Telecommunication Switching

Network

Tuhina Samanta

BEIT, 6th Semester

IT-602: TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Introduction, elements of Tele traffic, Erlang's formula.
Switching techniques - Electronics switching, generic
switch and Engset formula, SD/TD/STS networks. Hybrid
time and space division switching
Telephone networks- Signaling, DTMF techniques,
transmission, digital transmission requirements.
Cellular Mobile Telephone System- Cell concepts,
architecture, hardware procedures, GSM and CDMA
standard,
Data networks, Packet/Circuit Switching, LAN, MAN, WAN,
ISDN, Broadband network, ATM concept and functionality.
Services- FAX, Cable TV, Video on demand.

BEIT, 6th Semester

Telecommunication Switching
Network

BEIT, 6th Semester

Basic Terms
Calling subscriber initiates the call
Called subscriber call is destined to
Setting up connection to required destination
information sent to serving exchange.
May pass through several exchanges (all
exchanges on route).

Signaling required to draw attention of the

called subscriber
BEIT, 6th Semester

Modes of Communication
Simplex
One way communication involving two entities

Half-duplex
An entity is capable of both transmitting and
receiving but not simultaneously

Full-duplex
Information transfer takes place in both the
directions
BEIT, 6th Semester

A Network with a Point-to-point Link

N entities,
Number of links (L) = (n-1) + (n -2) + 1 + 0 = n (n-1)/2
BEIT, 6th Semester

Communication Network

BEIT, 6th Semester

A Telecommunication Network
Subscriber Lines

Subscriber Lines

SS1

SS2
Trunks
Trunks

SS4

Subscriber Lines

SS3
SS=
Switching
System
BEIT, 6th Semester

Subscriber Lines
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Switching Network Configurations

Outgoing
Trunks

Incoming
Trunks
N
inlets

M
Outlets

Switching
Network

Switching
Network
Subscriber
Subscriber
inlets
outlets
Inlet-Outlet Connection

Symmetric Network (M= N)

N
Incoming
Trunks

Switching
Network

M
Outgoing
Trunks

N
subscriber
Lines

Switching
Network

Nonfolded Network
Folded Network
BEIT, 6th Semester

Tele-traffic
Nonblocking network
networks with N subscribers has N/2 simultaneous
switching paths

Blocking Network
number of simultaneous switching paths is less than
number of simultaneous conversation that can take
place

Erlang(E) internationally accepted standard for

traffic intensity
A switching resource is said to carry one Erlang of traffic
if it is continuously occupied throughout a given period
of observation
BEIT, 6th Semester

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Evolution of Switching System

Space Switch

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Manual System
Obtain the number to connect from caller
Connect the call of the called line
(inserting plug of cord circuit)
Alerts the called customer
Monitoring process called supervision

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Strowger Step-by-Step
Connections are set up in stages called
progressive control.
The uniselectors act as concentrator at
each customer premise.
The final is the expander.

BEIT, 6th Semester

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Crossbar Switching
Strowger switches require regular
maintenance.
Replace manual operated switch by matrix
telephone relays called Matrix Crosspoints.
The switch retains a set of contacts at each
crosspoint.
Contacts are multiplied together.
Uneconomic as N inlets and N outlets
requires N2 relays.
BEIT, 6th Semester

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Electronic Switching
Facilities controlled by customers
Call barring, Repeat last call, Reminder calls, Call
diversion, Three way calls, Charge advice

Multiplex System
FDM
TDM

Space Division (SD) System

Connection is made over a different path in.

Time Division (TD) System

connection made over the same path but different
instant in time.

BEIT, 6th Semester

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Speech Digitization and Transmission

Speech digitization
PCM
DPCM

Line Coding
Properties
Types of coding

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Time Division Multiplexing

Subdivide the capacity of a digital
transmission system into parts in time.
STDM Synchronous TDM
Time slots are assigned in repetitive manner

ATDM Asynchronous TDM

Assign capacity as and when needed

BEIT, 6th Semester

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Four Channel TDM Frame Structure

1

Frame

Bit Interleaving

4 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1

Frame

4-bit word Interleaving

BEIT, 6th Semester

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Frame Synchronization
Extra frame bit is added, or some data bit
treated as frame bits to ensure resume of
new frame.
For T1 channel structure, 24 channels are
multiplexed having frame length of 193bits
(24 8 + 1)bits.
Average frame acquisition time Ft is
important for frame synchronization
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Frame Synchronization
Assume Ft uses 1 framing bit per frame with
alternating ones and zeros
Ft = avg. time required to examine the required
number of bits before a framing bit is hit upon
Ft = avg. time required to test and ensure that
chosen bit is a frame bit
Ft = Ft Ft
This implies bits are chosen one by one and
tested sequentially
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Frame Synchronization
p = prob. of finding a 1 in a bit position
q = p -1 = prob. of finding a 0 in a bit position
If the first bit observed is a 1, then the probability
that a mismatch occurs at the end of,

One frame = p
Two frame = q.q = q2
Three frames = q.p.p = qp2
Four frames = q.p.q.q = q3p
Five frames = q.p.q.p.p = q2p3
Six frames = q.p.q.p.q.q = q4p2

Hence Ft = p + 2q2 + 3qp2 + 4q3p + 5q2p3 + 6q4p2

BEIT, 6th Semester

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Frame Synchronization
Assume, p = q
Then, Ft = p/(1-p)2 frame times
Setting p =1/2 , Ft = 2 frame times = 2N bit
times
Average number of bits that must be tested
before the framing bit is encountered is N/2,
i.e.Ft = (N/2)
Ft = (2N)(N/2) = N2 bit times
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Added Channel Framing

Recent technique use dedicated separate
channel for framing
Framing digits are added in a group
CCITT multiplexing standard 32 channels per
frame with one channel carrying framing
information, one channel signalling information,
and 30 channels for data
N2
N
For multibit frame code, Ft L
bits
2(2 1)

N = length of the frame

L = length of the frame code
Assumption: 1 and 0 occurs with equal probability
BEIT, 6th Semester

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Books
1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Oxford University Press
2. Thiagarajan Viswanathan, Telecommunication
Switching Systems and Networks, Prentice Hall
India, 2007
3. Taub, Schilling, Principle of Communication
Systems, Tata Mcgraw Hill
4. J. E. Flood, Telecommunications, Switching,
Traffic and Networks, Prentice Hall, 1999.
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