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Spe 10022 MS
Spe 10022 MS
SPE 10022
"Member SPE-AIME
tNow associated with Keplinger & Associates, Inc., Tulsa.
';;opyright 1982, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was presented at the International Petroleum Exhibition and Technical Symposi~m.of the Soci~ty of p~troleum Engineers held in
Bejing, China, 1826 March, 1982. The material is subject to correction by the author. Permission to copy IS restricted to an abstract of not
more than 300 words. Write SPE, 6200 North Central Expressway, Dallas, Texas, 75206 USA. Telex 730989
INTRODUCTION
and
illustrations
at end of paper.
759
waterflood
was
proposed.
Significant
communication between porosity zones in the oil
leg and those in the gas cap could have a
drastic
effect on
waterflood
performance
through loss of oi I to the gas cap, as
illustrated schematically in Fig. 4. To answer
this question, Cities Service began to obtain
the data necessary to support an extensive
reservoir study. The overall objective was to
develop the most profitable and effective
reservoir management program for the West
Seminole
field.
The
following
specific
objectives and procedures were developed for
the work:
1)
Use
all
available
geologic
and
engineering
data
to
develop
a
detailed
and
accurate
reservoir
description for this field.
2)
3)
4)
Evaluate
various
alternative
operating plans and recommend the
most effective reservoir management
program for the field.
SPE 10022
RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
760
SPE 10022
K.
J.
Hewlett-Packard
quartz
crystal
sensitive
recording
pressure
gauges
and
surface
equipment.
The primary purposes of this program
were (1) to identify any matrix directional
permeability, fracture systems, or channeling
which may be controlling fluid movement in the
reservoir, (2) to help assess the degree of
stratification and the effective vertical communication between porosity zones within the
reservoir section, and (3) to evaluate pay
continuity, particularly between injectors and
producers, at the current pattern well spacing.
The
dence of
systems
fieldwide
indicated
SIMULATION MODEL
The next phase of the study was to model
the
reservoir
using
a
three-dimensional,
three-phase, black oil reservoir simulator. The
specific numerical simulator used was the Black
Oil Model developed by I NTERCOMP Resource
761
SPE 10022
HISTORY MATCHING
After the reservoir description data had
been digitized and incorporated into the model
grid system,
the simulator was used to
history-match field performance.
Two major
objectives were set out for this phase of the
work:
1)
Verify
and
further
refine
the
reservoir
description
by
history-matching the field pressure
and production performance.
2)
762
SPE 10022
The foot-by-foot core analyses of these 2to 8-ft (0.6- to 2.4-m) thick "barrier" zones
showed horizontal permeabilities which were all
less than 1 md, with one or more values
commonly
less
than
0.1
md.
Vertical
permeabilities were not measured; however, it
would
be
expected
that
they
would
be
'tonsiderably less than the measured horizontal
permeabilities.
The simulator was used to examine the
sensitivity of reservoir response to changes in
the effective vertical permeability of these
barriers.
Four different configurations were
used in the sensitivity work:
The peripheral
injection wells were
generally
completed
well
below the
water-oil contact, and as a result, the
injection
interval
was
separated
vertically from the reservoir by several
of the tight "barrier" zones.
2)
1)
"NO
BARRIERS"
vertical
permeability
equal
to
horizontal
permeability in all model layers.
2)
"MODERATE BARRIERS"
vertical
transmissibilities reduced to simulate
the effect of barrier units having 0.1
to
0.01
md vertical
permeability.
3)
"STRONG
BARRIERS"
vertical
transmissibilities reduced to simulate
th~3 effect_ 4 0f
barrier units having
10
to 10
md vertical permeability.
4)
763
SPE 10022
764
SPE 10022
Ultimate Recovery
Per Cent of
Million StockOriginal
Tank Barrels (10 6 m3 ) Oil-in-Place
(4.48)
Estimated
Primary Recovery
28.2
Continued Current
Waterflood Operations
45.1
(7.17)
25.9
Waterflood with
Infill Drilling
49.0
(7.79)
28.2
Incremental Recovery
From Infill Drilling
3.9
(0.62)
2.3
16.2
The first group of eight infill producing
wells was put on production during the last half
of 1979. The combined initial potential of these
eight
wells
was
tested
at
1,494
BOPD
(238 m3 /d). The simulation model prediction
had projected this group of wells to have a
combined initial production of 1,560 BOPD (248
m3 d), a difference of less than 5%.
Because of the success of the infill drilling
program through mid-1980, it was decided to
accelerate the schedule of the drilling program
in the second half of 1980.
This departure
from the operating program assumed in the
simulator
resulted in slightly higher field
producing rates and higher gas-oil ratios than
predicted by the model.
CONCLUSIONS
1)
2)
In
carbonate
reservoirs,
it
is
important that the effects of both
primary
depositional
factors
and
post-depositional diagenetic controls
on the
porosity and permeability
distribution
be
considered
in
development
of
the
reservoi r
description.
3)
4)
It was
possible to quantify the
general order of magnitude of vertical
permeability effects in this reservoir
using a three-dimensional simulation
model.
5)
a)
765
6)
3.
4.
Harpole,
K.
J.:
"Improved Reservoir
Characterization
A Key to
Future
Reservoir
Management
for
the
West
Seminole San Andres Unit", J. Pet. Tech.
(Nov. 1980) 2009-2019.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a)
drilling
wells
in
b)
c)
An increase
obtained by
minimize this
the resulting
This can be
through:
additional
production
the
pattern
area,
1.
Harris, D. G.:
"The Role of Geology in
Reservoir
Simulation
Studies",
J.
Pet.
Tech. (May 1975) 625-632.
2.
Harris,
D.
G.
and
Hewitt,
C.
H.:
"Synergism in Reservoir Management - The
SPE 10022
766
TABLE 1
WEST SEMINOLE FIELD
RESERVOIR AND FLUID DATA
2782
( 1126)
5112
( 1558)
140
(43)
111
(34)
172
(27.3)
137
(3.92)
AVERAGE POROSITY, %
9.9
AVERAGE PERMEABILITY, MD
18
101
(38.3)
2020
(13.93)
773
(139)
34
(0.85)
0.98
(0.98)
1.38
(1.38)
TABLE 2
COMPARISON OF PRESSURE TRANSIENT Kh WITH
Kh DERIVED FROM CORE DATA
FALLOFF
TEST Kh
WELL
(md-ft) (md-m)
CORE Kh
CORE Kh
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
(md-ft)
(md-ft)
305W
1094
(333)
910
306W
1008
(307)
307W
533
609W
610W
1306
( 162)
(398)
732
637
1008
944
(288)
446
611W
707W
599
889
( 183)
467
(271)
868
767
(md-m)
(277)
(223)
( 194)
(307)
( 136)
( 142)
(265)
242
312
355
265
193
197
335
(md-m)
( 74)
( 95)
(108)
( 81)
( 59)
( 60)
(102)
~-'---~I
--/7-----_
\
( 1
---1--1----- .~" ~I
-i-L_ 'j----r----i,
,
\
iL
\J
~ ~
L --.,!>'
......,
,-_
'
"--
r---~\?
~\."
,
f-- __\:---(
UNIT~~ STATES
AMERICA
I
0:
r~--'i--'---cl='-r----
' ___ 1- -. !*
~.r\,
TEXAS
WEST
---SEMINOLE
FIELD
\,
)"
-rl\
--
1/"-:_______ .
<
J---r"c, C
- ) I
C--
'
')
o
t"""iiiMi
500
.....,........,
MILES
800
~------'
;Y
KILOMETERS
STRUCTURAL MAP
TOP POROSITY
lEGEND
2000
~
FEET
~ING
EXISTIIlo
rri
WELLS
100C
I
METERS
B
SCALE
768
::.-::.
-:---------;~~~;~~-;~~---
,p-- --p-
-"~
//
WATER INJECTION
' / PATTERN
:
p
______
_ l eWATERFLOOD'
:_:_:.1
: "PATTERN, AREA":
I
---:--r~---i--:-r-~---r~--l
'GI'
------------1 b
I
~-----;,
'r- __/I
1I.~.:
,:--:--:-r
:
t
------1-----,: ______ ~---J1
,
I
--/-----9
P
---I' ,
l _____ ,
,,
I
,,I
\
\
\
F---I--'----i
-MAIN DOMEAREA
,,,
,,
,
,
,,
,,
--'i
,,,
. . . -f -:---------.. . . ~~.---,:
,
'p- - - --p-
1>--.......
'
: ':0 __
- - - - - - - --- --------,,
:,
,
-----------~
"EAST DOME"
AREA
L____ L-~!!_OJ!!..u~~
~ __________ J
lEGEN 0
rrl
'GI':GA5 INJECTION
o
i
2000
FEET
1000
METERS
PRODUCTION
WELL
t
GAS CAP
769
4970
POR. (%)
PERM.(MD)
o 25 50 0 25 50
CORE
LITHOLOGIC
LOG
GAMMA RAY
+---'---'-----'-----'
en
w
a::
<
c
Z
I-
::J
W
IJ..
al
J:
n.
a::
N
.......
l-
><
...J
F SKELETAL
WACKESTONE FACIES
Fig. 5 - Reservoir layering based on geologic study, log data, and core data.
WELL
WELL
WELL
306
LEGEND
PERMEABILITY ZONES
GEOLOGIC FACIES
c::::::::::JOVER 20 MD.
b'){/j NON-SKELETAL
f::;;/;j10-20 MO.
Q\l'ffi4 SKELETAL
!@TIlj1-10 MO.
_SKELETAL
ANHYDRITE FILLED
SCALE
(FUSULINID)
770
WELL
808
A
WELL 811 W
PERM (Md)
1640
WELL 1307 W
PERM (Md)
WELL
810 W
PERM (Md)
+-L.L---'---'-'-'--...L-'
1050
J.",..------- -
1645
I
101'::
-;
- ,.,------- -
-------- -
- - ' _1651J
--
f-~f------ -
1665
1670
~;,....------
1675
f-oi------- -
165'
..-
16'55
1660
'0
,"
1~
1610---t-----L-~LJ._..1_-'---.J
,,:;-J---,'i-----,.......-
I~
....,,~_ _ _ _ _ _ " , .
..-
Ib6'5
__ -
-164[-1--'--.::-_ _ _ _ _ _ -
-;'67C
1675
-'64:;-.-1--"""'-"""'\---- _ _ _
~~=:::......- - - - - -
- , ... ~~-~
11>80
168'5
. ' - - f - - - - --
__
__
1690
J---f~----
-,,-;::j lr--......;~----
---
- - - - __
1700
1705
1'=-------- - - - - ____
.~-!'--------
169('
-- -'6"5"++-_ _ _ __
-----
1700
170'5-+-~--'---
__ _
i
::
p..
p'
p'"
p.
r-----------J
,
l_~
p.
p.
"P.811~lelO
~;
flO
_____ _
0'"
p"..
: P""
'-----,
0""
p"
P''''
p.
::
!
p.
"'00."
P"
.
O'l'"
P"'
p.
p.
0'"
po.
'"'00'''
p'"
p.
p"
P'"
0'''''
307 p,.
p,.
P"
'-----1,
p,.,
[----------1
,
L__________ 1
0",
P'"
p'.
L____ L...f!!i.!3~!!!..~__________________ ~
LEGEND
rrl
771
I
,-,-- -+-I
I
I
!
I
Ip
:p
I
,-
--
II
P :
I
I
I
I
P
I
p
I
,p
--
j I
ft
t-;-
1
I
I
I
t--
-- -- -- -- -- - --
,rt-
IP
: 1p
-- -- --
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ JI
:
I
I
P P
iLJ
~--'--
LEGEND
I
I
I
rri
2000
~i~_1
1000
FEET
METERS
Fig. 9 - Simulation model grid systems used in the grid size sensitivity study.
772
()
en
z
250
(I')
'0
Ul
200 co
...J
...J
05
150
r--
()
()
"CALCULA TED
:::>
r-- J-----,
:::>
100
L __ ,
___ .....
a:
a..
a:
a..
en
50
en
<C
<C
(!)
(!)
0
'55
'50
'60
'65
'70
'75
a:
> 500
en
80
WATER PRODUCTION HISTORY MATCH
400
(I')
---
(I')
0.,....
I
60
(I')
0.,....
I
300
>
...J
CD
CD
a:
<C
w
CALCULATED
".---
40
()
()
:::>
:::>
200
a:
a..
a:
w
OBSERVED......
20
100
l-
a:
a..
a:
w
I-
e:(
e:(
0
'50
'55
'60
'65
'70
'75
14
2000
...
1600
_--
-------
12
OBSERVED
CALCULATED/---
en
a..
10 as
a..
~ 1200
:::>
en
en
w
a: 800
a..
PRESSURE HISTORY MATCH
400
2
0
0
'50
'55
'60
'65
',70
773
'75
~
I
w
a:
:::>
en
en
w
a:
a..
00
00
....
u.
~ 4000
a::
8000
1000
C)
2000
a::
:::! 3000
W
....
1J
co
~16000~---------------------------------------------------------------
5000
a::
12
9
600
...I
(5
a::
o
3:
'50
'55
'60
'65
'70
'80
'85
'90
'95
2000
'05
'10
a::
200 ~
'15
2100
1700
>a:: 00
wttOOw 1300
Wa::
a::::J
wOO 900
c)oo
w
a:: a::
w[L 500
>
14
12
t1
a::
C)OO
_.--+-_.
a:: a::
w[L
6 ~ a::
PREDICTION
4
2
100
'50
'55
'60
'65
'70
'75
'80
'85
'90
10 w::J
--------HISTORY
>...I
PRESSURE RESPONSE
a::
(5
ri
C)
>~
I
~
o
C)
3:
a::
'1
W
400
2000
a::
W
> 1000
'""'~
800
'95
2000
'05
'10
(5
>
a::
~
w
a::
'15
Fig. 11 - Predicted field performance under the base case of continued current operations.
......
III
I-
('J
......
5000
800 E
4000
600 a:
I
W
I-
CJ)
I
W
I-
a:
z 3000
0
i=
()
:::>
400 i=
()
:::>
2000
200 a:
a..
a: 1000
a..
...J
(5
...J
(5
0
'50
'55
'60
'65
'70
'75
'80
'85
'90
'95
2000
'05
, 10
, 15
Fig. 12 - Predicted field performance showing incremental oil recovery expected from infill
drilling.
774
6000
5000
0
.....
In
l-
U)
<
a:
3000
..... --
..J
,...,:
800
, I
"
600
W
l-
<
a:
.....................- ....\ It . .. .
..J
\/
.....
E
\1
"0
C')
' \ II
4000
I \
.....,
z
W
l-
.".'
.
:'.''.
I~
PREDICTED PERFORMANCE
e_e_e_e_e
2000
400
ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
200
1000
'79
'78
'81
'80
'82
7000
1200
In
I-
U)
' '.,.,
/I
6000
u.
1\/
()
5000
.,
.....
U)
PREDICTED PERFORMANCE
.-.-.-. ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
...,
I
\ ........, l,
<
a:
.' I
I
4000
U)
e_e
... I
1\
.,
II /
I \
.,
800
,....
\
.,
..J
900
0
l-
E
1100 .....
1000
\I
C')
0
IU)
0
I-
700
'oJ
'4
600
3000
500
<
(!)
<
a:
..J
0
U)
<
(!)
400
2000
'78
'81
'79
'82
775