Rules of Inference

1. Modus Ponens (MP)

pq

p
q

~ p q ~ p ~ q

~ p q ~ p ~ q

11. Commutation (Com.)

p q q p
p q q p

2. Modus Tollens (MT)

12. Association (Assoc.)

p q r p q r
p q r p q r

3. Hypothetical Syllogism (HS)

13. Distribution (Dist.)

p q r p q p r
p q r p q p r

p q
~ q
~ p

pq

qr
pr

4. Disjunctive Syllogism (DS)

pq
~ p
q

5. Constructive Dilemma (CD)

p q r s

pr
qs

6. Destructive Dilemma (DD)

p q r s

~ q ~ s
~ p ~ r

7. Simplification (Simp.)
pq
p

8. Conjunction (Conj.)
p
q
pq

9. Addition (Add.)
p
pq

Rules of Replacement
10. De Morgans Theorems (De M)

14. Double Negation (DN)

p ~~ p
15. Transposition (Trans.)

p q ~ q ~ p

16. Material Implication (Impl.)

p q ~

p q

17. Material Equivalence (Equiv.)

p q p q q p
p q p q ~ p ~ q
18. Exportation (Exp.)
p q r p q r
19. Tautology

p p p
p p p