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Mechanics
Mechanics
KINEMATICS :
Uniform velocity
i) s = vt
ii) a = 0
1.
Projectile :
gx 2
.
2u 2 cos 2
b) The equation of trajectory of projectile is a parabola with
y
2
2
2u cos
i) Latus rectum =
g
O
u 2 sin cos u 2 sin 2
ii) The coordinates of the focus =
,
g
2g
2
u
iii) The equation of directrix, y =
.
2g
u 2 sin 2
2u sin
, Range R =
g
g
c) Time of flight =
u2
[sin(2 ) sin ] .
g cos 2
2u sin( )
g cos
h) Maximum Range =
u2
.
g(1 + sin )
u
2.
v
vt
Radial
e r
r
i
Position vector r = re r
Where e r = unit vector along radial direction, e = unit vector along transverse direction.
dr
de
d
v = (re r ) = e r + r r
dt
dt
dt
dr
v = e r + re = r e r + re
dt
dv
Acceleration a =
dt
d
a = (r e r + r e ) + r e + re
r2e r
dt
1d 2
a = (r r2 )e r +
(r ) e
r dt
where r =
dr
d2r
, r = 2 .
dt
dt
DYNAMICS :
m(v u)
change in momentum
1. Force =
.
, i.e., F =
t
time
2.
A jet of water of density d from a tube of area of cross section a comes out with a velocity v. Average
force exerted by tube on water is dAv2.
3.
The impulse of a force is defined as the product of the average force and the time interval for which it
acts.
Impulse J = FAV t = mv mu
t2
Impulse momentum theorem = F dt = mv mu
t1
4.
A rope of length L is pulled by a constant force F. The tension in the rope at a distance x from the
x
end where it is applied is F(1 ).
L
5.
The amount of work done is given by the dot product of force and displacement.
F.s = Fs cos
If the force is varying nonuniformly, then the work done = F.ds = F.ds.cos .
6.
7.
8.
1
The work done on a spring in stretching or compressing it through a distance x is given W = kx2
2
where k is the force constant or spring constant.
Work Energy Theorem : Work done on a body can produce a change in its kinetic energy. According
to work energy theorem, change in kinetic energy of a system is equal to work done by all the forces
(internal forces, external forces, conservative forces and non-conservative forces) on the system.
W = K = K f K i
9.
Conservative Force : The force which does work in complete independence of the path followed by the
body is called a conservative force. The gravitational force, spring force and electrostatic force are the
examples of the conservative forces.
10. Non-conservative Force : The work done by a non-conservative force not only depends upon the initial
and final positions but also on the path followed. The common examples of such forces are frictional
force and drag force of fluids.
11. Potential Energy : The potential energy is defined only for conservative forces.
B
U B U A = Fc ds
A
At equilibrium,
dU
=0
dx
d2U
>0.
dx 2
d2U
< 0.
dx 2
13. In the absence of any external and nonconservative forces (or even, if they are present mechanical
energy (sum of kinetic and potential energies) of the system remains conserved.
14. Rate of doing work is called power.
work
= Force velocity.
Power =
time
d
=
15. If a body is rotated in circular path, the power exerted is given by P =
dt
The point C is the position of unstable equilibrium, because
16. When water is coming out from a hose pipe of area of cross section 'A' with a velocity 'v' and hits a wall
normally and
i) stops dead, then force exerted by the water on the wall is Av2 . And the power exerted by water is P
= A v3 ( = density of water)
ii) If water rebounds with same velocity (v) after striking the wall, P = 2Av3 .
COLLISION :
1. Collision is an interaction between two or more bodies in which sudden changes of momenta take
place. e.g. : Striking a ball with a bat.
2.
3.
Coefficient of restitution (e) : The coefficient of restitution between two bodies in a collision is defined
as the ratio of the relative velocity of separation after collision to the relative velocity of their approach
before their collision.
relative velocity of separation
v v
; (ii) e = 2 1
(i) e =
relative velocity of approach
u1 u 2
m1
u1
a) V1 = u1
V2 = u1
m1
m2 u
2
B
v1
m2
v2
B
( m1 em 2 ) + u (1 + e ) m2
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
m1 (1 + e )
( m 2 em1 )
+ u2
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
1 m1m 2
2
2
[1 e ] [u1 u 2 ]
2 m1 + m 2
2.
Centre of mass : If a system of parallel forces proportional to the masses of the various particles of a
body are assumed to act on it, their resultant passes through a fixed point, irrespective of the direction of
the parallel forces and that point is called centre of mass.
3.
In vector notation, each particle of the system can be described by a position vector r and the centre of
mass can be located by the position vector rcm .
mr
rcm = ix cm + jycm + kz
cm
4.
m1
m2L
m1L
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
CM
h
4
yc
iii)A semi-circular ring : yc =
2R
; xc = 0
CM
4R
; xc = 0
3
CM
v) A hemispherical shell : yc =
R
; xc = 0
2
CM
X
O
3R
; xc = 0
8
CM
X
O
FRICTION :
1.
When a body is in motion over another surface or when an object moves through a viscous medium like
air or water or when a body rolls over another, there is a resistance to the motion because of the
interaction of the object with its surroundings. Such a resistance force is called force of friction.
2.
k mg
cos + k sin
(c) Pushed with a force F inclined at an angle with the horizontal and the body moving
with uniform velocity:
F=
3.
k mg
cos k sin
N
mg sin
mg cos
mg
ROTATORY MOTION :
1. Equations of motion of rotating body with constant angular acceleration :
= 0 + t
1
= 0 t + t 2
2
2
2
= 0 + 2
(2n 1)
2
Moment of inertia or rotational inertia : M.I. of a particle of mass m at a distance r from axis of
rotation is given by I = mr 2 .
M.I. of a body can be defined I = mi ri2
n = 0 +
2.
Rolling motion :
i) For a wheel of radius R rolling with constant velocity vcm = R .
2 vcm
Angular momentum of a rolling wheel : L = LTranslation + L Rotation or L = m(R vcm ) + Icm .
Kinetic energy of a rolling wheel :
1
1
1
k2
2
2
2
K.E. = K Translation + K Rotation = mvcm + Icm = mv 1 + 2 .
2
2
2
r
Rolling on rough inclined plane : Acceleration of C.M.
g sin
a cm =
I
1+
mR 2
2gh
Velocity of C.M. after falling height h : vcm =
I
1+
mR 2
mg sin
Minimum friction required to cause pure rolling : f min =
r2
1+ 2
k
O
6.
7.
8.
I
.
M
I
,
M
9.
GRAVITATION :
1. If m1 and m2 are the masses of two bodies and d is the distance between them, the gravitational force of
attraction F which each exerts on the other is given by
F = G
m1m 2
d
4
RG
3
2.
3.
4.
2h
gR 2
exactly.
) approximately or gh =
R
(R + h) 2
d
R
).
5.
6.
Gravitational field strength is the force experienced by unit mass in the gravitational field. It is a vector.
R2
Gravitational potential is the work done in moving a unit mass from infinity to the point under
consideration. V =
8.
GM
GM
R
or =
dV
dR
The binding energy of a mass m at rest on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R is given by U =
GMm
= mgR .
R
GM
.
r
GM
= gR
R
11. A satellite of mass m orbiting close to the earth has kinetic energy and potential energy.
2GM
R
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION :
1.
2.
3.
SHM : If the restoring force/torque acting on the bob in oscillatory motion is directly proportional to
the displacement of body/particle and is always directed towards equilibrium position, then the motion
is called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).
F = kx
General equation of SHM is x = Asin(t + ) ; (t + ) in phase of the motion and is initial phase of
the motion.
2
= 2f
Angular Frequency () : =
T
2
m
= 2
k
m
4.
Speed : v = A 2 x 2
5.
Acceleration : a = 2 x
1
1
1
Kinetic Energy (KE) : mv 2 = m2 (A 2 x 2 ) = k(A 2 x 2 )
2
2
2
1
Potential Energy (PE) : kx 2
2
1
1
Total Mechanical Energy (TME) : KE + PE = k(A 2 x 2 ) + kx 2
2
2
1
= kA 2 (which is constant).
2
Spring Mass System :
6.
7.
8.
9.
i)
m
k
T = 2
ii)
k
m1
T = 2
m2
m1m 2
known as reduced mass.
where =
m1 + m 2
k
l
1
= 2
(in accelerating reference frame) ; geff is net acceleration due
g
g eff
to pseudo force and gravitational force.
11. Compound Pendulum / Physical Pendulum
I
, where I = ICM + ml2 ; l is distance between point of suspension and
mgl
centre of mass.
Previous Questions :
1. A thin uniform annular disc (see figure) of mass M has outer radius 4R and inner radius 3R. The work
required to take a unit mass from point P on its axis to infinity is (IIT-2010)
P
2.
2GM
(4 2 5)
7R
GM
4R
4R
2GM
(4 2 5)
7R
2GM
( 2 1)
5R
*a)
b)
c)
d)
3R
P1
P2
P1
P2
P1
P2
3.
4R
A point mass of 1 kg collides elastically with a stationary point mass of 5 kg. After their collision, the 1
kg mass reverses its direction and moves with a speed of 2 ms1. Which of the following statement(s)
is(are) correct for the system of these two masses?
*a) Total momentum of the system is 3 kg ms1
b) Momentum of 5 kg mass after collision is 4 kg ms1
*c) Kinetic energy of the centre of mass is 0.75 J
d) Total kinetic energy of the system is 4 J
4. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1 m length to determine g, the acceleration due to gravity.
He uses a stop watch with the least count of 1 sec for this and records 40 seconds for 20 oscillations. For
this observation, which of the following statement(s) is (are) true? (IIT-2010)
*a) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 0.05 seconds
b) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 1 second
*c) Percentage error in the determination of g is 5%
d) Percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%
Passage :
When a particle of mass m moves on the x-axis in a potential of the form V(x) = kx2, it performs simple
harmonic motion. The corresponding time period is proportional to
m / k , as can be seen easily using dimensional analysis. However,
the motion of a particle can be periodic even when its potential
energy increases on both sides of x = 0 in a way different from kx2
and its total energy is such that the particle does not escape to
infinity. Consider a particle of mass m moving on the x-axis. Its
potential energy is V(x) = x4 ( > 0) for |x| near the origin and becomes a constant equal to V0 for |x|
X0 (see figure).
5. If the total energy of the particle is E, it will perform periodic motion only if
d) E > V0
a) E < 0
b) E > 0
*c) V0 > E > 0
6. For periodic motion of small amplitude A, the time period T of this particle is proportional to
a) A
7.
*b)
1 m
A
c)
1
A m
d)
1
A m
V0
mX0
c) proportional to
V0
mX0
*d) zero
8.
A binary star consists of two stars A (mass 2.2 MS) and B (mass 11 MS), where MS is the mass of the
sun. They are separated by distance d and are rotating about their centre of mass, which is stationary.
The ratio of the total angular momentum of the binary star to the angular momentum of star B about the
(6)
centre of mass is . (IIT-2010) Sol.
9.
6
11
on the surface of the earth. The average mass density of the planet is 2/3 times that of the earth. If the
escape speed on the surface of the earth is taken to be 11 kms1, the escape speed on the surface of the
planet in kms1 will be (IIT-2010) Sol. (3)
10. A block of mass 2 kg is free to move along the x-axis. It is at rest and from t = 0 onwards it is subjected
to a time dependent force F(t) in the x direction. The force F(t) varies with t as shown in the figure. The
F(t)
kinetic energy of the block after 4.5 seconds is (IIT-2010)
4N
a) 4.50 J
4.5s
b) 7.50 J
3s
O
*c) 5.06 J
d) 14.06 J
11. A Vernier calipers has 1 mm marks on the main scale. It has 20 equal divisions on the Vernier scale
which match with 16 main scale divisions. For this Vernier calipers, the least count is (IIT-2010)
a) 0.02 mm
b) 0.05 mm
c) 0.1 mm
*d) 0.2 mm
12. A uniform rectangular lamina ABCD of length and breadth b is kept on a
smooth flat floor. At one corner B it is pivoted to the floor so that it can rotate
freely
B
about it. The other corner of the length is attached to an unstretched spring of A
force
b
constant K, as shown in figure. The time period of small oscillations of the
lamina about the pivot B.
a) 2
M( 2 + b 2 )
2K 2
b) 2
M( 2 + b 2 )
K 2
*c) 2
M( 2 + b 2 )
3K 2
d) 2
M( 2 + b 2 )
6K 2