.

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(International Towing Tank Conference)
.
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.
2

/ /

,
, .

.

.
(offsets) .

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1.
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4

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( 1 = 2,83 ( m3 ) ).

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< 10,00.

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1.2.

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5. : (hydrofoils), (hovercrafts).

/ /

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7. :
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- (liners),
.
, ,
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.

/ /

(general cargo) , /
, , .

-30 0C 12 0C .
, .
, .
(),
.

/ /

(CONTAINER SHIPS)

()
.
, . .
.

(BULKCARRIER SHIPS)

() , , , , , ,
. ,
.

/ /

, , ,
. - , ,
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,
0 0C.

10

/ /

Ro Ro (Roll on / Roll off)

,
.
() .

/
.
(),
(, , ),
. ,
,
.

11

/ /

Passenger / : 2006 / x : 289 m X 50 m / (DWT): 8900 t

( / ): 15.9 / 12.6 knots /: Bermuda [BM]

: High Speed Craft / : 1981 / x : 35 m X 6 m

( / ): 33.2 / 27.4 knots / : Greece [GR]

12

/ /

(CONTAINER SHIP)

: Cargo / : 2003 / x : 352 m X 43 m / : 7 m

(DWT): 109000 t / ( / ): 20.3 / 17.2 knots / : Denmark [DK]

Tanker / : 2009 / x : 274 m X 46 m / (DWT): 159400 t

( / ): 15.2 / 13.4 knots / : Greece [GR]

13

/ /

: Tug

: 1971 / x : 49 m X 12 m / (DWT): 814 t

( / ): 8.2 / 6 knots

: Panama [PA]

14

/ /

.
19 , . 1915.
"Barque"
.

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15

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( naftotopos.gr)
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16

/ /

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( naftotopos.gr)
(trabaccolo)
.
17

/ /

T . H
. A 17
s.
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,
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:

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18

/ /

.
1/3 .
, , (
) .

1.3.

, ,


.

:
1. / : ,
(= )
2.
3. : , .
4. :

5. : ,
.
6. : (
), ( ), (
)
7. :
.

19

/ /

2.
2.1.

:

, ,

, , .
, ,
.

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, ()
( , .) .

, ).

, (, ,

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.

20

/ /

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() 6 ( 1).
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21

/ /

, .

()
.
:
:
() .
: .
,
, .

1.1
22

/ /

, (
)
.

,
.
,
.
(DWL = Design Water Line)
.

2.2
(, hull) =
.
(shell
plating)
(framing).
, ,
, , .
()
.
=
(molded hull surface) ,
.
(outer shell surface) =
, .
:
(
).

,
.
, (
) .

23

/ /

,
, ( ) ,

.
, ,
.
,
.

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, .
,
,
,
.

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.
,
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24

/ /

, ( ),
,
, (,
).
, ,
.
,

1.2.

.
,
.

, ,
( / )
.
.

25

/ /

,
,
, , (, )
, .
.... ( ) 1966,
,
( )
/ 4.
, .
,
, .
.

.
, ,

, .
:
:
.
(, keel) =
( )
.
.
(molded surface) =
.

,
.
,
(
).

, ,
.

26

/ /

1.3
, .
().

(longitudinal plan centre line)
C.L. (center line).
,
.
(lines drawing
plan lines plan).
, ( )
, ( )
.
( ), ,

, ,

( 1.3)

, .

(
).

.
27

/ /

,
: ( ) .
,
.
:
1

,
.
longitudinal lines vertical lines
buttok lines buttoks.
,
, profile.

( 1.4 )

, .
28

/ /

water
lines.

( 1.4 )

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.

1.5

29

/ /

,
.

( 1.5)

,
, frames.
, :
,
,
.

,
:

( 1.5 )

30

/ /

,
:

( )
(frames)

(longitudinals)

(
)

(water lines)
( 1.5 )

, :
-

()
().
()
.
()
.
,
.
,
.

31

/ /

,
.

.. , ,
:
: ,
,
.
:
.
: ,
.
, :
-

= , .
=
=

1.6

32

/ /

:
:
:

.
.
,
.

1.7

33

/ /

3.
:
- =
- =
- =
:
, , ,

.
, , ,

.
(-2-) ,

.
, ,
.

, .

2.1
34

/ /

, , ,

.

,
, ,
, .
, (L) ,
.
, , :

2.2
-

( LW . L. ) =
. .
,
( ).

( LB. P. ) =

( LO. A. )

=
,
.

35

( LOS )

/ /

( ),
,
.
-

( L. ) =

L = LBP
L = 0,96 LWL
L = 0,97 LWL

0,96 LWL LBP 0,97 LWL

LBP < 0,96 LWL
LBP > 0,97 LWL

,
.
-

( L.. )

( LF .B. )

=
.
85 %
.

, :

-
- 0,96 LWL
,
.
,
, LBP > 24,00
.
24,00
24,00
98 / 18, ,
.. 399 / 1980,
,
:
LS =
.
LA =
.

36

/ /

2.3.
LP =
.
,
.
LE =
.
LR =
.

, LE LR
.
, :
LE LF ,

LR LA

.
37

/ /

, :

2.4
BO. A. = .

BW . L. =

BX =
.
BM =
, .

, ,
.

38

/ /

D ,
,
.
( )
, .

D ( ).
.

.
,
.

, F ,
.
,
.
,

.
:

F = D T
39

/ /

,
.
, :

2.5
( TF , d F , T , d , d , T ) =
. (
).

( TA , d A , T , d , d , T ) =
. (
).
TM ==

.

.
TX =

,
.
, , .
,
.

40

/ /

, , ,

.
- ( ) ,
:
TF
=
TA
=
TM
= =

- ( ) ,
T , ,
:
TA - TF = T
TA TM = TM TF =

1
T
2

T +T
: TM = A F
2

.
(
).

41

/ /

,
( = =
)
.

( )

2.6

, ,
, (
),
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
( ),
.
,
,
+c1 , c2 + c3 .

42

/ /

T ' A , T ' M , T 'F ,

:
(m)

'''
TA
''
TA

'''

'
A

(T

' ' '

A

+ TA' '

TM

'''
TF

''
TM

''
TF

'
M

(T

' ' '

M

+ TM' '

'
F

(T

' ' '

F

+ TF' '

T A , T M , T F ,
:

T T
TA = T +
Lm
'
A

'
A

'
F

i c 1,

TA = TA'

'

TF' TA'
i c 1,
Lm

>

TM

'

<

'
F

TA' TF'
= T
i c 2,
Lm
'
M

'
F

TF

TA' TF'
= T
i c3
Lm
'
F

TM = TM' +

TF' TA'
i c 2,
Lm

43

TF = TF' +

TF' TA'
i c3
Lm

/ /

, ,
.
( )
.
.

,
.
,
.
, :

= =
( ),
,
.
( ),
,
.

.
, :

D = V
= .
: = 1, 000

( tm )
3

= (1, 025 1, 026)

( tm )
3

,
,
,
.
44

/ /

D = V ( Si ti ) + (Vi )
:

Si =
ti =
Vi =

,
( ) .
1, 028
1, 032

( tm ).

( t m )
3

1, 035

( t m )
3

,

.

-

()

:
.
.
.
.
.

: , ,
, , , .
: , ,
, .
.
: , , , ,
, , .
,
( )
: , , .

. .
. , ,

, , , .

,
.

45

/ /

,
.
light ship.
() :
. ,
. , ,
. , , , ,
,
. : ,
, .

, ,
,
.

, , ,

.
,
.

, ,
.
,
.

deadweight (DWT).

:
, , .
.
:

= =
Displacement

= ship weight

+
=
46

light ship

dead weight

/ /

.
,
,
, , ,
, .
, :

100

( ft )

2,832 ( m ) .
3

:
1. :
(
,
),

,
,
. .
,
( ) :
, (
, ),
: (
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, .
, 50
.

(
, ).

,
.
, ( )
,
,
( ).

47

/ /

2. :
,
.
.
: ,
( , , , , .),
, , ,
, , ,
, (
), .
.
,

, ,
, (engine
casing).
.. 973 / 71 ,
14, 15 .
, ,
George Moorsom (, 1849)
,

.

,


, :
- ( )
- ( ,
. 23%
)
() ,
:
- ( )
- (dead weight) (
, dead weight ,
)
- .
( ) (dead
weight) ,
,
.
48

/ /

, ,
.
:

:
. ,
, .
,
.

, ,
.
:
, ,
, , (, ,
).
:
.

(10 15 ) % .
:
. ,

, .
, , .
,
.
:
.
().
.
:
.
.

, ,
.

(
2 ).
3

( )

49

/ /

:
-

:
, 1
8
.
: (
)
.
.

( )

50

/ /

, () ,

( ),
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, .

,
(
)
.

(, )
.

.
, , .

.
,
,
,
.
.

.
.
:

V = (m3 ) L =

( m)

= ( m ) Am = ( m 2 )

51

d = ( m )

AWL = ( m 2 )

/ /

:
-

. :

1.
CWP =

WP
LWL BWL

.
1
, .
CWP 0,70 0,80.

2.

CX =

=
d X

52

/ /

3.

CLA =

L

=
LDWL d

CM =

LBP 2

LBP

CM
.
,
: ,
.
0,80 0,95.

53

/ /

.
1.

CB =

V
=

L BX d x

L BX d x
( ) ,
,
. CB
.
CB = 0,70 70 %
.
CB = 1.
CB ,

, , CB = L , B

B
d
L , B
.
B
d

CB :
-

( ) : CB = (0,50 0,65)
: CB = (0,65 0,75)
, : CB = (0,75 0,85)
(
), ( ) : CB 0,90

54

/ /

, .
,
, , .

2.

CP =

: CP =

V
, : AX = C X BX d x ,
L AX

CB
CX

,
.
1,
. 0,60
0,75.
,

L
BP .
2

55

/ /

3.
CVP =

V
ADWL d

, .

( CP ) FW

( CP ) E =

VFW
,
AX LFW

VE
,
AX LE

VAFT
AX LAFT

( CP ) AFT

( CP )U

VU
AX LU

( CP ) .
.

56

/ /

. :
. :
L
=
,
B

=
,
d

L
=
,
d

=
,
D

L
=
D

. ( )

:
CV =

V
L3

S = .
:

- , : C =
S

( L )

1
2

- - iE =
,

57

/ /

- - iR =
, .

3.1
-

, CI T CI L ,
(
)
, , .
:
CI T =

12i IT
,
3
LWL i BWL

12i I L
CI L =
3 iB
LWL
WL

. Bonjean (Bonjean curves)

.

58

/ /

, , .
, ,
.

.
,

3.2
, . ,
,
,
.

.
,
(, )
( knuckle line).
, ,
( )
.

59

/ /

() (dead rise)

3.3
,
.
, ,

.
, , ( 2.6,
29).

3.4
60

/ /

U :
.
V : ,

.
: ,
,
.
.
:
,
.

( )
.
.
, (
) ( ) .
, ( ),

( )

3.5
61

/ /

,

.

3.6

.

, 3.1
(, )
.
c

< 0,57 .

.

.

.

R = 75 mm
RD = 8% B .
2

( )

,
200 .
62

/ /

,

.
.
.

(
)
.
.

,
.
.


.

.

( ),
( ) .

.
( 3.7) ( 3.7 ( 3.7 )
:

3.7
63

/ /

3.7
1. ( ) :
( )
.
, ,

, .

-. ,
, .
.

,

.

64

/ /

2. :

.

. ,
,
.
3. ( , ) :

, .
,
, .

, :

3.8

65

/ /

1. :
.
U .

()
.
2. -
( ) :
.
(150 300 ) ,

.

,
. ,
.
,

.
3. CLIPPER : .

, .
V .

. ,

( ). ,

.
4. :
, ,
.
(
),

.
,
( )
.

66

/ /

0,15 ( L ) 0, 20 ( L ) .
(bow wave crest).
:
-
- (sonar domes)

- .
,
:
- ,

-
-
-
.

67

/ /

5. :

. ,
,
.
6. : .

.
( ),

.

68

/ /

3.9.
,
.
L
( BP ),
2
LBP
) .
(
2

L
( BP ) .
2

.

.
,
.

69

/ /

2

1.
, (
)
.
, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ()
, (
) ().


.
,
(body plan)
900.
,
,
() .

(body plan) , (sheer plan)
.
, ,
(
) ().
,
,

.

70

/ /

,
1
(, ), .
, ,
, ,
(table of offsets) ( / / )
/ / ,
, ,
,
.
, (,
.),
.
, ,
.
,
.

, BODY
PLAN, ,
C.L.
C.L. (= ) (
) ,
C.L. (= )
( ) .

C.L.

.
.
() .
.
21 1 / 20
, .

0 ( )
1,2,3,

71

/ /

, ,

, , , 1 ,
2 , .. , 20 , 21 , .

.
, , C, D
- , -1 , -2 , ..
:
- 0
1,2 3, .
- .
:
-

= ,

10 20.
=
.

() ,
, C.L. ,
.

,
.

,
, poop deck), (forecastle deck)
,
.
:
- 0
WL., WL 1, WL 2, .,
WL
.

72

/ /

- (0, 1,
2 ..).
- 0, 5, 10, 20,
(
, 0, 0,05, 0,10, 0,20, ).

()
,
.

.
,
.
,
.
0
VL.

(, , , .) VL.
( )
,
.
, ,
.

( )
(
)
, .
( )
.
,
C.L., (
) .
73

/ /

.
.


.



.
, ,
,
90.
, .
,
,
,
, (.)
.
( )
,
, , a,b,c,,
.
, .
,

() ().
,
, , ,
.


.

74

/ /

(offsets)

. ( ) ,

().

75

/ /

3


.

1

, .

,
,
.
,
( 1) ( )

.
,

.
,
.

76

/ /

2


,
,
( 3).

77

/ /

, OB (1)
.

.

.
,
.
()
, ( )

.
, , .
,
,

, .

5
78

/ /

:
,

, .

6
,
.
( ).
, ,
.

7
1.5. -4- , , C, D
, C , C D
C D 1.
79

/ /

, C D

.

1.0 1.5 1.5. ,
1.0 1.5.
,
.
,
.
( 1.0)
( 1.5) ,
.
, ,
1.0 1.5 .
,
,
. ( 8)

80

/ /

F 1.5 2.0.
F
.
.
, ,
( 9)

9
( 10) .

10
81

/ /

.
( 11).

11
,
J.
J 18
.
0 0.5
.

-
.

, -
1.
0
() ,
, 12,
.

82

/ /

12
13,

.

13

J,
.

83

/ /

( 1).

1
.
,
( 2)
.

2
- , (Body plan)

.
84

/ /

, .
,
,
-1-.
, ,
- , 3.

3
, ( 4).

4
,
.

85

/ /

,
, ,
.
-5 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. .

4.1.
, .

,
.

,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
.
- , ,

,
( LCB) .
, ,
.. , ,
.
- ,
, , .
,

86

/ /

. , ,
( ) .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

3.1

87

/ /

, ,
, ,
.
,
, .

,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
(
).
,
.
, ,
.

4.2.
, :
-

( ).
,,
, ,
:
X ' = pi X

[ p, q, r ]

Y ' = q iY

Z ' = r iZ

( X ,Y , Z )

( ).

88

.
/ /
,
:

= p = q = r

:
L' = pi L

B' = qi B

d ' = r id

, , D r i D ,
.
:
V = dV V ' = dV '
V
V'
: V =

: dV = dX dY dZ ,

X2

Z2

dX dY dZ

X1

: dV ' = dX ' dY ' dZ ' ,

Y2

: V ' =

Y2

Z1

X '2

Y2'

Z '2

X 1'

'

Z '1

dX
Y

'

dY ' dZ '

, :
dX ' = p dX

X 1' = p X 1

dY ' = q i dY

Y1' = q Y1

dZ ' = r dZ

Z1' = r Z1

X 2' = p X 2
Y2' = q Y2
Z 2' = r Z 2

( ), :
X Y Z
2 2 2
'
V = pqr
dX dY dZ
X Y Z
1 2 1

V ' = p q r V

A' = p q A
W
W

A' = q r A
S
S

A' = q r A
X
X

89

/ /

.
:

V'
C' =
=
B
L' B' d '

p q r V
V
=
= C
B
L B d
( p L ) ( q B )i ( r i d )

B' q B
= i ,
d' r d

L' p L
= i ,
B' q B

L' p L
= i
d' r d

qr
C' =
iC
V
p2 V
( )
.

4.1
:

( )

tg i'
E

dY '
q dY
q dY
q
=
=

=
tg i
E
'

p
dX
p
dX
p
dX

( )

i' = arctg tg( i )

E
E
p

90

/ /
q

: i' = arctg tg ( iR ) .
R
p

.
.

,
,
.
,
,
.
, , :

x' =

X'
p' X
X
=
=
= x
L
L'
p' L

, :

A'
qr A
A
'
S =
S =
S = a
a =
S
S
'
q

A
A
A
X
X
X

.., :
-

p
q
r

.

, ( ) (
, , )
, , .
.

.
p , q , r

,
.
91

/ /

,
, .
p , q , r :
qr
V ' = p q r V ,
CV' = 2 = CV ,
d' = r T
p
, :
1

V' 3 C 3
p = i 'V ,
V
CV

'
3
'
d V 3 C
q= ' i i V ,
d V
C V

d'
V =
d

, ,
, .

4.3

.
(
) .

.

, .
.

LX.
:
L' = L + LX ,

B ' = B,

d' = d

V ' = V + VX = V + C X LX B d

92

/ /

, C X , :
' =
- : CB

V'

L + LX B d

V ' = V + V X = V + C X LX B d = CB L B d + C X LX B d
:
CB L B d

' =
CB

( L + LX ) B d

: l X =

( L + LX ) B d

LX
, :
L

L
' = C
CB
B L+L
X

C X LX B d

LX
+ CX
L + LX

C
1+ X lX
C
= CB B
1+ lX

CX
> 1 ,
CB
' > C
CB
B l X > 0 (= ).

, C B ,
( l X < 0).
- :

CB'
CP ' = '
CX

C
CP = B
CX

CB'
CP ' =
CP
CB

- :
'
=
CWP

AW'
, AW' = AW + AW ( X ) = CWP L B + LX B
+

L
L
B
(
X )

'
: CWP
=

CWP L B
LX B
+
( L + LX ) B ( L + LX ) B

93

/ /

'
: CWP
= CWP

'
CWP
> CWP

l X > 0

'
< CWP
CWP

l X < 0

LX
L
+
( L + LX ) ( L + LX )

1
1+
lX
CWP

= CWP
1 + lX

- :
CV' =

V'

( L + LX )

CV' =

, V ' = V + AX LX

( L + LX )

V LX

L C P ( L + LX )

AX =
V

( L + LX )

V
, :
L CP

L
i 1 + X ,
L CP

( L ) , :
3

CV' = CV

(1 + l X )

l
i 1 + X
CP

( l X < 0) ( l X > 0).
-

: :

: l X > 0
l X < 0
, ,

94

/ /

5.1

V ' X B' = (V X B ) + (VE LX ) + VX

L LE + LX , :
2

V X B =
VE LX =

1

VX L LE + LX = (
2

) .
, :
X B' =

VE
V
V
XB +
LX +
V + VX
V + VX
V + VX

L LE + LX
2

.
.
.
, .

95

/ /

4.4

( ),
CB LCB.
CB
LCB L,
C LCB.

( D.W Taylor).

C
LCB / L.
.
,
C.
, ,
C,

, .
LCB ,
LCB .
6.1, C
LCB.

, ,
.
,
.
,
, ,
- .
,
.
,
.

96

/ /

6.1

4.5

, .
,

.

.
()
.
(PARENT FORM)
.
97

/ /

CB
B , L ,
D
B
.

, ,
(, ) .

.
.

.
,
.

,
, - .
,
. , .

( ).
( = )
( ) .
-
-

- ( ) .

, :
-

(, ) .

98

/ /

( 7.1).
/ L, ,
( 7.2) -
.
- .
, -,
AX , B , d
2
.

99

/ /

7.2

.
:

. TAYLOR:A ,

Cp, / A/(L / 100)3 .

' 1900. TAYLOR (1933)
GERTLER(1954).
100

/ /

. 60 (SERIES 60) : S.N.A.M.E.

TODD (1963).
CB , .
(LCB),to LBp /
/. U.

. B.S.R.A. (BRITISH SHIP RESEARCH ASSOCIATION) :

. LCB /. V.

. S.S.P.A. ( SWEDISH SHIPBUILDING EXPERIMENTAL

TANK ) :
, , .

. (NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY N.P.L.):

Cb L/B /.
. : ,
. WEBB INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY
S.N.A.M.E. (1963, 1966).
. FORMDATA:
GULDHAMMER HARVALD ( 1974
). .
- L/V1/3
Cp. / = 2,5 ,
/.

FORMDATA

FORMDATA
60
.
FORMDATA
,

.
.
:
-
- CM
- - .

. II
( 0 ) ( 10 ).
101

/ /

.. U2F,
B43F, T1A, CB2A ...

'
. U ,
V .
U, V (.2) (.3) .
( BULBOUS BOW ). To
(.4). (TRANSOM STERN)
(.5). C (CRUISER STERN)
.
(.2).

Cm .
(. 6) :

F ( AFTER
D) ( FORE BODY) .
0,4,5,8,10 %
.
A, B,C, D C
. ( D).
102

/ /

- ( - )
, II III. -
C
() % (L ).

LBP , , , D
LCB (=B ).
FORMDATA
.
C CBF ,
). LCB L :

C = CB [0,997 + 3,5 (LCB/LBP)]

CBF= CB [1,003 - 3,5 (LCB/LBP)]

103

/ /

FORMDATA
CBA CBF [ (. 7) (. 12)].
.
,

.
( 5),
(4 6)
.
FORMDATA
( -).
.

104

/ /

105

/ /

2 :

106

/ /

3 :
107

/ /

1. CB , ,
LCB 1, 2 3
.
2. FORMDATA
.
, . , .
3. ( BASE LINE)
( 1.0) .
.
,
CL ( 0) ( 1.0).

, .
,
1/10 , .
4.

3.
5.

.
6.
.
.
7. .
.

8. /2
( ).
9.
.
10.
-4-, (BODY PLAN).
11. , (HALF
BRREATH PLAN) (SHEER P[LAN).


.
108

/ /

-
,
.

.
,
.
,

.

.
.
,
FORMDATA.
.

(SMOOTHING).

()
.
.
(BILGE
DIAGONAL)
.
,
, .

,
(
) ,
( ) .
, ,
,
.
109

/ /

.
:
,
, ,
Froude,
:
Fr =

V
gL

V = (m / sec)
g = (m / sec2)
L = (m)

: , : Fr < 0,20
, : 0,20 < Fr < 0,35
,.. : Fr > 0,35

: 300 16
( 8,23 m / sec, 1 = 1 / = 1852 m / h = 0,5144
m / sec) Fr = 0,152, 20
12 Fr = 0,441.
,
, ( ).

L/B

B/d

1000 C

D/d

0,78 -0,85

CX
0,99

CWL

0,85 0,95

5,5 7,0

2,2 3,0

7,0 8,5

1,2 1,4

&

&

0,72 0,78

0,98 0,99

0,75 0,85

5,5 7,0

2,2 3,0

6,0 7,0

1,4 1,6

0,65 0,72

0,96 0,98

0,70 0,80

6,0 7,5

2,4 3,5

5,0 6,5

1,4 1,7

0,57 0,65
0,68 0,75
0,55 0,65
0,55 0,62
0,50 0,62
0,40 0,55
0,50 0,60

0,94 0,97
0,98 0,99
0,93 0,97
0,92 0,97
0,70 0,90
0,65 0,85
0,84 0,95

0,70 0,75
0,75 0,82
0,65 0,80
0,70 0,80
0,65 0,80
0,65 0,80
0,65 0,78

6,0 7,5
5,0 7,0
6,0 8,0
5,5 7,5
4,5 6,0
3,0 5,0
7,0 9,5

2,4 3,5
2,2 3,0
2,5 3,5
3,0 4,0
2,0 3,0
2,0 3,0
3,0 4,5

4,5 6,0
6,0 7,5
2,5 5,0
3,5 5,5
7,0 10,0
9,0 14,0
1,5 2,5

1,5 1,9
1,2 1,4
1,6 2,0
1,1 1,5
1,2 1,5
1,2 1,5
1,5 2,0

0,40 0,52
0,35 0,55

0,70 0,85
0,60 0,75

0,60 0,75
0,60 0,80

5,0 8,0
3,0 7,0

3,5 4,5
3,0 4,5

2,0 3,5
3,0 8,0

1,7 2,2
1,8 2,2

CB

110

/ /

5

:

(, .. ). ,
,
, ,
. ...
-
.
:

1. BEZOUT :
,
. .1

(1) ,
,
, 1 ,
2 , 3 , 4 n-3 , n-2 , n-1 .
n .
0,1,2,3,4n-3, n-2, n-1 n , 0,1,2,3,4n-3, Yn-2 ,
n-1,Yn .
1 , 1 2 n-1B 1, 12
n-1 B, ,
:
111


.
/ /
1=(0+1)/2 ,2=(1+2)/2 ,3=(2+3)/2 ,4=(3+4)/2
F2=(Yn-2 +Y n-1)/2 ,F1=(Y n-1 +Y n)/2

, , F3=(Yn-3+Yn-2)/2

:
()=1+2+3+4++F3+F2+F1=
= (0+1)/2 + (Y1+Y2)/2 + (2+Y3)/2+ (3+4)/2 +(4+)/2+
+(+n-3)/2+(Yn-3+Yn-2)/2+(Yn-2+Yn-1)/2+(Yn-1+Yn)/2
=>()=/2[0+1+1+2+2+3+3+4+4+..+n-3+Yn-3+Yn-2+Yn-2+Yn-1+Yn-1+Yn]
=>()= [1/2(0+21+23+24+2 n-3 +2Y n-2 +2Y n-1 +Yn)]
=>(A)= [0/2+21/2+22/2+23/2+24/2+2n-3/2+2Yn-2/2+2Yn-1/2+Yn/2]
=>(A)=[0/2+1+2+3+4+n-3+Yn-2+ Yn-1+Yn/2]
=>()= [1/2(0+n) +Y1+Y2+Y3+Y4+Yn-3+Yn-2+n-1]
, ,
.

1.
15m,
2,5m 5,81m , 5,55 m , 5,25m , 4,75m , 4,06m , 3m ,
0,62m . ;

112

/ /

CENTER LINE :
=2 [6/2 +5+4+3+2+1+0/2] =>
=2*2,5[5,81/2+5,55+5,25+4,75+4,06+3+0,62/2] =>
=5*25,825=>
=129,125m 2

.

. ,
.

, ()
() .
1.
, ,
2/3 ..2

113

/ /

2.
F1= F2 =.
F1 :
f1=2 [(Y1+Y3)/2] 2/3
f2
h=,

h= Y2-[(Y1+Y3)/2] (1).

1
2 :
(1) h=-Y1
(2) h=-Y2
(3) h=-Y3
(1),(2),(3) h=-Y1=-Y2=-Y3
(1),(2) -Y1=-Y2=h Y2-Y1=-=h (4)
(2),(3) -Y2=-Y3=h =>Y2-Y3 =-=h (5)
(4),(5) Y2- Y1 =h (i) , Y2-Y3=h (ii)
(i)+(ii)=>Y2+Y2-Y1-Y3=2h =>2Y2-Y1-Y3=2h => h=(2Y2/2)-[(Y1-Y3)/2]=>h=Y2-[(Y1 Y3)/2]

To f2 :
f2=2/3*2 h=4/3 [Y2-(Y1+Y3)/2]
F1=f1+f2
F 1 = f1+f2 = 2 [(Y1+Y3)/2] + 4/3 [2-(1+3)/2] =
= 2 [(Y1+Y3)/2] + [4/3(Y2)]-[4/3 (Y1+Y3)/2]=
= [(Y1+Y3)/2] [2-4/3] +4/3 (Y2) =
= [(Y1+Y3)/2] [(6 - 4)/3] + 4/3(Y2)=
= [(Y1+Y3)/2] (2/3) + 4/3(Y2) = [(Y1+Y3)/2] (2/3) + (2/3) (Y2) + (2/3) (Y2)=
= /3[[2(Y1+Y3)/2] + 2Y2 +2Y2]= /3[Y1+Y3+4Y2]= /3[Y1+4Y2+Y3]
114

/ /

F2==/3 [Y3+4Y4+Y5]
F : F=F1+F2= [/3 (Y1+4Y2+Y3)]+[/3(Y3+4Y4+Y5)]=
=/3[Y1+4Y2+Y3+Y3+4Y4+Y5]=/3[Y1+4Y2+2Y3+4Y4+Y5]
1
.
1 (
) ( )

.
,
,
. .

y=x2
X2

X2

y(x) dx =

X0

x 2 dx = [x3/3] xx 02 = [(x 2)3/3] [03/3] = (x2)3/3 (1)

X0

) x1/3 (Y0+4Y1+Y2) = 1/3 x1 [4(x1)2 + (x2)2]

x1 = x2/2
1/3 x2/2 [ 4(x2/2)2 +x22]=x2/6 [4 (x22/4) + x22] = x2 /6 (x22 +x22 ) = x2/6 2x22 =x23/3 (2)
(1) (2) :
115

/ /

X2

y(x) dx = 1/3 x 1(Y0 + 4Y1 Y2 )

X0

2. 1 ,
1 .

/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0,62
3
4,06
4,75
5,25
5,55
5,81

. .
1
4
2
4
2
4
1

(1)

0,62
12,00
8,12
19,00
10,50
22,20
5,81
78,25

= 2,5m :=1/3 x 2,5 x 78,25 = 65,21 m2

= 2 x 65,21=130,42 m2

3
4 ,
, .
:
(=0m , = 6,1824m, =9,0804m , A=11,109m).
( 1= 12,529m , 2= 14,555m , 3= 14,49m , 4= 14,149m 5=14,49m , 6=14,49m ,
7=14,49m , 8= 14,388m , 9= 11,553 m ).
(=8,887m , =5,119m , =0m).
=3,64m
. (h) = 10 m .
=3,57m.

116

/ /

FR. FR .1 , FR.1
FR.9 FR.9 FR.
:
E1=1/3 h 1 [() +4() + 2() + 4 () + (1)]
2 = 1/3 h[(1)+ 4 (2) + 2(3) ++ 4(8) + (9) ] (1)
3=3/8 h2 [ (9)+ 3()+3() +()]

h1 = 3, 29 x 1,105 = 3,64m
h = 9, 05 x 1,105 = 10m
h2 = 3, 23 x 1,105 = 3,57m
h1/h = 3,64 / 10 h1 = 0,364h
h2/h = 3,57 /10 h2 = 0,357h

9,05 .
1,105 :
/= [ . ] / [ . ]
= 10/9,05 = 1,105.

(1) :
1= 1/3 x 0,364 h x [() + 4 () + 2 () + 4() + 1 ]
2= 1/3x h x [(1) + 4(2) + 2(3) + +4(8) + (9)]

(2)

3 =3/8 x 0,357 h x [(9) + 3() + 3() + ()]

117

/ /

: 3/8 x 0,357 h = 9/8 x 0,357 x h/3= 0,402 h/3

(2) :
1 =1/3 x h x [0,364 ( ) +1,456 () + 0,728() + 1,456() +0,364(1)]

2 = 1/3 x h x [ (1) + 4(2) +2(3) ++4(8) +(9)]

3 = 1/3 x h x [0,402(9) +1,206() + 1,206() + 0,402()]
.

) (, , )
( , ),
4 , FR FR1 , FR 1
FR 9 FR 9 FR.
) .

118

/ /

119

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

/ /

0
6,4
9,4
11,5
12,97
14964
15
15
15
15
15
14,894
11960
91997
52991
0

0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966
0,966

0
6,1824
9,0804
11,109
12,529
14,455
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,388
11,553
8,887
5,119
0

0,364
1,456
0,728
1,456
1,364
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1,402
1,206
1,206
0,402

0
9,002
6,611
16,175
17,09
57,821
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,55
16,1977
10,718
6,1745
0
400,198

1=

h=10m
1
1
x h x 1 = x 10 x 400,198 =>
3
3
2
E =1333,9927m
E=

120

/ /

3/8

3 ( 3).
, , ,
3 :
3/8 (0+ 31 + 32+ 3)

.

: 4

3
/

1
2
3
4

(m)

4
3,5
3
2,5

1
3
3
1

4
10,5
9
2,5
26

1=

=3 (1+32+33+4) => 3 . 1,5 . 26 => =14,625 m2

8
8
121

/ /

3 .. 9
:
1 3 3 1
1 3 3 1
1 3

3 1

= 3 . . (1+32+33+24+35+36+27+38+39+10)
8

, (.4)

, .
(5 0 +81-2)
12

122

/ /

: 5
. 4 4,5 m 0=2,00m 1=2,5m 2=2,4m.
,

1 (A)
/

1
2
3

2
2,5
2,4

5
8
-1
1=

= .

10
20
-2,4
27,6

1
4.5
(50 +81-2) => =
. 27,6=10,35 m2
12
12
2 =()
/

1
2
3

2,4
2,5
2

5
8
-1
1=

12
20
-2
30

2= 1= 4,5 .30 =11,25 m2

12
12
()= 1+2=10,35+11,25=21,6 m2

1
/

1
2
3

2
2,5
2,4

1
4
1
1=

1
1
= *h*1= *4,5*14,4=21,6m 2
3
3

123

2
10
2,4
14,4

/ /

(center of Flotation)
()
(F).
, , ,
, .

5
.5 f
y1 x
.x
. Lcf
:
=

x = (m)

= F. (m3)
Y1-Y7
n .

124

/ /

(
), ,
n .

() .

.
1.

, ,
, ..., ,

.

6
.. 6 (
. . )
/2 /2 .
:

, . . /2 = 2 .
125

/ /

. . /2 =1/2 2 .
( )
, ( )
.
6 :
X = 2 =
.

= 2 =
.
, ,
.
.
,
5,
(1 7 ...) ,
,
.

126

/ /

: 6
WL 4

, .
, :
( = 0 M , = 6,1824 , = 9,0804 , = 11,109 )
. (1= 12,529 , 2=14,455 , 3=14,49 , 4=14,49 , 5= 14,49 , 6=14,49 ,
7=14,49 , 8=14,388 , 9=11,553 )
( =8,887 , =5,119 , =0 )
=3,64
. (h) =10
= 3,57

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
6,1824
9,0804
11,109
12,529
14,555
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,388
11,553
8,887
5,119
0

0,364
1,456
0,728
1,456
1,364
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1,402
1,206
1206
0,402

0
9,002
6,611
16,175
17,09
57,821
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,55
16,1977
10,718
6,1745
0
400,198

1=

-5,456
-5,092
-4,728
-4,364
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
4,357
4,714
5,071
2=

127

0
45,836
31,255
70,586
68,359
173,462
57,96
57,96
-505419
57,96
57,96
172,6512
64,771
46,698
29,107
0
429,1468
-76,2718

/ /

:
= 1 . h 1 = 1 . 10 . 400,198 = 1333,9927 2
3
3
= h . 1 . h . 2 => = h2 . 2 => = 102 . (-76,2718) => = - 2542,3933 m3
3
3
3
Lcf = M= -2542, 3933
E

m3

-1,90 m

1333, 9927 m2

:

:

Lcf )

= = h2 . 2 : h . 1 = h . 2 ,
3
3
1
2 (
, )
.
Lcf
5.

-1,90 m 1,9 m

Lcf : Lcf = h . 2
1

128

/ /

, ,

.
5 ,
- ,
. X2 (m4 cm4 ).
, ,
,
, , ,
, .

.
,
.
( J )
( J1 ) .

.


,
.
,
,
,
,
:
JL = J0 + A2

J0 = JL A2

: JL =
.
J0 = .
= .
= .
129

/ /

7 .
( WL4 )
WL4 6

:
1. ()
2. ( Lcf )
3. ()
4. ( JL ) .
5. (J0) .
6. (J)
7. (Cw )
8. T.P.C.
9. ( BML )
10. ( BMT )

130

/ /

(WL4)
1

A/A

WL 4

8
9

JL

JT

WL 4 (2x3)

(4x5)

(5x6)

(3x8)

0,364

-5,456

6,1824

1,456

9,002

-5,092

45,836

233,397

236,304

344,059

9,0804

0,728

6,611

-4,728

31,255

147,772

748,712

545,062

11,109

1,456

16,175

-4,364

70,586

308,039

1370,96

1996,1178

12,529

1,364

17,09

-4

68,359

273,433

1966,75

2682,647

14,555

57,821

-3

173,462

520,387

3020,455

12081,82

14,49

28,98

-2

57,96

115,92

3042,322

6084,644

14,49

57,96

-1

57,96

57,96

3042,322

12169,288

14,49

28,98

-505,419

3042,322

6084,644

14,49

57,96

57,96

57,96

3042,322

12169,288

14,49

28,98

57,96

115,92

3042,322

6084,644

14,388

57,55

172,6512

317,954

2978,277

11913,108

11,553

1,402

16,1977

64,771

259,164

1542,12

2162,052

8,887

1,206

10,718

4,357

46,698

203,464

701,932

846,529

5,119

1,206

6,174

4,714

29,107

137,208

134,202

161,8476

0,402

5,071

429,1468

3=2948,58

1=400,198

2=-76,2718

1. A = 1/3h x 1 = 1/3 x 10 x 400,198 = 1333, 9927 m2

2 .= h 2= 10(-76,2718) = -1,905 m
1
400,198

= = - 2542,39
1333,9927

3. JL=h3/3 x 3 = 103/3 x 2948,577 = 982,859 m4

4. J0= JL-A2 = 982,859-(1333, 9927x (-1, 9) 2 ) =978043, 29 m2
5. JT =h/9 x 4 = 10/9 x 75325, 75 = 83695, 2778 m4
6. Cw =

A
LxB

1333, 9927 = 0, 87
105, 27 x 14, 49

7. T.P.C = A x 1, 025 = 1333,9927 x 1, 025 = 13,67 t/cm

100
100
8. BML= J0 = 978043,29 (m4) =93,52m
V
10457,686 (m3)
131

= -1,905m

4=75325,75

/ /

9. BMT =JT = 83695, 2778m4 =8,003m

V 10457,686m3
10.M= h2/3 2 = 102/3(-76,2718) = - 2542,39m3

BML , BMT
.

132

V WL4

/ /

.
:
) .
)
, .
) ,

) .
1 ,
.

.
.


, .

,

( ) .

.

( ).
,
,
, , .

(center line) (
).

133

/ /

8.
WL3(7, 05 m)
.

WL3

C1
B1
A1
0
1/2
1
1 1/2
2

0
1
2
3
20
43
65
80

2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
5 1/2
6

87
93
95
96
96
96
96
96

6 1/2
7
7 1/2
8
8 1/2
9
D1
E1
F1

96
95
93
87
76
55
37
19
0

C1 0 =1,2m
0, , 18, 8 , 9=5m
9 F1 =3,3m
WL 3 7, 05m .
FR. C1 FR.0, FR.0 FR.9 FR.9 F
.
:
V1=3 x h1 x [(C1) +3 (B1) +3 (A1) + (0)]
8
V2 = 1 x h [(0) + 4() + 2(1) ++4(8 ) + (9)] [1]
3
V3 = 3 x h2 x [(9) + 3(D1) + 3(E1) + (F)]
8
h1 M = 1,2 m
h=5m

h1= 1,2 =0,24 h1=0,24h

h 5
134


.
h2 R = 3,33m

/ /

h2 = 3,3 = 0,66 h2 =0,66h

h 5

[1] :
V1=3 x 0,24h x [(C1) +3 (B1) +3 (A1) + (0)]
8
V2=1 x h x [(0) +4() +2(1) ++4(8 ) + (9)
3

[2]

V3=3 x 0,66h x [(9) +3(D1) +3(E1) + (F)]

8

3 x 0,24 x h = 9 x 0,24 x h = 0,27 x h

8
8
3
3
3 x 0, 66 x h = 9 x 0, 66 x h = 0,742 x h
8
8
3
3
[2] :
V1=1 x h x [0, 27 (C1) + 0, 81(B1) + 0, 81(A1) + 0, 27(0)]
3
V2=1 x h x [(0) +4() + 2(1) ++4 (8 ) + (9)]
3
V3=1 x h x [0,742(9) + 2,226(D1) +2,226(E1) +0,742(F)]
3

= 5m.

135

/ /

3=1+2

5=3x4

A/A

C1

0,27

-0,72

B1

0,81

0,81

-0,48

-0,3888

A1

0,81

1,62

-0,24

-0,3888

1,27

3,81

20

80

80

43

86

172

65

260

780

80

160

640

87

348

1740

93

186

1116

95

380

2660

96

192

1536

96

384

3456

96

192

10

1920

96

384

11

4224

96

192

12

2304

96

384

13

4992

95

190

14

2660

93

372

15

2580

87

174

16

2784

76

304

17

5168

55

1,742

95,81

18

1724,58

D1

37

2,226

82,362

18,66

1536,87

E1

19

2,226

42,294

18,132

766,87

F1

0,742

18,192

0.00

4.494,71

2=

42.839,54

1=

WL3(7,05m)
V=1/3 x 5 x 4.494, 706=7.491, 176m3
0 WL3
= h x 2 = 5x 42.839,5424 =47,66
1
4.494,706
50 47,66=2,34m ( FR.5)

136

/ /

: 9
,
.

WL 4 = 9,4

: WL 0 = 102,6187 M2
WL 1 = 1084,5317 M2
WL 2 = 1168,724 M2
WL 3 = 1264,1683 M2
WL 4 = 1333,9927 M2
h = 2,35

WL 4 .

/
WL
0
1
2
3
4

102,6187
1084,5317
1168,724
1264,1683
1333,9927

1
4
2
4
1
1=

102,6187
4338,1268
2337,448
5056,6732
1333,9927
13168,859

.
0
1
2
3
4
2=

0
4338,1268
4647,896
15170,02
5335,9708
29519,014

V= 1/3 x h x 1 => V= 1/3 x 2,35 x 13168,859 => V= 10315,607 M3

n= h . 2 => n = 2,35 . 29519,014 => n = 5,27 M

1

13168,859

137

/ /

( HYDROSTATIC CURVES)

( Hydrostatic curves ) .
.

. . .
1 . (V) ,
2 . Lcb

. ( WL )
, :
1. ( Lcf
of Floatation ).

=Longitudinal

centre

B2. ().
3. (JL) )( .
4. (J) Lcf .
5. (JT) .
B6. (Cw) .
7. ..C. .
8. (L ) .
9. (t) .
10. .
11. (n) .
12. .
V. = V x 1,005 3
13. .
) D = V x 1 t .
) D = V x 1,025 t .

138

/ /

. :
1 . : Cw

A .

Lxb
2 . : Cb

V .

Lxbxi
3 . : C

A .
Bxi

4 . : Cp

V .

AM x L
5. : Cpv

V .

ixA

. . :
T.P.C. = A (M2) x 1,025 (MT/ CM)
100
. P.I. = A (ft2) (LT/ in)
420

T.P.C : TONS PER CM = .

. P.I : TONS PER inch = .
.

. (WL). :
1 . : BML = Jo (M)
V
2 . : BMT = JT (M)
V

139

/ /

.
WL . :

P. = Jo
L

. (2)
(WL).
1. Olsen :

= L x B x ( 1,22 x d + 0,46) x (Cb + 0,765) M2

B
2. Normand :

= L x [1,52 x d +(0,374 + 0,85(Cb)2) x B] M2

:
1. (V)
.
2.
(WL) Olsen Normand .



( Hydrostatic curves ) .

1.
.
i)
.
140

/ /

.. FR.M = 10,1 = 0,8080

HFR.B 12, 5
:
HFR.M = 0, 8080 HFR.B

HFR.M=0, 8080
HFR.B

ii)
HFR.B =

12,5 =1,2376

HFR.M

10,1

HFR.M 1,2376 = HFR.B

HFR.M = HFR.B

1, 2376

. .
i) .
. = 14,42 =0,87926

16,4

:
= 0,87926 =0,87926

. 8m

=0,87,926x 8=7,034m

141

/ /

ii) , = 16, 4 = 1, 1373

.

14,42

:
.

= 1,14

.
=

1,14
(8m) . ii :
=

8
= 7,034
1.1373

)
i)
.
.

= 14,95 = 1,64285

9,1

:
= 1,64285 =1,64285 x


ii) = 9, 1 = 0, 60869

14,95

:
= 0,60869 =

0,60869

142

/ /

i) . :
D

(D)
(D)

ii)

( BL =D)

.
:
HWL
HWL

143

/ /

2. .
() WL4
( 18,19)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.
WL 4
0
6,1824
9,0804
11,109
12,529
14,555
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,388
11,553
8,887
5,119
0

0,364
1,456
0,728
1,456
1,364
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1,402
1,206
1,206
0,402
1=

WL
4
(2x3)
0
9,002
6,611
16,175
17,09
57,821
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,55
16,1977
10,718
6,1745
0
400,198

144

5
.

0
0,364
0,728
1,092
1,456
2,456
3,456
4,456
5,456
6,456
7,456
8,456
9,456
9,813
10,17
10,527
2=

(4x5)
0
3,278
4,813
17,663
24,883
142,008
100,155
258,2698
158,115
374,189
216,075
486,643
153,165
105,176
62,795
0
2107,2278

/ /

1) 5
h=10 m.
2)
.

= h 2 = 10 x 2107,2278 = 52,655 m
1
400,198
L WL 5 . =54,56m =54,56-52,655=1,905m )0(.

1. 5 WL4

,,..6,7,8,9,,,.
h.
2. ( ) 5
,
h 10.
5 10
=2/1 =h 2/1
1,905 (0).
3. 3 6 WL4 :
) . 5.
) (WL4).
) . 1 , =1,905
)0( . 6
.

145

/ /

() WL4
. 1 ( 18.19).
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

WL 4
0
6,1824
9,0804
11,109
12,529
14,555
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,49
14,388
11,553
8,887
5,119
0

0,364
1,456
0,728
1,456
1,364
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1,402
1,206
1,206
0,402
1=

WL 4
(2x3)
0
9,002
6,611
16,175
17,09
57,821
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,96
28,98
57,55
16,1977
10,718
6,1745
0
400,198

5
.

1
-1,456
-1,092
-0,728
-0,364
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8,357
8,714
9,071

2=

(4x5)
0
-9,8302
-4,813
-5,888
0
57,821
57,96
173,88
115,92
289,8
173,88
402,85
129,5816
89,57
53,805
0
1545,067
-20,5312
1524,5358

= h 2 =10 x 1524,5358 = 38,0945382m

1
400,198
.1 =40 m. =40-38,0945 = 1,905 .

,
.

146

/ /

, :
1 :
2 :
3 : ()
4 : (L.C.B.)
5 :
6 : (L.C.F.)
7 : (T.P.I.)(t/in.) (T.P.C.)(t/cm)
8 : ()
9 : (M.C.I.) ( t ft

in

) (M.C.T) ( t m

cm

(L.C.B.) (L.C.F.)
.

147