf ( \ n E f f e c t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t i s E e f f 2=%1
. 2 f \ n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i s Zo2=%2 . 2 f ohms
\ n V e l o c i t y o f p r o p a g a t i o n i s V2=%1 . 2 f 1 0 8 m/ s e c
, Eeff2 , Zo2 , V2 ) ;
26
27
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.6 ratio of areas

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 //To c a l c u l a t e
the r a t i o o f c i r c u l a r waveguide cross

s e c t i o n a l area to the r e c t a n g u l a r waveguide
cross section
7 disp ( Assuming t h a t b o t h t h e s e w a v e g u i d e s have
23
s i m i l a r or equal c u t o f f f r e q u e n c i e s / wavelengths )
;
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
disp ( Case1 : When TE wave i s p r o p a g a t e d ) ;

disp ( For s t a n d a r d r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e s a=2b and
For TE11 dominant mode i n c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e wc1
=(2( p i ) r ) / 1 . 8 4 1 ) ;
disp ( where r i s t h e r a d i u s o f t h e c i r c u l a r
w a v e g u i d e and wc1 i s t h e c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r
c i r c u l a r waveguide );
disp ( I t i s g i v e n wc1=wc2 where wc2 i s t h e c u t o f f
wavelength f o r r e c t a n g u l a r waveguide );
disp ( For TE10 ( dominant mode ) o f p r o p a g a t i o n i n
r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e wc2=2a ) ;
disp ( S i n c e wc2 =(2 ab ) / ( s q r t ( ( mb) 2+( nb ) 2 ) ) a s m=1; n
=0 f o r TE10 wc2=2ab /b=2a ) ;
disp ( By e q u a t i n g wc1=wc2 , we g e t a = 1 . 7 0 6 4 5 r ) ;
disp ( For a s t a n d a r d w a v e g u i d e a=2b t h e r e f o r e , b=a /2
);
disp ( Now t h e a r e a o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e=a b=a a
/ 2 = 1 . 7 0 6 4 5 r 1 . 7 0 6 4 5 r / 2 = 1 . 4 5 6 r 2 ) ;
disp ( Area o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e = 1 . 4 5 6 r 2 , Area
o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e =( p i ) r 2 ) ;
disp ( R a t i o o f a r e a o f c i r c u l a r t o a r e a o f
r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e =( Area o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e
/ Area o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e ) =( p i r 2 ) / ( 1 . 4 5 6 r
2) =2.1576873=2.2 );
disp ( T h i s c l e a r l y shows t h a t t h e s p a c e o c c u p i e d by
a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e s y s t e m i s l e s s compared
t o t h a t f o r a c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e s y s t e m . Hence
c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e s a r e n o t p r e f e r r e d i n some
a p p l i c a t i o n s );
21
22
23
disp ( Case2 : When TM wave i s p r o p a g a t e d ) ;

disp ( For TM01 mode wc1 =(2 p i r ) / (Pnm) min =(2 p i r ) /
Pnm=(2 p i r ) / 2 . 4 0 5 where r i s t h e r a d i u s o f
c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e wc1 = 2 . 6 1 5 5 r ) ;
24 disp ( Now i f wc2 i s t h e w a v e l e n g t h f o r TM11 wave
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
propagating in a standard r e c t a n g u l a r waveguide

wc2=wc1 but wc2 =(2 ab ) / s q r t ( a2+b 2 ) ) ;
disp ( For s t a n d a r d w a v e g u i d e s , we know a=2b , wc2 =(22
bb ) / s q r t ( 4 b2+b 2 ) =(4b 2 ) / s q r t ( 5 b 2 ) =4b/ s q r t ( 5 )
);
disp ( By e q u a t i n g wc1=wc2 , we g e t 2 . 6 1 5 5 r =4b/ s q r t ( 5 )
=>b = 1 . 4 6 2 1 r ) ;
disp ( Area o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e=bb=b 2 but b
= 1 . 4 6 2 1 r , s o Area o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e
= ( 1 . 4 6 2 1 r ) 2 = 2 . 1 3 2 r 2 and Area o f c i r c u l a r
w a v e g u i d e= p i r 2 ) ;
disp ( R a t i o o f a r e a o f c i r c u l a r t o a r e a o f
r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e =( Area o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e
/ Area o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e ) =( p i r 2 ) / ( 2 . 1 3 2 r
2 ) =1.5 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.7 breadth of the guide

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e
7 disp ( For a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e t h e dominant mode
i s t h e TE10 mode . TE10 mode can p r o p a g a t e a t a

l o we r f r e q u e n c y );
8 f =9*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 wg =4; // g u i d e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
25
11 disp ( For TE10 mode wc=2a ) ;

12
13 //CALCULATION
14 w0 =( c / f ) ; // f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
15 wc =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wg ) ^2) ) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
TE10 mode i n cm
disp ( F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h w0 i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( w0 ) ;
disp ( C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h wc i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( wc ) ;
disp ( S i n c e wc>w0 , t h e wave p r o p a g a t e s ) ;
a =( wc /2) ; // l e n g t h o f t h e g u i d e i n cm
b =( wc /4) ; // b r e a d t h o f t h e g u i d e i n cm
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n l e n g t h o f t h e g u i d e i s a=%1 . 0 f cm \
n b r e a d t h o f t h e g u i d e i s b=%1 . 1 f cm ,a , b ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.8 guide wavelength

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
a =10; // b r e a d t h o f a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
f =2.5*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz i n TE10 mode
c =3*10^10; // V e l o c i t y o f L i g h t i n cm/ s e c
//CALCULATION
26
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode i n cm

w0 =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
x = sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ;
wg =( w0 / x ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
Vp =( c / x ) /10^5; // Phase V e l o c i t y i n Km/ s e c
Vg =(( c ^2) / Vp ) /10^10; // Group V e l o c i t y i n Km/ s e c
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode i s wc=%2
. 0 f cm \ nGuide w a v e l e n g t h i s wg=%2 . 0 f cm \ nPhase
V e l o c i t y i s Vp=%7 . 2 f Km/ s e c \ nGroup V e l o c i t y i s
Vg=%6 . 2 f Km/ s e c ,wc , wg , Vp , Vg ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =8.6*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
a =2.5; // Length o f a Waveguide i n cm
b =1; // Width o f a Waveguide i n cm
//CALCULATION
disp ( The c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e wave t o p r o p a g a t e a l o n g
a g u i d e i s t h a t wc>w0 . ) ;
13 w0 = c / f ; // f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
14 disp ( F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h w0 i n cm i s ) ;
27
15 disp ( w0 ) ;
16 disp ( For TE waves , wc=(2 ab / s q r t ( ( mb) 2+( na ) 2 ) ) ) ;
17 disp ( For TE01 waves ) ;
18 m1 =0;
19 n1 =1;
20 wc1 =((2* a * b ) /( sqrt (( m1 * b ) ^2+( n1 * a ) ^2) ) ) ; // C u t o f f
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE01 mode i n cm
disp ( C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE01 mode i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( wc1 ) ;
disp ( S i n c e wc f o r TE01=2cm i s n o t g r e a t e r t h a n w0
TE01 , w i l l n o t p r o p a g a t e f o r TE01 mode . ) ;
disp ( For TE10 waves ) ;
m2 =1;
n2 =0;
wc2 =((2* a * b ) /( sqrt (( m2 * b ) ^2+( n2 * a ) ^2) ) ) ; // C u t o f f
disp ( wc2 ) ;
disp ( S i n c e wc TE10 > w0 TE10 i s a p o s s i b l e mode . ) ;
fc =( c / wc2 ) /10^9; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
disp ( For TE11 and TM11 waves ) ;
m3 =1;
n3 =1;
disp ( C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE11 and TM11 modes i n
cm i s ) ;
disp ( wc3 ) ;
disp ( As wc f o r TE11 and TM11 i s < w0 b o t h TE11 and
TM11 do n o t p r o p a g a t e a s h i g h e r modes . ) ;
wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc2 ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
disp ( From t h e a b o v e a n a l y s i s we c o n c l u d e t h a t o n l y
TE10 mode i s p o s s i b l e ) ;
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i s f c=%1 . 0 f GHz \ nGuide
w a v e l e n g t h i s wg=%1 . 3 f cm ,fc , wg ) ;
44
28
45
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.10 area

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an a i r
f i l l e d c i r c u l a r Waveguide i n t h e
dominant mode
8 disp ( For an a i r f i l l e d c i r c u l a r Waveguide TE11 i s
t h e dominant mode i e p r o p a g a t e d ) ;
9 wc =10; // c u t o f f wave l e n g t h i n cm
10
11 //CALCULATION
12 r =((1.841* wc ) /(2*( %pi ) ) ) ; // r a d i u s
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
of circular
Waveguide i n cm
A =( %pi ) * r ^2; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e g u i d e i n
s q . cms
fc =( c / wc ) /10^9; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y f o r TE11 mode i n
GHz
disp ( C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y f o r TE11 mode i n GHz i s ) ;
disp ( fc ) ;
disp ( F r e q u n c y a b o v e 3GHz can be p r o p a g a t e d t h r o u g h
the waveguide );
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e g u i d e i s A=%2
. 2 f s q . cms ,A ) ;
21
29
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.11 possible modes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e
f =5*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
a =4; // Length o f R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n cm
b =3; // Width o f R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n cm
//CALCULATION
disp ( The c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e wave t o p r o p a g a t e a l o n g
a g u i d e i s t h a t wc>w0 . ) ;
w0 = c / f ; // f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
disp ( F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h w0 i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( w0 ) ;
disp ( For TE waves , wc=(2 ab / s q r t ( ( mb) 2+( na ) 2 ) ) ) ;
m1 =0;
n1 =1;
disp ( wc1 ) ;
disp ( S i n c e wc f o r TE01=6cm i s n o t g r e a t e r t h a n w0
TE01 , w i l l n o t p r o p a g a t e f o r TE01 mode . ) ;
30
26 m2 =1;
27 n2 =0;
29 disp ( C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode i n cm i s ) ;
30 disp ( wc2 ) ;
31 disp ( S i n c e wc TE10 > w0 TE10 i s a p o s s i b l e mode . ) ;
32 disp ( For TE11 waves ) ;
33 m3 =1;
34 n3 =1;
36
37
38
39
40
disp ( wc3 ) ;
disp ( As wc TE11 < w0 TE11 d o e s n o t p r o p a g a t e . ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an a i r
f i l l e d c i r c u l a r Waveguide i n t h e
dominant mode
7 D =4; // I n n e r d i a m e t e r o f an a i r f i l l e d c i r c u l a r
Waveguide i n cm
9
10
//CALCULATION
31
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
disp ( The dominant mode i n t h e c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e

would be l i k e TE11 , wc i s maximum ) ;
r = D /2; // r a d i u s i n cm
wc =((2*( %pi ) * r ) /1.841) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
fc =( c / wc ) /10^9; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
mprintf ( \ n C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i s wc=%1 . 4 f cms \
n C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i s f c=%1 . 3 f GHz ,wc , fc ) ;
disp ( S i n c e cut o f f f r e q u e n c y i s 4 . 3 9 5 GHz ,
f r e q u e n c i e s h i g h e r t h a n f c w i l l be p r o p a g a t e d .
Assume a s i g n a l o f f r e q u e n c y o f 5 GHz i s b e i n g
propagated );
f =5*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y o f s i g n a l i n Hz
w0 =( c / f ) ; // f r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
mprintf ( \nWave l e n g t h i n t h e g u i d e i s wg=%2 . 2 f cm ,
wg ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.13 frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n TE10 mode
x =4.55; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n maximum and minimum i n cm
32
12 //CALCULATIONS
13 wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r a TE10 mode i n cms
14 wg =4* x ; // Guide Wavelength i n cm
15 w0 =( wg / sqrt (1+( wg / wc ) ^2) ) ; // // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h
i n cm
16 f =( c / w0 ) /10^9; // F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave i n GHz
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave i s f=%1 . 3 f GHz ,f ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e
b =2.5; // Length o f R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n cm
a =5; // b r e a d t h o f R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n cm
w0 =4.5; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
//CALCULATION
disp ( For a TE10 mode which i s t h e dominant mode ) ;
wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
Vp =( c / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) /10^10; // Phase V e l o c i t y i n
1 0 1 0 cm/ s e c
17 B =((2*( %pi ) * sqrt ( wc ^2 - w0 ^2) ) /( w0 * wc ) ) ; // Phase
33
constant in radians
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nGuide w a v e l e n g t h i s wg=%1 . 5 f cm \ nPhase
c o n s t a n t i s B=%1 . 3 f r a d i a n s \ nPhase V e l o c i t y i s
Vp=%1 . 2 f 1 0 1 0 cm/ s e c ,wg ,B , Vp ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===========================================
// Note : Check t h e a n s w e r s o n c e
// C o r r e c t a n s w e r s a r e
// Guide w a v e l e n g t h i s wg = 5 . 0 3 9 0 3 cm
// Phase c o n s t a n t i s B= 1 . 2 4 7 r a d i a n s
// Phase V e l o c i t y i s Vp=3.36 1 0 1 0 cm/ s e c
Scilab code Exa 4.15 possible modes

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 wcTE10 =16; // C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TE10 mode i n cm
7 wcTM11 =7.16; // C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TM11 mode i n cm
8 wcTM21 =5.6; // C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TM21 mode i n cm
9 disp ( For any wave t o be p r o p a g a t e d , t h e c o n d i t i o n
10
11
12
13
14
t o be met i s wc>wo ) ;
wo1 =10; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
wo2 =5; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
disp ( C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TE10 mode i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( wcTE10 ) ;
disp ( C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TM11 mode i n cm i s ) ;
34
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
disp ( wcTM11 ) ;
disp ( C r i t i c a l w a v e l e n g t h o f TM21 mode i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( wcTM21 ) ;
disp ( For wo1=10cm , The mode t h a t p r o p a g a t e s o n l y
TE10 . B e c a u s e wcTE10>wo1 and a l l o t h e r modes t h a t
i s TM11 TM21 d o n o t p r o p a g a t e ) ;
disp ( For wo2=5cm ) ;
disp ( wcTE10>wo2 , s o TE10 mode p r o p a g a t e s ) ;
disp ( wcTM11>wo2 , s o TE11 mode p r o p a g a t e s ) ;
disp ( wcTE21>wo2 , s o TE21 mode p r o p a g a t e s ) ;

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
n =120*( %pi ) ; // I n t r i n s i c Impedance
f =10^10; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
//CALCULATION
wc =((2* a * b ) / sqrt ( a ^2+ b ^2) ) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n
TM11 mode i n cms
14 w0 =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
15 ZTM =( n * sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Wave
Impedance i n ohms
16
17
18
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Wave Impedance i s ZTM=%2 . 3
35
f ohms , ZTM ) ;
19
20
21
22
23
24
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
=================================
// Note : Check t h e g i v e n a n s w e r o n c e i t
// c u r r e c t a n s w e r i s 1 6 3 . 2 4 2 ohms
i s wrong

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =6*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
//CALCULATION
fc =(0.8* f ) ; // Given C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y f o r TE11 mode i n
Hz
wc =( c / fc ) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
D =((1.841* wc ) /( %pi ) ) ; // D i a m e t e r o f w a v e g u i d e i n cm
w0 =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n D i a m e t e r o f t h e w a v e g u i d e i s D=%1 . 4 f cm \
nGuide w a v e l e n g t h i s wg=%1 . 3 f cm ,D , wg ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
36
Scilab code Exa 4.18 proof

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a TE10 mode
7 a =1.5; // Length o f an a i r
f i l l e d s q u a r e Waveguide i n
m
8 b =1; // b r e a d t h o f an a i r
f i l l e d s q u a r e Waveguide i n
cm
10 f =6*10^9; // I m p r e s s e d F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
11 er =4; // d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
12
13 //CALCULATION
14 wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
15 fc =( c / wc ) /10^9; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n GHz
16 disp ( C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n GHz i s ) ;
17 disp ( fc ) ;
18 disp ( The i m p r e s s e d f r e q u e n c y o f 6 GHz i s
19
20
21
22
23
24
l e s s than
t h e C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y and h e n c e t h e s i g n a l w i l l
not pass through the gu i d e );
w =( c / f ) ; // Wavelength i n cm
disp ( A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e i m p r e s s e d
s i g n a l i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( w ) ;
wair = w ;
disp ( which i s l o n g e r t h a n t h e c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h ( 3
cm ) and h e n c e no p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e wave ) ;
w1 = wair / sqrt ( er ) ; // Wavelength i n cm
37
disp ( I f t h e w a v e g u i d e i s l o a d e d w i t h d i e l e c t r i c o f
e r =4 , t h e n t h e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm i s ) ;
26 disp ( w1 ) ;
27 disp ( which i s l e s s t h a n w a i r ) ;
28 disp ( Now t h e s i g n a l w i t h 6 GHz f r e q u e n c y w i l l p a s s
through the d i e l e c t r i c loaded waveguide );
25
29
30
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.19 amount of attenuation

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 a =0.015; // Length o f h o l l o w R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n
m
b =1; // b r e a d t h o f h o l l o w R e c t a n g u l a r Waveguide i n cm
f =6*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz i n TE10 mode
m =1; // V a l u e o f m i n TE10 mode
n =0; // V a l u e o f n i n TE10 mode
u =4*( %pi ) *10^( -7) ; // P e r m e a b i l i t y i n f r e e s p a c e i n
Henry
13 e =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y i n f r e e s p a c e i n F/m
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15 //CALCULATION
16 wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode i n m
17 fc = c / wc ; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
18 w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
19
38
// So 6GHz s i g n a l w i l l n o t p a s s t h r o u g h w a v e g u i d e but
w i l l get attenuated
21 A =( sqrt (( m *( %pi ) / a ) ^2+( n *( %pi ) / b ) ^2 -( w ^2* u * e ) ) ) ; //
A t t e n u a t i o n i n NP/m
22 AdB = A *(20/ log (10) ) ; // A t t e n u a t i o n i n dB/m
20
23
24
25
26
27
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \Amount o f A t t e n u a t i o n i s A=%3 . 1 f NP/m \
n A t t e n u a t i o n i s AdB=%4 . 2 f dB/m ,A , AdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.20 max power handling capacity

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15
16
17
18
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Emax =3000; //Max p o t e n t i a l g r a d i e n t i n V/cm
//CALCULATION
w0 =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
disp ( F r e e s p a c e Wavelength i n cm i s ) ;
disp ( w0 ) ;
wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n TE10 mode i n cms
wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
disp ( Guide Wavelength i n cm i s ) ;
39
19 disp ( wg ) ;
20 P =((6.63*10^( -4) ) *( Emax ^2) * a * b *( w0 / wg ) ) /1000; // Power
h a n d l i n g c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e w a v e g u i d e i n kW
21
22
23
24
25
26
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nPower h a n d l i n g c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e
w a v e g u i d e i s P=%2 . 3 f kW ,P ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
=================================
Scilab code Exa 4.21 maximum power

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13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
d =5; // I n t e r n a l D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
Emax =300; //Max f i e l d s t r e n g t h i n V/cm
//CALCULATION
wc =(( d *( %pi ) ) /1.841) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n TE11
mode i n cms
14 wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
15 Pmax =(0.498*( Emax ^2) *( d ^2) *( w0 / wg ) ) /1000; //Maximum
power i n kWatts
16
17
//OUTPUT
40
18
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21
mprintf ( \nMaximum power i s Pmax=%4 . 2 f kWatts , Pmax )

;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 4.22 peak value of electric field

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an a i r f i l l e d s q u a r e w a v e g u i d e
7 a =0.01; // Length o f an a i r f i l l e d s q u a r e Waveguide i n
m
8 b =0.01; // b r e a d t h o f an a i r
9
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17
18
f i l l e d s q u a r e Waveguide
in m
Pmax =746; //Max power =1 h o r s e p o w e r
in W
n =120*( %pi ) ; // Impedance o f f r e e s p a c e i n ohms
//CALCULATION
w0 =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n m
wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n m
ZTE =( n / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Impedance i n ohms
Emax =( sqrt (( Pmax *4* ZTE ) /( a * b ) ) ) /1000; // The Peak
value of E l e c t r i c f i e l d occuring in the guide in
kV/m
19 // From P= ( 1 / 2 ) I n t e g r a t i o n ( Re (EH) ) da
20 // and Pmax= ( 1 / ( 4 ZTE) ) Emax2 a b
41
21
22
23
24
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//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe Peak v a l u e o f E l e c t r i c f i e l d o c c u r i n g
i n t h e g u i d e i s Emax=%3 . 2 f kV/m , Emax ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an a i r f i l l e d r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e
7 a =0.023; // Length o f an a i r f i l l e d
Rectangular
8
Waveguide i n m
b =0.01; // b r e a d t h o f an a i r f i l l e d R e c t a n g u l a r
Waveguide i n m
f =9.375*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz i n TE11 mode
w0 =0.01; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n m
wc =0.02; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Pmax =746; //Max power =1 h o r s e p o w e r
in W
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 //CALCULATION
16 wo =( c / f ) ; // F r e e s p a c e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
17 Pbd =(597* a * b * sqrt (1 -( wo /(2* a ) ) ^2) ) ; // The breakdown
power f o r t h e dominant mode i e TE11 i n W

18 wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n m
19 Emax =( sqrt (( Pmax * wg ) /(6.63*10^( -4) * w0 ) ) ) /1000; //Max
e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n kV/m
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20
21
22
23
24
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe breakdown power f o r t h e dominant mode
i e TE11 i s Pbd=%1 . 5 f W \nMax e l e c t r i c f i e l d i s
Emax=%1 . 4 f kV/m ,Pbd , Emax ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===========================================
25
26
27
28
29
// The breakdown power f o r t h e dominant mode i e TE11
i s Pbd = 0 . 0 9 8 6 4 W
30 //Max e l e c t r i c f i e l d i s Emax = 1 . 1 3 9 8 kV/m

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13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
a =2.5; // R a d i u s o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
d =5; // I n t e r n a l D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
//CALCULATION
wc =(( d *( %pi ) ) /1.841) ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n TE11
mode i n cms
14 fc =( c / wc ) ; // C u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
43
15 Pbd =(1790*( a ^2) * sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ) /1000; // Breakdown
Power i n TE11 mode i n kW

16
17
18
19
20
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nBreakdown Power i n TE11 mode i s Pbd=%5 . 3 f
kW , Pbd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
44
Chapter 5
Cavity Resonators
Scilab code Exa 5.1 minimum distance

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e
7 a =3; // r a d i u s i n cm
8 f0 =10*10^9; // r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a c i r c u l a r
9
r e s o n a t o r i n Hz
disp ( Given t h e mode o f o p e r a t o r i s TM011 s o h e r e n
=0 ,m=1 , p=1 ) ;
c =3*10^10; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n cm/ s e c
m =1;
n =0;
p =1;
Pnm =2.405; // dominant mode v a l u e [ TM01 ]
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 d =(( p *( %pi ) ) /( sqrt ((2*( %pi ) * f0 / c ) ^2 -( Pnm / a ) ^2) ) ) ; //
45
The minimum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e two end p l a t e s

i n cms
18
19
20
21
22
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe minimum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e two end
p l a t e s o f a c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i s d=%1 . 2 f cms ,d )
;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 5.2 lowest resonant frequency

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//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r e c t a n g u l a r c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r
a =2; // b r e a d t h i n cm
b =1; // h e i g h t i n cm
l =3; // l e n g t h o f r e c t a n g u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
disp ( Lowest r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e
dominant mode TE10 [ f=c /w where w i n c r e a s e s a s f
d e c r e a s e s . I n dominant mode wc i s maximum ] ) ;
disp ( So t h e dominant mode i s TE101 s o h e r e m=1 , n =0 ,
p=1 ) ;
m =1;
n =0;
p =1;
//CALCULATION
46
18 f0 =(( c /2) * sqrt (( m / a ) ^2+( n / b ) ^2+( p / l ) ^2) ) /10^9; // The
resonant frequency of a rectangular cavity

r e s o n a t o r i n GHz
19
20
21
22
23
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a r e c t a n g u l a r
c a v i t y r e s o n a t o r i s f 0=%1 . 0 f GHz , f0 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 5.3 resonant frequency

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a c i r c u l a r r e s o n a t o r
7 D =12.5; // d i a m e t e r i n cm
8 l =5; // l e n g t h o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
9 disp ( Given t h e mode o f o p e r a t o r i s TM012 s o h e r e n
=0 ,m=1 , p=2 ) ;
m =1;
n =0;
p =2;
Pnm =2.405; // dominant mode v a l u e [ TM01 ]
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 a = D /2; // r a d i u s i n cm
18 f0 =(( c /(2*( %pi ) ) ) * sqrt (( Pnm / a ) ^2+(( p *( %pi ) ) / l ) ^2) )
/10^9; // The r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a c i r c u l a r
47
r e s o n a t o r i n GHz
19
20
21
22
23
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a c i r c u l a r
r e s o n a t o r i s f 0=%1 . 2 f GHz , f0 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 5.4 resonant frequency

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8
9
10
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a c i r c u l a r r e s o n a t o r
a =3; // r a d i u s i n cm
b =2; // d i m e n s i o n i n cm
l =4; // l e n g t h o f c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e i n cm
disp ( Given t h e mode o f o p e r a t o r i s TE101 s o h e r e m
=1 , n =0 , p=1 ) ;
m =1;
n =0;
p =1;
11
12
13
14
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 f0 =(( c /2) * sqrt (( m / a ) ^2+( n / b ) ^2+( p / l ) ^2) ) /10^9; // The
r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a c i r c u l a r r e s o n a t o r i n GHz
18
19
20
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y o f a c i r c u l a r
48
r e s o n a t o r i s f 0=%1 . 2 f GHz , f0 ) ;
21
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
49
Chapter 6
Microwave Components
Scilab code Exa 6.2 distance to be shifted

1
2
// Chapter 6 , Example 6 . 2 , Page 234

//
==================================================================
3
4
// I n p u t p a r a m e t e r s
// [ s ] = [ 0 , ( 0 . 3 + ( %i ) ( 0 . 4 ) ) ; ( 0 . 3 + ( %i ) ( 0 . 4 ) ) , 0 ] ; / /
s c a t t e r i n g m a t r i x o f a two p o r t
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
// t o f i n d l s u c h t h a t S12 and S21 w i l l be r e a l when
p o r t 1 i s s h i f t e d lm t o t h e l e f t
// l e t p o r t 1 be s h i f t e d by p h i 1 d e g r e e t o t h e l e f t
and p o r t 2 p o s i t i o n be r e m a i n e d unchanged i . e . ,
p h i 2=d e l t a
// Then [ p h i ] = [ e ( j p h i 1 ) , 0 ; 0 , 1 ]
// [ S ] = [ p h i ] [ s ] [ p h i ]
// f o r S12 and S21 t o be r e a l
phi1 =53.13; // i n d e g r e e s
phi1 = phi1 *( %pi /180) ; // p h i i n r a d i a n s
b =34.3; // me a s u r e d i n r a d /m
l =( phi1 ) / b ; // d i s t a n c e o f s h i f t i n m
// Output
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
50
mprintf ( d i s t a n c e t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n o f p a r t 1 s h o u l d
be s h i f t e d t o t h e l e f t s o t h a t S21 and S12 w i l l
be r e a l numbers i s %1 . 4 f m ,l )
17 //=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
16
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Scattering parameters

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17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

//
==================================================================
clc ;
D =30; // d i r e c t i v i t y i n dB
VSWR =1; //VSWR a t e a c h p o r t u n d e r matched c o n d i t i o n s
C =10; // c o u p l i n g f a c t o r
S41 = sqrt (0.1) ;
S14 = S41 ; // u n d e r matched and l o s s l e s s c o n d i t i o n s
S31 = sqrt ((( S41 ) ^2) /(10) ^( D /10) ) ;
S13 = S31 ;
S11 =( VSWR -1) /( VSWR +1) ;
S22 = S11 ;
S33 = S22 ;
S44 = S33 ;
// l e t i n p u t power i s g i v e n a t p o r t 1
// p1=p2+P3+p4
S21 = sqrt (1 -( S41 ) ^2 -( S31 ) ^2) ;
S12 = S21 ;
S34 = sqrt ((0.5) *(1+( S12 ) ^2 -0.1 -0.0001) ) ;
S43 = S34
S23 = sqrt (1 -10^ -4 -( S34 ) ^2)
S32 = S23 ;
S24 = sqrt (1 -0.1 -( S34 ) ^2)
51
26 S42 = S24 ;
27 [ S ]=[ S11 , S12 , S13 , S14 ; S21 , S22 , S23 , S24 ; S31 , S32 , S33 , S34
28
29
30
31
; S41 , S42 , S43 , S44 ];

// Output
mprintf ( The s c a t t e r i n g m a t r i x i s ) ;
disp ([ S ])
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.4 powers in the remaining ports

1
2

//
==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
a1 =32*10^ -3; // power i n w a t t s
a2 =0;
a3 =0;
[ S ]=[0.5 , -0.5 ,0.707; -0.5 ,0.5 ,0.707;0.707 ,0.707 ,0]; //
Sm a t r i x f o r Hp l a n e t e e
// [ B] = [ b1 , b2 , b3 ]
[ B ]=[ S ].*[ a1 ,0 ,0;0 ,0 ,0;0 ,0 ,0];
b1 =(0.5) ^2* a1 ; // power a t p o r t 1
b2 =( -0.5) ^2* a1 ; // power a t p o r t 2
b3 =(0.707) ^2* a1 ; // power a t p o r t 3
// Output
mprintf ( Thus b1 , b2 , b3 a r e %g W, %g W, %g W
r e s p e c t i v e l y ,b1 , b2 , b3 ) ;
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
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15
16
17
52

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17

//
==================================================================
clc ;
[ S ]=[0.5 , -0.5 ,0.707; -0.5 ,0.5 ,0.707;0.707 ,0.707 ,0];
R1 =60; // l o a d a t p o r t 1 i n ohms
R2 =75; // l o a d a t p o r t 2 i n ohms
R3 =50; // c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
P3 =20*10^ -3; // power a t p o r t 3 i n Watts
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
p1 =( R1 - R3 ) /( R1 + R3 ) ;
p2 =( R2 - R3 ) /( R2 + R3 ) ;
P1 =0.5* P3 *(1 -( p1 ) ^2) ; // power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p o r t 1
i n Watts
P2 =0.5* P3 *(1 -( p2 ) ^2) ; // power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p o r t 2
i n Watts
// Output
mprintf ( Thus power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p o r t 1 and p o r t 2
a r e %g W, %g W r e s p e c t i v e l y ,P1 , P2 ) ;
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Reflected power

1
2

//
==================================================================
53
3
4
5
6
7
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10
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23
24
clc ;
p1 =0.5; // r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a t p o r t 1
p3 =1; // r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a t p o r t 3
// [ S
]=[0 ,0 ,0.707 ,0.707;0 ,0 ,0.5 , 0.707;0.707 ,0.707 ,0 ,0; 0.707 ,0.707 ,0 ,
S m a t r i x o f magic Tee
// s o l v i n g f o r b1 , b2 , b3 , b4 we g e t i t a s
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
b1 =0.6566;
b2 =0.7576;
b3 =0.6536;
b4 =0.0893;
P1 =( b1 ) ^2; // power a t p o r t 1 i n w a t t s
disp ( P1 ) ;
disp ( P2 ) ;
disp ( P3 ) ;
disp ( P4 ) ;
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Scattering matrix

1
2

//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 // I n p u t p a r a m e t e r s
5 ins =0.5; // i n s e r t i o n
l o s s i n db
54
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
iso =30; // i s o l a t i o n l o s s i n db
S21 =10^ -( ins /20) ; // i n s e r t i o n l o s s =0.5=20 l o g [ S21 ]
S12 =10^ -( iso /20) ; // i s o l a t i o n l o s s =30=20 l o g [ s 1 2 ]
S11 =0;
S22 =0;
[ S ]=[ S11 , S12 ; S21 , S22 ];
disp ( S ) ;
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Scattering matrix

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

//
==================================================================
clc ;
ins =0.5; // i n s e r t i o n l o s s i n db
iso =20; // i s o l a t i o n l o s s i n db
S =2; //VSWR
S21 =10^ -( ins /20) ; // i n s e r t i o n l o s s =0.5=20 l o g [ S21 ]
S13 = S21 ;
S32 = S13 ;
S12 =10^ -( iso /20) ; // i s o l a t i o n l o s s =30=20 l o g [ s 1 2 ]
S23 = S12 ;
S31 = S23 ;
p =( S -1) /( S +1) ;
S11 = p ;
S22 = p ;
S33 = p ;
[ S ]=[ S11 , S12 , S13 ; S21 , S22 , S23 ; S31 , S32 , S33 ];
disp ( S ) ;
55
21
22
23
24
25
// f o r a p e r f e c t l y matched , nonr e c i p r o c a l , l o s s l e s s 3
p o r t c i r c u l a t o r , [ S ] i s g i v e n by
// [ S ] = [ 0 , 0 , S13 ; S21 , 0 , 0 ; , 0 , S32 , 0 ]
// i . e . , S13=S21=S32=1
// [ S ] = [ 0 , 0 , 1 ; 1 , 0 , 0 ; 0 , 1 , 0 ]
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.10 output powers

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3
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// Chapter 6 , Example 6 . 1 0 , Page 242

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
In_loss =0.5; // i n s e r t i o n l o s s ( i n dB )
C =20; // c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n dB
D =35; // d i r e c t i v i t y i n dB
Pi_Pf =10^( C /10) ;
Pi =90; // i n Watts
Pf = Pi / Pi_Pf ;
Pf_Pb =10^( D /10) ;
Pb = Pf / Pf_Pb ;
P_rec =( Pi - Pf - Pb ) ; // Power r e c e i v e d ( i n
Watts )
P_rec_dB =10* log ( Pi / P_rec ) / log (10) ;
P_rec_eff = P_rec_dB - In_loss ; // E f f e c t i v
e power r e c e i v e d ( i n dB )
disp ( Pf , Output power t h r o u g h c o u p l e d p o r t ( i n
Watts )= ) ;
disp ( Pb , Output power t h r o u g h i s o l a t e d p o r t ( i
n Watts )= ) ;
56
disp ( P_rec_dB , Power r e c e i v e d ( i n dB )=

);
21 disp ( P_rec_eff , E f f e c t i v e power r e c e
i v e d ( i n dB )= ) ;
20
22
23
24
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.11 coupling isolation directivity

1
2
// Chapter 6 , Example 6 . 1 1 , Page 242

//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
5 S13 =0.1*( cos (90* %pi /180) +( %i ) * sin (90* %pi /180) ) ; //
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
c o n v e r s i o n from p o l a r t o r e c t a n g u l a r
S13 = abs ( S13 ) ;
C = -20* log10 ( S13 ) ; // c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n dB
S14 =0.05*( cos (90* %pi /180) +( %i ) * sin (90* %pi /180) ) ; //
c o n v e r s i o n from p o l a r t o r e c t a n g u l a r
S14 = abs ( S14 ) ;
D =20* log10 ( S13 / S14 ) ; // d i r e c t i v i t y i n dB
I = -20* log10 ( S14 ) ; // i s o l a t i o n i n dB
mprintf ( Thus c o u p l i n g , d i r e c t i v i t y and i s o l a t i o n a r e
%1 . 0 f dB , %1 . 2 f dB and %2 . 2 f dB r e s p e t i v e l y ,C ,D
,I);
//=================================END OF PROGRAM
==============================
Scilab code Exa 6.12 VSWR

57
1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 x =3.5; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two minimas i n cm
7 y =0.25; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w i c e minimum power p o i n t s
i n cm
8
9 //CALCULATION
10 wg =2* x ; // g u i d e d w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
11 S =( wg /( y *( %pi ) ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
12
13 //OUTPUT
14 mprintf ( \ n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s S=%1
. 4 f ,S ) ;
15
16
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 6.13 phase shift

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 wg =7.2; // g u i d e w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
7 x =10.5; // P o s i t i o n o f r e f e r e n c e n u l l w i t h o u t t h e
w a v e g u i d e component i n cm
o f r e f e r e n c e n u l l with the
8 y =9.3; // P o s i t i o n
58
w a v e g u i d e component i n cm
9
10 //CALCULATION
11 z =x - y ; // Path d i f f e r e n c e
i n t r o d u c e d due t o t h e
component i n cm
12 p =(2*( %pi ) *( z / wg ) ) ; // Phase d i f f e r e n c e i n t r o d u c e d i n
rad
13 Pd =( p *180) /( %pi ) ; // Phase s h i f t i n t r o d u c e d i n deg
14
15
16
17
18
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nPhase s h i f t i n t r o d u c e d i s Pd=%2 . 0 f deg ,
Pd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
59
Chapter 7
Microwave Measurements
Scilab code Exa 7.1 measured distance

1
2
//
==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
clear ;
a =4; // Length o f Waveguide i n cm

b =2.5; // b r e a d t h Waveguide i n cm
f =10^10; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
x =0.1; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w i c e minimum power p o i n t s
i n cm
11
12
13
14
15
16
//CALCULATION
wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h i n TE10 mode i n cms
wg =( w0 / sqrt (1 -( w0 / wc ) ^2) ) ; // Guide w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
S =( wg /( x *( %pi ) ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
f o r d o u b l e minimum method
17
60
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nFor d o u b l e minimum method , V o l t a g e
S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s S=%2 . 1 f ,S ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 7.2 VSWR and Reflected power

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 x =3; //O/P i n c i d e n t power from
first
directional
c o u p l e r i n mW
7 y =0.1; //O/P r e f l e c t e d power from s e c o n d d i r e c t i o n a l
8
9
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12
13
14
15
16
17
18
//CALCULATION
Pi = x *100; // I n c i d e n t Power i n mW
Pr = y *100; // R e f l e c t e d Power i n mW
p = sqrt ( Pr / Pi ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t
S =((1+ p ) /(1 - p ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i n t h e
main w a v e g u i d e i s S=%1 . 2 f \ n R e f l e c t e d Power i s Pr
=%2 . 0 f mW ,S , Pr ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
61
Scilab code Exa 7.3 VSWR

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Pi =2.5; // I n c i d e n t Power from one d i r e c t i o n a l
coupler
i n mW
7 Pr =0.15; // R e f l e c t e d Power from o t h e r d i r e c t i o n a l
8
9 //CALCULATION
10 p = sqrt ( Pr / Pi ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t
11 S =((1+ p ) /(1 - p ) ) ; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
12
13 //OUTPUT
14 mprintf ( \ n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i n t h e
w a v e g u i d e i s S=%1 . 2 f ,S ) ;
15
16
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Reflected power

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
62
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clear ;
S =2; // V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR)
C =30; // C o u p l i n g Power o f a D i r e c t i o n a l C o u p l e r i n dB
Pf =4.5; // C o u p l e r I n c i d e n t S a m p l i n g Power i n mW
//CALCULATION
p =(( S -1) /( S +1) ) ; // R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t
Pi = Pf *10^( C /10) ; // I n c i d e n t Power i n mW [ From C=10 l o g
( Pi / Pf ) ]
13 Pr =( Pi *( p ^2) ) /10^3; // R e f l e c t e d Power i n W [ From p=
s q r t ( Pr / Pi ) ]
14
15
16
17
18
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nValue o f R e f l e c t e d Power i s Pr=%1 . 2 f W ,
Pr ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
63
Chapter 8
Microwave Tubes and Circuits
Scilab code Exa 8.1 electron velocity and etc

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a f o u r c a v i t y K l y s t r o n
V0 =14500; //Beam v o l t a g e i n V
I =1.4; //Beam c u r r e n t i n A
f =10^10; // O p e r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
p0 =10^( -6) ; // dc e l e c t r o n c h a r g e d e n s i t y i n C/m3
p =10^( -8) ; //RF c h a r g e d e n s i t y i n C/m3
V =10^5; // V e l o c i t y p e r t u r b a t i o n s i n m/ s e c
e0 =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e i n F/
m
14 R =0.4;
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 v0 =(0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ) /10^8; // The dc e l e c t r o n
v e l o c i t y i n 1 0 8 m/ s e c
64
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
v = v0 *10^8;
c =( w / v ) ; // The dc Phase C o n s t a n t
wp =( sqrt (1.759*10^11*( p0 / e0 ) ) ) /10^8; // The Plasma
Frequency i n 108 rad / s e c
wp1 = wp *10^8;
wq =( R * wp1 ) /10^8; // The Reduced Plasma F r e q u e n c y i n
108 rad / s e c
J0 = p0 * v ; // The dc beam c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/sqm
J =( p * v ) +( p0 * V ) ; // The i n s t a n t a n e o u s beam c u r r e n t
d e n s i t y i n A/sqm
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe dc e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y i s v0=%2 . 3 f
1 0 8 m/ s e c \ nThe dc Phase C o n s t a n t i s c=%1 . 2 f
r a d / s e c \ nThe Plasma F r e q u e n c y i s wp=%1 . 2 f 1 0 8
r a d / s e c \ nThe Reduced Plasma F r e q u e n c y i s wq=%1 . 3
f 1 0 8 r a d / s e c \ nThe dc beam c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i s
J0=%2 . 1 f A/sqm \ nThe i n s t a n t a n e o u s beam c u r r e n t
d e n s i t y i s J=%1 . 3 f A/sqm ,v0 ,c , wp , wq , J0 , J ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.2 power and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a 2 c a v i t y k l y s t r o n a m p l i f i e r
7 Av =15; // V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB
65
8
9
10
11
12
Pin =0.005; // I /P power i n W

Rin =30000; // Rsh o f i / p c a v i t y i n ohms
R0 =40000; // Rsh o f o / p c a v i t y i n ohms
Rl =40000; // l o a d i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
R =20000; // P a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e o f R0 and Rl ( R0// Rl )
i n ohms
13
14 //CALCULATION
15 Vin = sqrt ( Pin * Rin ) ; // The i n p u t rms v o l t a g e
in V [
From Pin=Vin 2/ Rin ]
16 V0 = Vin *10^( Av /20) ; // The o u t p u t rms v o l t a g e i n V [
From Av=20 l o g ( V0/ Vin ) ]
17 P0 =( V0 ^2) / R ; // The Power d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i n W
18
19
20
21
22
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe i n p u t rms v o l t a g e i s Vin=%2 . 2 f V \
nThe o u t p u t rms v o l t a g e i s V0=%2 . 2 f V \ nThe Power
d e l i v e r e d t o t h e l o a d i s P0=%1 . 4 f W ,Vin , V0 , P0 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.3 efficiency and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r e f l e x k l y s t r o n
n =2; // peak mode v a l u e
V0 =300; // beam v o l t a g e i n V
I0 =0.02; // beam c u r r e n t i n A
66
10
11
12
13
14
15
Vs =40; // s i g n a l v o l t a g e i n V
J1 =1.25; // b e s s e l c o e f f i c i e n t f o r n=2
//CALCULATION
Pdc = V0 * I0 ; // The i n p u t power i n w a t t s
Pac =((2* Pdc * J1 ) /((2* n *( %pi ) ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) ; // The
o u t p u t power i n w a t t s
16 n =( Pac / Pdc ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe i n p u t power i s Pdc=%1 . 0 f w a t t s \ nThe
o u t p u t power i s Pac=%1 . 2 f w a t t s \ n E f f i c i e n c y i s n
=%2 . 1 f p e r c e n t a g e ,Pdc , Pac , n ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a 2 c a v i t y k l y s t r o n a m p l i f i e r
I0 =0.03; //Beam c u r r e n t i n A
f =8*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
d =0.001; // gap s p a c i n g i n e i t h e r c a v i t y i n m
L =0.04; // s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c e n t e r s o f c a v i t i e s i n m
Rsh =49000; // E f f e c t i v e s h u n t i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
J1 =0.582; // v a l u e o f J1 (X)
X =1.841; // b u n c h i n g p a r a m e t e r
67
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 v0 =(0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ) /10^6; // v e l o c i t y
of electron
i n 1 0 6 m/ s e c
18 w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d
19 v = v0 *10^6;
20 T0 =( L / v ) /10^( -8) ; // dc t r a n s i t t i m e o f e l e c t r o n s
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
in
10( 8) s e c
a = w * T0 *10^( -8) ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
tg = w * d / v ; // a v e r a g e gap t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
Tg = tg *(180/( %pi ) ) ;
Bi =( sind ( Tg /2) ) /( tg /2) ; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
Bo = Bi ; // o u t p u t c a v i t y c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
V1max =((3.68* V0 ) /( Bi * a ) ) ; // I n p u t v o l t a g e f o r Maximum
output v o l t a g e in V
R0 = V0 / I0 ; // i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
Av =( Bo ^2* a * Rsh * J1 ) /( R0 * X ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n
AvdB =20* log10 ( Av ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s v0=%2 . 2 f 1 0 6 m/
s e c \ nThe dc t r a n s i t t i m e o f e l e c t r o n s i s T0=%1 . 3
f 10( 8) s e c \ n I n p u t v o l t a g e f o r Maximum o u t p u t
v o l t a g e i s V1max=%2 . 3 f V \ n V o l t a g e g a i n i s Av=%2
. 2 f \ nThe V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB i s AvdB=%2 . 2 f dB ,v0
, T0 , V1max , Av , AvdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
35
36
// Note : Check t h e c a l c u l a t i o n g i v e n i n t e x t book f o r

v o l t a g e g a i n Rsh=49 kohms
37 // but , t a k e n a s 40 kohms
38 // c o r r e c t a n s w e r s a r e V o l t a g e g a i n i s Av= 2 8 . 5 2
39 // The V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB i s AvdB= 2 9 . 1 0 dB
68

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =8*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
J1 =0.582; // v a l u e o f J1 (X)
//CALCULATION
w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d
v0 =0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ; // v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i n m/
sec
Vomax =((3.68* V0 * v0 ) /( w * L ) ) ; //max o u t p u t power i n V
tg =( w * d ) / v0 ; // avg gap t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
Tg = tg *(180/( %pi ) ) ;
Bi =( sind ( Tg /2) ) /( tg /2) ; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
Bo = Bi ; // o u t p u t c a v i t y c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
Vimax = Vomax / Bi ; // The i n p u t m i c r o w a v e v o l t a g e i n
o r d e r t o g e n e r a t e maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n V
t0 = w * L / v0 ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
R0 = V0 / I0 ; // i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
Av =(( Bo ^2* J1 * t0 * Rsh ) /( R0 * X ) ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n
I2 =2* I0 * J1 ;
69
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
V2 = Bo * I2 * Rsh ;
disp ( n e g l e c t i n g beam l o a d i n g ) ;
Eff =0.58*( V2 / V0 ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y i n %
G0 =1/ R0 ;
GB =( G0 /2) *( Bo *( Bo - cos ( Tg /2) ) ) ; //Beam l o a d i n g
c o n d u c t a n c e i n mhos
RB =(1/ GB ) /1000; //Beam l o a d i n g r e s i s t a n c e i n Kohms
disp ( Beam l o a d i n g r e s i s t a n c e i n Kohms i s ) ;
disp ( RB ) ;
disp ( The v a l u e 73 kohms i s v e r y much c o m p a r a b l e t o
Rsh and c a n n o t be n e g l e c t e d b e c a u s e Tg i s q u i t e
high );
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe i n p u t m i c r o w a v e v o l t a g e i n o r d e r t o
g e n e r a t e maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s Vimax=%2 . 2 f V
\ nThe v o l t a g e g a i n i s Av=%2 . 2 f p e r c e n t a g e \nBeam
l o a d i n g c o n d u c t a n c e i s GB=%1 . 1 0 f mhos , Vimax , Av ,
GB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.6 electronic efficiency and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a r e f l e x k l y s t r o n
7 n =2; // peak mode v a l u e
8 V0 =500; // beam v o l t a g e i n V
70
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Rsh =20000; // Shunt r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms

L =0.001; // d i s t a n c e i n m
f =8*10^(9) ; // // O p e r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
V1 =200; // m i c r o w a v e gap v o l t a g e i n V
x =1.759*10^11; // e /m v a l u e i n C/ kg
J1 =0.582;
//CALCULATION
disp ( Assume t h e gap t r a n s i t t i m e and beam l o a d i n g
a r e n e g l e c t e d );
VR =( V0 +(( sqrt (8* V0 / x ) * w * L ) /((2*( %pi ) * n ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) )
; // R e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i n V
disp ( Assuming o u t p u t c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t Bo=1 ) ;
I0 =( V1 /(2* J1 * Rsh ) ) /10^( -3) ; //Beam c u r r e n t n e c e s s a r y
t o o b t a i n an m i c r o w a v e gap v o l t a f e o f 200V i n mA
v0 =0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ; // v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i n m/
sec
t0 =(( w *2* L * v0 ) /( x *( VR + V0 ) ) ) ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
Bi =1; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t [ assume ]
X =(( Bi * V1 * t0 ) /(2* V0 ) ) ;
disp ( S i n c e X= 1 . 5 1 , from graph , J1 (X) =0.84 ) ;
XJ1 =0.84;
Eff =((2*( XJ1 ) ) /((2* n *( %pi ) ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) *100 //
Efficiency in %
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n R e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i s VR=%3 . 2 f V \ nThe dc
n e c e s s a r y t o g i v e an m i c r o w a v e gap v o l t a f e o f 200
V i s I 0=%1 . 2 f mA \ n E l e c t r o n i c E f f i c i e n c y i s E f f=
%2 . 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ,VR , I0 , Eff ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
// Note : Check t h e a n s w e r f o r VR o n c e
// C o r r e c t a n s w e r i s R e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i s VR= 1 1 8 9 . 3 6 V
71

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2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
n =1; // mode v a l u e
Pi =0.04; // t h e dc i n p u t power i n W
x =0.278; // r a t i o o f V1 o v e r V0
//CALCULATION
X = x *3*( %pi ) /4;
J1 =0.3205; // b e s s e l c o e f f i c i e n t v a l u e [ J I (X ) ]
ef =((2* X * J1 ) /((2*( %pi ) * n ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) *100; //
E f f i c i e n c y of the r e f l e x k l y s t r o n in %
15 Pout =(( ef /100) * Pi ) /10^( -3) ; // T o t a l power o u t p u t i n
mW
16 p =20; // p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e power d e l i v e r e d by t h e
e l e c t r o n beam d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e c a v i t y w a l l s
17 Pd = Pout *(100 - p ) /100; // Power d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d i n mW
18
19
20
21
22
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e r e f l e x k l y s t r o n i s e f=
%1 . 2 f p e r c e n t a g e \ n T o t a l power o u t p u t i s Pout=%1 . 3
f mW \ n I f t h e 20 p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e power
d e l i v e r e d by t h e e l e c t r o n beam i s d i s s i p a t e d i n
t h e c a v i t y w a l l s t h e n t h e Power d e l i v e r e d t o l o a d
i s Pd=%1 . 2 f mW ,ef , Pout , Pd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
72
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.8 cyclotron frequency and etc

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14
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a c i r c u l a r magnetron
a =0.15; // i n n e r r a d i u s i n m
b =0.45; // o u t e r r a d i u s i n m
B =1.2*10^( -3) ; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb/sqm
x =1.759*10^11; // V a l u e o f e /m i n C/ kg
V =6000; // beam v o l t a g e i n V
//CALCULATION
V0 =(( x /8) *( B ^2) *( b ^2) *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ^2) /1000; // H u l l cut
o f f v o l t a g e i n kV
15 Bc =(( sqrt (8*( V / x ) ) ) /( b *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ) ) *1000; // Cut o f f
m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i n mWb/sqm
16 fc =(( x * B ) /(2*( %pi ) ) ) /10^9; // C y c l o t r o n f r e q u e n c y i n
GHz
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n H u l l cut o f f v o l t a g e i s V0=%2 . 3 f kV\ nCut
o f f m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i s Bc=%1 . 6 f mWb/sqm \
n C y c l o t r o n f r e q u e n c y i s f c=%1 . 4 f GHz ,V0 , Bc , fc ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
22
23
73
// Check t h e a n s w e r s o n c e
// H u l l cut o f f v o l t a g e i s V0 = 5 . 0 6 6 kV
// Cut o f f m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i s Bc = 1 . 3 0 5 9 5 3 mWb/
sqm
28 // C y c l o t r o n f r e q u e n c y i s f c = 0 . 0 3 3 6 GHz
24
25
26
27
Scilab code Exa 8.9 phase velocity and anode voltage

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//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a h e l i c a l TWT
c =3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
d =0.002; // d i a m e t e r i n m
x =5000; // no . o f t u r n s p e r m
m =9.1*10^( -31) ; // mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
e =1.6*10^( -19) ; // c h a r g e o f an e l e c t r o n i n C
//CALCULATION
y =( %pi ) * d ; // c i r c u m f e r e n c e i n m
p =1/ x ; // p i t c h i n m
Vp =( c * p ) / y ; // A x i a l p h a s e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s e c
V0 =(( m * Vp ^2) /(2* e ) ) ; // The Anode v o l t a g e a t which t h e
TWT can be o p e r a t e d f o r u s e f u l g a i n i n V
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n A x i a l p h a s e v e l o c i t y i s Vp=%6 . 2 f m/ s e c \
nThe Anode v o l t a g e a t which t h e TWT can be
o p e r a t e d f o r u s e f u l g a i n i s V0=%2 . 2 f V ,Vp , V0 ) ;
21
74
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

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//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
f =8*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
y =0.582; // v a l u e o f J1 (X)
X =1.841;
//CALCULATION
v0 =(0.593* sqrt ( V0 ) *10^6) /10^7; // The e l e c t r o n
v e l o c i t y i n 1 0 7 m/ s e c
v = v0 *10^7;
t0 =( d / v ) /10^( -10) ; // T r a n s i t t i m e i n 10( 10) s e c
t = t0 *10^( -10) ;
a =2*( %pi ) * f * t ; //Gap t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
Bi =( sin ( a /2) ) /( a /2) ; //Beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
Bo = Bi ;
to =(2*( %pi ) * f * L ) / v ; // dc t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
disp ( For maximum o u t o u t v o l t a g e , V2 J1 (X) = 0 . 5 8 2 ,X
=1.841 );
V1 =((2* V0 * X ) /( Bo * to ) ) // The i n p u t v o l t a g e f o r maximum
75
output v o l t a g e in V
27 Ro =( V0 / I0 ) ;
28 Av =(( Bo ^2* to * y * Rsh ) /( Ro * X ) ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n
29 AvdB =10* log10 ( Av ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB
30
31
32
33
34
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y i s v0=%1 . 1 f 1 0 7 m
/ s e c \ nThe dc e l e c t r o n T r a n s i t t i m e i s t 0=%1 . 2 f
10( 10) s e c \ nThe i n p u t v o l t a g e f o r maximum
o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s V1=%2 . 2 f V \ n V o l t a g e g a i n i s Av
=%2 . 2 f \ n V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB i s AvdB=%2 . 2 f dB ,v0 ,
t0 , V1 , Av , AvdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.11 dc electron velocity and etc

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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a f o u r c a v i t y K l y s t r o n
I =2; //Beam c u r r e n t i n A
f =9*10^9; // O p e r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
p0 =10^( -6) ; // dc e l e c t r o n c h a r g e d e n s i t y i n C/m3
p =10^( -8) ; //RF c h a r g e d e n s i t y i n C/m3
V =10^5; // V e l o c i t y p e r t u r b a t i o n s i n m/ s e c
e0 =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e i n F/
m
14 R =0.5;
76
15
16 //CALCULATION
17 v0 =(0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ) /1000; // The dc e l e c t r o n
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
v e l o c i t y i n Km/ s e c
w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d / s e c
v = v0 *1000;
c =( w / v ) ; // The dc Phase C o n s t a n t
wp =( sqrt (1.759*10^11*( p0 / e0 ) ) ) /10^8; // The Plasma
Frequency i n 108 rad / s e c
wp1 = wp *10^8;
wq =( R * wp1 ) /10^8; // The Reduced Plasma F r e q u e n c y i n
108 rad / s e c
J0 = p0 * v ; // The dc beam c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/sqm
J =( p * v ) -( p0 * V ) ; // The i n s t a n t a n e o u s beam c u r r e n t
d e n s i t y i n A/sqm
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe dc e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y i s v0=%4 . 2 f Km/
s e c \ nThe dc Phase C o n s t a n t i s c=%3 . 2 f r a d / s e c \
nThe Plasma F r e q u e n c y i s wp=%1 . 2 f 1 0 8 r a d / s e c \
nThe Reduced Plasma F r e q u e n c y i s wq=%1 . 3 f 1 0 8
r a d / s e c \ nThe dc beam c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i s J0=%2 . 2 f
A/sqm \ nThe i n s t a n t a n e o u s beam c u r r e n t d e n s i t y
i s J=%1 . 4 f A/sqm ,v0 ,c , wp , wq , J0 , J ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.12 gap transit angle

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
77
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clear ;
f =5*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y o f o p e r a t i o n i n hz
V0 =1000; // anode v o l t a g e i n V
d =0.002; // c a v i t y gap i n m
Vr = -500; // r e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i n V
//CALCULATION
N =7/4; // mode v a l u e
VR = abs ( Vr ) ;
L =((( VR + V0 ) * N ) /(6.74*10^( -6) * f * sqrt ( V0 ) ) ) /10^( -3) ; //
Optimum l e n g t h o f t h e d r i f t r e g i o n i n mm
16 u =5.93*10^5* sqrt ( V0 ) ; // i n m/ s e c
17 w =2*( %pi ) * f ; // a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n r a d
18 Tg =( w * d ) / u ; //Gap t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
19
20
21
22
23
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \nOptimum l e n g t h o f t h e d r i f t r e g i o n i s L=
%1 . 3 f mm \nGap t r a n s i t a n g l e i s Tg=%1 . 3 f r a d ,L ,
Tg ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a 2 c a v i t y
klystron amplifier
78
7
8
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11
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15
16
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28
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30
31
32
f =10*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
J1 =0.582; // v a l u e o f J1 (X)
//CALCULATION
v0 =0.593*10^6* sqrt ( V0 ) ; // v e l o c i t y o f r e f e r e n c e
e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
a = w * L / v0 ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e w i t h o u t RF v o l t a g e i n r a d
tg = a * d / L ; // a v e r a g e gap t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d
Bi =( sin ( tg /2) ) /( tg /2) ; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
V1max =((2* X * V0 ) /( Bi * a ) ) ; // I n p u t RF v o l t a g e f o r
Maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n V
B0 = Bi ; // o u t p u t c a v i t y c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
V2 =2* B0 * I0 * J1 * Rsh ; // i n V
Av = V2 / V1max ; // V o l t a g e g a i n
AvdB =20* log10 ( Av ) ; // V o l t a g e g a i n i n dB
n =0.58*( V2 / V0 ) *100; //Maximum e f f i c i e n c y i n %
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n I n p u t RF v o l t a g e f o r Maximum o u t p u t
v o l t a g e i s V1max=%2 . 2 f V \ nThe V o l t a g e g a i n i s
AvdB=%2 . 2 f dB \nMaximum e f f i c i e n c y i s I 0=%2 . 2 f
p e r c e n t a g e , V1max , AvdB , n ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
33
34
35
36
// There a r e s l i g h t c h a n g e s i n v a l u e s
// I n p u t RF v o l t a g e f o r Maximum o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s
V1max = 5 5 . 2 8 V
37 // The V o l t a g e g a i n i s AvdB= 2 4 . 3 5 dB
79
38
//Maximum e f f i c i e n c y
i s I0 =44.11 p e r c e n t a g e
Scilab code Exa 8.14 cyclotron angular frequency and etc

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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For aa Xband c y l i n d r i c a l magnetron
a =0.04; // i n n e r r a d i u s i n m
b =0.08; // o u t e r r a d i u s i n m
B =0.01; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb/sqm
x =1.759*10^11; // V a l u e o f e /m i n C/ kg
V =30000; // beam v o l t a g e i n V
//CALCULATION
w =( x * B ) /10^9; // C y c l o t r o n a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n 1 0 9
rad / s e c
15 VHC =(( x /8) *( B ^2) *( b ^2) *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ^2) /1000; // H u l l
cut o f f v o l t a g e i n kV
16 Bc =(( sqrt (8*( V / x ) ) ) /( b *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ) ) *1000; // Cut o f f
m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i n mWb/sqm
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C y c l o t r o n a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i s w=%1 . 3 f
1 0 9 r a d / s e c \ n H u l l cut o f f v o l t a g e i s VHC=%1 . 4 f
kV \ nCut o f f m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y i s Bc=%2 . 3 f
mWb/sqm ,w , VHC , Bc ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
80

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11
12
13
14
15
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
I0 =0.022; // beam c u r r e n t i n A
Vs =30; // s i g n a l v o l t a g e i n V
J1 =1.25; // b e s s e l c o e f f i c i e n t f o r n=2
//CALCULATION
Pdc = V0 * I0 ; // The i n p u t power i n w a t t s
Pac =((2* Pdc * J1 ) /((2* n *( %pi ) ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) ; // The
o u t p u t power i n w a t t s
16 n =( Pac / Pdc ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe i n p u t power i s Pdc=%1 . 2 f w a t t s \ nThe
o u t p u t power i s Pac=%1 . 1 f w a t t s \ n E f f i c i e n c y i s n
=%2 . 2 f p e r c e n t a g e ,Pdc , Pac , n ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 8.16 repeller voltage and etc
81
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7
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21
22
23
24
25
26
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Rsh =20000; // Shunt r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
L =0.001; // d i s t a n c e i n m
J1 =0.582; // b e s s e l c o e f f i c i e n t v a l u e [ J I (X ) ]
f =8*10^(9) ; // // O p e r a t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
V1 =200; //RF gap v o l t a g e i n V
x =1.759*10^11; // e /m v a l u e i n C/ kg
//CALCULATION
disp ( Assume t h e gap t r a n s i t t i m e and beam l o a d i n g
a r e n e g l e c t e d );
VR =( V0 +(( sqrt (8* V0 / x ) * w * L ) /((2*( %pi ) * n ) -(( %pi ) /2) ) ) )
; // R e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i n V
disp ( Assuming o u t p u t c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t Bo=1 ) ;
I0 =( V1 /(2* J1 * Rsh ) ) /10^( -3) ; //Beam c u r r e n t n e c e s s a r y
t o o b t a i n an RF gap v o l t a f e o f 200V i n mA
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe R e p e l l e r v o l t a g e i s VR=%3 . 2 f V \nBeam
c u r r e n t n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n an RF gap v o l t a f e o f
200V i s I 0=%1 . 2 f mA ,VR , I0 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
82
Chapter 9
Solid State Microwave Devices
Scilab code Exa 9.1 frequency

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7
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9
10
11
12
13
14
15
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
L =2*10^( -6) ; // D r i f t Length o f a IMPATT d i o d e i n m
Vd =(10^7) *(10^( -2) ) ; // D r i f t V e l o c i t y f o r S i i n m/ s e c
//CALCULATION
f =( Vd /(2* L ) ) /10^9; // O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y i n GHz
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f t h e IMPATT d i o d e
i s f=%2 . 0 f GHz ,f ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
83
Scilab code Exa 9.2 threshold electric field

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3
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5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
L =75*10^( -6) ; // D e v i c e Length i n m
V =25; // V o l t a g e P u l s e A m p l i f i e d i n V
f =10*10^9; // O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
//CALCULATION
Eth =( V / L ) /10^5; // T h r e s h o l d E l e c t r i c F i e l d i n kV/cm
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n T h r e s h o l d E l e c t r i c F i e l d i s Eth=%1 . 2 f kV/
cm , Eth ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 9.3 power gain

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
84
6
7
8
9
fs =2*10^9; // S i g n a l F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
fp =12*10^9 //Pump F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Ri =16; //O/P r e s i s t a n c e o f s i g n a l g e n e r a t o r i n ohms
Rs =1000; //On t y p e s r e s i s t a n c e o f s i g n a l g e n e r a t o r i n
ohms
10
11 //CALCULATION
12 P =10* log10 (( fp - fs ) / fs ) ; // Power g a i n i n dB
13 Pusb =10* log10 (( fp + fs ) / fs ) ; // Power g a i n a s USB
c o n v e r t e r i n dB
14
15
16
17
18
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nPower g a i n i s P=%1 . 2 f dB \ nPower g a i n a s
USB c o n v e r t e r i s Pusb=%1 . 2 f dB ,P , Pusb ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
19
20
21
// Note : Answer g i v e n i n t e x t b o o k i s wrong Check i t

once . .
22 // C o r r e c t a n s w e r s a r e Power g a i n i s P=6.99 dB
23 //
Power g a i n a s USB c o n v e r t e r i s
Pusb =8.45 dB
Scilab code Exa 9.4 breakdown voltage and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 es =12.5; // R e l a t i v e
D i e l e c t r i c constant
85
7 e0 =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y
8
9
10
11
12
13
i n F r e e S p a c e i n F/
m
N =3.2*10^22; // Donor C o n c e n t r a t i o n p e r m3
L =8*10^( -6) ; // Length o f S i BARITT d i o d e i n m
q =1.6*10^( -19) ; // Charge o f an E l e c t r o n i n C
//CALCULATION
Vc =(( q * N * L ^2) /(2* es * e0 ) ) /10^3; // C r i t i c a l V o l t a g e i n
kV
14 Vbd =2* Vc ; // Breakdown V o l t a g e i n kV
15 Ebd =( Vbd / L ) /100; // Breakdown E l e c t r i c F i e l d i n kV/cm
16
17
18
19
20
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C r i t i c a l V o l t a g e i s Vc=%1 . 2 f kV \
nBreakdown V o l t a g e i s Vbd=%1 . 2 f kV \ nBreakdown
E l e c t r i c F i e l d i s Ebd=%6 . 2 f kV/cm ,Vc , Vbd , Ebd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Avalanche zone velocity

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 J =33000; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/ sqcm
7 Na =2.5*10^16; // Doping C o n c e n t a t i o n i n TRAPATT d i o d e
p e r c u b i c cm
8 q =1.6*10^( -19) ; // Charge o f an E l e c t r o n i n C
9
10
//CALCULATION
86
11 Vz =( J /( q * Na ) ) /10^5; // A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y
i n Km/
sec
12
13
14
15
16
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y i s Vz=%2 . 1 f Km/
s e c , Vz ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For an IMPATT d i o d e power a m p l i f i e r
Rd =25; // N e g a t i v e R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
Rl =50; // Load R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
//CALCULATION
x = abs ( Rd ) ;
G =(( - x - Rl ) /( - x + Rl ) ) ^2; // Power g a i n o f an IMPATT
diode
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nPower g a i n o f an IMPATT d i o d e i s G=%1 . 0 f
,G ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
87
Scilab code Exa 9.7 minimum voltage

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a Gunn Diode
7 L =5*10^( -4) ; // D r i f t Length i n cm
8 Vg =3300; // V o l t a g e g r a d i e n t i n V/cm [ Vg>3.3 kV/cm ]
9
10 //CALCULATION
11 Vmin = Vg * L ; // Minimum V o l t a g e n e e d e d t o i n i t i a t e Gunn
e f f e c t in volts
12
13
14
15
16
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \nMinimum V o l t a g e n e e d e d t o i n i t i a t e Gunn
e f f e c t i s Vmin=%1 . 2 f v o l t s , Vmin ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 9.8 rational frequency

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
88
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// For a Gunn Diode

L =20*10^( -4) ; // A c t i v e Length i n cm
Vd =2*10^7; // D r i f t V e l o c i t y o f E l e c t r o n s i n cm/ s e c
Ec =3.3*10^3; // C r i t i c l F i e l d f o r GaAs i n V/cm
//CALCULATION
fn =( Vd / L ) /10^9; // N a t u r a l ( R a t i o n a l ) F r e q u e n c y i n GHz
Vc = L * Ec ; // C r i t i c a l V o l t a g e o f t h e d i o d e i n v o l t s
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n N a t u r a l ( R a t i o n a l ) F r e q u e n c y i s f n=%2 . 0 f
GHz \ n C r i t i c a l V o l t a g e o f t h e d i o d e i s Vc=%1 . 1 f
v o l t s ,fn , Vc ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For an IMPATT d i o d e
Lp =0.5*10^( -9) ; // I n d u c t a n c e i n Henry
Cj =0.5*10^( -12) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e i n Farad
Ip =0.8; //RF peak c u r r e n t i n A
Rl =2; // Load R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
Vbd =100; // Breakdown V o l t a g e i n V
Ib =0.1; // dc B i a s c u r r e n t i n A
89
14 //CALCULATION
15 f =(1/(2*( %pi ) * sqrt ( Lp * Cj ) ) ) /10^9; // R e s o n a n t
F r e q u e n c y i n GHz
16 n =(( Rl * Ip ^2) /(2* Vbd * Ib ) ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y i n
Percentage
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n R e s o n a n t F r e q u e n c y i s f=%2 . 0 f GHz \
n E f f i c i e n c y i s n=%1 . 1 f p e r c e n t a g e ,f , n ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 9.10 drift time

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an IMPATT d i o d e
7 L =2*10^( -6) ; // D r i f t Length i n m
8 Vd =10^5; // C a r r i e r D r i f t V e l o c i t y ( Assume / C o n s i d e r )
i n m/ s e c
9
10 //CALCULATION
11 t =( L / Vd ) /10^( -9) ; // D r i f t Time o f t h e C a r r i e r
i n nano
s e c [ From f =(1/2 t ) =(Vd/2L ) ]
12 t1 = t *10^( -9) ;
13 f =(1/(2* t1 ) ) /10^9; // O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f t h e d i o d e
i n GHz
14
15
//OUTPUT
90
16
17
18
mprintf ( \ n D r i f t Time o f t h e C a r r i e r i s t=%1 . 2 f nano

s e c \ n O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f t h e d i o d e i s f=%2 . 0
f GHz ,t , f ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 9.11 breakdown voltage and etc

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For an MS i M B a s i t t d i o d e
er =11.8; // R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f S i
e0 =8.854*10^( -12) ; // P e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e i n F/m
N =3*10^(21) ; // Donor C o n c e n t r a t i o n p e r m3
L =6.2*10^( -6) ; // S i Length i n m
q =1.6*10^( -19) ; // Charge o f an E l e c t r o n i n C
//CALCULATION
Vbd =(( q * N * L ^2) /( er * e0 ) ) ; // Breakdown V o l t a g e i n V
Ebd =( Vbd / L ) /10^3; // Breakdown E l e c t r i c F i e l d i n kV/m
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nBreakdown V o l t a g e i s Vbd=%3 . 1 f V \
nBreakdown E l e c t r i c F i e l d i s Ebd=%5 . 0 f kV/m ,Vbd ,
Ebd ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
91
Scilab code Exa 9.12 max power gain and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For an u p c o n v e r t e r p a r a m e t r i c a m p l i f i e r
7 rQ =8; // f i g u r e o f m e r i t f o r a d i o d e n o n l i n e a r
capacitor
8 r =0.2;
9 y =8; // r a t i o
of output frequency over s i g n a l

frequency ( f0 / fs )
10 Td =300; // Diode T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
11 T0 =300; // Ambient T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
//CALCULATION
X =(( rQ ) ^2) / y ;
G =(( y * X ) /(1+ sqrt (1+ X ) ) ^2) ; //Max power g a i n
GdB =10* log10 ( G ) ; //Maximum Power Gain i n dB
F =(1+((2* Td / T0 ) *((1/ rQ ) +(1/ rQ ) ^2) ) ) ; // N o i s e F i g u r e
FdB =10* log10 ( F ) ; // N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB
BW =2* r * sqrt ( y ) ; // Bandwidth
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \nMaximum Power Gain i s GdB=%1 . 2 f dB\ n N o i s e
F i g u r e i s FdB=%1 . 2 f dB \ nBandWidth i s BW=%1 . 2 f ,
GdB , FdB , BW ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
92
Scilab code Exa 9.13 gain and etc

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a n e g a t i v e r e s i s t a n c e p a r a m e t r i c a m p l i f i e r
fs =2*10^9; // S i g n a l F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
fp =12*10^9; //pump F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
fi =10*10^9; // i d l e r F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
fd =5*10^9; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Ri =1000; // o / p r e s i s t a n c e o f i d l e r g e n e r a t o r i n ohms
Rg =1000; // o / p r e s i s t a n c e o f s i g n a l g e n e r a t o r i n ohms
RTs =1000; // t o t a l s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e a t f s i n ohms
RTi =1000; // t o t a l s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e a t f i i n ohms
r =0.35;
rQ =10; // f i g u r e o f m e r i t
Td =300; // Avg Diode T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
T0 =300; // Ambient T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
C =0.01*10^( -12) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e i n F
//CALCULATION
ws =2*( %pi ) * fs ;
wi =2*( %pi ) * fi ;
R =(( r ^2) /( ws * wi * RTi * C ^2) ) ; // E q u i v a l e n t n o i s e
r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
a =( R / RTs ) ;
G =((4* fi * a * Rg * Ri ) /( fs * RTs * RTi *(1 - a ) ^2) ) ; // Gain
GdB =10* log10 ( G ) ; // Gain i n dB
F =(1+((2* Td / T0 ) *((1/ rQ ) +(1/ rQ ) ^2) ) ) ; // N o i s e F i g u r e
FdB =10* log10 ( F ) ; // N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB
93
30 BW =(( r /2) *( sqrt ( fd /( fs * G ) ) ) ) ;

31
32 //OUTPUT
33 mprintf ( \ n E q u i v a l e n t n o i s e r e s i s t a n c e
i s R=%4 . 1 f
ohms \ nGain i s GdB=%2 . 1 f dB\ n N o i s e F i g u r e i s FdB=
%1 . 2 f dB \ nBandWidth i s BW=%1 . 3 f ,R , GdB , FdB , BW ) ;
34
35
36
37
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
// Note : Check t h e Bandwidth a n s w e r i s o n c e I t s h o u l d
be 0 . 0 2 7
94
Chapter 10
Microwave Communication
Systems
Scilab code Exa 10.1 radio horizon

1
2
// c h a p t e r 10 p a g e 486 e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 ht =144; //TV t r a n s m i t t e r a n t e n n a h e i g h t i n m
7 hr =25; //TV r e c e i v e r a n t e n n a h e i g h t i n m
8 // Radio h o r i z o n i s a b o u t 4/3 a s f a r a s t h e o p t i c a l
horizon
9
10 //CALCULATION
11 dr =4* sqrt ( hr ) ; // d i s t a n c e i n km
12 dt =4* sqrt ( ht ) ; // Radio H o r i z o n i n km
13 d = dt + dr ; // The Maximum d i s t a n c e o f P r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e
TV s i g n a l i n km
14
15
//OUTPUT
95
16
17
18
mprintf ( \ nThe Maximum d i s t a n c e o f P r o p a g a t i o n o f

t h e TV s i g n a l i s d=%2 . 0 f km \ nRadio H o r i z o n i s d t
=%2 . 0 f km ,d , dt ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.2 value of factor

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 r =6370*10^3; // r a d i u s o f t h e e a r t h i n m
7 x = -0.05*10^( -6) ; // t h e g r a d i e n t o f r e f r a c t i v e
index
o f a i r n e a r t h e g r o u n d p e r m [ du / dh ]
8
9 //CALCULATION
10 k =1/(1+( r * x ) ) ; // The v a l u e o f t h e
f a c t o r by which t h e
h o r i z o n d i s t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i t t e r w i l l be
modified
11
12
13
14
15
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f t h e f a c t o r by which t h e
h o r i z o n d i s t a n c e o f a t r a n s m i t t e r w i l l be
m o d i f i e d i s k=%1 . 4 f ,k ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===================================
96

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a m i c r o w a v e LOS l i n k
f =2*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y o f o p e r a t i o n i n Hz
r =50000; // r e p e a t e r s p a c i n g i n m
PrdBm = -20; // r e q u i r e d c a r r i e r power a t t h e r e c e i v e r i
/ p t o a v o i d d e t e r i o r a t i o n due t o f a d i n g and n o i s e
i n dBm
11 GtdB =34; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f t r a n s m i t t e r i n dB
12 GrdB =34; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f r e c e i v e r i n dB
13 LdB =10; // c o u p l i n g and w a v e g u i d e l o s s i n t r a n s m i t t e r
i n dB
14
15 //CALULATION
16 w = c / f ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
17 x =( w ^2) /(4*( %pi ) ) ;
18 y =(4*( %pi ) * r ^2) ;
19 PtdBm = PrdBm +(10* log10 ( y ) ) - GtdB -(10* log10 ( x ) ) + LdB -
GrdB ; // The r e q u i r e d C a r r i e r T r a n s m i t t e r power i n

dBm
20
21
22
23
24
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d C a r r i e r T r a n s m i t t e r power i s
PtdBm=%2 . 1 f dBm , PtdBm ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===================================
97

1
2
//
==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
clc ;
clear ;
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// For a g e o s t a t i o n a r y c o m m u n i c a t i o n s a t e l l i t e
f =6*10^(9) ; // u p l i n k f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Pt =1000; // T r a n s m i t t e r power i n W
x =36000*10^3; // v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s u r f a c e o f
e a r t h and s a t e l l i t e i n m
a =5; // a n t e n n a e l e v a t i o n a n g l e i n deg
GtdB =60; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f t r a n s m i t t e r i n dB
GrdB =0; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f r e c e i v e r i n dB
//CALCULATION
Gt =10^( GtdB /10) ; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f t r a n s m i t t e r
Gr =10^( GrdB /10) ; // a n t e n n a g a i n o f r e c e i v e r
w = c / f ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Ar =( w ^2) *( Gr /(4*( %pi ) ) ) ; // a r e a i n sqm
r = x /( sind ( a ) ) ; // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t r a n s m i t t e r and
r e c e i v e r i n m [ From S i n e f o r m u l a and d i a g r a m ]
21 Pr =(( Pt * Gt * Ar ) /(4*( %pi ) * r ^2) ) /10^( -12) ; // The
r e c e i v e d power a t t h e i n p u t o f t h e s a t e l l i t e
r e c e i v e r in pico watts
22
23
24
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe r e c e i v e d power a t t h e i n p u t o f t h e
s a t e l l i t e r e c e i v e r i s Pr=%1 . 2 f p i c o w a t t s (pW) , Pr
);
98
25
26
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.5 antenna beam angle

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 x1 =35855; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n g e o s t a t i o n a r y
o r b i t to
s u r f a c e o f e a r t h i n km
7 x2 =6371; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c e n t e r o f e a r t h t o
8
9 //CALCULATION
10 x = x1 + x2 ; // d i s t a n c e
o f s a t e l l i t e from c e n t e r o f e a r t h
i n km
11 y = x2 *( %pi ) ; // C i r c u m f e r e n c e o f h a l f c i r c l e a r c i n km
12 b = y / x ; //Beam a n g l e i n r a d
13 Bdeg =( b *180) /( %pi ) ; //Beam a n g l e i n deg
14
15 //OUTPUT
16 mprintf ( \ nAntenna Beam a n g l e r e q u i r e d by a
s a t e l l i t e antenna to provide f u l l g l o b a l coverage

from a g e o s t a t i o n a r y o r b i t i s Bdeg=%2 . 2 f deg ,
Bdeg ) ;
17
18
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
99
Scilab code Exa 10.6 round trip time

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a s a t e l l i t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m
7 h =35855; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n g e o s t a t i o n a r y
o r b i t to
8 r =6371; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c e n t e r
9
of earth to s u r f a c e
o f e a r t h i n km
a =5; // e a r t h s t a t i o n e l e v a t i o n a n g l e wrt t h e
g e o s t a t i o n a r y s a t e l l i t e i n deg
b =5; // a n g l e i n deg
c =3*10^5; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n km/ s e c
b1 =90; // a n g l e f o r v e r t i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n i n deg
a1 =0;
10
11
12
13
14
15 //CALCULATION
16 d =( sqrt (( r + h ) ^2 -( r * cosd ( a ) ) ^2) ) - sind ( b ) ; // d i s t a n c e
i n km
17 T =2*( d / c ) ; // The round t r i p t i m e b e t w e e n t h e e a r t h
s t a t i o n and t h e s a t e l l i t e i n s e c
18 d1 =( sqrt (( r + h ) ^2 -( r * cosd ( a ) ) ^2) ) - sind ( b ) ; // d i s t a n c e
i n km
19 Tv =(2/ c ) *( d1 - r ) ; // The round t r i p t i m e f o r v e r t i c a l
t r a n s m i s s i o n b e t w e e n t h e e a r t h s t a t i o n and t h e
s a t e l l i t e in sec
20
21
22
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe round t r i p t i m e b e t w e e n t h e e a r t h
100
s t a t i o n and t h e s a t e l l i t e i s T=%1 . 3 f s e c \ nThe

round t r i p t i m e f o r v e r t i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n b e t w e e n
t h e e a r t h s t a t i o n and t h e s a t e l l i t e i s Tv=%1 . 3 f
s e c ,T , Tv ) ;
23
24
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.7 figure of merit

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Tant =25; // e f f e c t i v e n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Tr =75; // r e c e i v e r n o i s e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
GdB =45; // I s o t r o p i c power g a i n o f t h e a n t e n n a i n dB
//CALCULATION
T = Tant + Tr ; // The t o t a l n o i s e i n K
TdB =10* log10 ( T ) ; // The t o t a l n o i s e i n dB
MdB = GdB - TdB ; // F i g u r e o f m e r i t o f e a r t h s t a t i o n i n dB
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n F i g u r e o f m e r i t o f e a r t h s t a t i o n i s MdB=
%2 . 0 f dB , MdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
101
Scilab code Exa 10.8 CNR

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a S a t e l l i t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n k
7 EIRPdB =55.5; // S a t e l l i t e ESM i n dBW
8 MdB =35; //G/T r a t i o o f e a r t h s t a t i o n i n dB
9 LfsdB =245.3 // F r e e s p a c e l o s s i n dB
10
11 //CALCULATION
12 CNRdB = EIRPdB + MdB - LfsdB +228.6; // C a r r i e r t o N o i s e
R a t i o a t t h e e a r t h s t a t i o n r e c e i v e r i n dB
13
14
15
16
17
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n C a r r i e r t o N o i s e R a t i o a t t h e e a r t h
s t a t i o n r e c e i v e r i s CNRdB=%2 . 1 f dB , CNRdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.9 system noise temperature

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 D =30; // D i a m e t e r o f a d i s h a n t e n n a w i t h
102
circular
aperture in m
7 f =4*10^9; // down l i n k f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 MdB =20; //G/T r a t i o o f e a r t h s t a t i o n i n dB
9 c =3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
//CALCULATION
A =(( %pi ) /4) * D ^2; // a r e a i n sqm
G =(4*( %pi ) * A ) / w ^2; // Gain
GdB =10* log10 ( G ) ; // Gain i n dB
TsdB = GdB - MdB ; // The System N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e i n dB
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe System N o i s e T e m p e r a t u r e i s TsdB=%2 . 2
f dB , TsdB ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.10 HPBW

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// c h a p t e r 10 p a g e 489 e x a m p l e 1 0 . 1 0
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a
Gp =1500; // Power g a i n
w =0.1; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
//CALCULATION
D = sqrt ( Gp ) *( w /( %pi ) ) ; // D i a m e t e r o f t h e c i r c u l a r
mouth o f a p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
103
12
13
14
15
16
17
HPBW =58*( w / D ) ; // H a l f Power BeamWidth o f t h e a n t e n n a

i n deg
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n D i a m e t e r o f t h e c i r c u l a r mouth o f a
p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i s D=%1 . 4 f m \ n H a l f Power
BeamWidth o f t h e a n t e n n a i s HPBW=%1 . 3 f deg ,D ,
HPBW ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 10.11 gain

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 D =1; // Assume d i a m e t e r o f t h e p a r a b o l i c
r e f l e c t o r s in
the o r i g i n a l system in m
7 w =1; // Assume w a v e l e n g t h i n m
8
9 //CALCULATION
10 D1 =2* D ; // d i a m e t e r o f t h e p a r a b o l i c
11
12
13
14
r e f l e c t o r s in the
modified system in m
G =6*( D / w ) ^2; // g a i n i n o r i g i n a l s y s t e m
G1 =6*( D1 / w ) ^2; // g a i n i n m o d i f i e d s y s t e m
GdB =10* log10 ( G1 / G ) ; // O v e r a l l g a i n t h a t can be
e x p e c t e d i n dB
GdBo =2* GdB ; // O v e r a l l g a i n o f t h e s y s t e m ( c o m b i n i n g
t h e two a n t e n n a s one a t t h e Tx and o t h e r a t t h e
Rx ) i n dB
104
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ n O v e r a l l g a i n t h a t can be e x p e c t e d i s GdB=
%1 . 0 f dB \ n O v e r a l l g a i n o f t h e s y s t e m ( c o m b i n i n g
t h e two a n t e n n a s one a t t h e Tx and o t h e r a t t h e
Rx ) i s GdBo=%1 . 0 f dB ,GdB , GdBo ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
// Note : Check t h e a n s w e r o n c e . . i t s h o u l d be GdB=10
l o g ( 4 ) =6 dB and GdBo=12dB
Scilab code Exa 10.12 gain

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
D =3; // d i m e n s i o n o f a p a r a b o l o i d i n m
f =3*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y ( S band ) i n Hz
//CALCULATION
w = c / f ; // wave l e n g t h i n m
BWFN =140*( w / D ) ; // BeamWidth b e t w e e n F i r s t N u l l s i n
deg
13 BWHP =70*( w / D ) ; // BeamWidth b e t w e e n H a l f P o w e r p o i n t s
i n deg
14 G =6*( D / w ) ^2; // Gain o f t h e a n t e n n a
15
16
//OUTPUT
105
17
18
19
mprintf ( \nBeamWidth b e t w e e n F i r s t N u l l s i s BWFN=%1

. 2 f deg \nBeamWidth b e t w e e n H a l f P o w e r p o i n t s i s
BWHP=%1 . 2 f deg \ nGain o f t h e Antenna i s G=%4 . 0 f
, BWFN , BWHP , G ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 l =1; // ( Assume )d i m e n s i o n ( w a v e l e n g t h ) i n cm
7
8 //CALCULATION
9 x =5* l ; // g i v e n s q u a r e a p e r t u r e o f an optimum h o r n
a n t e n n a a s a s i d e d i m e n s i o n i n cm
10 A = x * x ; // Area i n s q . cm
11 Gp =4.5*( A / l ^2) ; // Power g a i n o f an optimum h o r n
antenna
12
13
14
15
16
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nPower g a i n o f an optimum h o r n a n t e n n a i s
Gp=%3 . 1 f , Gp ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
106
Chapter 11
Radars
Scilab code Exa 11.1 max range

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a r a d a r s y s t e m
7 Pt =600000; // peak p u l s e power i n W
8 Smin =10^( -13) ; // minimum d e t e c t a b l e s i g n a l i n W
9 Ae =5; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e r a d a r a n t e n n a i n
sq m
10 w =0.03; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
11 s =20; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n s q m
12
13
14
//CALCULATION
Rmax =((( Pt * s * Ae ^2) /(4*( %pi ) * Smin * w ^2) ) ^(1/4) ) /1000;
//Maximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i n km
15 RMax = Rmax /1.853; // I n n a u t i c a l m i l e s ; 1 nm= 1 . 8 5 3 km
16
17
//OUTPUT
107
mprintf ( \nMaximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i s Rmax=

%3 . 3 f km , Rmax ) ;
19 disp ( I n n a u t i c a l m i l e s ; 1 nm= 1 . 8 5 3 km ) ;
20 mprintf ( \nMaximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i n
n a u t i c a l m i l e s i s RMax=%3 . 0 f nm , RMax ) ;
18
21
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a r a d a r s y s t e m
Pt =250000; // peak t r a n s m i t t e d power i n W
G =2500; // power g a i n o f t h e a n t e n n a
Smin =10^( -14) ; // minimum d e t e c t a b l e s i g n a l i n W
Ae =10; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e r a d a r a n t e n n a i n
sq m
11 f =10*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz
12 s =2; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n s q m
14
15 //CALCULATION
16 w = c / f ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
17 Rmax =((( Pt * G * Ae * s ) /( Smin *(4*( %pi ) ) ^2) ) ^(1/4) ) /1000;
//Maximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i n km
18
19
20
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \nMaximum r a n g e o f a r a d a r s y s t e m i s Rmax=
108
%3 . 2 f km , Rmax ) ;
21
22
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
Scilab code Exa 11.3 RCS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a m a r i n e r a d a r s y s t e m
Pt =250000; // peak t r a n s m i t t e d power i n W
G =4000; // power g a i n o f t h e a n t e n n a
R =50000; //maximum r a n g e o f r a d a r i n m
Pr =10^( -11) ; // minimum d e t e c t a b l e s i g n a l i n W
f =10*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n H
//CALCULATION
Ae =(( G * w ^2) /(4*( %pi ) ) ) ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e
radar antenna in sq m
17 s =(( Pr *(4*( %pi ) * R ^2) ^2) /( Pt * G * Ae ) ) ; // The c r o s s
s e c t i o n o f t h e t a r g e t t h e r a d a r can s i g h t i n s q m
18
19
20
21
22
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nThe c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e t a r g e t t h e r a d a r
can s i g h t i s s=%2 . 2 f s q m ,s ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
109
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Duty cycle and etc

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a g u i d e d m i s s i l e t r a c k i n g r a d a r
7 Pt =400000; // t r a n s m i t t e d power i n W
8 prf =1500; // p u l s e r e p i t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n pps ( p u l s e
per sec )
9 tw =0.8*10^( -6) ; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
//CALCULATION
Runamb =( c /(2* prf ) ) /1000; // Unambiguous r a n g e i n km
dc = tw /(1/ prf ) ; // Duty c y c l e
Pav = Pt * dc ; // A v e r a g e power i n W
n1 =1;
BW1 =( n1 / tw ) /10^6; // S u i t a b l e BW i n MHz f o r n=1
n2 =1.4;
BW2 =( n2 / tw ) /10^6; // S u i t a b l e BW i n MHz f o r n =1.4
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \ nUnambiguous r a n g e i s Runamb=%3 . 0 f km \
nDuty c y c l e i s dc=%1 . 4 f \ n A v e r a g e power i s Pav=%3
. 0 f W , Runamb , dc , Pav ) ;
23 disp ( For e f f i c i e n c y n =1 , s u i t a b l e bandwidth i n MHz
i s );
24 disp ( BW1 ) ;
25 disp ( For e f f i c i e n c y n = 1 . 4 , s u i t a b l e bandwidth i n MHz
i s );
110
26
27
28
disp ( BW2 ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// For a m i l i t a r y r a d a r
Pt =2500000; // power o u t p u t i n W
f =5*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n H
D =5; // a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r i n m
B =1.6*10^6; // r e c e i v e r bandwidth i n Hz
s =1; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n s q m
NF =12; // n o i s e f i g u r e i n dB
//CALCULATION
F =10^( NF /10) ; // n o i s e f i g u r e
Rmax =(48*(( Pt * s * D ^4) /( B *( F -1) * w ^2) ) ^(1/4) ) ; //Maximum
d e t e c t i o n r a n g e i n km
//OUTPUT
mprintf ( \nMaximum d e t e c t i o n r a n g e o f a r a d a r i s
Rmax=%3 . 0 f km , Rmax ) ;
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
111
Scilab code Exa 11.6 factor

1
2
//
==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a c i v i l i a n r a d a r
7 Rmax =30; //maximum r a n g e i n kms
8 x =50;
9 y =2;
10 disp ( Maximum r a n g e w i t h an e q u i v a l e n t
echoing area
o f 50 t i m e s i n kms i s ) ;
11 R = Rmax * x ^(1/4) ;
12 disp ( R ) ;
13 disp ( Range would be i n c r e a s e d
i f Tx power i s
d o u b l e d by a f a c t o r o f ) ;
14 f = y ^(1/4) ;
15 disp ( f ) ;
16
17
//=========================END OF PROGRAM
===============================
112

Microwave and Radar Engineering - M. Kulkarni

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

4 Microwave Transmission Lines

8 Microwave Tubes and Circuits

9 Solid State Microwave Devices

10 Microwave Communication Systems

List of Scilab Codes

cyclotron angular frequency

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Terminating Impedance

Scilab code Exa 3.2 power

26 m = sqrt (( real ( I0 ) ) ^2+( imag ( I0 ) ^2) ) ;

nPhase C o n s t a n t i s b=%1 . 6 f r a d /km \ nPower

Scilab code Exa 3.3 phase velocity

//NOTE:CHECK THE CALCULATION PART GIVEN IN THE

Scilab code Exa 3.4 power

Scilab code Exa 3.5 VSWR and Reflection coefficient

n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s s=%1 . 2 f ,x ,

Scilab code Exa 3.6 point of attachment

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Terminating Impedance

// Note : Check t h e a n s w e r g i v e n i n Text book o n c e . I

Scilab code Exa 3.8 VSWR and Impedance

mprintf ( \ n V o l t a g e S t a n d i n g Wave R a t i o (VSWR) i s S=%1

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Reflection loss

17 Lrt =10* log10 ( x ) ; // Return l o s s i n dB

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Characteristic Impedance

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Characteristic Impedance

Scilab code Exa 4.2 attenuation and phase constants

Scilab code Exa 4.3 breakdown power

t o e x c l u d e h i g h e r o r d e r modes and a dominant

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Characteristic Impedance

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Characteristic Impedance

disp ( For c a s e 2 : w/h=5 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.6 ratio of areas

the r a t i o o f c i r c u l a r waveguide cross

disp ( Case1 : When TE wave i s p r o p a g a t e d ) ;

disp ( Case2 : When TM wave i s p r o p a g a t e d ) ;

propagating in a standard r e c t a n g u l a r waveguide

Scilab code Exa 4.7 breadth of the guide

i s t h e TE10 mode . TE10 mode can p r o p a g a t e a t a

11 disp ( For TE10 mode wc=2a ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.8 guide wavelength

wc =2* a ; // C u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h f o r TE10 mode i n cm

Scilab code Exa 4.9 guide wavelength

Scilab code Exa 4.10 area

Scilab code Exa 4.11 possible modes

Scilab code Exa 4.12 guide wavelength

disp ( The dominant mode i n t h e c i r c u l a r w a v e g u i d e

Scilab code Exa 4.13 frequency

Scilab code Exa 4.14 guide wavelength

Scilab code Exa 4.15 possible modes

Scilab code Exa 4.16 Characteristic Impedance

Scilab code Exa 4.17 guide wavelength

Scilab code Exa 4.18 proof

Scilab code Exa 4.19 amount of attenuation

Scilab code Exa 4.20 max power handling capacity

Scilab code Exa 4.21 maximum power

mprintf ( \nMaximum power i s Pmax=%4 . 2 f kWatts , Pmax )

Scilab code Exa 4.22 peak value of electric field

Scilab code Exa 4.23 breakdown power

power f o r t h e dominant mode i e TE11 i n W

Scilab code Exa 4.24 breakdown power

15 Pbd =(1790*( a ^2) * sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ) /1000; // Breakdown

15 Pbd =(1790( a ^2) sqrt (1 -( fc / f ) ^2) ) /1000; // Breakdown