.

Limitations of File-Based System

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Separation and isolation of data

Duplication of data
Data dependence
Incompatible file format
Fixed queries

Q: - What is Database?
Ans: - Database is an organized shared collection of logically related
data, and a description of data, designed to meet the information needs
of an organization
Q: - What is DBMS?
Ans: - DBMS is a software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3. Data Retrieval Language (DRL)
Advantages of DBMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Control of data redundancy

Data consistency
Sharing of Data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Economy of scale
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services

Disadvantages of DBMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Size
Complexity
Cost of DBMSs
Performance
Higher impact of failure

There are five major components in the DBMS environment:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People

Data Model is an integrated collection of concepts for describing and

manipulating data, relationship between data, and constraints on the data
in an organization
A data model can be thought of as comprising three components:
1. A Structural Part, consisting of a set of rules according to which
database can be constructed (e.g. naming conventions to entities
etc.)
2. A Manipulative Part, defining the types of operation that are
allowed on the data (e.g. Insert, Update, Delete etc.)
3. A set of Integrity Constraints, which ensures that the data is
accurate (e.g. Check constraint etc.)
Data Model fall into three broad categories:
1. Record-Based Data Model
2. Object-Based Data Model
3. Physical Data Model
Database Application development Process includes the Following Stages or
steps:
1. Database Development Process
2. Application Programs
3. Implementation
Database Development Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Preliminary Study
Requirement Analysis
Database Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance of Database System