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1.) Modus Ponens (MP) 1.) de Morgan’s Theorem (dMT) 1.) Tilde
pq ~(p q) ~(p v q) (not) ~
p ~p v ~q ~p ~q
∴q
2.) Conjunction
2.) Modus Tollens (MT) 2.) Commutative (Comm) (and)
pq p q
qp p q
~q 1 1 1
∴~p 1 0 0
3.) Association (Assoc) 0 0 1
3.) Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) p (q r) 0 0 0
pvq or pvq (p q) r
~p ~q
∴q ∴p 3.) Disjunction
4.) Distribution (Dist.) (either/or) v
4.) Hypothetical Syllogism (HS) p (q v r) p v (q r)
pq (p q) v (p q) (p v q) (p v r) p v q
qr 1 1 1
1 1 0
∴pr 0 1 1
5.) Double Negation (DN)
~~p 0 0 0
5.) Constructive Dilemma (CD)
(pq) (rs) p
pvr 4.) Conditional Connective
q v s (if-then)
6.) Transposition (Trans)
pq
6.) Absorption (Abs) p q
~q ~p
pq 1 1 1
1 0 1
p(p q) 7.) Material Implication (Imp) 0 1 1
pq 0 1 0
7.) Addition (Add) ~p v q
p -Antecedent -Consequence
-Sufficient -Necessary
p v q 8.) Material Equivalence (Equiv) Condition Condition
p≡q
8.) Simplification (Simp) (pq) (qp)
p q (p q) v (~p ~q) 5.) Biconditional
(iff) ≡
p
9.) Exportation (Exp) p ≡ q
9.) Conjunction (Conj) (p q) r 1 1 1
p p(qr) 1 0 0
q 0 0 1
0 1 0
p q
10.) Tautology (Taut)
p p p v p
p p