Stirling.

!
. . . .

. 1 Rev Dr Robert Stirling

(1790-1878)

. 2
Stirling 1816 (Finkelstein 1959)
.

R. Stirling Cloag 25 1790. o

o (1805-1808), , , ,
. 19 1816
(UK Patent 4081)
Stirling (regenerator)
(economizer). R. Stirling
. ()
,
.
. Sir George Caley (1807) R.
Stirling. 1699 .
1816.

Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)!
R. Stirling

.
(
Sir Henry Bessemer ),
.
,
. Stirling .
1

 ,
.
,
.
1818
.
.
Edelham [1]. 1820 James (1800-1876)
R.
Stirling. James
( ) .
, , Dundee Foundry Company
James. ( )
, (double acting piston)
(heater) (displacer). Stirling

. 1876 R. Stirling [Walker, 2]
James, ,
Bessemer.
Bessemer ,
( Stirling)
.
1827 1840 .
R. Stirling
Kilmarnock.
1824.
R. Stirling John
Leslie . 1975

. .
1847 William Thomson
Kelvin. Thomson
. Thomson
.
.
.
R. Stirling,
.

Stirling (.1)
: i) I , ii) , iii)
iv) . eth
Carnot
1
2 ( T1 > T2 ).
T
eth = 1 2 < 1
T1
er eth.

 - (.1)
() (cryocooler - ).

.1: Stirling P - V

Stirling
Stirling. ()
[NASA, 3]:
1. . ()
(P)
(.2).
2. . () (displacer, DP)
(.3).
3. . () (displacer, DP)
(.4).

.2

.3

.4
3


Stirling 5 [Matt Keveney, 4]
. .
(Expansion Space - ES) (Compression Space - CS).
(Heater)
() (Cooler).
(Piston Power - PP) P
(.. , , , )
. (. 6) P
(Displacer Piston - DP). (,
), ,
(.. ).
.

(Regenerator). ;

(
). (regenerator matrix)
. :
(ES) (CS),
(R)
.
(CS) (ES)
P ( DP ),
.
,
.
:
i) (CS), ii) (C), iii) (R), iv) (H), v)
(ES).

.5: Stirling V ( )

.6: Stirling ( B)
;
,
. . ,
, ,
..
.
( J/)
( /s)
( W). :
1. I

.
(
).
.
90.

2.
( ).
( 2/3 )
. .
, (regenerator).
90 180.

3.
, ,
. ,
(
).
. 180
270.

4.
.
90
. ,
, .
. 270o
360.

Stirling
Stirling , , ,
. (GENERAL MOTORS, FORD, PHILIPS,
, UNITED STIRLING, FIAT) .
, , ( )
. Stirling


.
Stirling
. 7 Stirling Phillips
[Hargreaves, 5] . 8
SOLO 2-9 kW 8-24 kW .

. 7 Phillips

. 8 SOLO

. 9 Kockums.
Stirling. Kockums
2020
7 MW.

. 9 Kockums
Stirling
1980 Kockums Stirling (. 10)
Nacken .
,
.
Stirling
Gotland. Stirling ;
(. 11, 12) Kockums ()
Stirling. diesel
.
( ), , ,
.
(LOX) .
(LOX). Kockums Stirling AIP

. ,
, diesel,
. ,
Stirling AIP ,
. ,
, .
(LOX), .
. Stirling AIP
, Gotland
Collins .

. 10 Stirling
8

. 11 Stirling
AIP Kockums

. 12 Stirling AIP Kockums

Stirling
NASA (Glenn Research Center-Rockwell International) 1993
Lunar Electric Power Systems Utilizing the SP-100 Reactor
Coupled to Dynamic Conversion Systems.
Stirling
.


. 550 kW 70Hz,
29.7%, 1355 K,
1265 K 602 K. ,
150 bar. 9.6 .
6 x 9 m,
NaK .
.
.13 Stirling (Free piston)
25 kW (12.5 kW/), 100 Hz, 25%.

 , 150 bar,
650 K 325 K.

. 13 Stirling

Stirling .
1834, John Herschel. 1876 Alexander Kirk
. , 1940
Stirling.
Philips Eindhoven. 1953
. ,
Stirling ,
. ,
Stirling (
), (
) ..
, R22 [CHClF2] .
( )
,
. , Samuel
Collins M.I.T., ,
, ,
.
.
Stirling .
12 .
: i) 20 kW 70 K 250 L
N2 . 42%
Carnot. H 6.500 kg
1.6x3x2 m, 240 HP. ii) Minicooler Philips. 1W,
22cm, 2 kg, 15 min,
40 dB 8 m, 2.500 .
(lasers, ).
. 14 , SPC-1, Stirling
Cryogenics & Refrigeration BV. 600kg, 45 C,
95%, 1kW 70K 3kW 200K,
750 L 6.000 .
10

. 14 SPC-1
. 15 , CryoTel, Sunpower.
6W 60, 60Hz, 155W,
50.000 , 40 C 60oC,
10.000$.

. 15 cryocooler CryoTel

Stirling
Free piston
Stirling
1960 William T Beale (. 16).
.
.
, , Stirling.

, ,
, , . [Walker and
Senft, 7].

11

. 16

Stirling
.
. .
.

(.. ). . 17 , 300 W
130C 15C.
20 L/min ,
20 L/min .

. 17

1816 R. Stirling
( ),
.
(regenerator) [Urieli, Berchowitz, 6].

12

 Stirling : ,
, ( ),
( , , , ),
( ),
, , ( Carnot).
Stirling :
1. .
Diesel .
(.. Heater). (Seals)
,

3. .

[1] Edelham, H. C. M. (1969). In search of Stirling. The Announcer, (N. V. Philips, Eindhoven), 23 (1),
pp. 6-12.
[2] Walker G., Stirling Engines, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980, ISBN No. 0-19-856209-8.
[3] NASA John H. Glenn Research Center.
NASA (http://www.grc.nasa.gov).
[4] Keveney Matt.
Matt Keveney (http://www.keveney.com/Engines.html).
[5] Hargreaves C. M., The Philips Stirling Engine, Elsevier, New York, 1991.
[6] Urieli, I., Berchowitz, D., Stirling Cycle Engine Analysis, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1984, ISBN:
0-85274-435-8.
[7] Walker, G., Senft, J.R, Free Piston Stirling Engines, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelderg New York
Tokyo, 1985.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

G. Walker, Stirling Engines, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980, ISBN No. 0-19-856209-8.
Urieli, I., D. Berchowitz, Stirling Cycle Engine Analysis, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1984, ISBN:
0-85274-435-8
G. T. Reader and C. Hooper, Stirling Engines, E. & F.N. Spon, London & New York, 1983.
ISBN No. 0-419-12400-4.
C.M. Hargreaves, The Philips Stirling Engine, Elsevier, New York, 1991.
D. Gingery, Build a Two Cylinder Stirling Cycle Engine, David J. Gingery, Springfield MO,
1990, ISBN No. 1-878087-09-6.
Ivo Kolin, Stirling Motor: history-theory-practice, Zagreb University Publications Ltd., 1991.
J. G. Rizzo, The Stirling Engine Manual, Camden Miniature Steam Services, 1995, ISBN No. 09519367-3-5.
J. Senft, An Introduction To Stirling Engines, Moriya Press, River Falls, WI, 1993.
J.Senft, An Introduction to Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engines, Moriya Press, P.O.
Box 384, River Falls, WI 54022, 1996.
G. Walker, J.R. Senft, Free Piston Stirling Engines, Springer Verlag, New York, 1985, ISBN: 3540-15495-7.
C. West, Principles and Applications of Stirling Engines, Van Nostrand, New York, 1986, ISBN
No. 0-0442-29273-2.

13


1. American Stirling Co. - Stirling engines, Waste heat consulting, Sterling engines.
(www.stirlingengine.com)
2. Acoustic Stirling Heat Engine Home Los Alamos National Laboratory
(www.lanl.gov/mst/engine)
3. NASA John H. Glenn Research Center
(www.grc.nasa.gov)
4. Stirling Engine - SOLO und Stirling
(www.stirling-engine.de)
5. Stirling Engine Society USA
(www.sesusa.org)
6. Howstuffworks "How Stirling Engines Work"
(www.howstuffworks.lycos.com/stirling-engine3.htm)
7. Stirlingmotor, E. Schmidt Stirling Engines, Oberursel
(www.stirlingmotor.com/)
8. Stirling Engine Steam Engine Auto Steam Engine Locomotive Fire Engine Design ...
(www-sci.lib.uci.edu/HSG/RefCalculators1.html)
9. Stirling Engines
(www.ucolick.org/~de/StirlingEngines.html)
10. Swedish Submarine Description of Boat
(www.kockums.se/Submarines/aipstirling.html)
11. Links
(www.sesusa.hypermart.net/links.htm)
12. (,
Stirling, ) animation.
(www.keveney.com/Engines.html)
13. :Stirling Engine
.

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