DurathonAppGuideE4810E4815GEA 052013 PDF

GE Energy Storage
Durathon Battery
*
Application guide for E4810 and E4815 batteries

GE Energy Storages E4810 and E4815 Durathon sodium-nickel batteries represent a new era for battery
technology and energy storage. With an energy density of 170 Wh/l, Durathon Batteries provide more energy
in less space than traditional batteries. Their tolerance to severe environmental conditions eliminates the
operating costs of external heating or cooling systems, while their charge acceptance and projected lifespan
of 10,000 cycles enables a reduction in fuel consumption by applications that use generators to maintain
continuity of service. Each battery is equipped with an integrated Durathon Battery Management System
(BMS) that provides a complete picture of the status and health of the battery throughout its long life.
GE imagination at work
Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 1
2 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries
Table of Contents
1.0 Features

Aging and Cycle Life
1
1
Shelf Life and Storage
Climate Conditions
Capacity
Environmental Stewardship
2.0 Battery Overview

Durathon Battery Cells
2
2
Durathon Battery String Assembly
Durathon Battery Modules
3.0 Battery Versions

E4810 Durathon Battery
4
5
7
4.0 Thermal Overview
5.0 Thermal Effects on Power
10
Effects on Power Availability

Operation
10
Effects on Charge/Discharge
Cycle (CDC) Operation
10
6.0 Operations

11
Power Availability Applications
11
Energy Storage CDC Operation
13
7.0 Durathon Battery Management

System (BMS)
14
Temperature Control and

Battery Protection
14
Performance Monitoring
14
Communications
15
8.0 Addendum
Daily or Throughput Energy
16
17
1.0 Features
Aging and cycle life
Capacity footprint
Durathon Batteries age gradually and do not

experience sudden loss of performance at end of life.
Sodium-nickel technology gives Durathon Batteries
an extended cycle life, which offers ongoing savings in
terms of equipment and maintenance costs.
With an energy density of 170 Wh/l, Durathon

Batteries provide more energy in less space than
traditional batteries. This gives the Durathon Battery a
capacity (kWh) rating similar to batteries almost twice
its size.
Shelf life and storage

A dormant Durathon Battery can be stored indefinitely
in any state of charge without negatively impacting
capacity or internal resistance. An extensive storage
period also has no impact on the batterys state
of charge when it returns to service. Durathon
Battery modules require no periodic refreshing or
maintenance charging.
Environmental stewardship
Durathon Batteries do not release hydrogen or other
flammable gasses during normal operation. The
electrochemistry is comprised of abundantly available
materials such as salt, nickel and iron. Durathon
Batteries are recyclable at end of life through GEauthorized recycling partners.
Climate conditions
The Durathon Battery offers high performance over
a wide range of temperatures1 (-40C to 65C) and
functions effectively at elevations up to 3,000 meters
without the need and added expense of cooling or
heating infrastructure.
-40C to 60C without reduced performance
2.0 Battery overview

GEs Durathon Battery uses salt and nickel as its
primary reactants (Figure 1). An insulated outer
case is used to maintain the battery cells operating
temperature, and ensure that the batterys
external surfaces remain within 10C to 15C of the
surrounding ambient temperature.
2NaCl + Ni
2.58 V/46 Ah
(discharged)
NiCl + 2 Na
(charged)
Figure 1. Sodium-nickel reaction
Durathon Battery string assembly

Durathon Battery cells are assembled in strings. Each
string is composed of 21 cells with a nominal potential
of 2.58 V and a capacity of 46 Ah connected in series
to maximize voltage. The strings are subsequently
connected in parallel within the Durathon Battery
module to maximize capacity. The kilowatt hour of
each module, therefore, depends on the number of
strings contained in the module:
Durathon Battery E4810 = Four (4) strings or
10k Wh (184 Ah at 54.2 V)
Durathon Battery cells
Durathon Battery E4815 = Six (6) strings or 15

kWh (276 Ah at 54.2 V)
Inside the Durathon Battery cell (Figure 2), the cathode
is filled with salt (sodium chloride), nickel, and a
sodium-based liquid electrolyte (NaAlCl4). A solid
ceramic electrolyte separates the anode and the
cathode. While this ceramic electrolyte acts as an
electrical insulator and is impermeable to liquids and
gases, its beta alumina chemistry conducts sodium
ions.
During charging, sodium is released from the salt
in the cathode and moves through the ceramic
electrolyte to the anode. When the cell discharges, the
sodium travels in the opposite direction, and combines
with chlorine to re-form as salt.
Note: Multiple Durathon Battery modules can be

connected in parallel if more capacity is needed.
Modules cannot be connected in series for higher
voltage.
Positive
terminal
Cathode
Ceramic
electrolyte
Anode
Outer Case
Figure 2. Durathon Battery cell
Durathon Battery modules

Durathon Batteries are delivered and installed as
complete, stand-alone modules (Figure 3). Inside each
module, a sealed, metal inner case houses the battery
string assemblies and the Durathon Battery heater,
which maintains the batterys operating temperature.
Outer case
These internal components are enclosed within the

battery modules outer case, with the Durathon
Battery Management System (BMS) installed on
the modules exterior. With a vacuum and thermal
insulation between the inner and outer cases, the
exterior of the Durathon Battery module is able
to remain within 15C of the surrounding ambient
temperature.
Durathon Battery heater
Durathon Battery cells

Durathon BMS
Inner case
Thermal insulation
Figure 3. Durathon Battery module components
3.0 Battery versions

Operating at a higher voltage, the Durathon Battery reframes the concept of capacity by focusing on kilowatt
hours (kWh) rather than the more traditional measurement of Amp hours (Ah). For example, Table 1 illustrates
how the Durathon Battery performs against two typical lead-acid battery banks.
Lead Acid
Capacity (Ah)
Operating potential (V)
Theoretical energy (kWh)
Usable capacity (%)
Usable capacity (kWh)
300
50.4
15.1
50%
7.56
600
50.4
30.2
50%
15.12
Durathon
Battery
E4810
Durathon
Battery
E4815
184
54.2
10.0
80%
8.0
276
54.2
15.0
80%
12.0
Table 1. Usable capacity
GE Energy Storage has used this distinction of kilowatt hours to differentiate between the two current Durathon
Battery offerings for telecom applications the E4810 and the E4815.

The E4810 Durathon Battery is composed of four strings of 21 cells (2.58 V, 46 Ah) connected in parallel within
the module. Each E4810 module contains a total of 84 cells for an overall capacity of 10 kWh (184 Ah at 54.2 V).
Table 2 illustrates the E4810 power ranges.
Cyclic
Deep Discharge
Min
Max
Max
1.2 kW
1.75 kW 2
2.8 kW 3
Table 2. E4810 power ranges
E4810 cycle curves

FIGURE 4_1.3kW
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the cycle curves of the E4810 Durathon Battery.
SOC %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Current (A)
50
0
-50
-100
-150
Potential (V)
57
55
53
51
49
47
0
Figure 4. E4810 cycle curve @ 1.3 kW
2
3
10
11
12
13
14
Time (hrs)
30% range
FIGURE 5_1.8kW
C/2 rate, 60% DOD, 10 hour recharge time
100

80
15
16
17
18
19
20
49
47
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Time (hrs)
FIGURE 5_1.8kW
SOC %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Current (A)
50
0
-50
-100
-150
57
Potential (V)
55
53
51
49
47
45
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Time (hrs)

The E4815 Durathon Battery is composed of six strings of 21 cells (2.58 V, 46 Ah) connected in parallel within the
module. Each E4815 module contains a total of 126 cells for an overall capacity of 15 kWh (276 Ah at 54.2 V).
Table 3 illustrates the E4815 power ranges.
Cyclic
Deep Discharge
Min
Max
Max
1.2 kW
2.6 kW 4
4.28 kW 5
Table 3. E4815 power ranges
E4815 cycle curves

FIGURE 6_1.5kW
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the cycle curves of the E4815 Durathon Battery.
SOC %
100
80
60
40
20
0
60
Current (A)
20
-20
-60
-100
-140
-180
Potential (V)
57
55
53
51
49
47
0
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
Time (hrs)
30% range
FIGURE 7_2.6kW
C/2 rate, 60% DOD, 10 hour recharge time
100
7 Durathon
Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries
80
60
15
16
17
18
19
20
49
47
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Time (hrs)
FIGURE 7_2.6kW
SOC %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Current (A)
60
20
-20
-60
-100
-140
-180
57
Potential (V)
55
53
51
49
47
45
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Time (hrs)
4.0 Thermal overview

The Durathon Batterys thermal-flask construction
minimizes heater use and keeps the outer case of
the module between 10C and 15C above ambient
conditions (Figure 8). This allows the battery to reach
and maintain its operating temperature without an
on-site cooling system or a high-energy consumption
heater.
During commissioning, the Durathon Battery heater
is used to bring the battery module up to its target
operating temperature of approximately 300C. From
an ambient temperature of 25C, the Durathon Battery
will reach its target temperature within 14 to 16 hours.
When commissioning is complete, the battery will
operate in a temperature range from 260C to 350C.
it is charging. This results in minimal heater usage

an average of approximately 10 watts. In a power
availability application, the batterys insulated, thermal
flask construction creates an environment that also
requires little heater use. In the E4810 module, the
Durathon Battery heater averages less than 100 W in
energy consumption, while the E4815 module utilizes
120 W or less.
By maximizing the insulating qualities of its thermal
flask construction and minimizing heater usage,
the Durathon Battery modules outer case remains
within 15C of the surrounding ambient temperature.
This eliminates the need for battery-specific, on-site
cooling systems.
In a Charge/Discharge Cycle (CDC) application, the

batterys sodium-nickel reaction generates heat when
the battery is discharging and absorbs heat when
Heat loss ~100 W
Outer case surface temperature
10C-15C above ambient
300 W heater
Sealed
inner case
Sealed
outer case
BMS
Ceramic insulation - Air evacuated

Figure 8. Durathon Battery thermal overview
5.0 Thermal effects on power

While the amount of current discharged by the Durathon Battery is directly related to the surface area of the
ceramic electrolyte, thermal effects may impact discharge currents. The origins of these thermal effects are
twofold. First, because Durathon Battery technology does not require integrated cooling systems for operation,
the heat contained within the battery modules does not actively dissipate. Second, Durathon Battery modules
utilize a highly efficient thermal flask design that minimizes the amount of heat loss. When combined, these
factors create certain thermal limitations in both power availability and CDC operations.
These thermal factors do not, however, endanger the battery itself. The Durathon BMS is designed to protect
the ceramic electrolyte from damage at elevated temperatures. Once the Durathon Battery modules internal
temperature reaches 350C, the BMS will disconnect the battery from the DC bus to prevent the battery from
discharging further. When the temperature drops below 350C, the BMS will automatically reconnect to the DC
bus and return to normal operation.
Effects on power availability

operation
Effects on Charge/Discharge Cycle

(CDC) operation
The maximum power that may be drawn from

a Durathon Battery used in a power availability
application is 4.2 kW which represents the highest
power level at which the temperature is able to return
to operating levels while the battery is recharging.
The maximum power that may be drawn from a

Durathon Battery used in a CDC application is 2.7 kW
(Figure 9) which represents the highest power level at
which the temperature is able to return to operating
levels while the battery is recharging to the higher
State of Charge (SOC) limit of Partial State of Charge
(PSOC) regime.
Figure 9. CDC limits
6.0 Operations
The primary considerations regarding which version of the Durathon Battery should be used are site load and
application.
Power availability applications

This approach assumes that the Durathon Batteries
are left at 100% SOC and are dedicated resources
in case of complete loss of power due to grid or
generator failure. The appropriate size and number
of Durathon Battery modules is dependent upon the
amount of autonomy time that is required given sized
load.
Sample calculation
Number of Durathon Batteries required =
[DC Load(A)] [Bus Potential(V)] Autonomy Hours
[Usable Capacity(kWh) 80% recommended DOD
Load (kW)
.8
1.0
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.2
4.5
5.0
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.4
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
E4810 (# of modules)
1
10.8
8.7
5.8
5.4
3.8
2.6
2.0
10.8
8.7
7.0
6.2
5.8
4.8
3.8
3.6
3.1
2.6
2.2
2.0
10.4
9.4
8.7
7.5
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.8
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.0
E4815 (# of modules)
1
15.7
12.9
8.7
8.2
6.5
5.2
4.0
3.8
2.8
2.3
2.0
15.7
12.9
10.4
9.4
8.7
7.5
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.8
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.0
15.2
13.7
12.9
11.2
9.8
9.4
8.7
7.9
7.1
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.2
4.8
4.5
4.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
Table 4. Power availability times and number of modules
Additional reference tool

Table 4 can also be used to determine when to incorporate additional Durathon Battery modules in a power
availability application.
Energy storage CDC operation
Table 5 indicates the recommended number of

batteries required to maximize fuel savings given a
particular diesel generator (DG) size and site load.
Other site-specific or economic considerations may
alter these recommendations.
Sample calculation for use with generator
Number of Durathon Batteries Required =
Generator size (kW] - site load (kW)
Durathon Battery charge power (kW)
Note:
Table assumes 1 kVA = 0.8 kW
Table does not take into account elevation
Table assumes gen-set will run at 80% capacity
60 A charge current per Durathon Battery
module (3.4 kW)
Special considerations in CDC

operation
A particular advantage of the Durathon Battery is
that it does not have to be taken offline to complete
periodic equalization charges in order to maintain
peak performance. Instead, the Durathon Battery is
regularly returned to top of charge (100% SOC) as part
of its standard operating procedure. This occurs once
every 25 cycles and does not result in a loss of service.
Allowing the battery to charge for approximately 9.5
hours is all that is required.

Site Load (kW)
1
1.5
2.5 2.7
3.5 4 4.5
10 2
1
1 1
1
11 2
2
1 1
1
Small DG & big
12 2
2
2 2
1
load combination
13 2
2
2 2
2
14 2
2
2 2
2
15 3
2
2 2
2 2
16 3
3
2 2
2 2
17 3
3
3 2
2 2
2
18 3
3
3 3
3 3
2 2
19 3
3
3 3
3 3
3 2 2
20 4
3
3 3
3 3
3 3 2 2
21 4
4
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
22 4
4
4 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
23 4
4
4 4
4 3
3 3 3 3
24 4
4
4 4
4 4
4 3 3 3
25 4
4
4 4
4 4
4 4 3 3
26 5
4
4 4
4 4
4 4 4 3
27 5
5
5 4
4 4
4 4 4 4
28 5
5
5 5
5 4
4 4 4 4
29 5
5
5 5
5 5
4 4 4 4
30 5
5
5 5
5 5
5 5 4 4

DG Size (kVA)
Because the Durathon Battery is capable of being

charged at increased currents, battery modules can be
used to reduce fuel consumption in applications that
rely on generators to maintain continuity of service.
When the Durathon Battery is used in this type of CDC
operation, the number of modules required is based on
load and charging capacity.
Table 5. Recommended number of modules for CDC operation
Note: Only the E4815 Durathon Battery should

be used with a DG and load this size.
During CDC operation, the return to 100% SOC ensures

that:
The SOC or amp hour counter is reset.
Any sodium crystal growth is reduced.
Note: Refer to daily or throughput energy section of the
Addendum for additional information.
7.0 Durathon Battery Management System (BMS)

Every Durathon Battery includes a fully-integrated Battery Management System (BMS). Mounted on the exterior
of the battery module, the Durathon BMS is designed to provide continuous functional monitoring, diagnostics
and end-user communications.
Temperature control and battery

protection
The Durathon BMS protects the battery to ensure
safe, reliable operation under all conditions. It
controls the initial heat up of the Durathon Battery
at commissioning, and continues to regulate the
modules temperature during operation. By managing
the batterys connection to the DC bus, it is also able
to protect the Durathon Battery from any over charge
or over discharge.
Measurements
Performance monitoring
The Durathon BMS provides a complete and ongoing
picture of the Durathon Batterys performance
over time as well. From the moment the battery is
commissioned, the Durathon BMS begins to provide
vital measurements and diagnostic information to
the end user. Table 6 illustrates the performance
measurements, calculations and diagnostics that are
available through the Durathon BMS.
Calculations
Diagnostics
Battery current
Amp hours (Ah) available
Thermal insulation failure
Heater current
String voltage
State of charge (SOC)

percent
Temp sensor failure

detection
Battery voltage
Top of charge (TOC)
Heater failure detection
Battery temperature
End of discharge (EOD)
Contactor failure detection
Battery resistance
Voltage sense relay failure

detection
Cell resistance and voltage

Number of charge/
discharge cycles
Charge and discharge
hours
Failed cell detection

Power supply failure
detection
Charge delivered and

received
Energy discharged
Table 6. Durathon BMS performance measurements, calculations and diagnostics
Communications
Table 7 outlines the various ways that the Durathon BMS is able to communicate operational information.
Locally
LED status light
The BMS uses a LED status light display to confirm normal operation
or signify a fault condition.
TTL com port
Users can communicate to the Durathon BMS using a user-friendly

graphical user interface (GUI) and an isolated TTL-to-USB connection.
The GUI allows for diagnostics, special control functions and data
logging.
Remotely
When configured using the RS485 Modbus, the Durathon BMS can
provide the following data:
Battery current
RS485 Modbus
Battery voltage
DC bus voltage
State of charge (SOC)
Battery temperature
Fault data
Generator remote start
Digital outputs
Generator remote stop

Spare output
Table 7. Durathon BMS communications
8.0 Addendum
Daily or throughput energy

Throughput energy is defined as the amount of energy (in kWh) that can be placed into the Durathon Battery
and subsequently drained from the battery over the course of one day. Because the Durathon Battery features
high cyclability, there are a variety of ways to optimize the batterys throughput energy when operating in
CDC mode.
A determination of how to best utilize the Durathon Battery can be made using these three factors:
11. Maximized throughput:

To extract as much daily or throughput energy as possible from the Durathon Battery, its
charge time needs to be minimized, while the batterys discharge time is maximized.
22. Cycles:
The batterys number of daily cycles is the number of times the battery charges and
discharges. If the sole power source is a generator, then the batterys maximum number
of daily cycles is directly related to the number of generator starts.
33. Power availability:

Power availability relates to the amount of capacity that the Durathon Battery still has
when the charge cycle begins. It is measured in time (hours) and is based on the site load.
The curve cycle in Figure 10 is for the Durathon Battery E4810 at 1.3 kW. By considering the above criteria and
referencing this curve cycle, one can obtain a clear picture of the relationship between SOC and time.
E4810 cycle curve at 1.3kW(~25A)

110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Battery voltage
57.0
56.5
56.0
55.5
55.0
54.5
54.0
53.5
53.0
52.5
52.0
51.5
51.0
50.5
50.0
49.5
49.0
48.5
48.0
47.5
47.0
46.5
46.0
A
I
H
16:00
15:30
15:00
14:30
14:00
13:30
13:00
12:30
12:00
11:30
11:00
10:30
9:30
10:00
9:00
8:30
8:00
7:30
7:00
6:30
6:00
5:30
5:00
4:30
4:00
3:30
3:00
2:30
2:00
1:30
1:00
0:30
0:00
Battery Potential (V)
SOC (%)
SOC percent
Time (hh:mm)
A. Discharge starts at 100% SOC; T = 0
B. Discharge starts at 75% SOC; T = 1:49
C. Discharge starts/ends at 50% SOC; T = 3:42
D. Charge starts at 25% SOC; T = 5:30
E. Discharge ENDS/Charge starts at 8% SOC; T = 6:41
F. Charge starts at 25% SOC; T = 7:07
G. Charge starts/ends at 50% SOC; T = 8:06
H. Charge ends at 75% SOC; T = 9:39
I. Charge ends at 100% SOC; T = 13:29
Figure 10. Curve cycle for the E4810 at 1.3 kW
The points from the graph can also be placed in a table (Table 8) and used to calculate power availability, cycles,
daily energy and the new concept of the discharge-to-charge ratio.
Range
100% to 8%
75% to 25%
75% to 50%
50% to 25%
Discharge
Discharge time
reference points
A to E
B to D
B to C
C to D
(hours)
Charge reference
points
Charge time
(hours)
6.68
3.68
1.88
1.80
E to J
F to H
G to H
F to G
6.80
2.53
1.55
0.98
Power
Cycles
availability
(hours)
per day
Ratio dischargeto- charge
Daily energy
(kWh)
0.00
1.18
2.98
1.18
1.8
3.9
7.0
8.6
0.98
1.45
1.22
1.83
15.5
18.5
17.1
20.2
Table 8. Calculations for power availability, cycles, daily energy and CDC ratio
These parameters are calculated as follows:
1 Power availability:
The amount of time it would take to get to 8% SOC. If the Durathon Battery was
operating in a 50% to 25% SOC range and the generator was unable to start when the
battery was at 25% SOC, there would be 1.18 hours of power availability before the
battery gets to 8% SOC (which is the point of low-voltage disconnect).

Power Availability (hours) = Tend SOC T8% SOC
2 Cycles per day:

Number of times the Durathon Battery will discharge and charge based on the 1.3 kW
and within a specific SOC operation range.

Cycles per day = 24 hrs per day / (discharge time + charge time)
3 Daily energy (kWh):

Amount of energy per day that can be placed into the Durathon Battery and then
drained from the battery (throughput energy).

Daily energy (kWh) = Site load(s) (kWh) x discharge time per day (hours)
There are two ways to calculate the daily discharge time based on the information in Table 8.
11. Using the cycles per day and discharge time per cycle:
Discharge time per day = discharge time per cycle x cycles per day

22. Using the ratio of discharge-to-charge time:

Ratio (discharge-to-charge time): For every hour the Durathon Battery is charged, this ratio
represents the amount of time it will discharge for the 1.3 kW load. For example, if the battery is
operated in the 75% to 25% range at 1.3 kW, the battery will discharge from 75% SOC to 25% SOC in
3.68 hours and recharge back to 75% SOC in 2.53 hours (3.68 / 2.53 = 1.45). Since it is a ratio, it can
be used as the cycle as well as the daily level.
Ratio = discharge time / charge time
With the ratio, charge time and discharge times can be calculated on a daily level.
Charge time per day = 24 hrs / (Ratio +1)
Discharge time per day = 24 hrs Charge time per day
Reviewing the two methods:
The number of daily cycles is a general relationship with daily energy. That is, the more the
Durathon Battery cycles, the more energy it can provide on a daily basis. Because there is still a
relationship to the amount of discharge time per cycle, there is NOT a direct relationship between
cycles and daily energy (kWh).
There is, however, a direct relationship between daily energy and the discharge-to-charge ratio,
since discharge time is incorporated into the ratio calculation. Therefore, the larger the ratio, the
more daily energy, or throughput, the Durathon Battery can provide.
The implications of these parameters are that CDC operation can be optimized by examining:
1. Cycles per day
2. Ratio (discharge-charge)
3. Power availability
Using Tables 9 to 12 below for module size and load, the desired cyclic range or PSOC range can be chosen for
any given site.
For example, if an E4810 Durathon Battery supporting a 1.0 kW load was operated in a 80-20% SOC range, the
results would be:
2.5 cycles per day
A 1.57 to 1 discharge-to-charge ratio
Having 1.07 hours of capacity at the end of the discharge cycle
Daily energy throughput could then be calculated:
Daily energy (kWh)

= (Power) x [24 hr - (24 hr / (Ratio +1))]

= (1.0kW) x [24hr - (24hr / (1.57 +1))]
= 14.7 kWh
Top SOC
80
70
Bottom SOC
60
50
40
30
20
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
15.5
2.07
7.9
1.89
5.2
1.78
3.9
1.70
3.1
1.62
2.5
1.57
70
60
50
Power Availability
40
30
5.87
15.6
2.12
8.0
1.98
5.3
1.88
3.9
1.80
3.2
1.73
Table 9. Energy throughput for E4810 @ 1.0 kW
4.97
15.5
2.15
8.1
2.02
5.4
1.94
4.1
1.87
3.94
15.6
2.20
8.1
2.05
5.4
1.98
2.95
15.6
2.20
8.1
2.08
1.99
17.2
1.97
70
Bottom SOC
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
cycles
21.5
ratio
1.16
cycles
10.8
21.7
ratio
1.10
1.19
cycles
7.1
11.0
21.7
ratio
1.01
1.13
1.24
cycles
5.3
7.3
11.2
22.0
ratio
0.98
1.08
1.16
1.24
cycles
4.2
0.94
3.5
0.92
5.5
1.05
4.4
1.03
7.5
1.14
5.7
1.11
11.4
1.20
7.7
1.18
ratio
cycles
ratio
1.07
Top SOC
80
(Time to 8%)
Power Availability
40
30
(Time to 8%)
3.37
2.77
2.22
1.67
21.7
1.24
12.1
1.17
1.13
25.0
1.22
0.60

6
Note: If multiple batteries are used, ratios will change by that same factor (assuming charging capacity is available). For
example, if the ratio is 2:1 then adding a second battery would make the ratio 4:1; three batteries would be 6:1, and so on.
Top SOC
80
70
Bottom SOC
60
50
40
30
20
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
15.4
2.10
7.8
1.91
5.2
1.80
3.8
1.71
3.0
1.63
2.5
1.58
70
60
50
Power Availability
40
30
(Time to 8%)
5.92
15.5
2.15
8.0
1.99
5.3
1.89
3.9
1.80
3.2
1.74
4.99
15.6
2.12
8.0
2.05
5.4
1.96
4.0
1.88
3.95
15.5
2.23
8.0
2.07
5.4
2.00
2.96
15.7
2.18
8.1
2.08
1.99
17.2
1.97
1.07
Top SOC
80
70
Bottom SOC
60
50
40
30
20
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
cycles
ratio
21.3
1.19
10.8
1.09
7.1
1.04
5.3
0.99
4.2
0.97
3.5
0.95
70
60
50
Power Availability
40
30
(Time to 8%)
3.42
21.5
1.21
11.0
1.14
7.4
1.11
5.5
1.07
4.4
1.05
2.81
21.5
1.21
11.2
1.20
7.6
1.16
5.7
1.13
2.24
21.7
1.24
11.4
1.23
7.7
1.19
1.69
22.0
1.28
12.1
1.20
1.14
19.2
0.73
0.61
For more information,

visit www.geenergystorage.com.
*Durathon is a trademark of General Electric Company.
GE imagination at work
GE, the GE Monogram, imagination at work and all other trademarks, and service marks, unless otherwise noted, are owned or
licensed by General Electric Company or its subsidiaries. All other
brand names, product names or trademarks belong to their respective holders.
Copyright 2013. General Electric Company. All rights reserved.
GEA-988113006

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GE Energy Storage

Application guide for E4810 and E4815 batteries

2 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries

Aging and Cycle Life

Shelf Life and Storage

2.0 Battery Overview

Durathon Battery Cells

Durathon Battery String Assembly

Durathon Battery Modules

3.0 Battery Versions

4.0 Thermal Overview

5.0 Thermal Effects on Power

Effects on Power Availability

Power Availability Applications

Energy Storage CDC Operation

7.0 Durathon Battery Management

Temperature Control and

Durathon Batteries age gradually and do not

With an energy density of 170 Wh/l, Durathon

Shelf life and storage

-40C to 60C without reduced performance

1 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries

2.0 Battery overview

Figure 1. Sodium-nickel reaction

Durathon Battery string assembly

Durathon Battery cells

Durathon Battery E4815 = Six (6) strings or 15

Note: Multiple Durathon Battery modules can be

Figure 2. Durathon Battery cell

Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 2

Durathon Battery modules

These internal components are enclosed within the

Durathon Battery heater

Durathon Battery cells

Figure 3. Durathon Battery module components

3 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries

3.0 Battery versions

Table 1. Usable capacity

Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 4

E4810 Durathon Battery

Table 2. E4810 power ranges

E4810 cycle curves

Figure 4. E4810 cycle curve @ 1.3 kW

5 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries

Figure 5. E4810 cycle curve @ 1.8 kW

Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 6

E4815 Durathon Battery

Table 3. E4815 power ranges

E4815 cycle curves

Figure 6. E4815 cycle curve @ 1.5 kW

Figure 7. E4815 cycle curve @ 2.6 kW

Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 8

4.0 Thermal overview

it is charging. This results in minimal heater usage

In a Charge/Discharge Cycle (CDC) application, the

Ceramic insulation - Air evacuated

9 Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries

5.0 Thermal effects on power

Effects on power availability

Effects on Charge/Discharge Cycle

The maximum power that may be drawn from

The maximum power that may be drawn from a

Durathon Battery Application Guide: E4810 and E4815 Batteries 10