www.mathportal.

org

Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series 2. Special Power Series
Definitions:

Powers of Natural Numbers

First term: a1
Nth term: an
Number of terms in the series: n
Sum of the first n terms: Sn
Difference between successive terms: d
Common ratio: q
Sum to infinity: S

k =1

an = a1 + ( n 1) d

2a1 + ( n 1) d
2

1
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6

1 2
2
n ( n + 1)
4

Special Power Series

1
= 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + . . .
1 x
1
= 1 x + x2 x3 + . . .
1+ x

a + ai +1
ai = i 1
2
a + an
Sn = 1
n
2

Sn =

k =1

k =1

Arithmetic Series Formulas:

k = 2 n ( n + 1)

an = a1 q n1

ln (1+ x ) = x

Sn =
S=

an q a1
q 1

x3 x5 x 7 x9
+ +
...
3! 5! 7! 9!

cos x = 1

x 2 x 4 x6 x8
+ +
...
2! 4! 6! 8!

tan x = x +

a1 q 1
q 1

a1
1 q

x2 x3 x 4 x5
+ + ...
2 3 4 5

sin x = x

ai = ai 1 ai +1
Sn =

( for : 1 < x < 1)

x 2 x3
+ + ...
2! 3!

ex = 1 + x +

Geometric Series Formulas:

( for : 1 < x < 1)

x3 2x5 17x7
+
+
+ ...
3 15 315

sinh x = x +

x3 x5 x 7 x 9
+ + +
...
3! 5! 7! 9!

cosh x = 1 +

x 2 x 4 x6 x8
+ + +
...
2! 4! 6! 8!

for 1 < q < 1

tan x = x

x3 2x5 17x7
+

+...
3 15 315

( for : 1 < x < 1)

for : < x <

2
2

for : < x <

2
2

www.mathportal.org
3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Definition:

f(
f (a )( x a ) 2
+ . . .+
2!

f ( x) = f (a ) + f (a ) ( x a ) +
Rn =
Rn =

f(

n)

( )( x a )

n)

(a) ( x a )

n 1

( n 1)!

+ Rn

n!
f(

n 1)

Lagrange ' s form

a x

Cauch ' s form

a x

n 1

( )( x ) ( x a )
( n 1)!

This result holds if f(x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If

lim Rn = 0 , the infinite series obtained is called

Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.

Binomial series

(a + x)

= a n + na n1 x +

n ( n 1)

a n2 x 2 +

n ( n 1)( n 2 )

2!
3!
n
n
n
= a n + a n 1 x + a n 2 x 2 + a n 3 x3 + ...
1
2
3

a n 3 x3 + ...

Special cases:

(1 + x )

= 1 x + x 2 x3 + x 4 ...

1 < x < 1

(1 + x )

= 1 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x3 + 5 x 4 ...

1 < x < 1

(1 + x )

= 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + 15 x 4 ...

1 < x < 1

(1 + x )

1
2

= 1

(1 + x ) 2

= 1+

1
1 3 2 1 3 5 3
x+
x
x + ...
2
24
246

1
1 2
1 3 3
x
x +
x + ...
2
24
246

1 < x 1
1 < x 1

Series for exponential and logarithmic functions

ex = 1 + x +

x 2 x3
+
+ ...
2! 3!

a = 1 + x ln a +
ln (1 + x ) = x

( x ln a )
2!

( x ln a )
3!

+ ...

x 2 x3 x 4
+
...
2
3
4
2

1 < x 1
3

x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1
ln (1 + x ) =
+
+
+ ...
x 2 x 3 x

1
2

www.mathportal.org
Series for trigonometric functions

sin x = x

x3 x5 x7
+

+ ...
3! 5! 7!

cos x = 1

x2 x4 x6
+

+ ...
2! 4! 6!

2 2 n 22 n 1 Bn x 2 n 1
x 3 2 x5 17 x 7
tan x = x +
+
+
+ ... +
3
15
315
( 2n ) !

2 2 n Bn x 2 n 1
1 x x3 2 x 5
cot x =

...
x 3 45 945
( 2n )!

0< x <

sec x = 1 +

E x2n
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6
+
+
+ ... + n
+ ...
2
24
720
( 2n ) !

2 2 2 n 1 En x 2 n
1 x 7 x3
csc x = + +
+ ... +
+ ...
x 6 360
( 2n )!
sin 1 x = x +

cos 1 x =

<x<

<x<

0< x <

1 x 3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x 7
+
+
+ ...
2 3 24 5 246 7

sin 1 x =

1 < x < 1

1 x3 1 3 x5
x+ +
+ ...
2
2 3 24 5

x3 x 2 x3
+

+ ...
x
3
5
7

1
1
1
tan 1 x =
+

+ ...
3
5 x5
2 x 3x

1
1
1
+ 3 5 + ...
2
x
3x
5x

1 < x < 1
if 1 < x < 1
if x 1
if x < 1

x3 x 2 x 3
+

+ .. .
x

3
5
7
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
cot x = tan x =

+ ...
2
3
5
x

3x
5x
7 x7

1
1
1
1

+ ...
+
3
5
x 3x

5x
7 x7

if

1 < x < 1

if x 1
if x < 1

Series for hyperbolic functions

sinh x = x +

x3 x5 x 7
+
+
+ ...
3! 5! 7!

cosh x = 1 +

x2 x4 x6
+
+
+ ...
2! 4! 6!

( 1)
x3 2 x5 17 x7
tanh x = x
+

+ ... +
3
15
315
( 1)
1 x x3 2 x 7
coth x = +
+
+ ... +
x 3 45 945

n 1 2 n

( 22n 1) Bn x2n1 + ...

( 2n )!

n 1 2 n

Bn x 2n1

( 2n ) !

+ ...

if 0 < x <

if

<x<