8/26/2011

Thermodynamics (UES004)
Thermodynamics(UES004)

Rakesh Kr.Gupta
AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Syllabus:
Browse course scheme of BE(mechanical) in MED at web, thapar .edu
Basic Concepts: Concept of Continuum, Macroscopic approach,
Thermodynamics system & properties, Various processes, Thermodynamic
equilibrium, Ideal gas, Vander Waals equation of state, Compressibility
chart, Process: Flow and non flow process, Cycle concept of work and
heat, Specific heats, Zeroth law, Energy and its form, Pure substance,
Thermodynamic diagrams, Triple point, Steam tables and their use.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Concept of internal energy & enthalpy,
Energy equation as applied to a close and open system, PMMI, Transient
flow processes.
Second Law of Thermodynamics & its Corollaries: Kelvin Plank and
Clausius statements, Reversible and Irreversible processes, Carnot cycle,
Clausius theorem and concept of entropy, Principle of increase of entropy,
PMM2, Thermodynamic temperature scale, Second law analysis of control
volume, Availability, Irreversibility, Availability function for open and
closed system & second law efficiency.

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Thermodynamic Cycles: Rankine cycle, Vapour compression refrigeration

cycle, Air standard cycles: Otto, Diesel, Dual and Brayton cycles.
NonReacting Gas Mixtures: Properties of mixtures of gases and vapours,
Adaibatic saturation, Properties of air.
Thermodynamic Relations: Maxwell & Tds equations.

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Books
B
k
Sonntag, R.E., Borgnakke, C. and Van Wylen, G.J., Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics, John Wiley (2007) 6th ed.
Nag, P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw Hill (2008) 3rd ed.
Rao, Y.V.C., Thermodynamics, Universities Press (2004).
Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M., Thermodynamics: An Engineeing Approach,
Tata McGraw Hill (2008).
Ratha Krishana , E., Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics,
Prentice Hall of India (2005) 2nd ed.
Rogers, G. and Mayhew, Y., Engineering Thermodynamics, Pearson
Education (2007) 4th ed.

Contacthours

LTP=310

Evaluationscheme
S.No. Description

Marks

MidSemesterTest(MST)

30

EndSemester Examination(ESE)

45

Internals

25

a)Tutorial 15marks
b)2no.ofQuizzes 10marks
Total

100

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Chapter#1

BasicsofThermodynamics

WhatisThermodynamics?
Consider ammonia production from nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure
and temperature,
N2+3H2 2NH3
Think?
Istheproposedreactionfeasible?
(Feasibilityofaprocess)
Does the reaction go to completion, or does it proceed only to a certain
extent?
What factors (pressures, temperature, and ratio of reactants etc.) govern the
extent of reaction?
(Equilibriumprocesses)

How much energy is required to compress and raise the temperature of the
reactants to the desired level?
How much energy is required to carry out the synthesis reaction?
How much cooling is required to condense the ammonia and to separate it
from the unreacted material?
(Energy and its transformation)

Thermodynamics is study of feasibility of a processes,

equilibrium processes and energy and its transformations.

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Macroscopicapproachofstudy
Considermeasurementof(P,V,T)ofagasfilledincylinder
Spaceaveragedpropertiesofthegasatparticularinstant.
Space averaged properties of the gas at particular instant
Stateisspecifiedbyonlyafewofitsmeasurableparameters.
Usedinclassicalthermodynamics
Independentofthenatureofmatterunderconsideration.

Microscopicapproachofstudy
Again consider same gas in cylinder
Consisting of large number of particles with independent
velocity
State of each particle is defined with position coordinates (xi,
yi, zi) and momentum components (pxi, pyi, pzi).
Large number of cordinates are required to specify the state.
Time averaged properties,
properties statistical mechanics is useful
Used in statistical thermodynamics
Depends upon the nature of particles dealt with

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SystemandSurroundings
Consider expansion of a gas enclosed in a balloon
(system & surrounding?)
A thermodynamic system is the material or a region in space
chosen under consideration.
Surrounding: Combination of matter and space outside the
system
Defined by the analyst depending upon the particular
problem
Clear identification of material of our attention and system
boundary

Change in shape and/or size of boundary when system

undergoes a change
System boundary be either real or imaginary
System be very simple, or very complex (a complete plant)
Closed system:
A fixed mass system for study, no mass crossing boundary,
control mass study
Open system:
A fixed volume in space for study, mass may cross system
boundary, control volume study

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Movableorrigidsystemboundary
Diathermal oradiabaticboundary
Isolated system:
Rigid and adiabatic wall, cannot exchange energy either in
form of heat or work

Property
ConsideramixtureofN2,H2 andNH3 inareactoratagiven
temperatureandpressure(properties?)
Property(thermodynamicsystem)isacharacteristicofsystem
whichisassociatedwithenergyanditstransformation.
andcanbedefinitelyquantifiable.
Propertiesofasystem:P,T,V,netc.
Independentoftheprocessorthepathfollowedinreachinga
particularstate(pointfunction)

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Change in property depends only on the initial and final

states.
Extensive properties:
Volume ((V),
) Internal energy
gy ((H),
) Internal energy
gy ((U)) etc.
Intensive properties:
specific volume(V/m), molar volume (V/n) etc.

ConceptofContinuum
Gas atoms are widely spaced.
Convenient to disregard the atomic nature and view it as a
continuous, homogenous matter, (a continuum)
Valid as long as the size of system is large relative to the space
between the molecules (in most engineering applications)
Otherwise (if mean free path of molecules approaches order
of magnitude of the dimension of vessel), e.g. highly rarified
gases in high vacuum technology, in rocket flights at high
altitudes and in electron tubes.

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Energy
Microscopicmodesofenergy
Kineticenergy
Potentialenergy
Potential energy
Microscopicmodesofenergy
Internalenergy
(kineticenergyassociatedwiththetranslationalmotionofthe
molecule rotational energy of molecules about their center of
molecule,rotationalenergyofmoleculesabouttheircenterof
massaxisandvibrationalenergyofmoleculesetc.)
So,Energy=KE+PE+IE

ThermalEquilibrium
Stateoftemperatureuniformityatadjacentplaces

MechanicalEquilibrium
Absenceofpressuregradientwithinthesystem
Ab
f
di t ithi th
t

ChemicalEquilibrium
Equalityofchemicalpotential
(notendencyforanychemicalchange)

Thermalequilibrium?

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Process

Changeofoneequilibriumstatetootherequilibriumstate
Seriesofstatesispathofprocess

Examples:isothermalprocess,isobaricprocess,isochoric
(isometric)process
Cycle?
Flowandnonflowprocesses?

Quasi equilibriumprocess(quasistaticprocess):

When a system remains infinitely close to an equilibrium

state at all times in a process.
Non quasiequilibrium process (a dashed line)
QEP, easy to analyze and deliver maximum work

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Steadyflowprocesses
Steadyorunsteady?
(Nochangewithtime)

SFP:Aprocessduringwhichafluidflowsthroughacontrol
volumesteadily.
Massandtotalenergyofcontrolvolumeareconstant.
Examples:turbine,pump,boilerandheatexchangeretc.

Work
Energy interaction is of two types (Work or Heat)
Energy transfer associated with force acting through a
distance
Or energy interaction that is not caused by temperature
difference
Sign convention for work (and heat)
Amount of reversible work = W = PdV = area under PV curve
Path dependent
Work done by a gas during free expansion = 0

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Fewimportantfindingaboutheatandwork
Consideravesselwithwater,heatedbyanimmersionheater
connectedtoastoragebattery.
Ifwaterassystem,energytransfertowaterisheatinteraction
If(waterandimmersionheater)assystem,energytransferto
systemisthroughworktransfer.
Identificationofinteraction,onlywhilesystemisinteracting.
Heatandworkarenotpropertyofthesystem

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