‫ذ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠـﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤـﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪V3‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪-I‬‬

‫أﻧﺸﻄــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ ABCDEFGH‬ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ ξ‬ﻃﻮل ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ‪ 1‬وﻣﺮآﺰﻩ ‪. O‬‬
‫‪. OB ⋅ HF‬‬ ‫‪، DB ⋅ EG‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪DB ⋅ AC ،‬‬ ‫‪DF ⋅ DH‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺪاءات اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪EG ⋅ EC :‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪EG ⋅ EC = EG = EH + HG = 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪DF ⋅ DH = DH ⋅ DF = DH 2 = 1‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪DB ⋅ AC = 0 DB ⊥ AC‬‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫)‬
‫‪DB ⋅ EG = DB ⋅ AC = 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪OB ⋅ HF = HB ⋅ HF‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= HF 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪=1‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ ξ‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ م‪.‬م‪.‬م ‪. O, i , j , k‬‬
‫أﻧﺸﺊ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪. A (1, 2,1‬‬
‫‪z‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪A (1, 2,1‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺗﺬآﻴـﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻲ ‪ V2‬و ‪ C ، B ، A‬ﺛﻼث ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ‪ P‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u = AB‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪v = AC‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫' ‪= AB ⋅ AC‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ C ' :‬هﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ C‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( AB‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫'‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

 ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وذﻟﻚ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪ V3‬و ‪ C ، B ، A‬و ‪ D‬أرﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ ξ‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ v = CD‬و ‪ u = AB‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫وﺣﻴﺪة ‪ E‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ . v = AE‬واﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬هﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪ u ⋅ v‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫' ‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ CD = AB ⋅ AE = AB ⋅ AE‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ' ‪ E‬هﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ E‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( AB‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫'‪E‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫و ‪.v ≠ 0‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪u ≠ 0 ، V3‬‬
‫و ‪v = AC‬‬ ‫‪ B ، A‬و ‪ C‬ﺛﻼث ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ‪ ξ‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪u = AB :‬‬
‫‪. ⎡⎣ BAC‬‬
‫وﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ θ‬ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﺰاوﻳﺔ ⎤ ˆ‬
‫⎦‬
‫‪C‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫'‪C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC‬‬
‫' ‪= AB ⋅ AC‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫≤ ‪0 ≤θ‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪: 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫' ‪AC‬‬
‫= ‪cos θ‬‬
‫‪AC‬‬
‫‪AC ' = AC ⋅ cos θ‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫' ‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC ⋅ cos θ‬‬
‫أو‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = u ⋅ v ⋅ cos θ‬‬

‫‪π‬‬
‫‪≤θ ≤π‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪: 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫' ‪u ⋅ v = − AB ⋅ AC‬‬
‫' ‪AC‬‬
‫= ) ‪cos (π − θ‬‬
‫‪AC‬‬
‫) ‪AC ' = AC cos (π − θ‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪u ⋅ v = − AB ⋅ AC ⋅ cos (π − θ‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC ⋅ cos θ‬‬
 ‫‪= u ⋅ v ⋅ cos θ‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻲ ‪V3‬‬
‫‪u = AB‬‬ ‫و ‪ B ، A‬و ‪ C‬ﺛﻼث ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ ξ‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪. ⎡⎣ BAC‬‬
‫و ‪ v = AC‬و ‪ θ‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ⎤ ˆ‬
‫⎦‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = AB ⋅ AC ⋅ cos θ‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪. V3‬‬
‫‪u ⋅v = 0‬‬ ‫⇔‬ ‫أو ‪u ⊥ v‬‬ ‫‪ v = 0‬أو ‪u = 0‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ u‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪. V3‬‬
‫) ‪ u 2‬هﻮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ‪.( u‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ‪ u‬هﻮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ‪u = u 2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬اﻷﺳﺎس واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪان ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ i‬و ‪ j‬و ‪ k‬ﺛﻼث ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺎت ﻣﻦ ‪ V3‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن ‪ i , j , k‬أﺳﺎس ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪. V3‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎت ‪ i‬و ‪ j‬و ‪ k‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻣﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‪ ،‬وإذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎت ‪ i‬و ‪ j‬و ‪ k‬واﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻷﺳﺎس ‪ i , j , k‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫وﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪ i , j , k‬أﺳﺎس ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ وﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫)‬
‫‪i = j = k =1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫و ‪i ⊥ j‬‬ ‫‪i ⊥k‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪j ⊥k‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬
‫‪ O, i , j , k‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ وﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ‪ ،‬إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن اﻷﺳﺎس ‪ i , j , k‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ وﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻲ ‪ V3‬ﻣﻮزد ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ واﻟﻤﻤﻨﻈﻢ ‪. i , j , k‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u = xi + yj + zk‬‬
‫‪v = x 'i + y ' j + z 'k‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = xi + yj + zk‬‬ ‫) ‪)( x ' i + y ' j + z ' k‬‬
‫' ‪= xx '+ yy '+ zz‬‬
 ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪. V3‬‬
‫) ‪u ( x, y , z‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫) ' ‪v ( x ', y ', z‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫' ‪u ⋅ v = xx '+ yy '+ zz‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫و ) ' ‪ ( x ', y ', z‬هﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻮﺛﻲ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺘﺎن ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ‪( x, y, z‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫واﻟﻤﻤﻨﻈﻢ ‪. i , j , k‬‬
‫‪u ⊥v‬‬ ‫‪⇔ xx '+ yy '+ zz ' = 0‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪u ( x, y , z‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u = x2 + y 2 + z 2‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪B ( xB , y B , z B‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫) ‪A ( xA , y A , z A‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫= ‪AB‬‬ ‫) ‪( xB − x A ) + ( y B − y A ) + ( z B − z A‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -II‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪: 1‬‬
‫‪OA = i + j‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ) ‪ ( D‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫و ‪ u‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u =i − j +k‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻋﻂ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺑﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ‪. ( D‬‬
‫)‪( D) ⊥ ( P‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻋﻂ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دﻳﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪ ( P‬اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ‪ O‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺑﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪. ( P‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪M ∈ D ⇔ ∃t ∈ / AM = tu‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛ x − xA‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪⎛ ta‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫⎟ ‪⇔ ⎜ y − y A ⎟ = ⎜ tb‬‬ ‫∈‪t‬‬
‫⎜‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫⎟ ⎜‬
‫⎠ ‪⎝ z − zA‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪⎝ tc‬‬
‫‪⎧ x = x A + ta‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪⇔ ⎨ y = y A + tb‬‬ ‫∈‪t‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪⎩ z = z A + tc‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪⎧x = 1+ t‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪D : ⎨ y = 1− t‬‬ ‫∈‪t‬‬
‫‪⎪z = t‬‬
‫⎩‬
 ‫‪M ∈ ( P ) ⇔ OM ⊥ u‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪⇔ x− y+z =0‬‬
‫)‪( P‬‬ ‫‪: x− y+z =0‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x− y+ z =0‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪x= y−z‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ y =α‬و ‪z = β‬‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎧x = α − β‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪⎨y =α‬‬ ‫∈ ) ‪/ (α ,β‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎪z = β‬‬
‫⎩‬
‫وهﺬا ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﺎراﻣﺘﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪. ( P‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪: 2‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ وﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪد ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ M‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ . ξ‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪u ⋅ AM = k :‬‬
‫)‪ A (1,1,1‬و )‪. u (1, 2, −1‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪k =0‬‬ ‫‪-a‬‬
‫)‪AM ( x − 1, y − 1, z − 1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪u (1, 2, −1‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ AM = 0‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪1( x − 1) + 2 ( y − 1) − 1( z − 1) = 0‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪x + 2y − z − 2 = 0‬‬ ‫إذن ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ M‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ‪ AM ⋅ u = 0 :‬هﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ذو اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪u (1,1, 2‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪A (1, 0,1‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪k=2‬‬ ‫‪-b‬‬

‫)‪AM ( x − 1, y, z − 1‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪AM ⋅ u = 2‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪1( x − 1) + y + 2 ( z − 1) = 2‬‬
‫‪x+ y + 2−5 = 0‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪ ، ( P‬ﻓﺈن‬ ‫) ‪( a, b, c ) ≠ ( 0, 0, 0‬‬ ‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ) ‪ n ( a, b, c‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫∈ ‪.d‬‬ ‫‪ ax + by + cz + d = 0‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دﻳﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪ ( P‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) ‪ ( P‬ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ax + by + cz = 0‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ) ‪ u ( a, b, c‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬

‫) ‪u ( a , b, c‬‬
‫)‪( P‬‬

‫) ‪( ax + by + cz + d = 0‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪: 3‬‬
‫) ‪P ( 3x − y + 2 z − 4 = 0‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪ ξ‬اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ م م م ‪ O, i , j , k‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪ ( P‬اﻟﺬي ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻪ هﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ A ( 0, −2,1‬ﻣﻦ ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺪد ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﺑﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ‪ ( D‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ A‬وﻳﻘﺒﻞ ) ‪ u (1, −1, −2‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪( D) ⊂ ( P‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ أن ‪:‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪−41‬‬
‫‪ B ⎜ 1, 0,‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( P‬و ) ‪. ( D‬‬ ‫‪ H -2‬و ‪ K‬هﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻄﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ⎟‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﺪد إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت آﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ H‬و ‪. K‬‬
‫‪ u ⋅ KH‬واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ‪ ( D‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪. ( BKH‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮاب ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎧x = t‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪D : ⎨ y = −2 − t‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪⎪ z = 1 − 2t‬‬
‫⎩‬
‫)‪( D) ⊂ ( P‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﺤﻘﻖ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪3t ( −2 − t ) + 2 (1 − 2t ) − 4 = 3t + 2 + t + 2 − 4t − 4‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬
‫)‪( D) ⊂ ( P‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬

‫)‪H ∈(∆) ∩ ( P‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ( ∆ ) :‬هﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬واﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫⎧‬
‫‪⎪ x = 1 + 3t‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪( ∆ ) : ⎨ y = −t‬‬ ‫∈‪/ t‬‬ ‫وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫⎪‬ ‫‪−41‬‬
‫= ‪⎪z‬‬ ‫‪+ 2t‬‬
‫⎩‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( P ) : 3x − y + 2 z − 4 = 0‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪⎛ −41‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎜ ‪3 (1 + 3t ) − ( −t ) + 2‬‬ ‫‪+ 2t ⎟ − 4 = 0‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪⎝ 2‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪3 + 9t + t − 41 + 4t − 4 = 0‬‬
‫‪14t = 42‬‬
‫‪t =3‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪−29‬‬
‫‪H ⎜10, −3,‬‬ ‫⎟‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪2‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ KH‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪u (1, −1, −2‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫⎛‬ ‫⎞ ‪−3‬‬
‫⎟ ‪KH ⎜ 3, 6,‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠ ‪2‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ KH = 3 − 6 + 3 = 0‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪BK ⊥ u‬‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪KH ⊥ u‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( D ) ⊥ ( BKH‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ وﺗﺬآﻴﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪ n‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ‪ . ( D‬و ‪ u‬و ‪ v‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫‪.v ⊥ n‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ) ‪ ( D ) ⊥ ( P‬إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن ‪u ⊥ n‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ) ‪ ( D ) ⊥ ( P‬إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪ n‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪ : 4‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1‬أﻋﻂ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دﻳﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪ ( P‬اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ) ‪ A ( −1, 2, 0‬و ) ‪ B ( 3,1, −2‬وﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( Q‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ذواﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪. 3x − 7 y + 2 z = 0‬‬
‫) ‪AB ( 4, −1, −2‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪n ( 3, −7, 2‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪M ∈ ( P ) ⇔ det AM , n , AB = 0‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪x +1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪⇔ y−2‬‬ ‫‪-7‬‬ ‫‪-1 = 0‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ط‪: 1‬‬
‫‪−7 − 1‬‬ ‫‪3 4‬‬ ‫‪3 4‬‬
‫)‪( x + 1‬‬ ‫)‪− ( y − 2‬‬ ‫‪+z‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪2 −2‬‬ ‫‪2 −2‬‬ ‫‪−7 −1‬‬
‫‪16 ( x + 1) + 14 ( y − 2 ) + 25 z = 0‬‬
‫‪16 x + 14 y + 25 z − 12 = 0‬‬

‫ط‪: 2‬‬
‫‪x +1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪x +1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫⇔‬ ‫‪y−2‬‬ ‫‪−7‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪y−2‬‬ ‫‪−7‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪−2‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪14 ( x + 1) − 3 z + 8 ( y − 2 ) + 28 z + 2 ( x + 1) + 6 ( y − 2 ) = 0‬‬
‫‪16 x + 14 y + 25 z − 12 = 0‬‬

‫‪ 2‬أدرس ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ) ‪ ( P‬و ) ‪ ( Q‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪( P) : 2x − 5 y − z = 0‬‬ ‫‪-a‬‬
‫‪(Q ) : x + 2z − 3 = 0‬‬

‫)‪ n1 ( 2, −5, −1‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ n2 (1, 0, 2‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( Q‬‬ ‫وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n1 ⋅ n2 = 2 − 2 = 0‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( P ) ⊥ (Q‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬

‫‪( P ) : 3x − y − 2 z − 5 = 0‬‬ ‫‪-b‬‬

‫‪( Q ) : x + 4 y − 3z + 2 = 0‬‬

‫‪( 3 ×1) + ( −1× 4 ) + ( −2 × −3) = 3 − 4 + 6‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬

 ‫‪=5≠0‬‬
‫و ) ‪ ( Q‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪان‪.‬‬ ‫)‪( P‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻـﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ) ‪ P ( ax + by + cz + d = 0‬و ) ‪Q ( a ' x + b ' y + c ' z + d ' = 0‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن ‪:‬‬
‫‪aa '+ bb '+ cc ' = 0‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪ : 5‬ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫أدرس ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ) ‪ ( D‬و ) ∆ ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪D ( A, u‬‬ ‫‪-a‬‬
‫)‪A ( 0,1, −1‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪u (1,1,1‬‬
‫‪⎧x = t‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪∆ = ⎨ y = −2t /‬‬ ‫) ∈ ‪(t‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪⎪z = 1+ t‬‬
‫⎩‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ u (1,1,1) :‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟــ ) ‪. ( D‬‬
‫و ‪ v (1, −2,1) :‬ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟــ ) ∆ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪u ⋅ v = 1− 2 +1 = 0‬‬
‫)‪(∆) ⊥ ( D‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫و )‪. B (1, 0,1‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪A ( 0,1, −1‬‬ ‫) ‪( D ) = ( A, AB‬‬ ‫‪-b‬‬

‫‪v =i + j‬‬ ‫و ) ∆ ( ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ وﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ هﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪AB (1, −1, 2‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪v (1,1, 0‬‬ ‫و‬
‫‪AB ⋅ v = 1 − 1 + 0 = 0‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫)∆( ⊥ )‪( D‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫و ) ‪ ∆ ( B, v‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ) ‪D ( A, u‬‬
‫‪u ⋅v = 0‬‬ ‫إذا وﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ‪ : 6‬ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ) ‪ ( P‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮى و ‪ n‬ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬و ‪ M‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪. ξ‬‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n = AH ⋅ n‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫)‪( P‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻴﻦ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ B‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ H :‬هﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬

‫(‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n = AH + HB ⋅ n‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪= AH ⋅ n‬‬
‫) ‪( HB ⊥ n‬‬
 ‫‪AB ⋅ n‬‬
‫= ‪AH‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻴﻦ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n = AH ⋅ n‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪± AH ⋅ n = AB ⋅ n‬‬
‫‪AH ⋅ n = AB ⋅ n‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n‬‬
‫= ‪AH‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫و )‪ A (1, 0,1‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪. ξ‬‬ ‫)‪( P‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ‪ ( x + y + z + 1 = 0‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دﻳﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫أﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ A‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪d ( A, ( P ) ) . ( P‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫) ‪B (1,1, −3) ∈ ( P‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d ( A, ( P ) ) = AH‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ H :‬هﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n‬‬
‫= ‪AH‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪AB ( 0,1, −4‬‬
‫)‪n (1,1,1‬‬
‫)‪( 0 ×1) + (1×1) + ( −4 ×1‬‬
‫= ‪AH‬‬ ‫إذن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1+1+1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) ‪ n ( a, b, c‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪. ( P‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ دﻳﻜﺎرﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى ) ‪. ( P‬‬ ‫) ‪( ax + by + cz + d = 0‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ A ( x A , y A , z A‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ‪. ξ‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪AB ⋅ n‬‬
‫= ) ) ‪d ( A, ( P‬‬ ‫) ‪/ B ( xB , y B , z B‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫) ‪a ( xB − x A ) + b ( y B − y A ) + c ( z B − z A‬‬
‫= ) ) ‪d ( A, ( P‬‬
‫‪a 2 + b2 + c 2‬‬
‫‪− ax A − by A − cz A − d‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪a 2 + b2 + c2‬‬
‫‪ax A + by A + cz A + d‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪a 2 + b2 + c 2‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻـﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪( P ) : ax + by + cz + d = 0‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ A ( x A , y A , z A‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪. ξ‬‬ ‫و‪:‬‬
‫‪ax A + by A + cz A + d‬‬
‫= ) ) ‪d ( A, ( P‬‬
‫‪a 2 + b2 + c2‬‬