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Unit - 7 Management by Objectives
Unit - 7 Management by Objectives
Unit-07
Management
by
Objectives
Structure
of
Unit
Structure
of
Unit
7.0 7.0
O Objectives
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
7.1 7.1
I Introduction
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
7.2 7.2
What
is
Management
Objectives
(MBO)?
What is Management
by
Objectives (MBO)? by
7.3 7.3
Features
of
Management
by
Objectives
(MBO)
Features of Management by Objectives (MBO)
7.4
The
Process
of
Management
by
Object ives
(MBO)
7.4 The Process of Management by Objectives (MBO)
7.5
Import ance
and
Advant age
of
MBO
7.5 Importance and Advantage of MBO
7.6
Weaknesses
and
Criticism
of
MBO
7.6
Weaknesses
and
Criticism
of
MBO
7.7
Making
MBO
Effective
7.8 7.7
S Making MBO
u Effective m
m
a
r
y
7.9 7.8
SelfSummary
Assessment
Questions
7.10 7.9
References
Books
Self Assessment Questions
7.0 7.10 Reference Books
Objectives
After
completing
t his
unit ,
you
will
be
able
t o:
"
Understand
concept
of
management
by
objectives;
7.0
Objectives the
"
Explain
various
characteristics
of
MBO;
After
completing
this
unit,
you
will
be
able
to:
"
Assess
the
process
of
MBO
and
steps
involved;
Know
Understand
the concept
"
the advant
age of management
of MBO byinobjectives;
current dynamic environment ;
Point
Explain various
of MBO;
"
outcharacteristics
various
limit ations
of
MBO;
"
Learn
how
t
o
implement
an
effective
MBO
programme.
7.1
Management
by
object ives
(MBO)
achievement of organizational and individual objectives
This approach is also known by other names such as 'Manaffgement by Results' (MBR), 'Goal
Management', 'Planning by Objectives' (PBO),
'Results Management',
'Joint
Target
Setting',
'Work PlanEmployees
get adequate
and
strong
input
ning and Review'. Today, MBO is used not only as a technique of goal setting but also as a total system of
planning,
motivation,
performance goals
appraisal
and Objectives
self-control.
Synchronizing
and subordinate
7.2
What
is
Management
by
Objectives
(MBO)?
MBO is difficult to define. Organizations useTracks
it in different
ways
and
for
different
reasons.
In
performance
broad terms, it may be stated that MBO is both a philosophy and an approach of management. It is a
process in which superiors and subordinates
sit togetherorganizational
to identify the common
objectives and set the
Enhances
performance
goals which are to be achieved by the subordinates, assess the contribution of each individual and integrate individual objectives with those
theManagement
organisation sobyasobjectives
to make best
use of the available resources
Fig.of
7.1
(MBO)
87
of
the
organisation.
"
Get duly communicated to all who are concerned with it;
"
Align short-term objectives to medium and long-term objectives; and
MBO is a system in which specific performance objectives are determined through participative
approach. Progress towards objectives is periodically reviewed and rewards determined accordingly.
In other words it refers to a formal, or moderately formal, set of procedures that begins with goal setting
and continues through performance review. The key to MBO is that it is a participative process, actively
involving managers and staff members at every organizational level. By building on the link between the
planning and controlling functions, MBO helps to overcome many of the barriers to planning.
This approach is also known by other names such as 'Management by Results' (MBR), 'Goal
Management', 'Planning by Objectives' (PBO), 'Results Management', 'Joint Target Setting', 'Work
Planning and Review'. Today, MBO is used not only as a technique of goal setting but also as a total
system of planning, motivation, performance appraisal and self-control.
may be done to achieve the expected objectives. Peter Drucker writes, "MBO may properly be called
a 'philosophy' of management because it rests on a concept of human action, behaviour, and motivation.
Finally, it applies to every manager, whatever his level or function, and to every organisation, whether
large or small."
2. MBO as an Approach: MBO is an approach to management. Approach refers to various tools or
techniques used in order to achieve the objectives. MBO introduces several new techniques of management. It also enhances the relevance and utility of existing ones. It is thus, a joint application of a number
of principles and techniques. It works as an integrating device. Many principles and techniques of planning and control are used in an organisation in the normal situation, but in MBO the focus is more on
these techniques.
3. Organizational and Individual Goals Determination: MBO is a participating and interactive
process whereby superiors and subordinates jointly determine common objective for the organisation
and also define each individual's areas of work and responsibility.
4. MBO Emphasizes Participatively Set Objectives that are Tangible, Verifiable, and Measurable: Kreitner writes, "The common denominator that has made MBO approach so popular in both
management theory and practice is the emphasis on 'objectives' that are both measurable and
participatively set.
5. MBO is a Top-down or the Bottom-up Approach in Results Management: which aims at
optimum use of organisational resources. Thus MBO is a systematic and rational technique that allows
management to attain maximum results from available resources. It allows the subordinate plenty of
room to make creative decisions on his own.
6. MBO has Multiple Uses: MBO is a way of promoting managerial self-control and it applies to total
management system. It has multiple uses. There are various managerial sub-systems that can be integrated with MBO process; they include performance appraisal, design of organisational structures, management development programmes, organisational change programmes, and budgeting.
7. BO has Some Relationship with Every Management Technique and It is a Universal Tool: In
fact, MBO provided the stimulus for the introduction of new techniques of management and enhances
the utility of the existing ones. MBO is the joint application of a number of principles and techniques. It
works as an integrating device. It is a valuable management tool for profit as well as non-profit organizations. It is a simple, non-technical, operational management approach which can be applied to every
type of organizations.
8. MBO as a Performance Appraisal and Review: As a performance appraisal and review, MBO is
intended to measure and judge performance, to relate individual performance to organisational goals and
to foster the increasing competence and growth of the subordinates.
9. A Comprehensive System Approach: MBO has become a comprehensive system. It considers
both economic and human aspects of an organisation. It applies to managers and employees in any kind
and size of organisation at all levels and in all functional areas. Koontz and Weihrich write, "MBO, to be
effective, has to be viewed as comprehensive system. It must be considered as a way of managing, and
not an addition to the managerial job."
10. Guidelines for Appropriate System: MBO has a thrust achieved on the objectives. Therefore it
provides guidelines for appropriate systems and procedures. Resources allocation, delegation of authority etc.
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are determined on the basis of objectives. Similarly, reward and punishment system is attached with the
achievement of objectives.
Finally we can say that the salient features of MBO are - cascading of organizational goals and
objectives; specific objectives for each team/group and member; participative decision making process;
explicit time period deadlines; and performance evaluation and feedback.
Activity A:
1.
Discuss the area of objective setting in specific concern to your study plan for final examination.
2.
"Is the philosophy of MBO really works?" Explain with suitable examples.
Activity B:
1.
Suppose you have a garment store in the main market of your city, draw a MBO programme with
the above steps for diversification.
2.
because of fear of resistance from the subordinates. Koontz and Weihrich state, "It is foolish and dangerous for a manager to strive for a goal that has been made obsolete by revised corporate objectives,
changed premises, or modified policies."
5. Increases Pressure and Frustration on the Subordinates: According to some critics MBO
actually increases pressure on the subordinates and sometimes, MBO creates frustration among managers. This is due to the reasons that (a) many organisations could not implement MBO properly and even
the organisation is not able to work with its old system, and (b) introduction of MBO arouses high
expectations in young managers. They are over-enthusiastic in making rapid change in terms of growth
and profitability for organisation and career development for themselves. If rate of change is slower than
the expected, then they feel frustrated.
6. Short Term Nature of Goals: In most MBO programmes, managers set goals for the short run
usually for a year or even less. This is dangerous for the long term development of the organisation. It is
also found that strategic goals are displaced by operational goals.
7. Quantitative Bias: In order to have verifiable and measurable goals, managers overuse quantitative
goals and attempt to force the use of numbers in areas where they are not applicable. They may also
downgrade important goals that are difficult to state in quantitative terms or end-results.
8. Time Consuming: A great deal of time to carefully set objectives at all levels of the organization is
required in MBO. Initially to built confidence in subordinates in the 'new system' superiors may have to
hold many meetings. The formal, periodic progress and final review sessions also consume time. So
MBO is a time consuming process.
9. Increases Paperwork: MBO programmes introduce a tidal wave of newsletters, instruction booklets, training manuals, questionnaires, performance data, and reports into the organization. To know of
what is going on in the organization, managers may demand regular reports and data in writing, thus
MBO imposes burdensome paper work.
10. Lack of Follow up: Lack of follow-up by the superior at the appropriate time is another hurdle in
the successful implementation of MBO. It is most easy to procrastinate. The superior must get to the
subordinate at the appropriate time. The subordinate should be prepared to tell the boss exactly what
has been accomplished and how.
11. Other Weaknesses:
It can be used as a threat by overzealous managers. Managers turn MBO into a sham, and start
playing games.
The programme is used as a 'whip' to control employee performance.
Top managers provide inadequate support.
It leads to a tug-of-war in which the subordinate tries to set the lowest possible targets and
superior the highest.
Activity C:
1.
2.
"MBO is a base to bring organizational changes effectively". Is the statement right? How?
3.
"There are no limitations as such of a MBO programme, if it is carefully planned and imple-mented". Comment.
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2.
7.8 Summary
The essence of an MBO system lies in the establishment of common goals by managers and their
subordinates acting together. Each person's major areas of responsibility are clearly defined in terms of
measurable expected results (objectives). These objectives are used by subordinates in planning their
work and by both subordinates and their superiors for monitoring progress. Performance appraisals are
conducted jointly on a continuing basis, with provisions for regular periodic reviews. To conclude we
can say, MBO involves managers and subordinates in jointly establishing specific objectives and periodically reviewing progress toward meeting those targets.
The salient features of MBO are - cascading of organizational goals and objectives; specific
objectives for each team/group and member; participative decision making process; explicit time period
deadlines; and performance evaluation and feedback.
The basic elements of effective MBO programs include- formulate clear objectives, support and
commitment of top management to the MBO system, encourage active participation of subordinates in
goal setting, educate and train managers about MBO, autonomy in implementing plans, periodic review
of performance, make feedback effective,.
MBO is not a panacea, for organizational problems. Quite often many organizations look MBO
as an instant solution to their problems. They fail to recognize that MBO demands careful planning and
proper implementation. Many organizations have been overwhelmed by problems of MBO. Some of
the problems are present in MBO system itself and others emerge due to wrong implementation like
incomplete understanding of MBO philosophy in personnel, poor planning and lack of guidelines for
implementation, practical difficulty in setting objectives, increases pressure and frustration on the subordinates, quantitative bias, lack of follow up.
MBO programs have achieved considerable acceptance, even though they require a great deal of
time and energy, because they appear to result in improved performance and higher morale. Today,
MBO is used not only as a technique of goal setting but also as a total system of planning, motivation,
performance appraisal and self-control.
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"MBO encourages self-control and self-management." Explain. Also discuss the process of MBO.
2.
"MBO shifts control from people to operations." Discuss. Also state the advantage of MBO
concept.
3.
What do you mean by 'Management by Objectives? Explain the weaknesses of this system.
4.
Define MBO. What factors are necessary for a successful MBO programmes?
5.
What is MBO? Discuss its characteristics in detail. Also describe its problems to be faced in
practice.
L.M. Prasad (2002); 'Principles and Practices of Management'; Sultan Chand & Sons,
Educational Publishers, 2002, New Delhi.
James A. F. Stoner, R. Edward Freeman, and Daniel R. Gilbert Jr. (2008); 'Management'; Prentice
Hall, 6th Edition, Reprint in 2008.
P.C. Tripathi, and P. N. Reddy (2008); 'Principles of Management'; Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited, 4th Edition, 2008, New Delhi.
Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich (2003); 'Essentials of Management'; Tata McGraw-Hill Pub
lishing Company Limited, Reprint 2003, New Delhi.
V.S.P. Rao and V. Hari Krishna (2009); 'Management-Text and Cases'; Excel Books, 1st
Edition, Reprint 2009, New Delhi.
Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Neharika Vohra (2010); 'Management' Prentice Hall,
10th Edition, 2010.
Chhabra T N (1988), "Principles and Practice of Management", Dhanpan Rai & Sons, Delhi.
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