2.2.2 - . .

2.2.2

AUTOCAD

:
A.

. 407/80

.

2008

eB

oo

ks

4G
re

ek

s.g


(CAD)
AutoCAD Autodesk

,
....
,
,
CAD.
AutoCAD Autodesk.
Microsoft Windows.
,

(printer), plotter. ,
CAD,
, .
3

.
:
1. ( ,
, layers/levels
).
2. ( , ,
, ,
, ( )).
3. ( blocks/cells, OLE)
4. .
5. / .


2.2.2

1.
1.1

....................................................................................................... 6

1.2

.................................................................... 9

1.3

1.2.1

............................................................................................ 9

1.2.2

........................................................ 10

1.2.3

............................................................................................ 11

1.2.4

......................................................................................... 11

1.2.5

........................................................................................... 12

1.2.6

................................................... 13

1.2.7

................................................................ 13

............................................................... 15

2. AutoCAD
2.1

....................................................................................................... 16

2.2

.......................................................................... 16

2.3

........................................................................................... 17

2.4

........................................................................................ 18

2.5

............................................................................................ 20

2.6

....................................................................................... 20

3.
3.1

....................................................................................................... 21

3.2

............................................................................... 22

3.3

............................................................................................ 22

3.4

..................................................................................... 23

4.
4.1

....................................................................................................... 24

4.2

Line................................................................................................................ 25

4.3

Xline............................................................................................................... 26

4.4

Multiline......................................................................................................... 27

4.5

Polygon.......................................................................................................... 27

4.6

Rectangle...................................................................................................... 28

4.7

Circle............................................................................................................. 28

4.8

Arc................................................................................................................. 29

4.9

Spline............................................................................................................. 31

4.10

Ellipse............................................................................................................ 31

4.11

Point.............................................................................................................. 32

4.12

Hatch............................................................................................................. 32

5.
5.1

....................................................................................................... 34

5.2

......................................................................................................... 35

6.
6.1

....................................................................................................... 36

6.2

Erase............................................................................................................. 37

6.3

Copy.............................................................................................................. 37

6.4

Mirror............................................................................................................. 37

6.5

Array.............................................................................................................. 37

6.6

Move.............................................................................................................. 40

6.7

Rotate............................................................................................................ 40

6.8

Trim............................................................................................................... 40

6.9

Extend........................................................................................................... 41

6.10

Break............................................................................................................. 41

6.11

Chamfer......................................................................................................... 42

6.12

Fillet............................................................................................................... 42

6.13

Explode.......................................................................................................... 43

7.
7.1

....................................................................................................... 44

7.2

.......................................................................................... 44

8.
8.1

....................................................................................................... 46

8.2

Text / Dtext.................................................................................................... 46

8.3

Mtext.............................................................................................................. 46

9.
10.
11. -
12.
12.1

....................................................................................................... 54

12.2

Fortran output .dxf......................................... 55

13. -
13.1

....................................................................................................... 57

13.2

................... 58

13.3

2D ............. 61

13.4

2D ..................................... 66

13.5

76

...........................................................................................................
13.6

............................... 84

13.7

...................................... 90


2.2.2 - . .

1.

1.1

, ,

.
,

.

, , ,
.
, /,

.

,

.
.

. , ,
, 30 60. .
6


2.2.2 - . .

.
, , , .
.

. ,
, .

CAD, Computer Aided Design,
.

CAD

.
.
.
,
. .

.

.
.
CAD

CAD.
/ , ,
, .
CAD
. CAD
.
, , .
, ,
,
7


2.2.2 - . .

.
. ,
,
.
.
,

. ,
, .

CAD. .
/ .
.

,
.
CAD ,
, ,
, ,
CAD .
CAD

.
CAD 3
, .
,
.

.
.
, ,
.
8


2.2.2 - . .

CAD
.
, .

CAD

,
. 3
. .

.
CAD,
AutoCad. AutoCad ,
,
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
, CAD
.
CAD,
,

.
1.2

-
AutoCad CAD

.
1.2.1

AutoCad

/ .
(.. m cm
) .
9


2.2.2 - . .

R=10, 10
(.. 10 m 10 cm 10 light years).
,
. 1
,
mm.
1.2.2
AutoCad
World Coordinate System WCS. X WCS

Y .
Z X ,
, .
(, ...)
(WCS). AutoCad

WCS.
.
,
, .
, .
AutoCad
WCS.
AutoCad,
,
, WCS .

. ,
.

10


2.2.2 - . .

1.2.3
AutoCad ,
.
, .
.
, .
.

:
ByLayer
red, ByLayer.

.
1.2.4 (Layers)
,

. ,
, (,
, ...) ( air conditions,
, ...).
utoCad (layer).
layers .
(Line, circle, point ...) ''''
layer. layer, AutoCad
layer ''0''
AutoCad.
To AutoCad layer ,
layer, (attributes) ,
(/),
11


2.2.2 - . .

Layer.
on/off, frozen/thawed, lock/unlock, plot/no plot

layer .
layers
.
,
. Layers
( directories
), .
layers ,
,
(.. OPSIA ).
( )
( )
layer . ,
( spaghetti programming
).
''ByLayer'' .. ''red''.
1.2.5
AutoCad
.
, .
.
.

. .
,
. .
.
12


2.2.2 - . .

.
, .
AutoCad ( zoom),
AutoCad
( scale).
( ) .
( ) ,

( ).
1.2.6

AutoCad

. :
. LINE
. (POLYLINE):
. .
. - CIRCLE
. - ARC
. TEXT
. HATCH:
.
. (POINT)
. (DIMENSION): .
DIMENSION .
. raster: IMAGE: raster,
, AutoCad.
1.2.7
, AutoCad
.
13


2.2.2 - . .

.
:
. ERASE: .
. MOVE: , ,
.
. ROTATE:
.
. SCALE:
/ .
. BREAK: .
. TRIM:
.
. CHPROP: ,
(layer) . ,

properties.
. COPY: (
).

.
3 :
. Select one: ,
.
. Select window: ( )
.

.
. Select crossing:

.

14


2.2.2 - . .

, ,
. AutoCad

REMOVE , ,
. ADD ,
, .
AutoCad
Quick Select,
( , ,
), layer , .,
.
1.3

AutoCad

, ,
AutoCad (AutoCad clones).
IntelliCad
, AutoCad,
, . (Free
Software) , IntelliCad
AutoCad. CAD
www.sourgeforge.net, 162
. ThanCad
(GUI, CLI).
CAD AutoCad,
CAD , .
MicroStation AllPlan .

15


2.2.2 - . .

2.
AUTOCAD

2.1

AutoCAD,

, ,
,

.
2.2

AutoCad , , ,

, .
,
(abbreviations), .
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, .

16


2.2.2 - . .

AutoCad
.
UNDO.
, REDO,
UNDO.

UNDO . REDO
.
2.3

17


2.2.2 - . .

24

18


2.2.2 - . .

19


2.2.2 - . .

2.5

2.6

20


2.2.2 - . .

3.

3.1

,
AutoCAD, ,
.

21


2.2.2 - . .

3.2

3.3

22


2.2.2 - . .

3.4

23


2.2.2 - . .

4.

4.1

AutoCAD,
, ,
hatch.
:
1. DRAW
2.
3.

24


2.2.2 - . .

4.2

Line

Line
.
:
1. (mouse )
2. (mouse )
.

25


2.2.2 - . .

(
) Enter
.

Close
.

4.3

Xline

Xline

.
:
1. Point: . ()
2. Hor: .
3. Ver: .
4. Ang:
(Reference),
.
5. Bisect: .
(vertex),
.
6. Offset:
(
),
.

26


2.2.2 - . .

4.4

Multiline

Multiline
.
Line
(Justification),
(Scale) (STyle).
AutoCAD
.
FormatMultiline Style
4.5

Polygon

Polygon

.

1. :

27


2.2.2 - . .

(Inscribed)
(Circumscribed).
2. Edge: .

4.6

Rectangle

Rectangle

.
(Elevetion, Thickness) .
.
:
1. Chamfer: .

.
2. Elevation:
3. Fillet: .
.
4. Thickness:
5. Width:
4.7

Circle
Circle

28


2.2.2 - . .

:
1. Center-Radius ():
(
).
( Diameter
).
2. 2Points:
.
3. 3Points: .
4. Ttr (Tangent-Tangent-Radius): (
)
(
)
5. Tangent-Tangent-Tangent: (
) .
.
4.8

Arc

Arc

.
.

29


2.2.2 - . .

30


2.2.2 - . .

4.9

Spline

Spline
.

.
:

Close:
.

Fit tolerance:
.

4.10

Ellipse

Ellipse

.
.

31


2.2.2 - . .

( Arc). ,

.

4.11

Point

Point

. Format>Point
Style.
4.12

Hatch

Hatch

.
:

32


2.2.2 - . .

Advanced :

Normal:
.
2

...
Outer:
.
Ignore:
.

33


2.2.2 - . .

5.

5.1

,
, . ,

(layers).

34


2.2.2 - . .

5.2

35


2.2.2 - . .

6.

6.1

:
1. Modify
2.
3.

.
Enter
mouse.

36


2.2.2 - . .

6.2

Erase

Erase

6.3

Copy
Copy (objects)

.
(base point
of displacement)
(
).
(Multiple).
6.4

Mirror
Mirror

.

( )
.
(Yes/No).
6.5

Array

37


2.2.2 - . .

Array


.

(Rectangular) (Polar).
:
1. Enter number of rows:
2. Enter number of columns:
3. Enter distance between rows: ( )

4. Enter distance between columns: ( )

(specify
unit cell).

1. Specify center point of array:
()
2. Enter the number of items in the array:

3. Specify the angle to fill:

4. Rotate arrayed objects?:
(Yes/No)
AutoCAD 2000i Array
.
38


2.2.2 - . .

39


2.2.2 - . .

6.6

Move
Move

.
(base point
of displacement)
(
).
6.7

Rotate
Rotate

.
(base point
of displacement) .
6.8

Trim
Trim

.


. (
Enter).

.

40


2.2.2 - . .

Trim ( Extend )
3D .
6.9

Extend
Extend

.


. (
Enter).
.
6.10

Break
Break

.
:
,
.

.
(

)

41


2.2.2 - . .

6.11

Chamfer

Chamfer
.
.
:
1. Polyline:

2. Distance:

.
3. Angle:
.
4. Trim:
.
5. Method:
(Distance/Angle)
6.12

Fillet
Fillet

.
.
:
1. Polyline:

2. Radius: .

42


2.2.2 - . .

3. Trim:
.

6.13

Explode
Explode

(. 4
).

43


2.2.2 - . .

7.

7.1

AutoCad

7.2

(snap)

,
.
, ,
.
(, , ),
( , , ).
, ,
.

(object snap), . , (snap,

44


2.2.2 - . .

grid) , (tracking)
(polar tracking).

45


2.2.2 - . .

8.

8.1

text, dtext, mtext

AutoCAD.
8.2

Text / Dtext

Command: dtext
Current text style: "Standard"
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]:
Specify height <2.5000>:
Specify rotation angle of text <0>:
.
8.3

Mtext

Multiline Text (mtext)

.

46


2.2.2 - . .

() .

:

(
mm)

47


2.2.2 - . .

Properties:

48


2.2.2 - . .

9.

49


2.2.2 - . .

10.

Insert --> Image Manager.

To AutoCAD (bmp, tiff,

jpeg ).

50


2.2.2 - . .

,
draworder Above
objects/Under objects/Front/Back.
,
, , imageclip.
: Modify -->
Object --> Image.
Adjust .
Quality .
Transparency .

Frame .

Frame OFF,

(, ) .

51


2.2.2 - . .

11.

.
,
AutoCad, CAD ,
.
AutoCad ,
(block),
. block :
. (move, rotate,
scale ).
. , ,
.
. block, block
.
. .
blocks.
. AutoCad
block ,
.
52


2.2.2 - . .

. ,
(attributes).
( ).

. AutoCad
-, ,
(referenced), .

xref.

:
. .
. ,
.
.
, .
. layers layer
, . layer
( ) ,

.
. ,
, (
,
, ).
. xclip.

53


2.2.2 - . .

12.

12.1

, ,

, ,
, .
AutoCad
:
. , Visual Basic, AutoLisp.
, AutoCad

(standard)

.
. (API) :

( C/C++).
AutoCad.
. (DXF): AutoCad
.dwg
.
54


2.2.2 - . .

.dxf, .

.dxf, AutoCad.
, AutoCad
.dxf,
AutoCad (WINDOWS).
AutoCad. ,
,
.
12.2

Fortran Powerstation output .dxf

1. Fortran Powerstation
start->all programs->language->Visual Fortran 6->Developer Studio
2. workspace
File->new
. () Fortran Console Application
. tab location ...
workspace. workspace
.
Project name ... workspace .. stamosthanasis.
,
.
() OK.
. An empty Project
finish OK.
3. Fortran workspace
File->New
Fortran Fixed Format Source File
tab File name .. Circle
check button Add to project .
OK.
55


2.2.2 - . .

4. dxf gen
.

mycourses.ntua.gr,

fwpidxf.lib

fwpigen.lib

/, , .
workspace ..
My Documents/Fortran/stamosthanasis/
. workspace :
Project->Settings
workspace ..
stamosthanasis
tab link
Object/Library modules (
) fwpigen.lib fwpidxf.lib
OK.
5.
File->save All

56


2.2.2 - . .

13.

13.1

57


2.2.2 - . .

13.2

AutoCad

World Coordinate System WCS. AutoCad

/ .
(.. m cm
) .
(, ...)
.
:
Line (enter)
1,3

(enter)

5,6

(enter)

(enter)
To AutoCad
.
, @
x, y. :
Line (enter)
1,3

(enter)

@4,3 (enter)
(enter)
,
,
(
).
@10,20.
(15,26) 5+10, 6+20.

58


2.2.2 - . .

AutoCad
.
:
(R=3.16

=71.6,

LINE

enter

3.16<71.6

enter

7.81<50.2

enter

rB=7.81

B=50.2)

enter
< .
.
.
(R'B=5

'B=36.9)

LINE enter
1,3

enter

@5<36.9

enter

enter
H , ,

.
,
.

(100,200) 50 25 :
) M
LINE

enter

100,200

enter

150,200

enter

100,225

enter

100,200

enter

enter
59


2.2.2 - . .

) M
LINE enter
100,200

enter

@50,0enter
@0,25enter
@-50,0

enter

@0,-25

enter

enter
)
LINE enter
100,200

enter

@50<0

enter

@25<90

enter

@50<180

enter

@25<270

enter

enter
H
:
rectangle

enter

100,200

enter

150,225

enter

enter
:
rectangle

enter

100,200

enter

@50,25

enter

60


2.2.2 - . .

13.3

2D

, 6cm. 45 o.

, polyline .
:

61


2.2.2 - . .

pline
0,0
@6<0
@6<45
@6<90
@6<135
@6<180
@6<225
@6<270
close
6cm/6=1cm.
Circle
0,0
1

offset 1cm.
offset,
offset, .

62


2.2.2 - . .

offset
1
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
<enter>

.
Copy
crossing
<
,
<enter>
0,0

3
4
5
6
7
8
<enter>

63


2.2.2 - . .

:
trim
< 1 .>
< >
<enter>
< ,
, 2 . ,

.
<enter>
:
trim
< 3 .>
< >
<enter>
< ,
, 2 . ,

.
<enter>
64


2.2.2 - . .

:
erase
< >
<enter>
trim
< >
<enter>
<
>
<enter>.
3 4
array:
array
rows 3, columns 4,
row offset 26.5, column offset 26.5,
select objects
OK. .

65


2.2.2 - . .

13.4

2D

W.J.Luzadder ,

"Fundamentals

of

J.M.Duff,
Engineering

Drawing, with an introduction to

interactive computer graphics for
design and production", 11th ed.,
1993, Prentice Hall, USA.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/
ts/
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/?page=CADCAM
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad.htm

66


2.2.2 - . .

- LIMITS
.
3 :
lower left corner: 0,0

upper right corner: 420,297.

- SNAP .
0.5 mm.
- OSNAP
OTRACK, ORTHO.
- LAYERS.
layer
.
..
layer 0

Layer hidden: ()
Layer thin:
Layer axial:
Layer thickaxial:
Layer crosssection:
- zoom all
limits.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_A.exe

67


2.2.2 - . .

10 mm.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_B.exe

68


2.2.2 - . .

.
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_C.exe

http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_D.exe

69


2.2.2 - . .

http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_E.exe

70


2.2.2 - . .

http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_F.exe

http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_G.exe

71


2.2.2 - . .

ISO E
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_H.exe

&
http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/video_web/autocad/Part_I.exe

72


2.2.2
. .


2.2.2 - . .

""
:

Autodesk WHIP! ( / Windows

2000 Windows XP)

Autodesk ExpressViewer

Autodesk DWF Viewer 2005.4 (light) 2005.11 (full),

Autodesk

Autodesk DWF Viewer ,

http://www.chemeng.ntua.gr/courses/ts/?page=education

74


2.2.2 - . .

( )
autocad:
AutoCAD 200x (and AutoCAD LT 200y) Bible, Ellen Finkelstein, Hungry Minds,
200x.
x = 0 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
y = 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9
http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/autoCAD.html
http://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/estore.html

75


2.2.2 - . .

13.5

, (, , ,
),
AutoCad blocks. /
. h m
b m , s ( 1: s )
.
1
, () ()
16-18cm () 30cm. :

n=

h
0.5
0.165

. :
h i=

h
n

n1
:
L k =n10.30

:
2.20mh6m , 0.70 mb20m , 10s1000
,
, :
h def =3m , bdef =1.10m , s def =50

.
,
76


2.2.2 - . .

, dxf, (de facto

standard) CAD. dxf
CAD, CAD /
.
m, CAD
. (. 0.18cm
) .
, m
s
0.18
100
CAD
0.18
DXF,
dxf Fortran77.
. ,
, , .

data001.dxf.

:
. call plot (x, y, ipen)
x, y.
ipen=2 . ipen=3
.
. call plots (1)
dxf .
.
. call number (x, y, h, dn, theta, ndec)
() dn x,y
h, ndec ,
theta ( ) x.

77


2.2.2 - . .

ndec=-1, , .
x,y
.
. call layer (lname)

, layer lname.
. call plot (0.0d0, 0.0d0, 999)
dxf.
.
DXFLIB Fortran77,
, .
.
2
:







n
0.30 m , :
:
layer SKALA
y=-0.30
i=1 n:
( y=y+0.30
. 0,y b,y)
0,0 0,y
b,0 b,y

78


2.2.2 - . .

. 0.25 cm .
0.25cm 1:s m
s
0.25
100
:
layer SKALA_FORA
hs=0.25*s/100
y=(n-1)*0.30
b/2, 0 b/2, y
b/2, y b/2-hs/2, y-hs
b/2, y b/2+hs/2, y-hs


y
x. k
x a , y a (
)

hs ,

) x a

khs
hs
, ya
2
2

:
hs=0.18*s/100
dy=-0.30
i=1 n-1:
( y=y+dy
i < 10 -> k=1 k=2
xa=b/2+hs, ya=y+0.30/2-hs/2
i xa,ya hs, =0

(
),
,
.

79


2.2.2 - . .

:
dmin, dmax , ddef
:

dline
dline = -> ddef
dline ->
d dline
dmin <= d <= dmax -> d
( )


3


program skala
include 'skala.inc'
call rdDed
call sxSkal
call sxFora
call sxArit
stop
end
c

subroutine sxSkal
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
integer i
double precision y
nyps = horof / HRIXTI + 0.5d0
call plots (1)
call layer ('SKALA')

y = -BPAT
do 100 i=1, nyps
y = y + BPAT
call plot (0.0d0, y, 3)
call plot (bskal, y, 2)
100 continue
call plot (0.0d0, 0.0d0, 3)
call plot (0.0d0, y, 2)
call plot (bskal, 0.0d0, 3)
call plot (bskal, y, 2)
return

80


2.2.2 - . .
end
c

subroutine sxFora
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
double precision y, b2, hs
call layer ('SKALA_FORA')
hs = HARROW * scale / 100.0d0
y = dfloat(nyps-1) * BPAT
b2 = bskal * 0.50d0
call plot (b2,
0.0d0, 3)
call plot (b2,
y+hs*0.5d0, 2)
call plot (b2-hs*0.5d0, y, 2)
call plot (b2+hs*0.5d0, y, 2)
call plot (b2,
y+hs*0.5d0, 2)
return
end

subroutine sxArit
" ."
include 'skala.inc'
integer i
double precision y, hs, ak, xa, ya

hs = HNUM * scale / 100.0d0

y = -BPAT
do 100 i=1, nyps-1
y = y + BPAT
ak = 1.0d0
if (i .ge. 10) ak = 2.0d0
xa = bskal*0.5d0 + hs
ya = y + BPAT*0.5d0 - hs*0.5d0
call number (xa, ya, hs, dfloat(i), 0.0d0, -1)
100 continue
call plot (0.0d0, 0.0d0, 999)
return
end

subroutine rdDed
" , , ."
include 'skala.inc'
call inpDou(' m
&2.20d0, 6.0d0, 3.0d0, horof)

(enter=3) : ',

call inpDou(' m (enter=1.10) : ',

&0.70d0, 20.0d0, 1.10d0, bskal)
call inpDou(' s (1:s)
&10.0d0, 1000.0d0, 50.0d0, scale)
return
end

(enter=50) : ',

subroutine inpDou (mes, dmin, dmax, ddef, dnum)

81


2.2.2 - . .
c-----" ."
implicit none
double precision dmin, dmax, ddef, dnum
character*(*) mes
integer ierr
character*20 dline
100 continue
print *, mes
read 10, dline
10
format (a)
dnum = ddef
if (dline .eq. ' ') return
read (dline, 20, iostat=ierr) dnum
20
format (f20.0)
if (ierr .ne. 0) then
print *, ' . .'
go to 100
end if
if (dnum .ge. dmin .and. dnum .le. dmax) return
print *, ' . .'
go to 100
end

'skala.inc' :
implicit none
double precision HRIXTI, BPAT, HARROW, HNUM
parameter (HRIXTI=0.165d0, BPAT=0.30d0,
&HARROW=0.25d0, HNUM=0.18d0)
integer nyps
double precision horof, bskal, scale
common /cskala/ horof, bskal, scale, nyps

( ),
. .
(/):
m
(enter=3) :
2.80
m (enter=1.10) :
1.20
s (1:s)
(enter=50) :
50
82


2.2.2 - . .

( 'data001.dxf')

83


2.2.2 - . .

13.6

.
,
AutoCad,

, .
2d & 3d AutoCAD [1].

84


2.2.2 - . .

85


2.2.2 - . .

86


2.2.2 - . .

87


2.2.2 - . .

88


2.2.2 - . .

89


2.2.2 - . .

13.7

AutoCad , ,
.
10m, 15m
(.. ).
box, slice, osnap, point, ddptype, copy.
1: ( 1)
: Draw/solids/box
:
Specify corner of box or [Enter] <0,0,0>: -5,-5,0
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: L
Specify length: 10
Specify width: 10
Specify height: 15
, :
View/3Dviews/SW isometric
2: ( 1)
: Format/Points style
O ()
: Tools/Drafting Settings/Object Snap
Endpoint Node OK
: Draw/Point/Single Point
:
Specify a point: 0,0,15

90


2.2.2 - . .

1
3: . ( 2)
: Draw/Solids/Slice
:
Select Objects:
. .
( .
) (Enter)

3 :

Specify first point on slicing plane by [Object/Zaxis/View/XY/YZ/ZX/3points]

<3points>: ( )
Specify second point on plane: ( )
Specify third point on plane: ( )
.
,
:
Specify a point on desired side of the plane or [keep Both sides]: (
)

2
91


2.2.2 - . .

4: .
( 3)
3

0,0,15 .
o .

Tools/Drafting Settings/Object Snap
92


2.2.2 - . .

Endpoint Intersection

.

93


2.2.2 - . .

[1] . - ., 2007, 2d & 3d AutoCAD,

, 2007, ISBN 978-960-266-193-2.
[2] .,
/, , .
[3] ., AutoCad.

94