Lab Reports

YM-211
Practical No: 2 to 12
Submitted To:
Sir M. Zubair Sb.
Submitted by:
Kashif Ali Khan
07-NTU-072
Semester 4th
Section: B
NATIONAL TEXTILE
UNIVERSITY

FAISALABAD
 Practical No: 2
Title: Determination of count of lap and sliver.
OBJECTIVES:
To become familer with the method of numbering of lap and sliver in english
system of numbering.

MATERIAL USED:
Sample of lap and sliver.

APPARATUS:
• Wooden template.
• Wrapping drum.
• Wrapping reel.

PROCEDURE:

Sliver:
1. First of all , the sample of sliver was taken.
2. With the help of wrapping drum, 6 yards of sliver was measured.
3. The circumference of the wrapping drum was one yard, 6 yards was measured by
revolving the wrapping drum 6 times.
4. With the help of weighing balance, the weight of measured length of sliver was
calculated.
5. That weight was measured in pounds.
6. Then, number of yards per pound was calculated.
7. Then, count of sliver was calculated by dividing it by 840.

Lap:

1. The sample of lap was taken.

2. With the help of wooden template, one yard of sample lap was measured.
3. Then, with the help of weighing balance the weight of measured length was
calculated.
4. Then, number of yards per pound were calculated.
5. Then, the count was calculated by dividing it by 840.

2
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS FOR SLIVER:

TYPE OF STANDARD WEIGHT NUMBER OF COUNT BY VERIFICATION

MATERIAL LENGTH OF /STANDARD YARDS PER DEFINATION OF COUNT BY
MATERIAL LENGTH POUND FORMULA
SLIVER 6 YARDS 8217 OUNCE 1116.83 0.1390 0.1390
- 6 YARDS
- 6 YARDS
MEAN

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

TYPE OF STANDARD WEIGHT NUMBER OF COUNT BY VERIFICATION

MATERIAL LENGTH OF /STANDARD YARDS PER DEFINATION BY FORMULA
MATERIAL LENGTH POUND
LAP 1 YARD 12.25 0.0816 0.000097 0.000097
- 1 YARD
- 1 YARD
MEAN

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Drum should be properly adjusted.

2. It should complete one revolution for 1 yard.

3. The lap or sliver should not be entangled.

4. Sample should be weighted properly.

5. Template plate should be adjusted properly.

6. The sample should be taken according to the boundaries of template plate.

7. It should be weighted properly.

3
 Practical No: 3
Title: Determination of count of roving and
yarn.
OBJECTIVES:
To become familer with the method of numbering of roving and yarn in english
system of numbering.

MATERIAL USED:
Sample of roving and yarn.
APPARATUS:
• Wrapping drum.
• Rappeing reel.
PROCEDURE:
ROVING:

1. First of all, the sample of roving was taken.

2. With the help of wrapping drum, 15 yards were measured.

3. Circumference of the wrapping drum was one yard by revolving it 15 times we

get 15 yards.

4. With the help of weighing balance, the weight of measured length of roving was
calculated in pounds.

5. Then, number of yards per pound was calculated.

6. Then, the count of roving was calculated.

YARN:

1. The sample of yarn was taken.

2. With the help of rappeing reel, 120 yards were measured.

3. With the help of weighing balance, the weight of measured length was calculated
in pounds.

4. Then, number of yards per pound were calculated.

4
5. Then, count of yarn was calculated.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS(Roving):

TYPE OF STANDARD WEIGTH NO. OF COUNT BY VERIFICATION

MATERIAL LENGTH OF /STANDARD YARDS PER DEFINATION BY FORMULA
MATERIAL LENGTH(OUN POUND
S)
ROVING 15 YARDS 9.13 150 0.892 0.892
- 15 YARDS
- 15 YARDS
MEAN

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS (Yarn):

TYPE OF STANDARD WEIGHT NO. OF COUNT BY VERIFICATION

MATERIAL LENGTH OF /STANDARD YARDS PER DEFINATION BY FORMULA
MATERIAL LENGTH(OUN POUND
S)
YARN 120 YARDS 3.28 17142.85 20.40 20.40
- 120 YARDS
- 120 YARDS
MEAN

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Drum should be properly adjusted.

2. It should complete one revolution for 1 yard.

3. The roving or yarn should not be entangled.

4. Sample should be weighted properly.

5. Rappeing reel plate should be adjusted properly.

6. 120 yards by rappeing reel should be measured properly.

7. It should be weighted properly.

5
 Practical No: 4

Title:
Inspection of waste extracted by different machines of
spinning department.

NAME OF MACHINES:
1. BLOW ROOM MACHINES:

• Purcupin opener.
• Exiflow machine.
• Step cleaner machine.
• Kishner bitter waste.
• Scutcher machine.

2. CARD MACHINE:

• Taker in waste.
• Cylinder under casing waste.
• Flate strip waste.
• Goffer waste.

3. DRAWING FRAME MACHINE.

4. ROVING FRAME MACHINE.
5. RING FRAME MACHINE.
6. WINDING MACHINE.

6
 Practical No: 5
Title:
Calculate the different drafts and draft
count of carding machine
OBJECTIVES:
1. Fiber to fiber opening.
2. Cleaning.
3. Mixing from fiber to fiber.
4. Produce sliver.

EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL:

Drafting machine.
Lap roll.

METHODS OF DRAFTING:
• Dispersion drafting method:
Material disperse on roller of machine and drafting in that condition.

• Roller drafting method:

Material feed in regular pattern and drafting happened. Bale remains in
regular pattern during process.
DRAFT:
• Increase in length per unit weight is called draft.
OR
• Decrease in weight per unit length is called draft.

PROCEDURE:
1. First of all, the material was fed on drafting machine which was given.

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 2. Then, the draft between lap roller and feed roller was calculated (tension draft).

3. For calculating the tension draft, the RPM of feed roller and lap roller and
diameter of feed and lap roller was calculated and put the values in the following
formula.

TENSION DRAFT = surface speed of feed roller/surface speed of lap roller.

D1 = RPM of feed roller * П * diameter of feed roller

RPM of lap roller * П * diameter of lap roller

 For measuring the RPM of feed and lap roller tecometer was used.

 Then, draft between feed roller and doffer was calculated (main draft).

 For calculating the main draft, the RPM of doffer and feed roller and diameter of
doffer and feed roller was calculated and put the values in the following formula.

MAIN DRAFT = surface speed of doffer/surface speed of feed roller.

RPM of doffer * П * diameter of doffer

D2 =
RPM of feed roller * П * diameter of feed roller

 Then, the draft between doffer and calender roller was calculated (tension draft).

 For calculating the tension draft, RPM of calender roller and doffer and diameter
of calender roller and doffer was calculated and put the values in the following
formula.

TENSION DRAFT = surface speed of calender roller/surface speed of doffer.

RPM of calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

D3 =
RPM of doffer * П * diameter of doffer

 Then, the draft between calender roller and coiler calender was calculated.

 For calculating that draft, RPM of coiler calender roller and calender roller and
diameter of coiler calender roller and calender roller was calculated and put the
values in the following formula.

D4 = surface speed of coiler calender roller/surface speed of calender roller.

RPM of coiler calender roller * П * diameter of coiler calender roller

=

8
 RPM of calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

 Then, total draft of carding machine was calculated by the formula

TOTAL DRAFT = surface speed of coiler calender roller/surface speed of lap roller

 Then, DCP was calculated.

 Then, D.C was calculated by multiplying draft with DCP.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

RPM of feed roller * П * diameter of feed roller

Tension draft = D1 =
RPM of lap roller * П * diameter of lap roller

D1 =

D1 =

RPM of doffer * П * diameter of doffer

Main draft = D2 =
RPM of feed roller * П * diameter of feed roller

D2 =

RPM of calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

Tension draft = D3 =
RPM of doffer * П * diameter of doffer

D3 =

RPM of coiler calender roller * П * diameter of coiler calender roller

D4 =
RPM of calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

D4 =

Total draft = surface speed of coiler calender roller/surface speed of lap roller

9
 =

DCP =

D.C = draft * DCP.

Practical No: 6
Title:
To calculate the cleaning efficiency of
scutcher machine.
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the method of determine the cleaning efficiency of cleaning
machine of blow room.
EQUIPMENTS:
1. scutcher machine.

2. Shirley analyzer.

3. Feeding material of scutcher machine.

4. Lap material.

5. Weight balance.

PROCEDURE:
1. 100 gram sample of feeding material of scutcher machine was selected.

2. The sample material for scutcher machine was taken from 20 – 30 places of
feeding material for true representation.

3. Then, the sample was fed in Shirley analyzer and completed the standard method
of the machine.

4. Then, trash T5 was collected from trash tray.

5. With the help of weighing balance, the weight of trash was calculated.

6. Then, 100 gram sample was taken from lap role from 20 – 30 places of the lap
role for true representation.

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7. Then, material was fed in Shirley analyzer and completed the standard method of
machine.

8. With the help of weighing balance, the weight of trash was calculated.

9. Cleaning efficiency of scutcher machine was calculated by the following formula.

10. ( trash in feeding material – trash in lap/weight of trash in

feeding material) * 100.

11. Cleaning efficiency of a cleaning machine was calculated by the following

formula:

(trash in feeding material – trash in delivered material/trash in

feeding material) * 100.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

[(4.5 – 4.0)/4.5] * 100

= (0.5/4.5) * 100

= 11.11

PRECAUTIONS:

 The sample should be weighted correctly.

 The machine should be used carefully.

 All trash should be collected in tray.

 The value of T5 should be taken every time.

11
 Practical No: 7
Title:
To calculate the different drafts and draft
constant on 3 by 3 drafting system drawing
frame machine (roller drafting).

OBJECTIVES:
5. Doubling.

6. Increase the uniformity of sliver.

7. Mixing and blending of fibers.

8. Drafting.

9. Straighting of fibers.

10. Make the fibers parallel.

11. Decrease the weight per yard of the material.

EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL:

3. Drawing frame machine and slivers.

DRAFT:
• Increase in length per unit weight is called draft.

OR

• Decrease in weight per unit length is called draft.

PROCEDURE:

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  First of all, the given material was fed on drawing frame machine.

 Then, the draft between assisting roller and back roller was calculated (tension
draft).

 For calculating the tension draft, the RPM of back draft roller and assisting roller
and diameter of back drafting roller and assisting roller was calculated and put the
values in the following formula.

TENSION DRAFT = D1 = surface speed of back drafting roller/surface speed of

assisting roller.

RPM of back draft roller * П * diameter of back draft roller

D1 =
RPM of assisting roller * П * diameter of assisting roller

 Then, draft between back drafting roller and middle drafting roller was calculated
(break draft).

 For calculating the break draft, RPM of middle drafting roller and back drafting
roller and diameter of middle and back drafting roller was calculated and put the
values in the following formula.

BREAK DRAFT = surface speed of middle drafting roller/surface speed of back

drafting roller

RPM of middle drafting roller * П * diameter of middle drafting roller

D2 =
RPM of back drafting roller * П * diameter of back drafting roller

 Then, the draft between middle drafting roller and front drafting roller was
calculated (main draft).

 For calculating the main draft, RPM of front and middle drafting roller and
diameter of front and middle drafting roller was calculated and put the values in
the following formula.

MAIN DRAFT = surface speed of front drafting roller/surface speed of middle drafting
roller

RPM of front drafting roller * П * diameter of front drafting roller

D3 =
RPM of middle drafting roller * П * diameter of middle drafting roller

 Then, the draft between front drafting roller and calender roller was calculated
(front tension draft).

13
  For calculating the front tension draft, RPM of calender and front drafting roller
and diameter of calender and front drafting roller was calculated and put the
values in the following formula.

FRONT TENSION DRAFT = surface speed of calender roller/surface speed of front

drafting roller.

RPM of calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

D4 =
RPM of front drafting roller * П * diameter of front drafting roller

 Then, total draft of drafting system machine was calculated.

 Then, total draft of drawing frame was calculated.

 Then, DCP was calculated.

 Then, D.C was calculated by multiplying total draft with DCP.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

DRAFT BETWEEN ASSISTING ROLLER AND BACK DRAFFTING

ROLLER:

RPM of back draft roller * П * diameter of back draft roller

D1 =
RPM of assisting roller * П * diameter of assisting roller

D1 =

D1=

DRAFT BETWEEN BACK DRAFTING ROLLER AND MIDDLE

DRAFTING ROLLER:

RPM of middle drafting roller * П * diameter of middle drafting roller

D2 =
RPM of back drafting roller * П * diameter of back drafting roller

D2 =

14
 D2 =

DRAFT BETWEEN MIDDLE DRAFTING ROLLER AND FRONT

DRAFTING ROLLER:

RPM of front drafting roller * П * diameter of front drafting roller

D3 =
RPM of middle drafting roller * П * diameter of middle drafting roller

D3 =

DRAFT BETWEEN FRONT DRAFTING ROLLER AND CALENDER

ROLLER:

RPM calender roller * П * diameter of calender roller

D4 =
RPM front drafting roller * П * diameter of front drafting roller

D4 =

RPM of front drafting roller * П * diameter of front drafting

roller
Total draft of drafting roller =
RPM of back drafting roller * П * diameter of back drafting
roller

Total draft of drawing frame = surface speed of calender roller/surface speed of

assisting roller

= D1 * D2 * D3 * D4

Draft constant = total draft * DCP.

15
 Practical No: 8
Title:
Investigation of various twist insertion
methods on ring spinning frame.
OBJECTIVES:

1. To become familier with the principle of twisting on ring spinning frame.

2. To calculate the TPI and TPM on ring frame by direct measurement using
tachometer.

3. To understand the role of TCP on ring spinning frame.

EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS AND MATERIAL:

1. RING SPINNING FRAMES:

MR-3 ring frame.

Howaring frame.

RY-5 spinning frame.

 Tachometer.

 Calliper.

 Measuring tape.

 Sample of yarn.

16
PROCEDURE:
FOR RING FRAME:

 With the help of calliper and measuring tape, the diameter of front drafting roller
of ring frame was calculated.

 With the help of tachometer, the RPM of front drafting roller and spindle was
observed.

 Then, TPI on ring frame was calculated by the following formula:

spindle RPM
TPI on ring frame =
front roller delivery inch/min.

OR

spindle RPM
TPI =
RPM of front roller * П * diameter of front roller.

FOR RING FRAME:

Name of machine =

NO. OF OBS. SPINDLE RPM FRONT ROLLER FRONT ROLLER TPI

(FLYER RPM) RPM DIAMETER
(INCH)
1
2
3
4

MEAN =

Name of machine =

17
 NO. OF OBS. SPINDLE RPM FRONT ROLLER FRONT ROLLER TPI
(FLYER RPM) RPM DIAMETER
(INCH)
1
2
3
4

MEAN =

Practical No: 9
Title:
Investigation of various twist insertion
methods on roving frame.
OBJECTIVES:

1. To become familier with the principle of twisting on roving frame.

4. To calculate the TPI and TPM on roving frame by direct measurement using
tachometer.

5. To understand the role of TCP on roving frame.

EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS AND MATERIAL:

1. ROVING FRAME:

MS-2-speed frame.

FL-16 roving frame.

 Tachometer.

 Calliper.

 Measuring tape.

 Sample of yarn.

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PROCEDURE:

FOR ROVING FRAME:

 With the help of calliper and measuring tape the diameter of front drafting roller
was calculated.

 With the help of tachometer the RPM of front drafting roller and spindle or flyer
was observed.

 Then, TPI was calculated by the following formula:

flyer RPM
TPI on roving frame =
front roller delivery inch/min.

OR

flyer RPM
TPI =
RPM of front roller * П * diameter of front roller.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

FOR ROVING FRAME:

Name of machine =

NO. OF OBS. SPINDLE FRONT ROLLER FRONT ROLLER TPI

RPM(FLYER RPM) RPM DIAMETER(INCH)
1
2
3

19
 4

MEAN =

Practical No: 10
Title:
Calculation of twist on ring spinning frame
by drawing twist gearing sketches of the
machines.
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the method to draw the twist gearing sketch of the ring spinning
frame.

• To understand the identification of TCP on ring frame.

• To understand the calculations of TPI by gearing sketch of the machines.

EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS AND MATERIAL:

• Ring spinning frame.

• White chalk.

• Measure tape.

PROCEDURE:
FOR RING FRAME:

 Draw the twist gearing sketch of ring spinning frame by showing the drive from
front drafting roller to spindle.

20
  Measured the diameter of front drafting roller.

 Counted the no. of teeth of gears present in the twist gearing sketch of ring
spinning frame.

 Calculated the TPI by the formula:

spindle RPM
TPI on ring frame =
front roller RPM * П * diameter of front roller

supposed the front roller RPM was one and calculated the rpm of spindle through twist
gearing sketch of ring frame and calculated the TPI and twist constant of ring frame.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

TWIST GEARING SKETCH OF MR-3 RING FRAME:

BACK DRAFTING ROLLER

MIDDLE DRAFTING ROLLER

FRONT DRAFTING ROLLER

F
E B

SPINDLE TAPE

D C

SPINDLE WHARVE

diameter of tin roller 1

TPI = 1 * A/C * D/E * F/G * *
diameter of spindle wharves П * diameter of front roller

21
 =

Practical No: 11
Title:
Calculation of twist on roving frame by
drawing twist gearing sketches of the
machines.
OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the method to draw the twist gearing sketch of the roving frame.

• To understand the identification of TCP on roving.

• To understand the calculations of TPI by gearing sketch of the machines.

EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS AND MATERIAL:

• Roving frame.

• White chalk.

• Measure tape.

PROCEDURE:
FOR ROVING FRAME:

• Draw the twist gearing sketch of roving frame, showing the drive from front

22
 drafting roller to flyer.

• The diameter of front drafting roller was measured.

• The no. of teeth of different gears present in twist gearing sketch was counted.

• Then, TPI was calculated by the following formula:

o flyer RPM
TPI =
front roller RPM * П * diameter of front roller

ratio of rotary speed (flyer and front roller)

=
П * diameter of front roller
Supposed the front roller rpm as one and calculated the rpm of flyer through twist gearing
sketch of roving frame and calculated the TPI at roving frame and calculated the twist
constant by multiplying the no. of teeth of TCP with TPI.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

TWIST GEARING SKETCH OF M.S-2 SPEED FRAME (ROVING
FRAME):

BACK DRAFTING ROLLER

MIDDLE DRAFTING ROLLER

FRONT DRAFTING ROLLER

A
FLYER

SPINDLE
C

K
D
J I
E

23
 H
G

RPM of flyer
TPI =
RPM of front roller * П * diameter of front roller

Suppose when front roller rotates one revolution through gearing sketch we can calculate
the rotation of flyer as:
= 1 * A/B * B/C * C/D * E/F * F/G * H/I * J/K.
= 1 * A/D * E/G * H/I * J/K.

1 * A/D * E/G * H/I * J/K

TPI =
1 * П * diameter of front roller
BACK DRAFTING ROLLER

3rd DRAFTING ROLLER

2nd DRAFTING ROLLER

FRONT DRAFTING ROLLER

A

C
K
J
L D TCP

F
FLYER G

I H

24
Suppose front roller RPM = 1

then flyer rpm through gearing sketch :

= 1 *A/D * E/F * G/H * I/J * K/L

1 *A/D * E/F * G/H * I/J * K/L

TPI =
1 * П * DIAMETER OF FRONT ROLLER

Practical No: 12
Title:
Determination of inputs and outputs of
spinning machines.

BLOW ROOM

Input output
PROCES
GINNED COTTON LAP SHEET
S

CARDING MACHINE

Input output
PROCES CARDED SLIVER
LAP SHEET
S CANS

DRAWING MACHINE

Input output
PROCES
CARDED SLIVERS DRAWN SLIVER
S
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SLIVER LAP MACHINE

Input output
PROCES NARRROW LAP
DRAWN SLIVERS
S SHEET

COMBING MACHINE

Input output
NARROW LAP PROCES COMBED SLIVER
SHEET S CANS
DRAWING MACHINE 2

Input output

COMBED SLIVER PROCES DRAWN SLIVER

CANS S CANS

ROVING MACHINE

Input output
DRAWN SLIVER PROCES ROVING
CANS S PACKAGES

RING SPINNING MACHINE

Input output

ROVING PROCES DESIRED YARN

PACKAGES S BOBINS

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WINDING MACHINE

Input output
PROCES
YARN BOBINS S WINDING
PACKAGES

27