Hand Test

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Page 1
HAND TEST
Edwin E. Wagner, Ph.D.
Presentation by
SYEDA ANUM FATIMA
&
SADIA MISBAH
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"The Hand Test... may be especially

useful when the diagnostic
questions involve the prediction of
acting-out behavior."
Jack L. Bodden, Ph.D.
Page 3
INTRODUCTION
OF
HAND TEST
Page 4
INTRODUCTION
Diagnostic Technique
Contain pictures Of hands as a
projective medium.
Stimulus material consist of 10
unbound cards containing simple
line drawings of hands in various
position.
The 10th card is blank
Page 5
Cards are presented one at a time.

Examinee projects by telling what the
hand is doing.
Responses are recorded verbatim
Initial response time per card and
other relevant behaviour is also
noted.
Hand Test contain both quantitative
and qualitative categories.
Simple and easy to administer.
Page 6
DEVELOPMENT
OF
HAND TEST
Page 7
Development
The development began in later
1950s.
Piotrowski (1957) was felt that a
projective instrument was needed by
its nature was designed to mirror
attitudes and action tendencies which
are close to the surface and apt to
reveal the individuals behaviour.
Responses to hands in ambiguous
poses indicate these hierarchical and
diagnostically useful scheme.
Page 8
USES OF HAND TEST
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USES OF HAND TEST

Hand Test measures overt behavior.
The research has shown that Hand
Test scores are related to acting out
behavior among juvenile delinquents.
Hand Test can also measure actingout behavior among disruptive
students, adult prisoners,
schizophrenics, mental retardates,
and alcoholics.
Page 10
The Hand Test can also predict

workshop performance of mentally
retarded subjects, occupational
orientation in normal populations,
and withdrawal from reality in braininjured versus non-brain-injured
samples.
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LIMITATIONS
Of
HAND TEST
Page 12
Limitations
This test cannot be used alone as it
does not provide complete and
concrete diagnosis.
The test is short as compared to other
projective techniques. It is fairly
structured providing good or bad
responses that may hinder its
discriminatory ability.
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The test should not be considered

complete in regard to the
multidimensional possibilities of
personality assessment as they are
close to motor system therefore
fantasy life, specific defence
mechanism, intelligence can be
partially discovered by hand test.
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The Hand Test is optimally sensitive

to the examinees immediate
psychological state.
Expert examinee is required for the
purpose of interpretation of hand test.
Page 15
ADMINISTRATION
OF
HAND TEST
Page 16
Administration
Time required is 10 min including
recording of responses but not the
scoring.
Before administering we have to
establish rapport.
Examiner and examinee should be
seated at a table facing each other .
Stimulus cards should be lined faced
down on the table.
Page 17
The examiner show the cards to the

examinee. Cards are always
presented to the examinee right side
up; that is, the card number on the
reverse side of the card is in the
upper right-hand corner.
An examinee may turn the card as he
wishes.
When response to first card is
finished next card is presented to the
subject.
Page 18
In the last he will be shown the blank

card(i.e. 10th card) and asked to
imagine whatever come to mind.
Responses should be copied
verbatim.
Initial time response for each
response should be recorded.
If the examinee cannot provide a
scorable response to a card (i.e.,
produces a failure) no initial
response time is recorded for that
card.
Page 19
Instances
Instances include the following:
If the examinee gives a short,
response card, such as Its up, the
examiner should prompt the examinee
by asking, What is it doing?
If the examinee gives only one
response to the first card, the
examiner should ask, Anything
else?
When an examinee fails a card the
examiner says, Can u guess?.
Page 20
Recording Procedures
Booklet is designed for the ease of

administration, recording and
tabulation of responses.
Comments, exclamations and other
remarks made are recorded but not
counted as scorable responses.
Page 21
Use Of Symbols
The recording of responses can be
simplified by using the following
scoring symbols.
I. : Examinee turns card.
II. <, >, v, : Examinee turns card from
initial position to a position with the
top margin of the card to the left (<),
top margin of the card to the right (>),
top margin of the card down (v), or
if the examinee leaves the card in its
initial position.
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(Q): Examiner has ask a question.

(E): Examinee illustrates the position
of the hand on the card with his or her
own hand.
(D): Examinee demonstrates with his
or her own hand in order to illustrate
his or her response.
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Record Form
Used to record responses of the
client.
Initial response time response is also
recorded.
Also rotations of cards are recorded in
the record form as:
<, >, ,
Page 24
SCORING CATEGORIES
OF
HAND TEST
Page 25
Scoring Categories
Quantitative categories Qualitative Categories
Interpersonal (INT)
Ambivalent (AMB)
Affection (AFF)
Dependence (DEP)
Communication (COM)
Exhibition (EXH)
Direction (DIR)
Aggression (AGG)
Environmental (ENV)
Acquisition (ACQ)
Active (ACT)
Passive (PAS)
Automatic Phrase (AUT)

Cylindrical (CYN)
Denial (DEN)
Emotion (EMO)
Gross (GRO)
Hiding (HID)
Immature (IMA)
Impotent (IMP)
Inanimate (INA)
Movement (MOV)
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Scoring Categories
Quantitative categories Qualitative Categories
Maladjustive (MAL)
Oral (ORA)
Tension (TEN)
Crippled (CRI)
Fear (FEAR)
Withdrawal (WITH)
Description (DFS)
Bizarre (BIZ)
Failure (FAIL)
Perplexity (PER)
Sensual (SEN)
Sexual (SEX)
Original (O)
Repetition (RPT)
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DESCRIPTION
OF
SCORING CATEGORIES
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Quantitative Scoring
Categories
INTERPERSONAL(INT)
1. Affection(AFF)
Involves pleasure, affection or

friendly feeling.
Waving to a friend-a greeting
A friendly salute to a fellow officer
Comforting hand of a nurse.
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2-Dependence(DEP)
Expressed dependence on need for
help.
Aid from another person
A drowning person calling for help.
A hand folded in prayer, asking for
forgiveness.
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3-Communiation(COM)
Presenting or exchange of information.
Stressing a point in conversation
A child holding finger up, showing
how old he is.
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4-Exhibition(EXH)
Displaying oneself in order to approve

other.
Stress on special characteristics of
hand
Showing off her diamond wring
Child showing off his clean hands
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5-Direction(DIR)
Dominating, directing or influencing
activities of others.
Police officer saying, stop!
Giving a command
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6-Aggresion(AGG)
Involves giving of pain or aggression.
Trying to scare someone
Boxing in the wring
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Environmental Responses(ENV)
Represent generalized attitude
towards the impersonal world.
Activities that individual consider
important for survival.
It is classified in three subcategories.
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i-Acquistion (ACQ)
Attempt to obtain a goal or a object.
Movement is ongoing and the goal is
unattained still in doubt.
Trying to catch a football
Grabbing for something that has
fallen
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ii-Active(ACT)
An action or attitude designed to
manipulate, attain or alter an object or
goal.
Active differs from Acquisition (ACQ)
in that the object or goal has been or
will be accomplished.
Writing with a pencil
Throwing a ball
Picking up a coin
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Maladjustive Response(MAL)
Those responses of which individual is
partially aware, in carrying out various
actions due to experienced inner
weakness.
Maladjustive responses can be divided
in three subcategories.
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1-Tension(TEN)
It indicates energy in being exerted but
nothing or little is accomplished.
A feeling of tension, anxiety is present.
A fist clenched in anger
Tensing hands to see if nerves are
steady
Holding something everything very
tight
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2-Crippled(CRIP)
Includes responses like
A dead person hand
Womans hand. She's been hurt
That hand is bleeding.
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3-Fear(Fear)
It is scored when the hand is
threatened with pain, injury or death
The response is classified as fear if
hand is perceived as causing pain,
injury or death.
My fathers hand, like he is going to
hit me.
Falling back, trying to save himself.
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Withdrawal Response(WITH)
It represents an inability of the
examinee to project an appropriate
action onto the picture of hand.
It is classified in three subcategories.
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1-Description(DES)
Examinee gives simple responses.
Just a hand.
Palm up.
2-Bizzare(BIZ)
Based on hallucinatory content, or
other peculiar thinking.
A black bug
A crocodile creeping along the wall
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3-Failure(FAIL)
No scorable response at all is given to
a particular card.
Response is tabulated when the
scoring summary is not included in the
response total.
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Qualitative Scoring
Categories
17 categories have been identified.
Card responses may be classified one
by one or more than one qualitative
category per response is rare.
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1-Ambivalent (AMB)
This response occur when hesitation
or uncertainty is voiced about
imparted action tendencies.
Is he demanding something?(Q
)Could be demanding or ordering
someone.
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2-Automatic Phrase(AUT)
Occur in the beginning or end of a
response to the series of cards.
Usual way of scoring automatic
phrase(AUT) is by underlying the
phrase and counting the phrase when
the test is completed.
Well, what could that be?A person
punching someone in the nose.
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3-Cylindrical(CYL)
Hand is perceived as holding,
manipulating or using an object i.e.
large enough to occupy space
between the hand and fingers.
Like a plumber screwing a pipe
Holding a flag pole
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4-Denial(DEN)
The reaction is stronger than in
ambivalence response and is definitely
avoided by the examinee.
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5-Emotion(EMO)
Response is invested with emotion.
Response is full of intense feeling.
Real happy, just bursting right out
with joy. hasnt seen his buddy in
years and is really glad to shake his
hand(AFF).
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6-Gross(GRO)
It indicates an aggressive act which is
uncontrolled and completely
unsocialized.
Split somebodys skull open with a
baseball bat.
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7-Hiding(HID)
Hand is perceived as concealing

something.
Has something valuable in the hand,
keeping his finger closed so no one
can see it
A magician doing one of those hand
tricks making a penny disappear.
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8-Immature(IM)
Perceives hand as relating to children
or animals.
Pet a dog
Teacher. Sending a child to the
board.
Page 53
9-Impotent(IMP)
Expressed inability on examinees part
to respond to or figure out the test
stimuli.
These are too hard for me.
Im too old to do this
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10-In Animate(INA)
Does not see the hand as belonging to
live human being.
Hand is associated with inanimate
portrayals such as painting,
statue or movie screen.
Not doing anything, just elegant and
beautiful.
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11-Movement(MOV)
It specifies random, unproductive
activity.
Purposeless, repetitive activity
imparted to the movement of hand.
Like it is folding and unfolding(Q)
Tense and just closing and opening.
Page 56
12-Oral(ORA)
The response implying ingestion of
food, liquid or drug scored in oral
response.
Has a fork in his hand, eating.
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13-Perplexity(PER)
The stimuli are different and that he or
she is puzzled.
What is it doing?(Yes)Well, it could
be doing alot of things; you cant be
sure(Fail).
Page 58
14-Sensual(SEN)
Involve tactual, sensual element.
Hand is seen as deriving pleasure from
feeling or touching people or objects.
Working with clay. Likes the feeling of
it(ACT)
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15-Sexual(SEX)
Hand is directly engaged in sexual
activity.
To relieve tension
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16-Original(O)
Response should only be scored by
experienced examiner who has given
and interpreted large number of
response.
Response is appropriate to the drawn
hand unusual and original.
Intelligence and creativity should not
be scored unless examinee is sure
about the response.
Using your hand to explain how
current flow in a physics class
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17-Repetition(RPT)
Examinee gives same response on a
number of cards.
When repetition occur a checkmark
should be made in the scoring column.
That hand is waving
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Additional Categories
Page 63
Additional Categories
The additional qualitative features may be
scored provided they are interpreted with
caution.
It is recommended that these scores
not be recorded in the summary
section of the booklet.
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1- Ball
Hand is seen as bouncing, throwing or
otherwise handling a ball or a round
object.
Catching a baseball.
Ball response is given by individuals
usually males who are interested in
sports.
Ball response should be interpreted
cautiously.
Page 65
It convey three different meaning.

1- Psychosexual problem
2- Interest in sports
3- Socialized involvement in cooperative
ventures.
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2- Drug
Usually under the oral category.
Some examinee prefer to score it
separately because of implication of
examinee orality that has led to drug
usage rather than less dangerous oral
habits such as eating, drinking.
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3- Food
Response related to oral category.
Sometimes used to differentiate direct,
food ingestion from other related oral
activities such as smoking.
Page 68
4- Evasive(EVAS)
It is not a common response when it
does occur it is given to psychopath
and other personality types.
Page 69
5- Concreteness(CONC)
Represent an imaginal failure.
Examinee fall back on something in
order to come up with a response. This
reaction is given by examinee with low
mental ability.
Examinee with low IQ or brain damage
says:
Thats your hand holding the card.
Page 70
6- Feminine(FEM)or Masculine(MASC)
This category is scored when the sex
of hand is mentioned.
Thats a mans hand moving a piece
of machinery
Male-Female differences pertain life
orders.
Page 71
7- Homosexuality(HOMO)
Involves activity, relationship or

description which makes reference to
homosexual may be scored as
homosexuality response.
It is a gay person talking you know
how they hold their hands.
Page 72
8- Money(MON)
Response is scored when the hand is

seen as dealing with currency.
Picking up a penny.
It is encountered with people who are
concerned with money or who lack it.
It is found among jobless examinees
referred by social agencies.
Page 73
9- Personification(PERS)
It is scored when examinee refer to
themselves
Personification response is given to
self centred people who are interested
in their own problems and have
trouble making an objective.
It can be found in normal people but
tends to be encountered more
frequently with hysterics, borderline
cases, and certain types of schizoids.
Page 74
10- Self(SELF)
Responses are scored when the
activity is self-directed. Such a
response denotes an interest in
oneself instead of the environment.
Self response involves a concern with
feelings, pleasures, and activities
which derive from the self rather that
other people or the impersonal
environment.
Page 75
It also seems to occur more often in

children than. It seems logical that
children might focus on their own
bodies before directing their energies
outwardly.
Page 76
11- Symbolism(SYM)
It occurs when an examinee assigns
abstract meaning to an action or
description.
A dancer making expressive
movements to symbolize the joy of
creation.
Page 77
Symbolism is often found in

conjunction with Inanimate responses
(e.g., The hand of Mona Lisa. Its
peaceful. Symbolizes gentleness).
Page 78
PSYCHOMETRIC
PROPERTIES
RELIABILITY
Page 79
Test Retest Reliability

Test retest reliability of hand test has
been examined using normal and
psychopathological groups.
A study of Panek and Stoner(1979)
Group of 71 normal examinees, 56
female and 15 males.
Two week interval was used between
test administration.
Test retest correlation ranged from
.51 to .89 for quantitative scoring .30
to .80 for qualitative scoring.
Page 80
Internal Consistency
Following study have examined the
internal consistency of the hand test.
The first study involved 100 protocols
of individuals belonging to various
groups.
Split half reliabilities were obtained.
Comparing card 1,3,5,7&9 with the
pathological score for cards 2,4,6,8,10.
Page 81
The split half reliabilities were

For individuals .85,.84,&.85
For pair of individuals 0.86,.96,.92
Page 82
Inter scorer Reliability

Study of normal female examinees by
(Maloney &Wagner (1979))
Two judges were involved in the study.
One was well trained graduate student.
Other was author of test.
Spearman correlation was computed
which ranged from 0.71 to 1.00 (perfect
agreement).
Page 83
VALIDITY OF HAND
TEST
Page 84
Criterion Validity
The ability of hand test responses to
differentiate between normals and
schizophrenics by (Wagner,1961).
Groups of male schizophrenics and
50 normal male college students were
selected.
Correlation was composed for four
hand test variables
Interpersonal=.56
Active=.40
Maladjustive=.36
Withdrawal=.81 Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 85
Predictive Validity
Study by Darrbney and Wagner(1980)
investigated the relationship of the
hand test and predicted success in
medical colleges.
23 students participated, 13 males
and 10 females.
Students were given hand test and
Rorschach and index of
maladjustment.
Page 86
Results showed that scores of

maladjustment correlated negatively
with all measures of intellect and
performance.
Correlation of .55 was found.
Page 87
Concurrent Validity
A number of studies have examined
the relationship of hand test
performance to various behaviours
and performance.
Panek, Wagner, Barrett and
Alexander(1978) studied the
relationship of hand test performance
with the automatic accidents.
170 females were taken.
Divided into two groups
Older driver
Younger driver Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 88
Correlation between younger driver

and initial response time and number
of accidents .27 and older is .41.
Results indicate that hand test might
be useful for Identifying individuals
with personality disposition towards
accidents.
Page 89
INTERPRETATION
QUANTITATIVE
INTERPRETATION
Page 90
Quantitative
Interpretation
Interpersonal Responses
Interpersonal responses involve
relation with other people.
Lack of interpersonal responses
indicate an individual whose life lack
interpersonal roles.
Page 91
Variety of possible interpersonal

responses
1. Affection
2. Dependence
3. Communication
4. Exhibition
5. Direction
6. Aggression
Page 92
I.
Affection
Affectionate person participates in

pleasurable relationships which
involve mutual interchange of
positive feelings and attitudes.
They give and receive affection and
generally impress others as being
reasonable and friendly.
Page 93
II. Dependence
Dependent people are those who

need others.
These persons are willing to
subordinate themselves in order to
receive care and protection.
Dependence responses are
considered to be socially positive
and essential to peoples well being.
Page 94
III. Communication
Communication responses are given

by examinees who engage in
reciprocal information exchanges as
a way of displaying interpersonal
roles.
These type of responses can be
found among all types of individuals.
Page 95
IV. Exhibition
In exhibition responses the individual

desires pleasure from receiving the
attention of others.
The need for praise and being the
center of attention is a major part of
an exhibition responses.
People showing exhibition responses
are egocentric and individualistic.
Page 96
V. Direction
These people manipulate others into

fulfilling their needs but neither
dislike those people being
manipulated.
Individuals who are not directive are
not suitable for social success.
Page 97
VI. Aggression
Aggressive people are often social,

seek to hurt others, and are
ineffective in real goals.
Limited no of aggressive responses
especially mixed with positive
interpersonal responses, may be
expected in normal individuals.
Page 98
Environmental Responses
Environmental responses are assumed
to represent generalized attitudes to
impersonal world.
Environmental responses are broken
down into three more specific
quantitative scoring categories.
1. Acquisition responses
2. Active responses
3. Passive responses
Page 99
I.
Acquisition Responses
Individuals who produce many

acquisition responses tend to set
their sights high and pursue even
greater accomplishment than they
have already achieved.
Athletes, sales personnel, and
scientists may all produce
acquisition responses although their
goals differ.
Page 100
II. Active Responses
Active responses are generally given

by examinees who are involved in
constructive accomplishment.
Home-worker, laborer and expert
burglar may all give Active responses
even though the purpose toward
which they direct their efforts differs
greatly.
Page 101
III. Passive Responses
A passive response means that at

least some of the time an individual
will desire allowing psychological or
physical passivity.
The greater the number of passive
responses, the more the examinee
gravitates toward situations which
assure few struggles.
Page 102
Maladjustive Responses
Maladjustive responses arise from a
failure to meet goals.
Normal individuals who are suffering
from tension and feelings of
inadequacy can produce a small
number of Maladjustive responses.
Maladjustive responses are divided
into three subcategories:
i. Tension
ii. Crippled
iii.Fear
Page 103
I.
Tension Responses
Tension responses may be given by

normal individuals who suppress or
waste action tendencies.
Examples include:
A hand that is full of nervous tension.
Page 104
II. Crippled Responses
In crippled responses the examinee

projects his or her psychological
insufficiencies and inadequacies by
physical deforming the hand.
Crippled responses may indicate
many types of inferiority (e.g.
intellectual, emotional, physical).
Page 105
III. Fear Responses
Phobic experience and individuals

own internalized hostility can
produce fear response.
Responses of this type reflect
genuine apprehension about threat to
ego integrity.
Fear responses generally have
greater pathological significance
than tension or crippled responses.
Page 106
Withdrawal Responses
Withdrawal responses reflect an
rejection of meaningful, effective life
rules.
Withdrawal responses are not given by
the normative groups so withdrawal
responses should be considered
pathological.
Withdrawal category is subdivided into
three more categories.
i. Description
ii. Bizarre
iii.Failure
Page 107
I.
Description
This type of response is most typical

of deteriorated schizophrenics,
although neurotic, mentally retarded
and a rare normal examinee also
produce description responses.
Elaborated description responses
reflect unique emotional states,
where as simple description
responses represent an attempt to
deal with reality.
Page 108
II. Bizarre Responses
Bizarre responses are the most

serious of all withdrawal responses.
The examinee partially or completely
ignores the hand stimuli and projects
his or her illogical perceptions onto
the hand.
Bizarre responses mostly appear in
schizophrenics who are displaying
psychotic symptomatology (e.g.,
delusions and hallucinations).
Page 109
III. Failure Responses
Failure responses represent the

inability of the examinee to attend or
respond to hand stimuli.
Failure have serious implications and
should not be taken lightly.
Deterioration, especially organic
deterioration is indicated when
several failures are produced by the
examinee.
Page 110
INTERPRETATION
QUALITATIVE
INTERPRETATION
Page 111
Qualitative Interpretation
The quantitative scores are

concerned with methods of relating
to the interpersonal and impersonal
environment, whereas the qualitative
scores focus more on personal
tendencies and the motivation behind
these action tendencies.
Page 112
1. Ambivalent
Ambivalent shows hesitancy in the

expression of the behavior with
which it is associated.
The implication is that such action
tendencies are only partially
successful in the past and examinee
is hesitant about expressing them.
Ambivalent responses occur among
all clinical groups.
Page 113
2. Automatic Phrase
It is rare
It represents a feeble, stereotyped
attempt to induce familiarity and
structure into which it is a difficult,
disturbing task for the examinee.
Page 114
3. Cylindrical
It has been found among chronic

male masturbators, male
homosexuals and females with
sexual identity problems but is not
pathognomonic of any one
diagnostic group.
Page 115
4. Denial
Denial has a similar interpretation as

Ambivalent.
Here a defensive reaction formation
can be assumed since the action
tendency is explicitly denied.
Page 116
5. Emotion
It does not necessarily to imply

genuine and deep emotion.
It tends to occur more with
individuals who possess only
apparent affect.
For example:
Thats the way I carried my
bouquet when was married. I was so
happy.
Page 117
6. Gross
Gross is never a good sign since it

denotes egocentricity and a disregard
for the right of others.
It occurs most often with individuals
with psychopathology and aggressive
character disorder.
Page 118
7. Hiding
Hiding shows a tendency to

misrepresent and conceal ones true
intentions.
People who give hiding responses
deliberately attempt to prevent the
exposure to certain psychological
traits, usually for the purpose of
fooling or manipulating others.
Page 119
8. Immature
Immature response is common among

children and becomes less frequent as
age increase.
It is interpreted in a straight forward
manner as indicating some degree of
immaturity in interpersonal
relationships.
Page 120
9. Impotent
It is rare.
It is representative of cognitive
problems and may be associated with
low intelligence.
Page 121
10.Inanimate
It represents ruminative tendencies

which tend to remain imaginal and do
not find ready release in behavior.
It suggests highly subjective
thoughts.
It is associated with intelligence
although the mental abilities may not
be practically applied.
Page 122
11.Movement
Movement represents a working off of

excess energy and is often associated
with purposeless, even antisocial
behavior.
The movement response was first
noted in random such as escape from
the institution and easily provoked
anger.
Page 123
12.Oral
Oral response is indicative of an oraldependent orientation.

It is more common among children,
substance abusers and passive
dependent personalities than among
normals.
Page 124
13.Perplexity
Perplexity can occur with impotent

with same interpretive significance
(i.e., cognitive difficulty).
Care should be taken to make sure
that the perplexity response is a
genuine expression of confusion.
Page 125
14.Sensual
Sensual implies that the examinee

enjoys and seeks out experiences
which stimulate the senses. It tends
to be given by more intelligent
examinees.
Page 126
15.Sexual
Sexual response is more reliable of

qualitative categories.
This type of responses occurs in
individuals who are preoccupied with
sex.
When it is scored, the interpreter
should look for other signs of
psychopathology also.
Page 127
16.Original
Original responses indicate

originality, creativity and intelligence.
This type of score is rare and should
only be scored by an experienced
clinician.
Page 128
17.Repetition
Repetition denotes a lack of flexibility

in dealing with lifes challenges.
Repetitions are often associated with
limited intelligence or organic brain
damage.
Page 129
References:Wagner,E.E.The Hand Test Manual,

1983,Los Angeles:California,western
psychological services.
Page 130
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"The Hand Test... may be especially

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Cards are presented one at a time.

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USES OF HAND TEST

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USES OF HAND TEST

The Hand Test can also predict

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The test should not be considered

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The Hand Test is optimally sensitive

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The examiner show the cards to the

In the last he will be shown the blank

Booklet is designed for the ease of

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(Q): Examiner has ask a question.

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Automatic Phrase (AUT)

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Involves pleasure, affection or

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Displaying oneself in order to approve

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Hand is perceived as concealing

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It convey three different meaning.