Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Automatic Escalator System
Automatic Escalator System
DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF SYMBOLSv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION.......vi
LIST OF FIGURES...vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......2
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................2
1.2 Project Title ........................................................................................................................3
1.3 Project Objective..........................................................................................................3
1.4 Project Scopes ....................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................4
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................7
3.1 Circuit Diagram ...7
3.2 Circuit Description.. 7
3.3 Steps for making PCB11
3.4 Microcontroller Pin Diagram.................12
3.5 Block Diagram of Microcontroller 13
3.6 Pin Description.. 14
3.7 Voltage Regulator 7805 ....16
3.8 Schematic Diagram of Voltage Regulator 7805.17
3.9 Application of Voltage Regulator.18
3.10 Annual Escalator Inspection19
3.11 Fabrication of Escalator...20
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................24
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................24
4.2 Escalator ..........................................................................................................................24
4.3 Sensor ..............................................................................................................................34
4.4 Relays ..............................................................................................................................36
REFRENCES..........................................................................................................................38
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
I this chapter, I will introduce and explained briefly of my project that titled
Automatic Escalator System. The objectives and scopes are very important because it
will guide the whole process and also gives the right way to discover of completing this
project.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROJECT
Fig. 3.1
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Bridge Rectfier
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used
in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a
direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides fullwave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared
to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless
of the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit is also known as the "Graetz circuit" after
its inventor, German physicist Leo Graetz.
7
Basic operation
According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established by
Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers today), current is assumed to flow
through electrical conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free
electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast
majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore,
in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond
is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the
upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to
the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. Since
this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an
AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is,
it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed
backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and
protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.
AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals.
Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from "discrete
components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component
containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial
component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.
Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz
wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize
frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric
resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known
as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are
used in similar circuits.
Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of
megahertz. More than two billion crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for
consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz
crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as counters, signal
generators, and oscilloscopes.
Basic Operation
A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a
regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with appropriate
transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For example,
steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical filters
before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of
sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple,
rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically
cut in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost
ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.
When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric
field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known as
piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz will generate an electric field as it
returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal
behaves like a circuit composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant
frequency.
Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way
that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics
will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its
crystallographic axes).Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its
size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator will
remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperaturecontrolled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to
prevent perturbation by external mechanical vibrations.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where
they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile
alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of
the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a
substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent
of how much power is drawn from the line.
10
Circuit
11
Now clamp the PCB in the etching machine that contains ferric chloride solution for
about 10 minutes.
After etching, wash the PCB with water, wipe it a dry cloth softly.
Finally rub the PCB with a steel wool, and the PCB is ready.
12
Fig 3.6
13
Fig 3.7
14
15
16
Fig 3.8
17
Fig 3.9
18
19
Verify the clearance between the escalator step and the skirt panel complies with
current code.
11. Lighting
Inspect the green fluorescent demarcation lamps at both ends of the escalator for
condition and cleanliness. Verify they are in good working condition and firmly
mounted.
Inspect the combplate lights at the entrance and exit of the unit for condition and
cleanliness. Verify they are in good working condition and firmly mounted.
12. Driving Machine Motor and Reduction Gear
Inspect the driving machine motor, reduction gear and brake for secure fastening,
cleanliness, lubrication and oil leakage. Clean, or inform University of Michigan of
need for repair or replace.
13. Connection Between Machine and Main Drive Shaft
Inspect for condition and lubrication as recommended by the manufacture.
Inspect broken drive chain for condition and operation. Verify that the device will
cause the main drive shaft brake to apply and stop the drive machine if the chain
breaks and the unit will not operate until the device is manually reset.
14. Brake on Drive Machine
Inspect the drive machine brake for signs of over-heating or contamination with
grease, oil or other liquids. Clean, or inform University of Michigan of need for
repair or replace.
15. Speed Governor
Verify that it will prevent traveling at no more than 40% above the rated speed.
Correct any deficiencies to ensure proper operation.
16. Reversal Stop Device
Inspect the reversal stop device for condition and mounting. Verify operation.
21
22
2.
Escalator are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be
impractical
23
REFERENCES
Note: this article is based on a very similar one that has been published
in the Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Accelerator and
Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, held in Trieste, Italy, 4 - 8
Oct. 1999.
[1] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Technology Survey Summary of Study
Report", IT-CO/98-08-09, CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.
[2] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selection and Evaluation of Commercial
SCADA Systems for the Controls of the CERN LHC Experiments",
Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Accelerator and
Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.353.
[3] G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use of Fieldbuses at
CERN in the LHC Era", Proceedings of the 1997 International
Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control
Systems, Beijing, 1997, p.285.
[4] R.Barillere et al., "Results of the OPC Evaluation done within the
JCOP for the Control of the LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999
International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics
Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.511.
24