Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(SDH)
Contents-
• Introduction
• SDH
• Use of SDH
• Benefits of SDH
• Advantages of SDH
• Services
Continued..
• When to SDH
• SDH frame Structure
• Elements of frame Structure
Introduction
• ITU-t recommendations
- STM-1 155Mbps,
- STM-4 622 Mbps
- STM-16 2.4 Gbps
- STM64 10 Gbps
Where is SDH used?
Benefits of SDH-
• VC-1, VC-3 and VC-4 are formed for European PDH bit rates
2 Mbps, 34 Mbps and 140 Mbps respectively.
• Application of TM:
1. Transmission system (STM-1, STM-4,STM-16)
2. Multiplexing of Signals
3. For higher bit rates signals
4. Point-to-point (Chain network)
ADD/DROP Multiplexer(ADM)
• PTE that can multiplex & demultiplex various signals
to or from STM-N signals. At add/drop side, only
those signals that need to be accessed are dropped or
inserted. Remaining traffic continues through NE
without signal processing.
• Single stage ADM can multiplex or demultiplex one
or more tributary signals to or from STM-N. Used in
Terminal side(low speed side) where lower bit rate
signals can add or drop into high speed SDH signals.
ADM
• Functions of REG.:
1. Regeneration of signals
2. Amplification
3. Retransmission of high power signals toward
receiver.
• Applications:
1. In point-to-point and in ring network
2. For long haul distance communication
DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT(DXC)
• Used for setting up semi-permanent interconnection
between different channels. Regroup & switch data
streams between interfaces of cross connect system.
For eg. UMUX- multiservice access system( equipped
for cross connect system with STM-4 system).
• 2 types- 1.Broadband DXC & 2.Wideband DXC
DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT(DXC)
• Core function is cross connection
• Used at hub stations.
• Used for grooming telecommunication traffic,
switching traffic from one to other in network failure
condition
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• NMS is combination of software & hardware used to
monitor and administer a network.
• Network elements(NE’s ) in a network are managed
by this NMS system.
• NMS manages NE such as fault, accounting,
configuration and performance managements.
• NMS employs various protocols to perform these
tasks such as SNMP protocol can be used to gather
information from devices in network.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
By
Nita kulkarni.
CONTENTS
a) Introduction.
b) Topology types
i)point to point.
ii)point to multipoint.
iii)Ring topology.
iv)Mesh topology.
v) star topology.
c)Extended star topology.
d)Deployment of SDH.
Introduction
1)How the nodes in the system are connected.
2)Topology can be considered at many different levels:
physical, logical, connection, or organizational.
3)Topology is considered in terms of the information
flow.
– Nodes in the graph are individual computers or
programs,
– links between nodes indicate that those nodes are
sharing information regularly in the system.
Topology types
a) Point to point topology
b) Point to multipoint topology
c)Ring topology
d)Mesh topology
e)Star topology
Point to point topology
Point to multipoint topology
Ring topology
• A single centralized server cannot handle high client
load, so a common solution is to use a cluster of
machines arranged in a ring to act as a distributed
server.
• Communication between the nodes coordinates state-
sharing, producing a group of nodes that provide
identical function but have failover and load-
balancing capabilities.
• Unlike the other topologies here, ring systems are
generally built assuming the machines are all nearby
on the network and owned by a single organization.
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Disadvantages.
1.Expensive
2.Difficult to install
3.Difficult to manage
4.Difficult to troubleshoot
Star topology
Disadvantages
A star network requires more cable than a ring
or bus network
Failure of the central hub can bring down the
entire network
Costs are higher (installation and equipment)
than for most bus networks
Extended Star Topology
Deployment of SDH
ANY QUESTION?