TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9362:2012
TIU CHUN THIT K NN NH V CNG TRNH
Specifications for design of foundation for buildings and structures
Li ni u
TCVN 9362:2012 c chuyn i t TCXD 45:1978 theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun v
Quy chun k thut v im a khon 1 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 01/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy
nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut.
TCVN 9362:2012 do Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng - B Xy dng bin son, B Xy dng ngh, Tng
cc Tiu chun o Ing Cht ng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.
TIU CHUN THIT K NN NH V CNG TRNH
Specifications for design of foundation for buildings and structures
1 Phm vi p dng
1.1 Tiu chun ny c dng thit k nn nh v cng trnh.
1.2 Tiu chun ny khng dng thit k nn ca cng trnh thy li, cu ng, sn bay, mng cc cng
nh nn mng chu ti trng ng.
2 Quy nh chung
2.1Nn nh v cng trnh phi c thit k trn c s:
a) Kt qu iu tra a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn v nhng s Iiu v iu kin kh hu ca vng xy
dng;
b) Kinh nghim xy nh v cng trnh trong cc iu kin a cht cng trnh tng t;
c) Cc ti Iiu c trng cho nh hoc cng trnh nh xy, kt cu ca n v ti trng tc dng ln mng cng
nh cc iu kin s dng sau ny;
d) iu kin xy dng a phng;
e) So snh kinh t k thut cc phng n ca gii php thit k chn gii php ti u nhm tn dng y
nht cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t v cc tnh cht c I ca vt liu lm mng (hoc cc phn
ngm khc ca kt cu).
2.2 Vic nghin cu a cht cng trnh ca t nn nh v cng trnh phi thc hin theo yu cu ca cc tiu
chun p dng v kho st xy dng cng nh phi tnh n c im kt cu v c im s dng nh v
cng trnh.
2.3 Kt qu nghin cu a cht cng trnh phi gm cc ti Iiu cn thit gii quyt cc vn :
a) Chn kiu nn v mng, xc nh chiu su t mng v kch thc mng c d kin n nhng thay i c
th xy ra (trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng), v iu kin a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn v tnh cht
ca t;
b) Trong trng hp cn thit, chn cc phng php ci to tnh cht t nn;
c) Quy nh dng v khi lng cc bin php thi cng.
2.4 Khng cho php thit k nn nh v cng trnh m khng c hoc khng y cn c a cht cng trnh
tng ng gii quyt cc vn 2.3.
2.5 Trong iu kin cho php, khi lp phng n nn v mng cn quy nh vic i lp t trng trt sau ny
s dng li cho nng nghip (trng trt li) hoc i vi t t c gi tr nng nghip th dng trng cy xanh
cho khu xy dng ...
2.6 Trong phng n nn v mng ca nh v cng trnh ca nhng trng hp nu 4.6.29 nn tin hnh o
bin dng ca nn theo cc im mc t sn.
3 Phn loi t nn
3.1 Khi m t kt qu kho st trong thit k nn mng v cc phn khc nm di mt t ca nh v cng
trnh phi quy nh tn t theo phn ny ca tiu chun.
Trong trng hp cn thit, cho php a thm vo cc tn gi v c trng ph khc (thnh phn ht ca t
st, mc v tnh cht t nhim mui, dng t hnh thnh nn t luvi, tnh bn vng khi chu phong
ha kh quyn, cng khi o ...) ch n loi v c im xy dng cng nh cc iu kin a cht a
phng. Tn gi v c trng ph khng c mu thun vi tn t ca tiu chun ny.
3.2 t c chia ra v t

3.2.1 gm c phn xut, bin cht v trm tch c Iin kt cng gia cc ht (dnh kt v xi mng ha) nm
thnh khi Iin tc hoc khi nt n.
3.2.2 t gm c:
a) t hn ln l loi khng c lin kt xi mng, cc ht ln hn 2 mm chim trn 50 % tnh theo trng Ing
cc hn tinh th hoc trm tch;
b) t ct l loi trng thi kh th ri, cc ht ln hn 2 mm chim di 50 % tnh theo trng lng v khng
c tnh do (t khng ln c thnh si c ng knh 3 mm hoc ch s do ca n Ip <0,01);
c) t st l loi c ch s do Ip >0,17.
CH THCH: Ch s do ca t Ip l hiu s m biu din bng s thp phn ng vi hai trng thi ca t;
gii hn chy WL v gii hn do Wp.
3.3 c chia ra thnh tng loi theo Bng 1 ty thuc vo:
a) Sc chng nn tc thi mt trc trng thi no nc Rn;
b) H s ha mm Km (t s gia sc chng nn tc thi mt trc trng thi no nc v hong kh);
c) phong ha Kph (t s gia trng lng th tch ca mu b phong ha vi trng lng th tch ca mu
cha phong ha ca cng y).
i vi c kh nng ha tan trong nc (mui m, thch cao, vi ...) phi quy nh ha tan ca n.
Bng 1 - Phn loi
Loi

Ch s

A. Theo sc chng nn tc thi mt trc

Rn (MPa)

Rt bn

Rn > 120

Bn

120 000 Rn > 50

Bn va

50 000 Rn > 15

t bn

15 000 Rn > 5

na cng

Rn < 5

B. Theo h s ha mm trong nc Km
Khng ha mm c

Km 0,75

Ha mm c

Km < 0,75

C. Theo phong ha Kph

Khng phong ha (nguyn khi)
Phong ha yu (b nt n)

cng nm thnh tng khi Iin tc Kph = 1

cng nm thnh tng on khng ln nhau (tng tng)
1 > Kph 0,9

Phong ha

cng nm thnh tng m chuyn sang nt n

Phong ha mnh (ri rc)

0,9 > Kph 0,8

cng nm trong ton khi dng ri Kph < 0,8

3.4 t hn ln v t ct ty thuc thnh phn ht c chia theo Bng 2. Tn t hn ln v t ct quy nh

Bng 2 cn ghi thm khng ng nht ca thnh phn ht U, xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
d60 l ng knh ca ht m cc ht c ng knh nh hn n chim 60 % trng lng t.
d10 l ng knh ca ht m cc ht c ng knh nh hn n chim 10 % trng lng t.
Khi trong t hn ln c cht lp nht l ct trn 40 % hoc l st trn 30 %, tng trng lng ca t hong kh
th khi nh tn t hn ln cn nh c tn ca cht lp nht v phi ch r c trng trng thi ca n. Loi t
ny phi nh tn theo Bng 2 hoc Bng 6 sau khi tch cc ht ln hn 2 mm khi mu t hn ln.
3.5 t hn ln b phong ha trong cc qu trnh t nhin v cha trn 10 % ht c kch thc nh hn 2 mm,
theo tr ca h s phong ha Kphd chia ra theo Bng 3.
Bng 2 - Phn loi t
Loi t hn ln v t ct

Phn b ca ht theo ln tnh bng phn trm trng lng ca

t hong kh

A. t hn ln
t tng ln (khi c ht sc cnh gi l
a khi)

Trng lng ca cc ht ln hn 200 mm chim trn 50 %

t cui (khi c ht sc cnh gi I t

dm)

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 10 mm chim trn 50 %

t si (khi c ht sc cnh gi l t
sn)

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 2 mm chim trn 50 %

B. t ct
Ct si

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 2 mm chim trn 25 %

Ct th

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 0,5 mm chim trn 50 %

Ct th va

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 0,25 mm chim trn 50 %

Ct mn

Trng lng cc ht ln hn 0,1 mm chim trn 75 % hoc hn

Ct bi

Trng lng ht ln hn 0,1 mm chim di 75 %

CH THCH: nh tn t theo Bng 2 phi cng dn phn trm hm lng ht ca t nghin cu: Bt
u t cc ht ln hn 200 mm, sau l cc ht ln hn 10 mm, tip n l cc ht ln hn 2 mm ... Tn
t ly theo ch tiu u tin c tha mn trong th t tn gi Bng 2.
Bng 3 - Phn loi t theo mc phong ha
Tn t hn ln theo mc phong ha

H s phong ha Kphd
0 < Kphd 0,5

Khng phong ha

0,5 < Kphd 0,75

Phong ha yu

0,75 < Kphd 1

Phong ha mnh

H s phong ha ca cc mnh vn t hn In Kphd c xc nh bng th nghim mi mn t trong thit b

trng quay v tnh theo cng thc:

trong :
K1 l t s trng lng cc ht c kch thc nh hn 2 mm so vi trng lng ca cc ht c kch thc ln
hn 2 mm sau khi th nghim mi mn;
Ko l t s trn, trc khi th nghim mi mn.
3.6 t hn ln v t ct c chia theo no nc G (phn nc cha trong th tch rng ca t) ghi trong
Bng 4.
Bng 4 - Phn loi t theo no nc
Tn t hn ln v t ct theo no nc

no nc, G

t m

0 < G 0,5

0,5 < G 0,8

No nc

0,8 < G 1

no nc G c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
W l m t nhin ca t tnh bng s thp phn;
w l khi lng ring ca nc, ly w = 1;
s l khi lng ring ca t;
e l h s rng ca t trng thi v m t nhin.
m t nhin ca t hn ln W xc nh bng cch th nghim mu m khng tch cc hn ln ra khi t
lp nht hoc th nghim ring ca cho hn ln v cho t lp nht.

Trong trng hp th nghim ring th m ca t hn ln xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
W 1 v W 2 ln lt l m ca phn t lp nht v ca phn hn ln (ht ln hn 2 mm);
l lng hn ln tnh bng s thp phn;
Kphd l h s phong ha, xc nh theo 3.5.
3.7 Ct c chia theo cht nu trong Bng 5 ty thuc vo h s rng e; h s ny xc nh trong phng th
nghim da vo mu nguyn dng th nm t nhin ca t hoc ty thuc vo kt qu xuyn t.
Bng 5 - Phn loi ct
Loi ct

cht ca ct
Cht

Cht va

Ri

Ct si th v th va

e < 0,55

0,55 e 0,7

e > 0,7

Ct mn

e < 0,6

0,6 e 0,75

e > 0,75

Ct bi

e < 0,6

0,6 e 0,8

e > 0,8

Ct th v th va (khng ph thuc m)

pt > 15

15 pt 5

pt < 5

Ct mn (khng ph thuc m)

pt >12

12 pt 4

pt < 4

a) t m v m

pt > 10

10 pt 3

pt < 3

b) No nc

pt > 7

7 pt 2

pt < 2

p > 11

11 p 3

p < 3

b) No nc

p > 8,5

8,5 p 2

p < 2

Ct bi t m v m

p > 8,5

8,5 p 2

p < 2

A. Theo h s rng (e)

B. Theo sc khng xuyn cn pt (MPa) khi xuyn tnh

Ct bi:

C. Theo sc khng xuyn cn quy c p (MPa) khi xuyn ng

Ct th v th va (khng ph thuc m)
Ct mn:
a) t m v m

CH THCH:
1. Khng cho php dng xuyn ng xc nh cht ca ct bi no nc.
2. Khi xuyn t, dng hnh nn c gc nh l 60 v ng knh l 36 mm xuyn tnh v 74 mm
xuyn ng.
3.8 t st c chia theo ch s do nu trong Bng 6.
Bng 6 - Phn loi t st theo ch s do
Loi t st

Ch s do IP

-ct

0,01 Ip 0,07

-st

0,07 Ip 0,17

St

Ip > 0,17

CH THCH:
1. Khi trong t st c nhng ht ln hn 2 mm th thm vo tn gi Bng 6 t c cui (c dm)
hoc c si (c sn) nu lng cha cc ht tng ng chim 15 % n 25 % theo trng lng v t
cui (dm) hoc si (sn) nu cc ht ny cha trong t t 25 % n 50 % theo trng lng.
2. Khi loi ht ln hn 2 mm chim trn 50 % trng lng t th c xp vo t hn ln (xem 3.2).
3.9 t st c chia theo ch s st Is nh trong Bng 7.
Bng 7 - Phn loi t st theo ch s st
Tn t st theo ch s st
-ct:

Ch s st Is

- Cng

Is <0

- Do

0 Is 1

- Nho

Is > 1

-st v st:
- Cng

Is < 0

- Na cng

0 Is 0,25

- Do cng

0,25 Is 0,50

- Do mm

0,50 Is 0,75

- Do nho

0,75 Is 1

- Nho

Is > 1

Ch s st xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
W, W p v W L l k hiu ca cc i lng gii thch trong 3.2 v 3.6.
3.10 t st theo sc khng xuyn n v px chia theo Bng 8.
Bng 8 - Phn loi t st theo sc khng xuyn
Tn t st theo sc khng xuyn n v

Sc khng xuyn px
MPa

Rt bn

px 0,2

Bn

0,2 > px > 0,1

Bn va

0,1 > px 0,05

Yu

px < 0,05

Sc khng xuyn n v px c xc nh bng cch p vo mu t mt hnh nn c gc nh 30 v tnh

theo cng thc:

trong :
p l lc thng ng truyn ln hnh nn, tnh bng kilgam (kg);
h l ln su ca hnh nn, tnh bng xentimt (cm).
3.11 Trong t st cn phi chia ra bn (xem 3.12) t ln t (xem 3.13 v 3.14) v t trng n (xem 3.15
v 3.16).
3.12 Bn l t st giai on u thnh hnh, c to bi trm tch cu trc trong nc c cc qu trnh vi
sinh vt v kt cu t nhin c m vt qu m gii hn chy v h s rng vt qu cc tr s ghi
Bng 9. Tn bn c quy nh theo ch s do nu 3.8.
Bng 9 - H s rng ca bn st
Loi bn

H s rng e

Bn - ct

e 0,9

Bn - st

e1
e 1,5

Bn st

3.13 t ln t l t st m di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi hoc trng lng bn thn khi thm t, t s
b ln thm.
S b c th xem t lt hoc t dng lt (cng nh mt s loi t st ph) l t c tnh ln t khi no
nc G < 0,8 v ch s ln t s xc nh theo cng thc (7) nh hn tr s ghi Bng 10.
Bng 10 - Gii hn ca ch s s cho t ln t
Ch s do ca t Ip
Ch s ln t s

0,01 Ip < 0,1

0,1 Ip < 0,14

0,14 Ip < 0,22

0,1

0,17

0,24

Ch s ln t s c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

trong :
e l h s rng ca t kt cu v m t nhin;
enh l h s rng ca t ng vi m gii hn chy WL xc nh theo cng thc.

s, w c ngha nh trong cng thc (3).

3.14 t ln t c c trng bng ln t tng i v p lc ln t ban u.
ln t tng i ca t xc nh theo cng thc: x

trong :
h l chiu cao mu t m t nhin chu nn khng n hng di p lc p, bng p lc tc dng su
ang xt gm trng lng bn thn ca t v ti trng trn mng hoc ch bng trng lng ca t ty thuc
vo loi bin dng nh nghin cu l Sa hoc Ssd nu 5.2;
hn l chiu cao cng ca mu t sau khi lm t n hon ton no nc v gi p lc p;
ha l chiu cao cng ca mu t m t nhin , chu nn khng n hng bi p lc bng p lc do trng
lng bn thn ca t gy ra su ang xt.
p lc ln t ban u ps l p lc b nht m di p lc ny, trong iu kin hon ton no nc, t th hin
tnh cht ln t.
p lc ln t ban u ps l p lc ng vi:
a) Khi th nghim t trong phng th nghim my nn - p lc gy ra ln t tng i s = 0,01;
b) Khi th nghim hin trng bng bn nn c lm t t trc - p lc gii hn t l thun trn biu
ln ca bn nn ti trng;
c) Khi lm t t trong cc h th nghim - p lc t nhin su m bt u t y di trng lng bn
thn ca t, t b ln t.
3.15 t trng n l t st khi b thm nc hoc cc dung dch ha hc th b tng th tch m trong iu
kin trng n t do (khng c ti trng) c n tng i tn 0,4
trng n tng i ca t tn trong iu kin trng n t do xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
htnd l chiu cao ca mu t sau khi n t do trong iu kin khng n hng do lm t cho n khi hon ton
no nc.
h l chiu cao ban u ca mu t m t nhin.
S b c th xem t st khi b t, c ch s ln t s 0,3 xc nh theo cng thc (7) l loi t trng n.
3.16 t trng n c c trng bng tr s p lc n ptn, m trng n W tn v co tng i khi kh
c.
p lc trng n ptn l p lc trn mu t lm t v nn khng n hng c bin dng trng n bng khng.
m trng n W tn l m c c sau khi kt thc trng n ca mt mu t khi b nn khng n hng
di p lc cho trc.
co tng i khi t kh c xc nh bng cng thc:

trong :
hp l chiu cao ca mu t khi nn khng n hng di p lc p;

htpc l chiu cao ca mu t cng p lc ny sau khi mu b kh.

3.17 Trong loi na cng v t cn chia ra cc loi t nhim mui.
t nhim mui l loi t m tng lng cha mui d ha tan v ha tan va khng nh hn tr s ghi
Bng 11.
Bng 11 - Phn loi t nhim mui
Tn cc t nhim mui

Tng lng cha mui d ha tan

v ha tan va so vi trng lng
t hong kh,%

Ch thch

na cng nhim mui

t hn ln nhim mui

Cc loi mui d ha tan gm

c:

Khi lng cha ct nh hn 40 %

NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCh,

NaHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2,
Mg(HCO3)2, Na2CO3, MgSO4,
Na2SO4.

0,5

hoc lng cha st nh hn 30 %

Khi lng cha ct ln hn 40 %

0,5

Mui ha tan va l thch

cao: CaSO4.2H2O.

Khi lng cha st ln hn 30 %

t ct nhim mui

0,5

t st nhim mui:
ct v st ln t (t lt hoc dng
lt)

1 (hoc 0,3 nu ch c mui d

ha tan)

ct v st khng ln t

3.18 Cc ti liu nghin cu ca t ct v t st phi c s liu, cc tn tch thc vt nu lng cha tng
i ca n tnh theo trng lng q > 0,03 i vi t ct v q > 0,05 i vi t st.
Lng cha tng i cc tn tch thc vt q trong t ( than bn) l t s trng lng ca mu t sy
nhit 100 C n 150 C trn trng lng phn khong vt ca n. Ty theo i lng q m t c tn gi
ph nh trong Bng 12.
t than bn c trng bng mc phn hy, biu hin bng lng cha cc sn phm phn hy ca t
chc thc vt.
Bng 12 - Phn loi t c cha tn tch thc vt
Tn t ct v t st c cha tn tch thc vt

Lng cha tng i cc tn tch thc vt q

( than bn)

A. t c cha tn tch thc vt

t ct c tn tch thc vt

0,03 < q 0,1

t st c tn tch thc vt

0,05 < q 0,1

B. t dng than bn

t c t than bn

0,1 < q 0,25

t c than bn va

0,25 < q 0,4

t c nhiu than bn

0,4 < q 0,6

Than bn

q > 0,6

CH THCH: Tn cc loi t ct v t st c cha tn tch thc vt quy nh theo 3.4 v 3.8 l

da vo phn khong ca t sau khi loi cc tn tch thc vt.
3.19 t (khng thuc loi ) c chia ra t c ngun gc nhn to hoc t mn.
t c ngun gc nhn to hoc t mn l cc loi t p, t c gia c hoc ln cht t t c ngun
gc t nhin bng cc phng php khc nhau.
3.20 t p chia ra nh Bng 13.
Bng 13 - Phn loi t p
Tiu chun chia
t p
A. Theo phng
php p

Cc loi t p v cc c trng ca t
1. p bng phng php kh (dng trong giao thng ng b hoc ng st bng
my i hoc my cp).
2. p t (bng c gii ha thy lc).

B. Theo s ng nht 1. t p theo k hoch xy dng (t p ngc) v t thay th (m). Loi t

v thnh phn v cu ny c trng bng thnh phn v cu trc ng nht, tnh chu nn u.
trc
2. Cc bi thi t v cc ph liu sn xut. Loi t ny c thnh phn v cu trc
ng nht nhng cht v tnh chu nn khng u.
3. t nh ng, ph liu sn xut v rc sinh hot. Loi ny khng ng nht v
thnh phn v cu trc, cht v tnh chu nn khng u c cha tp cht hu c.
C. Theo ngun gc
vt liu chim phn
chnh ca t p

1. t t nhin: t hn ln, t ct, t st.

2. Ph liu sn xut: x, tro, t to mu vt thi ca nh my lm giu nguyn liu...
3. Cht thi trong sinh hot.

D. Theo cht do 1. n nh qu trnh nn cht do trng lng bn thn gy ra kt thc.

trng lng bn thn
2. Cha n nh qu trnh nn cht do trng lng bn thn gy ra cn tip din.
gy ra
3.21 t c gia c, da vo phng php gia c m phn chia ra gia c nng cao bn, gim tnh nn
ln v gim kh nng thm nc (silicat, nha, xi mng, bi tum, t st, gia c bng nhit...)
Ty thuc vo mc ch gia c m t c gia c phi c trng bng bn, tnh nn ln v kh nng thm
ca n sau khi gia c.
t ln cht c chia theo phng php lm cht (ln m, n mn...) v c c trng bng cht ca
cu trc sau khi lm cht.
Tn gi ca t gia c v t ln cht cn gm c tn gi ca t trng thi t nhin theo Bng 2 hoc Bng 6
c ghi r phng php gia c hoc ln cht.
4 Thit k nn
4.1 Ch dn chung
4.1.1 Khi thit k nn nh v cng trnh cn tnh ton sao cho bin dng ca nn khng c vt qu tr s
gii hn cho php s dng cng trnh bnh thng, cn sc chu ti cn phi khng xy ra mt n nh
hoc ph hoi nn.
4.1.2 Vic thit k nn (theo yu cu ca 2.1) phi da vo kt qu tnh ton chn:
- Kiu nn (t nhin, ln cht nhn to, gia c ha hc hoc gia c bng nhit...)
- Kiu kt cu kch thc v vt liu ca mng, (mng bng, bn, tr, b tng ct thp, b tng, b tng hc
... mng nng hoc su, mng cc, tr su...)
- Cc bin php nu 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.8.3, 4.8.4, 4.8.5, 4.8.6 v 4.8.7 khi cn gim nh hng bin dng ca nn
n vic s dng nh v cng trnh.
4.1.3 Nn phi tnh theo:
- Trng thi gii hn th nht da vo sc chu ti
- Trng thi gii hn th hai da vo bin dng ( ln, vng ...) gy cn tr vic s dng bnh thng nh
v cng trnh.
- Nn tnh theo sc chu ti trong nhng trng hp nu 4.1.4 v theo bin dng khi nn khng phi l .
Khi tnh theo trng thi gii hn th bin dng d tnh ton v sc chu ti ca nn phi so snh vi bin dng
gii hn cho php v sc chu ti ti thiu cn thit c xt n c im kt cu ca nh v cng trnh, phng
php xy dng v cc yu t khc.
4.1.4 Tnh ton nn theo sc chu ti phi tin hnh trong nhng trng hp:
a) Ti trng ngang ng k truyn ln nn (tng chn mng ca nhng cng trnh chu lc y ...) k c
trng hp ng t;
b) Mng hoc cng trnh nm mp mi dc hoc gn cc lp t c nghing ln;
c) Nn l cng;
d) Nn gm t st no nc v t than bn nu 4.6.8.
Cho php khng tnh nn theo sc chu ti trong nhng trng hp nu 4.1.4a) v 4.1.4b) nu dng cc gii
php kt cu m bo mng khng chuyn v qu mc cho php.
CH THCH: Nu d nh thi cng nh hoc cng trnh ngay sau khi xy mng xong m cha lp li t th phi
kim tra sc chu ti ca nn theo ti trng tc dng thc t trong qu trnh xy dng.
4.1.5 S tnh ton ca h cng trnh - nn hoc mng - nn phi chn c k n cc yu t quan trng nht,
quyt nh trng thi ng sut v bin dng ca nn v ca kt cu cng trnh (s tnh hc ca cng trnh,
c trng lp v cc tnh cht ca t nn, c im xy dng ...). Trong trng hp cn thit phi k n s
lm vic khng gian ca kt cu, tnh phi tuyn hnh hc v vt l, tnh khng ng hng, cc tnh cht v do
v lu bin ca vt liu v t cng nh kh nng thay i cc tnh cht ny.

4.2 Nhng ti trng c k n trong tnh ton nn

4.2.1 Cc ti trng v tc ng ln nn truyn qua mng nh v cng trnh hoc mng tng cu kin ring l
phi xc nh bng tnh ton xut pht t vic xt s lm vic ng thi ca nh (cng trnh) v nn hoc mng
vi nn.
Nhng ti trng v tc ng ln nh (cng trnh) hoc ln tng cu kin ring l cng nh t hp cc loi ti
trng v tc ng ny phi ly theo yu cu ca tiu chun v ti trng v tc ng.
Ti trng trn nn cho php xc nh m khng cn k n s phn b li cc ti trng ny kt cu nm pha
trn mng v ly theo s tnh hc ca nh hoc cng trnh trong nhng trng hp sau:
a) Khi tnh nn nh v cng trnh cp III - IV;
b) Khi kim tra n nh chung ca khi t nn cng vi nh hoc cng trnh ang xt;
c) Khi tnh theo bin dng trong nhng trng hp nu 4.6.4.
5.2. Tnh nn theo bin dng cn tin hnh trn c s t hp c bn ca ti trng.
Tnh nn theo sc chu ti phi da trn c s t hp ti trng c bn v khi c ti trng ca cc tc ng c
bit phi da trn t hp c bn v t hp c bit.
Khi gp mt s ti trng ngn hn th vic tnh nn theo sc chu ti phi dng cc h s t hp, cn nhng ti
trng ngn hn trn cc sn ca nh nhiu tng phi dng cc h s gim thp, nhm k n xc sut ca s
gia ti ng thi ln sn theo yu cu ca tiu chun v ti trng v tc ng.
4.2.3 Trong vic tnh nn phi k n ti trng ca vt liu kho v thit b t gn mng trn cc dc chn tng
v trn mt nn xy trc tip ln t. Ti trng ny ly theo ton b din tch gia ti thc t.
Khi tnh nn theo bin dng khng k n nhng ni lc trong cc kt cu do tc ng ca nhit gy ra.
4.2.4 Khi tnh nn ca cc m cu v cng, ti trng v tc ng phi ly theo yu cu ca tiu chun thit k
cu v cng.
4.3 Tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
4.3.1 Cc thng s c bn v tnh cht c hc ca t dng xc nh sc chu ti v bin dng ca nn l
cc c trng v bn v bin dng ca t (gc ma st trong , lc dnh n v C v m un bin dng ca
t E, cng cc hn v nn mt trc ca cng Rn ...)
Trong trng hp c bit khi thit k nn khng da trn cc c trng v bn v bin dng ca t th cho
php dng cc thng s khc c trng cho tc dng qua li gia mng vi t nn v xc nh bng thc
nghim (h s cng ca nn,...)
CH THCH: T y tr i, nu khng c g c bit th danh t cc c trng ca t phi hiu khng ch l
cc c trng c hc m cn l cc c trng vt l ca t cng nh cc thng s va ni n iu ny.
4.3.2 Tr tiu chun cc c trng ca t cn xc nh trn c s nhng th nghim trc tip lm ti hin
trng hoc trong phng th nghim i vi t c kt cu t nhin cng nh i vi t c ngun gc nhn to
v t mn.
4.3.3 Tr tiu chun ca tt c cc c trng ca t (tr lc dnh n v v gc ma st trong) l tr trung bnh
cng cc kt qu th nghim ring r. Tr tiu chun ca lc dnh n v v gc ma st trong l cc thng s tm
c bng phng php bnh phng b nht t quan h ng thng gia sc chng ct v p lc nn.
4.3.4 Trong mi trng hp, khi tnh nn phi dng tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t A, xc nh theo cng
thc:

trong :
Atc l tr tiu chun ca c trng ang xt quy nh 4.3.3;
k l h s an ton v t.
4.3.5 Khi tm tr tnh ton ca cc c trng v bn (lc dnh n v c, gc ma st trong ca t v cng
gii hn v nn mt trc Rn ca cng) cng nh khi lng th tch th h s an ton v t k dng
tnh nn theo sc chu ti v theo bin dng quy nh 4.3.4 ty thuc vo s thay i ca cc c trng y, s
ln th nghim v tr xc sut tin cy .
i vi cc c trng v bn ca t c, v Rn v khi lng th tch phi xc nh theo phng php
trnh by Ph lc A.
i vi cc c trng khc ca t cho php ly kd = 1, tc l tr tnh ton cng l tr tiu chun.
Xc sut tin cy ca tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t c ly bng:
= 0,95 khi tnh nn theo sc chu ti;

 = 0,85 khi tnh nn theo bin dng.

tin cy tnh nn ca cu v cng ly theo ch dn 15.5.
Da trn tha thun ca t chc thit k v t chc kho st, i vi cng trnh cp I cho php dng xc sut
tin cy ln hn nhng khng qu 0,99 xc nh tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t.
CH THCH:
1) Phi da vo bo co kho st a cht cng trnh chn tr s xc sut tin cy khi tnh tr tnh ton cc c
trng ca t;
2) Xc sut tin cy l xc sut m tr trung bnh thc ca c trng khng vt qu gii hn di (hoc trn)
ca khong tin cy;
3) Khi tnh ton theo sc chu ti th tr tnh ton ca cc c trng , c v k hiu l I, cI v I; cn tnh
theo bin dng th k hiu l II, cII v II.
4.3.7 tnh ton s b nn nh v cng trnh thuc mi cp cng nh tnh ton cui cng nn nh v cng
trnh cp II - IV v mng tr ng dy ti in v dy thng tin khng ph thuc vo cp ca chng, cho php
xc nh tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng v bn v bin dng theo cc c trng vt l nu nh
x l thng k ca nhiu th nghim xc nh c quan h gia cc c trng c hc (v bn v bin dng)
vi cc c trng vt l ca t.
CH THCH:
1) Khi tnh nn theo bin dng ca nh v cng trnh nu trn, tr tiu chun ca gc ma st trong , lc dnh
n v c v m un bin dng E cho php ly theo Bng v tr tiu chun cc c trng bn v bin dng ca
t Ph lc B; cn tr tnh ton trong trng hp ny ly bng tr tiu chun vi kd = 1.
2) i vi nhng vng c bit, c s ng ca c quan c thm quyn, cho php thay Bng 2 bng bng
c trng t c th cho cc vng y.
4.4 Nc trong t
4.4.1 Khi thit k nn cn ch n s dao ng mc nc trong t (nc ngm tng mt) theo tng ma v
trong nhiu nm cng nh kh nng hnh thnh mc nc trung bnh mi cao hn hoc thp hn mc c.
4.4.2 Ty thuc v iu kin a cht v a cht thy vn ca vng xy dng, c im ca nh v cng trnh
c hay khng c qu trnh cng ngh t cng nh cc bin php k thut cn dng trong qu trnh xy dng
v s dng (o mng, quy hoch lnh th, xy dng v s dng mng li thot nc, dn nc, cp nc,
cp nhit,.) m d bo s thay i mc nc ngm c th xy ra.
4.4.3 D bo s thay i mc nc ngm phi ch xc sut ln nht khi:
a) Mc nc ngm cao nht:
- nhng ni xy nh v cng trnh c qu trnh cng ngh t;
- Nu ti ni xy dng hoc gn y c cc cng trnh thu hi nc;
- Khi vng xy dng c t st t thm nc cng nh ct bi bt k su no ca tng khng thm nc.
b) Mc nc ngm thp nht: ni xy dng hoc bn cnh n c cng trnh lm kh (knh, thit b thot
nc,...) hoc c cng trnh ngm (ng hm, ng tu in ngm, khai thc m,...)
4.4.4 Da vo kt qu kho st a cht cng trnh v cc d bo trn c s cc tnh ton c bit m xc nh
v tr tnh ton ca mc nc ngm v kh nng thay i m ca t trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng
nh v cng trnh.
4.4.5 Khi thit k nn nh v cng trnh c qu trnh cng ngh t phi d kin cc bin php khng cho nc
sn xut thm vo t nn hoc trn ln t, c bit l khi c cht thi ca sn xut ha hc lm cho t
trng n hoc n mn vt liu mng. pht hin kp thi v ngn nga nc sn xut chy r th trong thit
k phi xy dng cc h theo di thng xuyn.
4.4.6 Nu mc nc ngm hin ti hoc mc d bo vn c th trn vo mng hoc cc b phn t su di
t th trong thit k cn d kin cc bin php loi tr hoc gim tc hi ca nc ny n s lm vic ca
nn mng, n vic s dng nh v cng trnh (thit b h nc ngm thng xuyn, cch nc cho mng v
nn tng hm, cc bin php c bit trong cc kt cu ngm, gim p lc nc ngm hoc nc trn mt,...)
4.4.7 Trong trng hp nc ngm, nc trn mt v nc sn xut c tnh n mn i vi vt liu mng th
phi theo ch dn ca cc ti liu tiu chun thch hp; d kin cc bin php chng n mn khng vt liu
mng b ph hoi.
4.4.8 Nu t quanh mng b tc ng ca nc b mt vi tc c th xi t, cng nh khi trong nn gm
t ct hoc ct, nc ngm di chuyn vi tc c th cun tri cc ht t hoc ha tan cc mui, th nn
tm bin php chn chn bo v nn (thot nc, b c,.).
4.4.9 Khi thit k nn cho mng hoc b phn ngm khc ca nh v cng trnh nm di tng nc ngm c
p lc, cn d kin cc bin php ngn nga s bc nc lm ri rc, xi mn hoc cc tc hi khc i vi
lp t trong nn b dng nc xuyn qua.

4.4.10 Xut pht t iu kin di dy kim tra kh nng bc nc p lc i vi cc lp t nm bn trn

trong nn ca cng trnh thit k c lp st, st hoc bn nm bn trn lp t c nc p lc:

trong :
w l trng lng ring ca nc;
H0 l chiu cao ct nc k t y lp nc, c p nh kim tra n mc nc ngm cao nht;
1 l tr tnh ton ca trng lng th tch t thuc lp nh kim tra;
h0 l khong cch t y h mng hoc mp trn sn tng t n y lp t nh kim tra.
Nu iu kin ny khng c tha mn th trong thit k phi d kin h ct nc ca lp t c p (ht hoc
lm cc ging t chy).
Vic h ct nc ngm phi lm vo lc mng cha bn tip nhn ti trng do p lc nc gy ra,
nhng khng c kt thc trc khi lp t h mng.
4.5 Chiu su t mng
4.5.1 Chiu su t mng c quyt nh bi:
a) Chc nng cng nh c im kt cu ca nh v cng trnh (v d c hay khng c tng hm, ng ng
ngm, mng ca thit b, ...);
b) Tr s v c im ca ti trng v cc tc ng tc dng ln nn;
c) Chiu su t mng ca nh, cng trnh v thit b bn cnh;
d) a hnh hin ti v a hnh thit k ca ni xy dng;
e) iu kin a cht ca ni xy dng (tnh cht xy dng ca t, c im thnh lp ca tng loi t, c
cc lp t nm nghing d trt, cc hang l do phong ha hoc do ha tan mui,..);
f) iu kin a cht thy vn (mc nc ngm, tng nc mt v kh nng thay i khi xy dng v s dng
nh v cng trnh, tnh n mn ca nc ngm,...);
h) S xi mn t chn cc cng trnh xy cc lng sng (m cu, tr cc ng ng,...).
4.5.2 Chiu su t mng cn phi khi tnh theo trng thi gii hn nn lm vic c chc chn.
4.6 Tnh ton nn theo bin dng
4.6.1 Mc ch tnh nn nh v cng trnh theo bin dng l hn ch bin dng ca nn, mng v kt cu trn
mng trong phm vi m bo khng xy ra tnh hnh cn tr vic s dng bnh thng ca nh v cng trnh
ni chung, hay ca tng kt cu hoc gim tnh bn vng lu di ca chng do xut hin cc chuyn v khng
cho php ( ln, nghing, thay i cao thit k v v tr kt cu, ph hoi cc lin kt ca chng,.).
Khi phi ch tnh ton bn v tnh chng nt ca mng v kt cu trn mng vi ni lc xut hin khi c
tc dng qua li gia nh v cng trnh vi nn nn ln.
4.6.2 Bin dng thng ng ca nn c chia ra:
a) ln l bin dng xy ra do p cht t m khng lm thay i nhiu cu trc ca n di tc ng ca ti
trng ngoi, v trong trng hp c bit gm c trng lng bn thn ca t;
b) Ln t l bin dng xy ra do s p cht v thng lm thay i c bn cu trc ca t di tc dng ca
ti trng ngoi, trng lng bn thn ca t cng nh cc tc dng ph khc v d nh: thm t, t ln
t...;
c) Trng n v co ngt l nhng bin dng c lin quan n s thay i th tch ca mt s loi t st khi
thay i m, nhit ca t hoc khi chu tc dng ca cc cht ha hc;
d) St ln l bin dng ca mt t gy ra do s khai thc khong sn hoc do thay i iu kin a cht thy
vn ...
4.6.3 Ty theo nguyn nhn xut hin m bin dng ca nn c chia lm hai dng c bn:
a) Th nht l bin dng ca t do ti trng truyn ln nn nh hoc cng trnh gy ra ( ln v ln t);
b) Th hai l bin dng khng c lin quan n ti trng ca nh v cng trnh xut hin dng chuyn v ng
v ngang ca b mt nn (st ln, ln t do trng lng bn thn, trng n v co).
4.6.4 Vic tnh nn theo bin dng cn xut pht t iu kin lm vic ng thi gia nh (cng trnh) vi nn
(bao gm c vic phn b li ti trng ca kt cu trn mng ln nn).
Cho php xc nh bin dng ca nn m khng cn ch n s cng lm vic gia nh (cng trnh) vi nn
trong nhng trng hp nu 4.2.1 cng nh khi:

- Nu i vi nh v cng trnh nu 4.6.24 khng quy nh tr bin dng gii hn cho php ca nn v bn,
h
n nh v tnh chng nt ca kt cu trn mng Sgh
(xem 4.6.21 b)).
- Khi xc nh bin dng khng u ca nn c lin quan n cc thit k in hnh vi iu kin a cht a
phng, theo 4.6.25b), nu trong cc thit k ny c trnh by tr quy c v bin dng gii hn cho php Sogh ;
- Khi xc nh tr bin dng trung bnh ca nh v cng trnh.
4.6.5 Vic cng bin dng ca nn v nh (cng trnh) c th c c trng bng:
a) ln tuyt i ca nn thuc cc mng ring r Si;
b) ln trung bnh ca nn nh hoc cng trnh Stb;
c) ln tng i v khng u

S
ca hai mng, tc l hiu s chuyn v ng ca chng chia cho khong
L

cch gia hai mng y;

d) nghing ca mng hoc cng trnh i, tc l t s gia hiu s ln ca nhng im cc bin vi b rng
hoc b di ca mng;
e) vng hoc vng tng i
ca nh v cng trnh);

f/L

(t s gia vng hoc vng ln nht vi chiu di ca on b un

f) cong ca on b un K ca nh v cng trnh;

h) Gc xon tng i ca nh v cng trnh;
g) Chuyn v ngang ca mng hoc ca nh (cng trnh).
CH THCH: Cc c trng tng t v bin dng cng c th quy nh i vi t ln t, trng n (co), st
ln ca mt t hoc cc bin dng khc.
4.6.6 Tnh ton nn theo bin dng phi xut pht t iu kin:
S Sgh

(14)

trong :
S l tr bin dng ca nn vi nh hoc cng trnh xc nh bng tnh ton theo ch dn ca Ph lc C;
Sgh l bin dng gii hn cho php ca nn vi nh hoc cng trnh quy nh 4.6.21 n 4.6.27.
CH THCH:
1) Cc i lng S v Sgh c th hiu l bt k cc c trng bin dng no k n 4.6.5;
2) Trong nhng trng hp cn thit ( d tnh thi hn v tc n nh ln, nh gi trng thi ng sut
bin dng ca kt cu nh v cng trnh c k n cc qu trnh lu di ...) phi tin hnh tnh ton ln theo
thi gian;
3) Khi tnh nn theo bin dng cn ch n kh nng thay i tr bin dng tnh ton cng nh tr bin dng
gii hn ca nn do p dng cc bin php nu 4.8.1 n 4.8.7.
4.6.7 S tnh ton ca nn dng xc nh s cng bin dng ca nn v cng trnh (bn khng gian n
hi tuyn tnh hoc bn khng gian bin dng phi tuyn; nn dng lp c chiu dy hu hn; nn c c
trng bng h s nn k c trng hp h s ny thay i ...) cn phi chn bao gm c tnh cht c hc
ca t, c trng thnh lp trong nn v c im ca cng trnh.
4.6.8 Tnh ton bin dng ca nn thng phi dng s tnh ton ca nn dng:
a) Bn khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh c hn ch quy c chiu dy ca lp nn chu nn xut pht t quan
h tr p lc thm Poz ca mng (theo trc ng qua tm mng) v tr p lc t nhin cng chiu su pdz.
b) Lp bin dng tuyn tnh c chiu dy hu hn nu nh:
- Trong phm vi chiu dy chu nn ca nn xc nh nh i vi bn khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh c lp
t vi m un bin dng E 100 MPa;
- Mng c kch thc ln (b rng hoc ng knh ln hn 10 m) v m dun bin dng ca t E 10 MPa,
khng ph thuc vo chiu su ca lp t t nn.
Vic tnh ton bin dng ca nn khi dng cc s tnh ton ni trn phi lm ng theo yu cu nu Ph
lc C.
4.6.9 Khi tnh ton bin dng ca nn m dng cc s tnh ton nu 4.6.8, th p lc trung bnh tc dng
ln nn di y mng do cc ti trng nu 4.2.2 gy ra, khng c vt qu p lc tnh ton R (kPa) tc
dng ln nn tnh theo cng thc:

trong :
m1 v m2 ln lt l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn t v h s iu kin lm vic ca nh hoc cng trnh c
tc dng qua li vi nn, ly theo 4.6.10;
ktc l h s tin cy ly theo 4.6.11;
A, B v D l cc h s khng th nguyn ly theo Bng 14 ph thuc vo tr tnh ton ca gc m st trong II
xc nh theo 4.3.1 n 4.3.7.
b l cnh b (b rng) ca y mng, tnh bng mt (m);
h l chiu su t mng so vi ct qui nh b bt i hoc p thm, tnh bng mt (m);
II l tr trung bnh (theo tng lp) ca trng lng th tch t nm pha trn su t mng, tnh bng
kilniutn trn mt khi (kN/m);
II c ngha nh trn, nhng ca t nm pha di y mng, tnh bng kilniutn trn mt khi (kN/m);
cII l tr tnh ton ca lc dnh n v ca t nm trc tip di y mng, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa);
ho =h-ht l chiu su n nn tng hm tnh bng mt (m). Khi khng c tng hm th ly ho =0;
ht l chiu su t mng tnh i k t nn tng hm bn trong nh c tng hm, tnh theo cng thc:

h1 l chiu dy lp t pha trn y mng, tnh bng mt (m);

h2 l chiu dy ca kt cu sn tng hm, tnh bng mt (m);
kc l tr tnh ton trung bnh ca trng lng th tch ca kt cu sn tng hm, tnh bng kilniutn trn mt
khi (kN/m).
Bng 14 - Cc h s A, B v D
Cc h s

Tr tnh ton ca gc ma st trong II

0

()

1,00

3,14

0,03

1,12

3,32

0,06

1,25

3,51

0,10

1,39

3,71

0,14

1,55

3,93

10

0,18

1,73

4,17

12

0,23

1,94

4,42

14

0,29

2,17

4,69

16

0,36

2,43

5,00

18

0,43

2,72

5,31

20

0,51

3,06

5,66

22

0,61

3,44

6,04

24

0,72

3,87

6,45

26

0,84

4,37

6,90

28

0,98

4,93

7,40

30

1,15

5,59

7,95

32

1,34

6,35

8,55

34

2,55

7,21

9,21

36

1,81

8,25

9,98

38

2,11

9,44

10,80

40

2,46

10,84

11,73

42

2,87

12,50

12,77

44

3,37

14,48

13,96

45

3,66

15,64

14,64

CH THCH:
1) Cng thc (15) cho php dng vi bt k hnh dng mng no trn mt bng. i vi y mng c dng hnh
trn hoc a gic u th tr s b ly bng

F (trong F l din tch y mng).

2) Khi chiu su t mng nh hn 1 m tnh ton R theo cng thc (15) ly h = 1 m; tr trng hp khi nn
l ct bi no nc hoc t st c ch s st Is > 0,5, lc ny chiu su t mng ly theo thc t, k t ct quy
hoch.
3) Khi chiu rng tng hm ln hn 20 m th chiu su t mng h ly bng ht (chiu su tnh t sn tng
hm).
4) Vic xc nh p lc i vi nn ct ri phi da trn cc nghin cu c bit.
4.6.10 Tr s iu kin lm vic ca t nn m1 v h s iu kin lm vic ca nh hoc cng trnh tc dng
qua li vi nn m2 ly theo Bng 15.
Bng 15 - Cc h s m1 v m2
Loi t

H s
m1

H s m2 i vi nh v cng trnh c s kt
cu cng vi t s gia chiu di ca nh (cng
trnh) hoc tng n nguyn vi chiu cao L/H
trong khong:
4 v ln hn

7,5 v nh hn

1,4

1,2

1,4

- Kh v t m

1,3

1,1

1,3

- No nc

1,2

1,1

1,3

- Kh v t m

1,2

1,0

1,2

- No nc

1,1

1,0

1,2

t hn ln c cht nht l st v
t st c ch s st Is 0,5

1,2

1,0

1,1

Nh trn c ch s st Is>0,5

1,1

1,0

1,0

t hn ln c cht nht l ct v
t ct khng k t phn v bi
Ct mn:

Ct bi:

CH THCH:
1. S kt cu cng l nhng nh v cng trnh m kt cu ca n c kh nng c bit
chu ni lc thm gy ra bi bin dng ca nn, mun th phi dng cc bin php nu 4.8.7.
2. i vi nh c s kt cu mm th h s m2 ly bng 1.
3. Khi t s chiu di trn chiu cao ca nh cng trnh nm gia cc tr s ni trn th h s m2
xc nh bng ni suy.
4.6.11 Ty thuc vo phng php xc nh cc c trng tnh ton ca t m h s tin cy c tr s khc
nhau, trong :
- Nu da vo cc kt qu th nghim tip cc mu t ti ni xy dng th ktc = 1;
- Nu theo ti liu gin tip (khng th nghim trc tip) dng cc bng da vo kt qu thng k (v d nh Ph
lc B) th ktc = 1,1.
4.6.12 Nu t quanh mng v nn mang ti l t ct th khi mc nc ngm cao hn y mng, p lc tnh
ton R theo cng thc (15) phi tnh vi trng lng th tch ca t c k n tc dng y ni ca nc.
4.6.13 p lc tnh ton R trn nn t hn ln phi tnh theo cng thc (15) da vo kt qu xc nh trc tip
cc c trng bn ca t.
Khi khng c cc kt qu th nghim th p lc tnh ton phi xc nh theo cc c trng ca vt liu lp nht,
nu lng cha cc cht ny vt qu 40 % trong trng hp cht lp nht l ct hoc 30 % trong trng hp
cht lp nht l st. Khi lng cha cht lp nht nh hn th tr s p lc tnh ton trn t hn ln cho php
ly theo Bng D.1.
4.6.14. p lc tnh ton trn nn R trong trng hp p dng m cht t hoc lm cc m t, phi xc nh
xut pht t tr tnh ton cho trc trong thit k v cc c trng c l ca t m cht.
4.6.15 p lc tnh ton trn nn R tnh theo cng thc (15) c th nng ln 1,2 ln nu xc nh bng cch tnh
ton bin dng ca nn (di p lc R) khng vt qu 40 % tr gii hn cho php v bin dng quy nh theo
yu cu ca 4.6.21, 4.6.22, 4.6.23, 4.6.24; khi p lc c nng cao khng c gy cho nn bin dng qu
50 % tr gii hn cho php v vt qu tr p lc ca iu kin tnh nn theo bn nh yu cu ca 4.7.1 n
4.8.1. 4.6.16 p lc tnh ton R trn nn trong trng hp dng mng bng gin on c sn, c xc nh

nh i vi mng bng lin tc theo 4.6.9 n 4.6.13, c nng cao tr R tm c bng h s mv k n nh

hng v kh nng phn b ca t nn v hiu ng vm gia cc blc ca mng gin on.
H s mv cho php ly:
a) i vi tt c cc loi t (tr t st c h s rng e 1,1) ly mv 1,3;
b) i vi t st c e 1,1 th mv 1,1.
CH THCH: Mng bng c sn nm di tng, thng thng l loi gin on.
4.6.17. Khi cn tng ti trng trn nn ca nh hoc cng trnh xy dng (khi ci tng, sa cha, lp t
nhng thit b nng hn ...) p lc tnh ton trn nn cn phi ly ng vi ti liu thc t v loi, trng thi v
cc tnh cht c l ca t nn, c k n kiu v tnh hnh mng v kt cu trn mng ca nh v cng trnh,
cng nh thi hn s dng chng vi ln thm cho php khi tng thm ti trng trn mng.
Nu tr p lc tnh ton mi trn t nn t ra khng tip nhn ti trng mi th cn phi d kin nhng
bin php tng cng nn, mng, kt cu trn mng hoc hn ch tr s ti trng mi.
4.6.18. Cc kch thc s b ca mng cn quy nh theo cu to hoc t iu kin p lc trung bnh ln
nn ngay di mng bng tr p lc tnh ton quy c R0 ly theo yu cu trong Ph lc E.
Cng cho php dng Ph lc E quy nh kch thc cui cng ca mng nh v cng trnh cp III v IV trn
nn gm cc lp t nm ngang ( nghing khng qu 0,1); tnh nn co ca cc lp t ny khng tng theo
chiu su bng hai ln b rng ln nht ca mng, k t su t mng theo thit k.
4.6.19 p lc trn t mp mng chu ti trng lch tm (tnh theo gi thit p lc di mng phn b
tuyn tnh di cc ti trng dng tnh nn theo bin dng (xem 4.2.2) thng phi xc nh khi k n
su t mng trong t, cng ca lin kt gia mng vi kt cu bn trn v cng ca kt cu trn mng.
Khi , tr s p lc mp mng khi c m men un tc dng theo mt trc ca mng khng c vt qu
1,2xR v ti im gc th khng vt qu 1,5xR (R l p lc tnh ton ln nn, xc nh theo yu cu ca
4.6.9, 4.6.10, 4.6.11, 4.6.12, 4.6.13)
CH THCH: Khi tnh nn mng cu c ti trng lch tm phi theo yu cu ca tiu chun thit k cu v cng.
4.6.20 nghing ca mng ring r (hoc ca cng trnh ni chung) phi tnh ton c k n:
- Tr m men un tc dng y mng;
- nh hng ca mng ln cn v ca ti trng trn mt nn v trn din tch tip gip;
- Tnh nn khng u ca nn.
Ngoi ra, khi xc nh nghing ca mng, thng cn phi k n nh hng ca:
- su t mng trong t;
- cng ca kt cu trn mng v s lin kt ca kt cu y vi mng;
- lch tm ca ti trng c th tng do tng b phn mng (cng trnh) b nghing.
CH THCH: xc nh nghing ca xil cha vt liu ri do gia ti lch tm sau khi nn s b nn
bng ti trng phn b u (khi xil cht ti y theo thit k) th tnh nn ca t nn cn phi ly ng vi
cht ca t m n c th t c khi nn)
4.6.21 Khi trong phm vi tng chu nn ca nn chiu su z cch mng, c lp t bn nh hn bn
ca cc lp bn trn th kch thc mng phi quy nh sao cho m bo c iu kin:
poz + pdz Rz

(17)

trong :
poz l p lc thm chiu su z k t mng nh hoc cng trnh (xc nh theo Ph lc C);
pdz l p lc do trng lng bn thn ca t chiu su z;
Rz l p lc tnh ton trn mi ca lp t c bn thp (nm chiu su z) c tnh theo cng thc (15)
cho mt mng quy c c b rng l bz;

Trong cng thc (18) ta k hiu:

trong :
p l ti trng ca mng truyn ln nn;
L v b ln lt l chiu di v chiu rng ca mng.

4.6.22 Tr gii hn cho php ca bin dng ng thi gia nn v nh hoc cng trnh phi quy nh xut pht
t:
a) Yu cu cng ngh hoc kin trc i vi cc bin dng ca cng trnh, s thay i ct thit k v v tr ca
nh hoc cng trnh ni chung (nh nhiu tng, thp, ng khi ...) ca tng cu kin ring bit v thit b, bao
cn
gm cc yu cu v s lm vic bnh thng ca thang my, thit b cn trc, cc thit b nng ... k hiu l Sgh ;
b) Yu cu v bn, n nh v chng nt ca kt cu bao gm c n nh chung ca cng trnh k hiu l
b
Sgh
.
4.6.23 Tr gii hn cho php ca bin dng ng thi gia nn v nh hoc cng trnh (bin dng u hoc
khng u) tng ng vi gii hn s dng thun tin ca nh hoc cng trnh theo yu cu cng ngh hoc
cn
kin trc. Sgh phi c quy nh theo cc tiu chun thit k nh v cng trnh, ph hp vi quy tc s dng
k thut ca cc thit b hoc vi nhim v thit k.
iu kin S < Scn
gh phi kim tra khi lp cc thit k in hnh v thit k ring l, bng cch tnh nn tc dng
qua li vi kt cu trn mng, cc kt cu ny tnh ton v bn, n nh v chng nt.
4.6.24 Tr bin dng gii hn cho php Scn
gh theo iu kin s dng thit b (v d thang my, cn trc ...) phi quy
nh xut pht t cc sai lch cho php trong cng ngh v ln v nghing ca thit b.
Khi , nu cn dng cc gii php khng kinh t v nn v mng th trong thit k nh v cng trnh (theo s
tha thun ca c quan s dng thit b v c quan gim nh) phi nghin cu kh nng thc hin iu chnh
thit b trong qu trnh s dng.
b

4.6.25 Tr s Sgh khng cho php quy nh i vi nh v cng trnh c cng ln (v d nh nh kiu thp, l
cao, ng khi...), bn ca loi cng trnh ny tip thu cc ni lc xut hin khi c s tc dng qua li
gia nn vi cng trnh v cng khng quy nh i vi nh v cng trnh c s kt cu mm, trong cng
trnh loi ny ni lc khng xut hin (v d cc loi h khp cu).
cn

4.6.26 Khi lp cc thit k in hnh ca nh v cng trnh trn c s tr s Sgh v Sgh thng phi quy nh cc
tiu chun sau y v cho php dng cc thit k y (hoc cc phng n ring l) n gin vic tnh nn
theo bin dng c kt hp thit k in hnh vi iu kin t ca a phng.
a) Tnh khng ng nht chp nhn c ca nn: tnh cht ny c th c trng bng tr gii hn mc thay
i (tnh khng ng u) v nn co ca t E tng ng vi tr trung bnh m un bin dng ca t trong
phm vi mt bng ca nh v cng trnh hoc c trng bng tr s khc nhau ca ln trung bnh ca nn
nh hoc cng trnh stb (xem 4.6.26);
b) Tr quy c v bin dng gii hn khng u ca nn Sogh : bin dng ny c th dng trong tnh ton nn
theo bin dng m khng k n nh hng ca cng ca nh hoc cng trnh n s phn b li ti trng
ln nn (xem 4.6.27);
c) Lit k cc loi t (c km theo cc c trng n gin v tnh cht v trng thi cng nh c tnh thnh
lp ca cc loi t ny): khi c cc loi t y trong nn nh hoc cng trnh th khng cn tnh nn theo bin
dng.
4.6.27 Mc thay i tnh nn ca nn E (theo 4.6.25a)), mt trong nhng tiu chun cho php dng cc
thit k nu 4.6.25, c xc nh bng t s gia tr tnh i ln nht vi tr b nht ca m un bin dng
theo chiu su t nn trong phm vi mt bng ca nh v cng trnh.
M un bin dng tnh i ca t nn Et xc nh theo cng thc di y c trng cho cu to a cht ca
t ni xy dng v cc mt nh thnh lp, tnh nn co ca tng lp kch thc v su t mng v ti
trng tc dng ln mng:

trong i l din tch ca biu p lc thm ln t theo trc mng tc dng trong phm vi chiu dy lp t
th i c m un bin dng Ei xc nh theo Ph lc C.
Tr trung bnh m un bin dng ca t nn Etb xem nh tiu chun th hai dng cc thit k nu
4.6.25a), xc nh bng t s gia tng m-un tnh i Et ca tng lp t khc nhau v cu to a cht nhn
cho cc din tch tng ng v tng din tch ca nh v cng trnh.
4.6.28 Bin dng gii hn cho php ca nn nh v cng trnh Sgh ly theo Bng 16 nu cc kt cu trn mng
b
o
khng tnh theo bin dng khng u ca nn v khng xc nh c tr s Sgh (theo 4.6.21 b)) hoc Sgh (theo
4.6.25b)) v khi thit k nh khng quy nh tr Scn
gh (theo 4.6.21, 4.6.22, 4.6.23). Trong trng hp ny khi ly
Sgh Bng 16, phi ch :

a) Vic tnh ton bin dng ca nn cho php tin hnh m khng cn k n nh hng ca cng ca kt
cu nh hoc cng trnh n s phn b li ti trng trn nn;
Bng 16 - Tr bin dng gii hn ca nn Sgh
Tn v c im kt cu ca cng trnh

Tr bin dng gii hn ca nn Sgh

Bin dng tng i

ln tuyt i trung bnh

v ln nht, cm

Dng

ln

Dng

ln

1.1. Khung b tng ct thp khng c

tng chn

ln lch
tng i

0,002

ln tuyt i
ln nht Sgh

1.2. Khung thp khng c tng chn

ln lch
tng i

0,001

ln tuyt i
ln nht Sgh

12

1.3. Khung b tng ct thp c tng

chn

0,001

1.4. Khung thp c tng chn

0,002

12

2. Nh v cng trnh khng xut hin ni

lc thm do tn khng u

0,006

15

1
1. Nh sn xut v nh dn dng nhiu
tng bng khung hon ton

3. Nh nhiu tng khng khung, tng

chu lc bng

Vng hoc vng 0,000 7 ln trung bnh

tng i
Sghtb

10

3.2 Khi ln v th xy bng gch

khng c ct

Vng hoc vng

tng i

0,001 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

10

3.3 Khi ln v th xy bng gch c

ct hoc c dng b tng ct thp

vng hoc
vng tng i

0,0012 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

15

3.1 Tm ln

3.4. Khng ph thuc vt liu ca tng nghing theo

hng ngang igh

0,005

4. Cng trnh cao, cng

4.1. Cng trnh my nng bng kt cu
b tng ct thp:
a) Nh lm vic v thn xi l kt cu
ton khi t trn cng mt bn mng.

nghing
ngang v dc igh

0,003 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

40

b) Nh trn, kt cu lp ghp.

nghing
ngang v dc igh

0,003 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

30

nghing
ngang igh

0,003

25

d) Thn xi l t ring r, kt cu ton

khi.

nghing
ngang v dc

0,004

40

e) Nh trn, kt cu lp ghp

nghing
ngang v dc

0,001

30

c) Nh lm vic t ring r.

0,004

4.2. ng khi c chiu cao H (m)

H 100 m

Nghing igh

0,005 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

40

100 m < H 200 m

Nghing igh

1
2xH

ln trung bnh
Sghtb

30

200 m < H 300 m

Nghing igh

1
2xH

ln trung bnh
Sghtb

20

H > 300 m

Nghing igh

1
2xH

4.3. Cng trnh khc, cao n 100 m v

cng.

Nghing igh

0,004 ln trung bnh

Sghtb

10

20

b) Khi t nn trong ton b din tch nh hoc cng trnh dng thit k gm cc lp nm ngang (vi nghing
khng qu 0,1) th tr gii hn cc i v tr trung bnh ca ln tuyt i nu Bng 16 cho php tng ln 20
%.
c) i vi nn t trng n, tr bin dng gii hn nng mng ln, tr ln nht v trung bnh ly bng 0,25 tr
ln gii hn ln nht v trung bnh nu Bng 16 cn vng ca nh ly bng 0,5 tr gii hn nu cng
bng ny.
CH THCH: Trn c s m rng kinh nghim thit k xy dng v s dng cc loi nh v cng trnh khc
nhau c ch ti hiu qu ca cc gii php kt cu nhm m bo yu cu do nn bin dng ln khng u
gy ra cho php quy nh cc tr bin dng gii hn khc vi tr nu Bng 16.
4.6.29 Vic tnh nn theo bin dng xem nh m bo nu p lc trung bnh thc t ln t y mng ca
nh hoc cng trnh thit k khng vt qu p lc tnh ton ln nn v bo m c mt trong cc iu kin
sau y:
a) Tnh khng ng nht thc t ca nn e nh hn tr s nu 4.6.25a);
b) iu kin a cht ca ni xy dng ph hp vi phm vi p dng thit k in hnh nu 4.6.25c);
c) Nu cc loi nh nu Bng 17 c xy dng trn cc loi t cng bng ny v xp c vo 7
phng n iu kin a cht.
Bng 17 - Cc phng n iu kin a cht khng cn tnh ln
Loi nh

Cc phng n iu kin a cht khng

cn tnh ln i vi nh nu ct 1

A - Nh sn xut ca cc x nghip cng nghip

1 - t hn ln c hm lng ct t hn
40 % v st t hn 30 %.

1 - Nh mt tng c kt cu chu lc t nhy, ln khng

u (v d nh khung thp hoc b-tng trn mng n 2 - Ct c th bt k, tr ct bi, cht
vi gi ta khp ca sn v thanh ging ... V gm c v cht va.
cn trc c sc nng 50 T.
3 - Ct c th bt k nhng cht.
2 - Nh nhiu tng (n 6 tng) c li ct khng qu 6
4 - Ct c th bt k nhng cht va.
m x 9 m.
5 - ct, st v st ch s st Is <
B - Nh v nh cng cng
0,5 v h s rng e trong khong t 0,4
Nh c dng ch nht trn mt bng khng c bc
n 0,9.
nhy theo chiu cao, khung hon ton hoc khng
6 - Nh im 5 trn, nhng h s rng e
khung c tng chu lc bng gch bng khi ln hoc
trong khong t 0,5 n 1,0.
tm ln.
7- t ct c e < 0,7 kt hp vi t st
a) Di gm nhiu n nguyn cao n 9 tng.
ngun gc m ren c e < 0,7 v Is < 0,5
b) Nh kiu thp khng ton khi cao n 14 tng.
khng ph thuc vo th t th nm ca
t.
C - Nh v cng trnh sn xut nng nghip
Mt v nhiu tng khng ph thuc v s kt cu v
hnh dng trn mt bng.
CH THCH:
1 - Bng 17 cho php s dng khi:
a) t gm nhiu lp nm ngang trong nn nh v cng trnh ( nghing khng qu 0,1) thuc
nhng loi t lit k bng ny;
b) Nu b rng cc mng bng ring bit nm di cc kt cu chu lc hoc din tch ca cc
mng tr khng chnh nhau qu 2 ln;
c) i vi nh v cng trnh c chc nng khc vi chc nng nu bng nhng ging nhau v
kt cu ti trng v t c tnh nn khng vt qu tnh nn ca t nu trong bng;
2 - Bng 17 khng p dng cho cc nh sn xut c ti trng trn sn ln hn 2 MPa.
4.6.30 Vic o thc t cc bin dng ca nn v mng cn phi d kin thc hin khi:
- Thit k nh v cng trnh quan trng xy trn n nn khng ng nht v bin dng ln, nu bin dng d
tnh gn vi tr gii hn cho php i vi nh v cng trnh ny;

- Nu dng cc kt cu mi cho nh v cng trnh hoc mng ca chng cha c nghin cu y trong
xy dng hng lot;
- Khi c nhng yu cu c bit lc thit k nh v mt o bin dng nhm nghin cu s lm vic ca nn, kt
cu ca nh v cng trnh hoc ca thit b cng ngh ...
Vic la chn cc i tng o bin dng cn phi tha thun vi Ch u t.
4.7 Tnh nn theo sc chu ti
4.7.1 Mc ch tnh nn theo sc chu ti (theo nhm trng thi) gii hn th nht l m bo bn ca nn v
tnh n nh ca nn t (khng phi ), cng nh khng cho php mng trt theo y v khng cho php lt
v s dn n s chuyn v ng k ca tng mng hoc ca ton b cng trnh v do cng trnh khng th
s dng c. Khi dng trong tnh ton s ph hoi ca nn (lc t n trng thi gii hn ca nn) phi
xt c v mt tnh cng nh mt ng i vi mng hoc cng trnh cho trc.
4.7.2 Tnh nn theo sc chu ti phi xut pht t iu kin:

trong :
N l ti trng tnh ton trn nn, xc nh theo 4.2.1 n 4.6.4;
l sc chu ti ca nn;
ktc l h s tin cy do c quan thit k quy nh ty theo tnh cht quan trng ca nh hoc cng trnh,
ngha ca nh hoc cng trnh khi tn dng ht sc chu ti ca nn, mc nghin cu iu kin t ai v ly
khng nh hn 1,2.
4.7.3 Sc chu ti ( bn) ca nn c tnh theo cng thc sau y khng ph thuc vo su t
mng:

trong :
R, l tr tnh ton cng tc thi ca khi nn trng thi no nc xc nh theo yu cu trong 4.3.4,
4.3.5, 4.3.6;

b, l ln lt l b rng v chiu di tnh i ca mng xc nh theo cc cng thc:

eb v et ln lt l lch tm ca im t hp lc theo hng trc dc v ngang ca mng.

4.7.4 Sc chu ti ca nn t khng phi cn phi xc nh t iu kin l trong t hnh thnh mt trt
ph ht y mng hoc cng trnh; khi quan h gia ng sut php p v ng sut trn ton b mt trt
ng vi trng thi cn bng gii hn ca nn coi nh tun theo quy lut:

trong
I v cI l tr tnh ton ca gc ma st trong v lc dnh n v ca t xc nh theo yu cu ca 4.3.4, 4.3.5,
4.3.6.
4.7.5 Sc chu ti ca t st no nc c nn chm v t than bn ca nn ( no nc G 0,85 v h
7
s c kt Cv 1x10 cm trn mt nm) phi xc nh c k n s xut hin trng thi cha n nh v gim
ng sut tip trn mt trt do p lc nc cha trong l rng. Khi quan h gia ng sut php p v ng
sut tip ly theo:

CH THCH: Tr p lc nc d trong l rng cho php xc nh bng phng php l thuyt c kt mt chiu
ca t c k n s thay i trng thi ca t ty theo s tng ti ca cng trnh xy dng.
4.7.6 Sc chu ti ca nn khng phi cng xc nh trn c s l thuyt cn bng gii hn ca mi trng
t. Khi phi phn bit cc trng hp c php dng:
a) Nghim gii tch (trong nhng trng hp nu 4.7.7);
b) Phng php gii - gii tch bng cch xy dng mt trt cung trn (trong nhng trng hp nu
4.7.8).

4.7.7 Sc chu ti ca nn i vi thnh phn ti trng thng ng cho php xc nh bng cch dng nghim
gii tch nu nn gm t ng nht trng thi n nh v mng c y phng; cn ph ti cc pha khc
nhau ca mng v tr s khng khc nhau qu 25 %.

trong :

b v l c ngha ging nh cng thc (21)

AI, BI v DI l cc h s khng th nguyn xc nh theo cc cng thc: , i, n

, q, c l cc h s sc chu ti ph thuc vo tr tnh ton ca gc ma st trong 1 ca t nn;

i, iq, ic l cc h s nh hng gc nghing ca ti trng, ph thuc vo tr tnh ton gc ma st trong ca t
1 v gc nghing ca hp lc so vi phng thng ng trn y mng;
n, nq, nc l cc h s nh hng ca t s cc cnh mng hnh ch nht;
I, I l cc tr tnh ton trng lng th tch ca t trong phm vi khi lng tr pha di v pha trn y
mng c xc nh (khi c nc ngm) i vi t ct c k n tc dng y ni ca nc.
cI l tr tnh ton lc dnh n v ca t;
h l chiu su t mng; trong trng hp ph ti ng khng ging nhau cc pha ca mng th h phi ly
ng vi pha ti trng b nht (v d pha c tng hm).
CH THCH: Cc h s sc chu ti , h s nh hng gc nghing ca ti trng i v nh hng ca t s cc
cnh mng n c xc nh theo cc cng thc v biu ca Ph Ic E Cc h s tnh ton sc chu
ti ca nn.
4.7.8 Sc chu ti ca nn xc nh bng phng php gii - gii tch c xy dng mt trt cung trn cho
php dng trong cc trng hp khi:
a) Nn gm t khng ng nht;
b) ln ca ph ti cc pha khc nhau ca mng chnh nhau qu 25 %;
c) Mng t trn, di mi dc hoc trn cc lp t c nghing ln;
d) C th xut hin trng thi khng n nh ca t, tr trng hp nu 4.7.9.
xc nh sc chu ti ca nn bng phng php ny cn phi xc nh v tr tm v ln bn knh vng
trn nguy him nht ca phn th tch b trt ca t nn. Sc chu ti ca nn xem nh m bo nu t s
gia m men ca cc Ic gi trn mt trt c chn vi m men ca cc lc gy trt khng nh hn 1,2.
CH THCH: Trong trng hp c th xut hin trng thi khng n nh ca t nn, vic xc nh cc lc gi
trn mt trt c th tnh theo quan h (25) khi k n p lc nc l rng.
an ton cho php ly mt cch c cn c theo quan h ny tr p lc nc l rng bng ng sut php trn
mt trt (u = p) hoc khng k n gc ma st trong bng cch ly (I = 0).
4.7.9 i vi nn t no nc c nn cht chm gm cc loi t nu 4.7.5, nu cc lp t ny nm
chiu su nh hn 0,75 b rng ca mng v nu trong chiu dy ca lp nn chu nn khng c lp t thot
nc hoc thit b thot nc th sc chu ti c xc nh khng k n gc ma st trong (I = 0).
Trong trng hp ny, sc chu ti ca nn mng chn su khng qu b rng ca mng phi xc nh theo
cng thc (30) i vi thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng nghing trn mng bng v theo cng thc (31) i
vi ti trng thng ng trn mng ch nht c chiu di khng qu ba In chiu rng ca y.

trong :

b, l c ngha nh cng thc (21);

q l ph ti pha t, gi thit b y tri (c k n trng lng ca nn tng hm hoc tng ngm k thut);
cI c ngha nh cng thc (26);
3,14;

 l gc nghing (tnh bng radian) ca hp lc ti trng ngoi so vi phng thng ng, ly l dng (+) nu
thnh phn nm ngang ca hp lc hng v pha t gi thit b y tri v l m (-) trong trng hp ngc
li.
4.7.10 Phi tnh mng v trt theo y mng trong trng hp tc dng ln mng nhng lc ngang ln.
Trng hp ny h s tin cy ktc xc nh theo cng thc (32) khng c nh hn 1,2:

trong Tg v Tt l tng hnh chiu trn mt trt ca cc lc tnh ton v gi v v trt.

4.8 Cc bin php nhm gim nh hng bin dng ca nn n vic s dng thun tin nh v cng trnh
4.8.1 Nu trong qu trnh thit k nn mng nh v cng trnh thy bin dng xc nh bng tnh ton l khng
cho php hoc sc chu ti ca nn khng th cn xt kh nng v tnh hp l tng kch thc v chiu
su t mng hoc chuyn sang dng mng khc c nhiu kh nng iu ha bin dng khng u (v d
mng bng thay bng mng tr ...) hoc dng:
a) Cc bin php gim cc bin dng c th c ca nn hoc tng sc chu ti ca nn (xem 4.8.2 n
4.8.5);
b) Cc gii php kt cu nhm gim nhy ca nh, cng trnh v thit b k thut i vi bin dng tng ca
nn (xem 4.8.6);
c) Cc bin php xy dng gim nh hng bin dng ca nn nh hoc cng trnh (xem 4.8.7).
Vic la chn mt hoc mt s bin php kt hp ni trn phi k n cc yu cu nn 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, v 4.1.3.
4.8.2 Cc bin php nhm gim bin dng c th c ca nn hoc tng sc chu ti ca nn (xem 4.8.1a)) gm
c:
a) Chun b c bit i vi nn (xem 4.8.3);
b) Cc bin php bo v t nn do nhng thay i c th xy ra v tnh cht xy dng ca n trong khi thi
cng v s dng nh v cng trnh cng nh nhng s thay i ti trng trn mng so vi ti trng dng
trong thit k (xem 4.8.5).
Khi chn cc bin php nu iu ny nn thy rng bin dng ca nn thuc loi th nht (xem 4.6.3) ch
yu l do cc ti trng trn mng gy ra v s xut hin nhng ni lc cng ln trong kt cu ca nh v cng
trnh khi tnh nn co ca t nn cng ln; cn bin dng loi hai khng c lin quan n ti trng mng th
ngc li.
Trong mi trng hp nn chn gii php kinh t nht, c kh nng gim cc bin dng khng u c th c
ca nn v m bo sc chu ti ca nn.
4.8.3 Vic chun b c bit cho nn c dng thay i cc tnh cht c l t th nm t nhin hoc i
t c tnh cht xy dng khng ph hp bng t c cc c trng v bn bin dng tt hn.
Vic chun b nn phi thc hin bng cch:
a) Nn cht mt phn hoc ton b t nn c tnh cht xy dng khng ph hp (xem 4.8.4);
b) Thay i hon ton hoc mt phn (trn mt bng v theo chiu su) t nn c tnh cht xy dng khng
ph hp bng m ct, si, sn hoc cc loi t tng t khc;
c) p t (theo tng lp hoc bng thy lc) dng lm m phn b di mng nh v cng trnh;
d) Gia c t bng cc phng php ha hc, in ha hc, nhit v bng cc phng php khc.
4.8.4 Vic ln cht t nn phi thc hin bng:
a) m bng m nng ch yu dng trit tiu tnh cht ln t vng pha trn tng ln t hoc ln cht
thm i vi t cha cht (t p) (ln cht trn mt);
b) Cc t dng ch yu l trit tiu tnh cht ln t ca t c chiu su ln (ln cht chiu su n 15
m);
c) Gia ti trc lm cht bn no nc v t than bn, c thm ging ct hoc bc thm nu cn tng nhanh
qu trnh c kt;
d) Thm t trc t nn dng ch yu ln cht t ln t v trit tiu tnh cht ln t v trng n ca
t;
e) H mc nc ngm thng xuyn hoc tm thi trong c h su bng chn khng, dng ch yu ln
cht t yu no nc (khi s ln cht t c do tng trng lng lp t kh nh loi tr c tc dng
y ni ca nc ngm cng nh sc cng mao dn);
f) Dng n ln cht t ct v t ln t dng lt (n b mt, di nc v n su);
h) Ln cht bng rung thy lc t ct v t ln t dng lt;

g) Ln cht trn mt t ct bng my rung, m rung ...

4.8.5 Cc bin php gi cho t khng b thay i tnh cht xy dng trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng nh
v cng trnh cng nh nhng s thay i ti trng khc vi ti trng dng khi thit k, gm c:
a) Bin php phng tc dng ca nc do b tr mt bng chung cho thch hp, quy hoch khu t, xy dng
cc rnh phn nc quanh nh v cng trnh, t ng ng nc v b cha nc khong cch an ton,
khng cho nc chy trn, xy dng trong nn nh v cng trnh cc mng t thm c nc bng t c
ln cht, t chc kim tra nc v cc dch th khc c th b r r...;
b) Cc bin php nhm gi kt cu v trng thi t nn t nhin khi chu cc tc ng ca kh quyn (tc
ng kh tng thy vn), tc ng ca nc ngm, tc ng lc ca cc my lm t v my vn ti...;
c) Cc bin php loi tr kh nng thay i ti trng (so vi ti trng dng trong thit k) trn mng do cc
ph ti mt bn mng hoc do l y mng, s vt ti ca nn cng nh do sc p ca mi dc, bi cha
t, cha vt liu xy dng, cha cu kin v ph phm ...
4.8.6 Cc bin php kt cu gim nhy ca nh, cng trnh v cc thit b k thut i vi bin dng ca
nn (xem 4.8.1 b)) gm c:
a) Nng cao bn v cng khng gian chung ca nh v cng trnh bng cch:
- t cc ging b tng ct thp gia cc tng hoc cc ging xy c ct;
- Ct nh v cng trnh thnh tng on vi chiu di c hn;
- Quy nh dng v mc ct thp kt cu ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton nh v cng trnh do bin dng c
th c ca nn gy ra (trong nh v cng trnh bng cu kin c ln th kt hp vi cch t cc mi ni c
bn).
- Tng cng neo v lin kt cng cc cu kin c sn v c sn- ti ch;
- Tng cng phn mng tng hm ca nh v cng trnh bng cch dng mng bng ti ch, c sn -
ti ch, cc bng trc giao nhau hoc mng b (trong trng hp cn thit th dng mng hp).
- lm tng hm di ton b din tch ca nh v cng trnh hoc di cc on ring bit...
b) Tng tnh d un ca nh v cng trnh bng cch dng cc kt cu mm hoc cc kt cu chia on nu
yu cu cng ngh cho php lm iu ny; khi cn d kin cc bin php nhm bo m:
- Tnh n nh ca cc cu kin ring r trong kt cu khi bin dng ca nn tng ln;
- Tng din tch gi ca cc cu kin ring bit (thanh ging, cc tm sn);
- Cc mi ni cch m v khng thm c nc gia cc cu kin giao nhau trong kt cu.
c) t cc thit b lm bng u cc kt cu nh, cng trnh v thit b k thut (gm c cn trc, cu thang)
khi nn b bin dng ln;
d) Cc bin php m bo s lm vic bnh thng ca thit b khi nn bin dng (v d dng cc kch thc
tng ng ca thit b gn ging vi kt cu xy dng).
CH THCH: Khi chn cc bin php kt cu ni trn, cn thy rng ni lc thm do bin dng ca nn gy ra
trong kt cu ca nh v cng trnh s tng ln cng vi s tng cng ca kt cu v thng thng l cng
vi s ko di kt cu ra. V vy, vic tng cng ca nh v cng trnh phi km theo tng bn ca kt
cu v ct nh (cng trnh) thnh tng on hon chnh.
4.8.7 Cc bin php xy dng nhm gim nh hng bin dng ca nn n kt cu ca nh v cng trnh
(xem 4.8.1 c)) gm c:
a) iu chnh tr s v thi gian gia ti cho t nn c kt chm;
b) C th lin kt cc mi ni ca kt cu c sn v c sn - ti ch chm li m khng cn tr tin lp
ghp v an ton tng thi gian bin dng ca nn lc m cng ca nh v cng trnh cn thp v do
gim ni lc trong kt cu do ln khng u gy ra;
c) Quy nh c cn c trnh t xy dng cc phn khc nhau ca nh v cng trnh c chiu cao v ti trng
khc nhau trn t nn;
d) Gim cc tc ng ngang ln kt cu phn mng tng hm ca nh v cng trnh xy nhng ni chu cc
bin dng loi hai theo 4.6.3 (trc ht l nhng ni khai thc m) bng cch o cc ho gim chn, gim
din tip xc ca kt cu vi t, gim lc ma st ca t vi phn chn su ca nh v cng trnh ... nu sc
chu ti ca nn cho php.
5 c im thit k nn ca nh v cng trnh xy trn t ln t
5.1 Nn t ln t phi thit k theo c im ca loi t ny: trng thi ng sut ca ti trng ngoi hoc
trng lng bn thn ca t b t, t s bin dng thm do ln t. Ch k n bin dng ln t khi tr ln
t tng i ca t s 0,01.
5.2 Bin dng thm ca t ln t c phn ra:

a) Bin dng ln t thng ng Ss do ti trng trn mng gy ra trong phm vi vng bin dng ca nn k t
y mng n su m y tng ng sut thng ng ca ti trng trn mng v trng lng bn thn ca
t bng p lc ln t ban u ps;
b) Bin dng ln t thng ng Ss do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra phn di ca lp t ln t,
bt u t su m ng sut thng ng ca trng lng bn thn t bng p lc ln t ban u ps
cho n ranh gii di cng ca lp ln t;
c) Bin dng ngang Us xut hin khi t ln t do trng lng bn thn ca n trong phm vi phn cong ca
phu ln t.
5.3 iu kin t ai ni xy dng, ty theo kh nng xut hin s ln t do trng lng bn thn ca t, khi
c cc loi t ln t, m chia ra lm hai loi:
a) Ln t loi I khi m s ln t Ss xy ra v c bn trong phm vi vng bin dng do ti trng ca mng
hoc ca cc ti trng ngoi khc gy ra, cn s ln t Ss do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra thc t l
khng c hoc khng vt qu 5 cm;
b) Ln t loi II khi m s ln t Ss do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra, ch yu l phn di ca lp
ln t v khi c ti trng ngoi th ngoi Ss cn c s ln t Ss xy ra phn trn ca lp ln t trong
phm vi vng bin dng.
5.4 Loi iu kin a cht v ln t c quy nh khi kho st a cht cng trnh da vo kt qu th nghim
trong phng, khi cn chnh xc th s ln t do trng lng bn thn gy ra phi th nghim hin trng
bng cch lm t t trong h th nghim.
5.5 Khi thit k nn c t ln t cn phi ch kh nng b t v m ca t tng do:
a) t cc b nn dn dn ln t t trn din hn ch trong mt s vng hoc ton b b dy ln t;
b) t trm trng ton b b dy ln t trn mt din ln v xut hin ht ln t t do ti trng truyn
trn mng cng nh do trng Ing bn thn ca t gy ra;
c) S nng cao mc nc ngm gy ra ln t cc lp t pha di ca nn bi trng lng bn thn ca
cc lp bn trn hoc bi tng ti trng trn mng ca nh v cng trnh v trng Ing bn thn ca t;
d) m ca t ln t tng t t, lm ph hoi iu kin t nhin v bc hi m ca t do xy dng v ph
lp nha ng trn mt t v do s tch t dn m khi nc b mt thm vo t.
CH THCH: Nguyn nhn v cc dng khc nhau v t t nn theo 5.7, 5.8, 5.10, 5.14, 5.15 v 5.16.
5.6 Nn c t ln t phi tnh ton theo cc yu cu nu iu 4.
Tng bin dng ng ca nn gm c ln do ti trng truyn In mng v ln t do ti trng ca mng
v trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra. ln do ti trng truyn ln mng gy ra phi xc nh theo cc yu
cu trnh by iu 4. i vi t khng c tnh ln t th da vo cc c trng bin dng ca t m t
nhin cn i vi t ln t th theo cc yu cu 5.10, 5.11, 5.12.
CH THCH: Khi thit k nn c t ln t cn ch kh nng s dng cc bin php nu 4.8.1 v 5.16.
5.7 p Ic tnh ton R trn nn t c th b ln t do cc nguyn nhn nu 5.5a), 5.5b), 5.5c), cn xc nh
c k n cc yu cu sau y:
a) Khi khc phc c kh nng xut hin ln t ca nn do ti trng trn mng v cc phn nh v cng
trnh trn mng gy ra bng cc gim p lc trn t th tr s R khng c vt qu p lc ln t ban u
ps;
b) Khi m bo bn ca nh v cng trnh bng cch dng tng hp cc bin php chng nc vi cc bin
php kt cu c quy nh theo tnh ton v tng ln v ln t c th c ca nn, th khi tr s R xc nh
theo cng thc (15) phi s dng tr tnh cc c trng II v cII ca t ln t trng thi no nc sau khi ln
t.
c) Khi ln cht v gia c t ln t bng cc phng php khc nhau th tr s R xc nh theo cng thc (15)
phi s dng tr tnh ton cc c trng II v cII ca t ln cht v gia c c cht cho trc v bn ca
t trng thi no nc.
5.8 p lc tnh ton R trn nn khi khng th ln t (ch b m theo cc nguyn nhn nu 5.5d)) phi xc
nh theo cng thc (15). Trong trng hp ny cc c trng ca t phi ly:
- Nu W W p: Theo kt qu th nghim t trng thi m t nhin W;
- Nu W < W p: Theo kt qu th nghim t m gii hn do Wp.
5.9 Kch thc s b ca mng nh v cng trnh xy trn t ln t phi quy nh xut pht t tr p lc tnh
ton quy c Ro (Bng D.3).
Tr quy c Ro cng cho php dng quy nh kch thc cui cng ca mng khi thit k nhng loi nh nu
di y nu chng khng c qu trnh cng ngh t:
a) Cc nh sn xut, kho, nh nng nghip v cc nh mt tng tng t khc c kt cu chu lc t nhy vi
ln khng u, c ti trng trn mng tr n 400 kN v trn mng bng n 80 kN/m.

b) Nh v nh cng cng khng khung, cao khng qu ba tng, c ti trng trn mng bng n 100 kN/m.
5.10 Ln t ca t phi xc nh bng tnh ton k n nhng iu kin t ai (xem 5.3 v 5.4) dng thm
t c th c (xem 4.5) v cc yu t khc.
Khi tnh ton ln t ca t loi II do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra cn xc nh:
a) Tr ln t ln nht ca Smal
st xut hin khi thm t ton b chiu dy ln do lm t t trn, vi din tch c
b rng nh hn chiu dy ln t hoc khi nng cao mc nc ngm;
b) Tr ln t c th c Scts ca t khi lm t cc b mt din tch c b rng nh hn chiu dy ln t.
5.11 ln t ca nn, lch ln v nghing ca cc mng ring bit phi tnh ton c k n s lm t
khng u t ln t do nc trn theo cc pha khc nhau t ngun thm t v tr bt li nht i vi
mng nh tnh ton.
5.12 Tr chuyn v ngang ca nn khi ln t do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra (xem 5.2c)) cn phi xc
nh xut pht t s hnh thnh phu ln t trn mt t, phn cong ca phu ph thuc vo cu to a cht,
cc c trng c I ca t v vo iu kin thm t.
CH THCH:
a) Vic tnh ton bin dng nu 5.10 n 5.12 nn tin hnh theo Ph lc C.
2) Tr tnh ton ca ln t tng i s cng nh tr p lc ln t ban u ps l cc tr tiu chun m h s
an ton v t trong cng thc (12) ly bng n v kd = 1.
5.13 Cc yu cu tnh ton nn theo bin dng ng ( ln v ln t) c xem nh tha mn v cc bin
dng c th tnh ton m khng cn kim tra i vi t ln t loi I nu nh p Ic trung bnh thc t ln nn
di tt c cc mng ca nh khng vt qu:
a) p Ic ln t ban u ps;
b) Tr p lc tnh ton quy c R0 (theo Ph Ic D) i vi nh nu 5.9 c xy trn t c ln t tng
i s < 0,03 p lc P = 300 kPa.
5.14 ln t ca t nn do t cc b v t nhiu t trn xung (xem 5.5a) v 5.5b)) nn dng trong tnh
ton kt cu ca nh v cng trnh c k n nhng iu kin t ai v cc bin php chn dng trong thit k.
nhng ni c t ln t loi I phi k n s thay i tnh nn ca nn do t cc b t ln t gy ra,
cn i vi t ln t loi II, ngoi s thay i tnh nn cn c s h thp mt nn khi t ln t bi trng
Ing bn thn ca n.
5.15 Nn nh v cng trnh xy trn t ln t trong nhng iu kin m y khng th thm t cc b v
t nhiu (xem 5.5a) v 5.5b)) v cng khng th c s dng cao mc nc ngm (xem 5.5c)), v d trong
nhng trng hp khi nh v cng trnh khng lp cc ng ng cp thot nc, mng li ng ng bn
ngoi t khong cch ln hn 1,5 ln b dy ln t ... th nn thit k nh i vi t khng ln t; nhng
phi k n kh nng tng dn m ca t do nhng nguyn nhn trnh by 5.5d).
5.16 Khi c th b ln t do nhng nguyn nhn 5.5a), 5.5b) v 5.5c), cn d kin nhng bin php loi
tr nhng nh hng c hi do ln t c th c n vic s dng thun li nh v cng trnh:
a) Khc phc tnh ln t ca t (xem 5.17) bng cch m cht hoc gia c t;
b) Mng xuyn qua ht lp t ln t (xem 5.12);
c) Kt hp nhiu bin php (xem 5.23) gm cch loi tr mt phn tnh ln t ca t, cc bin php kt cu
v chng nc.
Vic chn cc bin php nn tin hnh ty theo cc loi iu kin a cht v ln t (xem 5.3) c th do nn b
t c chiu dy ln hoc mt phn chiu dy, s tc dng qua li gia nh v cng trnh thit k vi cng trnh
v ng giao thng k cn ...
CH THCH: Vic m cht v gia c t ln t hoc mng cn xuyn qua ht lp t ny nn thc hin trong
phm vi ton b chiu dy ln t hoc ch lm phn trn ca n nu nh tng bin dng tnh ton ( ln v
ln t) c th c ca nn l cho php xt theo iu kin bn ca kt cu v iu kin s dng ca nh v cng
trnh c thit k.
5.17 Loi tr tnh ln t ca t bng cch:
a) Trong phm vi vng bin dng hoc mt phn vng ny: ln cht bng m nng, lm cc m t, m h
mng, m cht bng n di nc, gia c bng ha hc v nhit;
b) Trong phm vi tng ln t: m su bng cc t, lm t trc cc lp ln bn di, trong c c n
mn di su, gia c bng ha hc v nhit.
5.18 Chiu su ln cht t bng m nng quyt nh bi kch thc v trng lng m, ch m nn,
loi t... Cn ln cht t bng n di nc th quyt nh bi trng lng thuc n, mt t thuc n, loi
t, chiu cao ct nc ....

Trong trng hp nu vic m nn khng th m bo lm cht t su cn thit, nn xt n vic o

b lp t ln t, lm m bng t v ln cht m ny theo tng lp.
Trng lng th tch ht t trong phm vi lp c ln cht khng c nh hn trng lng th tch ht t
ca lp ln t; cn trong m t, khng c nh hn 16,5 kN/m n 17 kN/m ty theo loi t c dng.
CH THCH: Trong trng hp khi chiu su ca vng bin dng vt qu lp c ln cht, k c m t
th phng php ln cht t ni y c xem nh bin php gim s ln t t c th c ca nn.
5.19 Vic m cht h mng phi thc hin bng cc m nng nh to c h mng c hnh dng v
chiu su cho trc vi t c ln cht di y h v thnh nghing ca h.
Tnh ton nn mng trong cc h mng c ln cht phi tin hnh theo cht v cc c trng bn ca lp
ln cht, chiu dy ca n cng nh tr p lc ln t ban u ca t bn di lp c ln cht.
5.20 Cc thng s ln cht theo chiu su ca t ln t bng cc t (s lng, khong cch, kch thc
cc,...) phi c quy nh t iu kin t c cht yu cu ca t nn, trong khc phc ht s ln
t ca t do trng lng bn thn ca t v ti trng truyn ln mng gy ra; cn kch thc ca din tch
cn nn cht trn mt bng phi xut pht t iu kin m bo sc chu ti ca khi t c ln cht v ca
lp t nn pha di khi t c cu trc t nhin xung quanh b ln t.
5.21 Lm t trc t nn nn xem nh bin php lm cht (khc phc tnh ln t) ch i vi cc lp t
bn di nm trong phm vi vng ln t do trng lng bn thn t gy ra. Kch thc din cn ln cht v
phng php lm t phi quy nh bng tnh ton sao cho trong phm vi xy dng cng trnh khng c s ln
t do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra.
loi tr s ln t ca t trong vng bin dng do ti trng trn mng gy ra vic lm t trc t nn
trong nhng trng hp cn thit cn thm:
- Ln cht lp t bn trn bng n mn di nc;
- Ln cht t bng m nng hoc lm m t;
- Lm mng su, k c mng cc xuyn ht lp t bn trn.
Nhm mc ch nng cao hiu qu vic lm cht t bn di trong nhng trng hp cn thit (v d: khi ti
trng trn nn ln) phi thc hin ng thi vic lm t t vi n mn di su.
5.22 Vic xuyn ht lp t ln t ca nn nn lm theo mt trong cc phng php sau y:
- Xy dng cc mng bng cc ng, cc nhi, cc khoan nhi v cc loi cc tng t khc;
- Dng cc tr hoc bng bng t c gia c bng cc phng php ha hc, nhit hoc cc phng php
khc v c kim tra thc t;
- Tng su chn mng.
5.23 Kt hp cc bin php chng nc v kt cu cng nh ln cht v gia c t vng b bin dng thng
thng nn dng nhng ni t ln t thuc loi II.
nhng ni t ln t loi I, cc bin php chng nc v kt cu ch nn xt trong nhng trng hp khi do
mt nguyn nhn no khng th loi tr c tnh ln t ca t trong phm vi vng bin dng hoc phi
dng mng su.
5.24 Sc chu ti ca nn c t ln t khi mng gm cc tr bng t gia c phi xc nh c k n cng
ca t theo mt hng ca mng (dng i vi t ln t loi I; m i vi t ln t Ioi II).
6 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t trng n
6.1 Nn c t trng n phi thit k theo c th ca t ny khi thm nc b tng th tch - trng n. Khi
gim m ca t trng n th xy ra qu trnh ngc li - co ngt.
Vic tng th tch c th xy ra t st thng thng nu b lm t bng cc cht thi ha hc ca sn xut
cng ngh (v d cc dung dch axit sunfuric).
CH THCH: Khi thit k nn bng x than nn ch rng khi t, mt s x than c kh nng trng n (v d
x than khi luyn kim bng in).
6.2 Tr s trng n ca t nn ph thuc vo p lc tc dng y mng, loi v trng thi t, chiu dy
ca lp t trng n, din b t, tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca cht lng thm vo nn.
6.3 Bin dng ca nn c t trng n c th xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau y:
- S trng n do thm lm m t do nc sn xut, nc kh quyn hoc do nng cao mc nc ngm;
- S tch t m di cng trnh theo tng vng su hn ch do ph hoi iu kin t nhin v bc hi
khi xy dng v ph nha ng (lp mng chn trn mt);
- S trng n v co ngt ca t phn trn ca vng cha do thay i ch thy nhit (yu t kh hu theo
ma) cng nh s co ngt do kh bi tc ng ca cc ngun nhit.
CH THCH: Khi t nn trng n v co ngt s xut hin p lc thm hng ngang, p lc ny phi k
n khi thit k cc phn su ca nh v cng trnh (mng, tng tng hm, ...).

6.4 Nu c t trng n phi tnh theo bin dng ng vi nhng yu cu chung trnh by iu 4 v khi cn
thit th cng tnh theo sc chu ti.
Ngoi ra cn phi xc nh tr tnh ton v bin dng thm ca nn do trng n hoc co ngt t gy ra, bng
cch ly tng cc bin dng cc lp t nn ring r xut pht t tr trng n tng i tr hoc co ngt tng
i c xc nh theo Ph lc C do p lc tng tc dng ti cc lp t ang xt gm trng lng bn thn ca
t, ti trng truyn t mng nh hoc cng trnh v p lc thm do phn khng thm nc ca khi t gy ra.
6.5 Tr tiu chun ca cc c trng c v tn xc nh theo kt qu th nghim t trong phng th nghim c k
n cc ch dn 6.3 v nhng nguyn nhn thay i c th c v m ca t nn. Tr tnh ton ca cc c
trng tn v c cho php ly bng tr tiu chun khi trong cng thc (12) ly h s an ton ca t kd = 1.
6.6 Nu xc nh bng tnh ton tr bin dng ca nn ln hn tr cho php i vi nh v cng trnh nh thit
k th cn phi d kin:
- Cc bin php gim bin dng ca nn (xem 4.8.2 v 6.7);
- Cc bin php chng nc gi cho t nn khng b t (xem 4.8.5) hoc hn ch mc t;
- Cc bin php kt cu i vi nh hoc cng trnh c th tip nhn cc bin dng (xem 4.8.6).
Tr gii hn v bin dng do t b n gy ra cho php ly theo Bng 16 c ch n cc yu cu 4.6.28.
6.7 Cc bin php nhm gim hoc loi tr cc bin dng c th c do t b n gy ra, gm:
- Khc phc tnh cht trng n ca t nn trong phm vi ton b hoc mt phn chiu dy bng cch lm t
trc;
- Dng m ct thay th;
- Thay th ton b hoc mt phn lp t trng n bng t khng trng n;
- Mng xuyn qua (ton b hoc mt phn) lp t trng n.
6.8 Chiu dy ca lp t nn c lm t trc, chiu dy ca phn t trng n b thay th hoc su
ca lp t b mng xuyn qua phi quy nh ty theo tr bin dng cn gim do trng n gy ra.
6.9 Khi xy mng trn nn t trng n c lm t trc cn phi xt n vic lm cc m bng ct, si
hoc dm hay lm cht lp t bn trn ca nn bng cc vt liu kt dnh (v d: vi).
6.10 m ct thay th phi t trn mt hoc trong phm vi Ip t trng n khi p lc truyn In nn khng
nh hn 100 kPa. lm m, c dng ct c bt k c ht no tr ct bi, m cht n khi lng th
tch khng nh hn 1,55 T/m.
6.11 Vic thay th t trng n nn ly t khng trng n ti ch, m n cht cho trc. Trong trng
hp ny vic xy dng nh phi lm nh i vi t bnh thng khng trng n.
7 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t than bn no nc
7.1 Nn t than bn phi thit k theo tnh c th ca loi t ny: no nc, tnh nn co ln, ko di ln
theo thi gian, cc c trng bn, bin dng v thm di tc dng ca ti trng s thay i nhiu v khng
ng hng.
Nc ngm trong t than bn thng c tnh n mn mnh i vi vt Iiu mng v cc phn nm trong t
ca nh v cng trnh, phi k n iu ny khi chn vt liu v phng php chng tc dng n mn ca
nc.
7.2 Cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t than bn cng nh cc qu trnh Iu bin khi thay i trng thi
ng sut phi qui nh ty thuc v cc p lc khc nhau truyn ln mu t than bn khi nn mt trc trong
iu kin khng n hng (bng th nghim nn).
7.3 Cc kt qu th nghim t than bn, k n tnh khng ng hng ca n, phi km theo ch dn v
phng t nhin so vi trc thng ng ca tng mu t c ly v v hng ca cc qu trnh th nghim
c hc so vi trc ny.
Khng cho php k n tnh khng ng hng ca t than bn nu tr cc c trng ca t i vi hng
ngang chnh khng qu 40 % so vi cc tr ny theo hng thng ng.
7.4 Khng cho php thit k nn l t nhiu than bn v than bn (xem Bng 12) lm ch ta trc tip cho
mng, khng ty thuc vo chiu dy ca cc lp t y v vo tr tnh ton bin dng ca nn.
7.5 Nu tr tnh ton bin dng ca nn t than bn hoc sc chu ti ca n khng chu c nh v cng
trnh thit k th trong thit k phi d kin:
- Cc bin php gim cc bin dng c th c ca nn (xem 4.8.2 v 7.6);
- Cc bin php kt cu nh (cng trnh) tip thu cc bin dng d tnh ca nn (xem 4.8.6).
7.6 Trong cc bin php gim bin dng ca nn t than bn no nc cn phi d kin:
- Mng xuyn qua (ton b hoc mt phn) lp t than bn trong k c mng cc;

- Gt b hon ton hoc mt phn t than bn theo din quy hoch v thay bng t ti ch (khng phi t
than bn) hoc bng cc m ct, si (dm);
- Nn cht trc ni nh xy dng.
7.7 Cc phng tin c bn dng nn trc t than bn l:
- Gia ti bng t p tm thi hoc thng xuyn c lm lp thm, cc rnh hoc h thot nc;
- H mc nc tm thi hoc thng xuyn.
7.8 Vic la chn cc bin php hoc kt hp chng phi tin hnh c k n chiu dy ca lp v tnh cht t
than bn cng nh tnh cht v chiu dy ca cc lp t nm ngay bn di hoc ph bn trn t than bn.
7.9 Khi thit k vic gia ti cn phi quy nh:
- Tr p lc trn ct t c nn cht cn phi t c i vi nh hoc cng trnh nh thit k, c trng
bng tnh nn ca t;
- Thi gian cn thit, c trng t c nn cht.
xc nh tr p lc cng nh thi gian, c trng ca t cn phi t, cho php dng phng php l thuyt
c kt tuyn tnh ca t.
7.10 cht ca t trong lp gia ti bng ct v trong m ct p trn t than bn phi kim tra theo s liu
xuyn tnh nu Bng 5.
CH THCH: Khng cho php dng xuyn ng kim tra cht ca t trong m ct v trong lp gia ti
trong iu kin t than bn no nc.
7.11 Vic tnh ton nn t than bn theo sc chu ti v theo bin dng phi tin hnh c k n:
- Tc cht ti trn mt t than bn;
- Cc lc thy ng sinh ra trong qu trnh cht ti;
- S thay i ng sut trn ct t do qu trnh c kt;
- Tnh khng ng hng v bn ca t than bn;
Khi tnh ton cho php dng phng php l thuyt c kt tuyn tnh.
8 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn bn
8.1 Nn bn phi thit k theo tnh c th ca loi t: tnh nn co ln, ko di ln theo thi gian, s thay
i ng k v tnh khng ng hng ca cc c trng bn, bin dng, thm v Iu bin ca bn khi chu tc
dng ca ti trng cng nh tnh xc bin kh ln do hin tng ha lng tm thi ca bn khi chu tc dng
ca ti trng ng.
8.2 Cc s liu v bn cn cho thit k nn phi thu thp trn c s iu tra a cht cng trnh bng cc
phng php khc nhau tr phng php ng. Nn dng cc phng php nh nn ngang trong h khoan,
xuyn tnh, ct quay ...
8.3 Cc i lng c trng quan h gia p Ic vi tnh bin dng, bn v tnh khng ng hng ca bn
cng nh cc c trng v cc qu trnh lu bin cn quy nh ging nh i vi t than bn no nc theo cc
yu cu nu 7.2 v 7.3.
8.4 Khi dng bn lm nn phi phn bit cc trng hp khi bn l:
- y h ao v ta trn t st hoc ct;
- Lp gia t st v t ct.
8.5 Nu nn bn l y h, ao th trn mt nn phi p mt lp ct m bo nc thot d dng khi nn
bn chu tc dng ca ti trng nn ca lp ct v sau l ti trng ca nh hoc cng trnh.
Chiu dy lp ct phi xc nh bng tnh ton qua sc chu ti ca nn v lp ct p bn trn cng nm trong
chiu dy y.
Trng thi ng sut ca bn trong tnh ton phi ly ng vi trng thi c nn cht ca bn trong khi truyn
ti trng ln nn.
8.6 Nu nn bn gm cc lp nm gia t st hoc t ct th phi kim tra s n nh (sc chu ti) ging
nh nn nhiu lp ca nh hoc cng trnh nh thit k.
Trong trng hp ny tnh cht c I ca bn nn ly ng vi trng thi ng sut t nhin ca t.
Khi sc chu ti ca nn khng hoc tr bin dng tnh ton khng cho php i vi nh hoc cng trnh th
cn d kin cch lm cht nn bng cc phng php tng t nh cch lm cht t than bn (xem 7.7 v
7.9).
8.7 Trong trng hp cn gim nhy ca nh v cng trnh xy trn bn i vi bin dng khng u ca
nn th phi d kin cc bin php kt cu theo yu cu ca 4.8.6.
8.8 Tnh nn theo bin dng v theo sc chu ti phi tin hnh theo nhng ch dn 7.11.

9 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t luvi

9.1 Nn c t luvi phi thit k theo tnh c th ca t ny: l sn phm phong ha ca ti ch v mc
no y gi c cu trc v t chc ca mnh trong v phong ha cng nh gi c tnh v th nm ca
t. Do khi thit k cn ch :
- t luvi rt c th khng ng nht v trong phm vi din xy dng theo chiu su v theo mt bng gm
mt s loi khc nhau: phong ha yu v phong ha t hn ln, t ct v t st, khc nhau rt nhiu v
cc c trng bn v c trng bin dng;
- t luvi, v d nh t hn ln v b phong ha mnh ( bn vi) b yu i v b ph hoi trong khi cha
lp h mng;
- ct luvi v ct bi trong trng hp no nc lc o h mng v lc xy mng c th dn n trng thi
lng;
- Ct bi luvi c h s rng e > 0,6 v no nc G < 0,7 khi t c th c tnh cht ln t.
9.2 k n mt cch y v chnh xc hn c im ca t luvi khi kho st a cht cng trnh cn xc
nh dng t gc, cu trc v mt ct v phong ha, tnh cht nt, thnh phin, thnh lp, cc phn b h v
b bo mn, mt trt, tr s, hnh dng v s lng th b bao t hn ln.
Vic ly mu, quy nh loi v phng php th nghim trong phng v hin trng i vi t luvi phi thc
hin ty thuc vo mt ct v phong ha v thnh phn t gc.
9.3 Khi thit k nn t luvi phi ch quy nh cch th nghim trong qu trnh kho st v kh nng v tr s
gim bn ca nn t luvi trong thi gian d tnh cha b lp kn h mng. nh gi s b kh nng
gim bn ca t cho php dng cc phng php gin tip da vo s thay i trong thi gian cho trc
v:
- Trng lng th tch - i vi ;
- Sc khng xuyn n v - i vi t st;
- Hm lng tng i theo trng lng cc ht c kch thc nh hn 0,1 mm i vi t ct v cc ht c
kch thc nh hn 2 mm i vi t hn ln.
CH THCH: nh hng ca cc tc ng kh quyn cc lp bn trn ca t luvi b l cho php xc nh
trong iu kin th nghim trong phng cc mu t (nguyn dng) c ly ln.
9.4 Nu nn gm cc loi t c tnh nn thay i ln v c th sinh ra cc bin dng khng cho php i vi
nh v cng trnh nh xy dng th nn d kin:
- Lm cc m t ln cht phn b bng ct, dm hoc t hn ln khng b phong ha t cc t gc;
- o b vng bn trn ca t chu nn thuc cc th bao ;
- Lm sch nn vng bn trn, loi b ch b ri rc ti v hc phong ha trong v sau nhi dm
hoc ct m cht;
- Lm bng phng b mt t nu dng mng c sn.
Trong trng hp nhng bin php ny thy cha nn xt n vic dng mng cc hoc cc bin php kt
cu theo yu cu ca 4.8.6.
9.5 Trong thit k nn v mng phi d kin cch bo v t luvi khi b ph hoi bi cc tc ng kh quyn
v nc trong thi gian o h mng. Mun lm vy khng c php dng thi cng nn sau mi lm
mng; cn phi dng cc bin php bo v; khng c o t h mng n ngay su thit k: lp t
bo v ny phi dy t nht 0,3 m i vi t st v t ct bi v 0,1 m n 0,2 m i vi cc loi t ct khc;
phng php n mn o ch cho php dng cch bn mn nng.
9.6 Vic tnh nn t luvi theo bin dng v theo sc chu ti phi k n c im ca t ny ng vi cc
yu cu chung quy nh iu 4.
10 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t nhim mui
10.1 Nn t nhim mui phi thit k theo tnh c th ca t ny
- Hnh thnh ln do xi ngm khi t b t lu di (v thm nc qua t) tr ln ny ph thuc v qu
trnh hnh thnh v th nm ca t, vo thnh phn ht v thnh phn khong vt cu trc, h s rng v
m t nhin ca t, vo lng cha v thnh phn nh tnh ca mui ha tan trong nc, ph thuc vo
phn tn v phn b ca t nhim mui trong nn, thnh phn ha hc ca cht lng thm qua nn v iu
kin thm, cng nh ph thuc vo tc ng ca ti trng trn nn;
- S thay i tnh cht c I ca t trong qu trnh b ra tri v thng lm gim c trng bn ca t;
- S trng n ca t st b nhim mui trong trng hp thm t;
- Tc dng n mn vt Iiu mng v cc phn ngm ca nh v cng trnh do t nhim mui b t v do s
ha tan mui trong t.

10.2 Nn t nhim mui phi tnh ton theo yu cu nu iu 4. Nu t nhim mui l loi ln t hoc
trng n th phi k n nhng yu cu b sung nu iu 5 v iu 6.
10.3 ln do xi ngm xc nh bng tng ln ca tng lp t trong nn da vo ln tng i do xi
ngm theo tnh cht ca t, s thi gian thm t v p lc tc dng.
Vic xc nh tr ln do xi ngm nn theo ch dn Ph lc C.
10.4 Tr tng i ca ln do xi ngm x phi xc nh bng th nghim hin trng bng ti trng tnh khi
kho st a cht cng trnh v nghin cu chi tit tng phn khc nhau ca din v nghin cu chi tit
tng phn khc nhau ca din xy dng phi th nghim b sung trong phng th nghim.
10.5 Vic ko di th nghim t xc nh ln tng i do xi ngm khng c ngn hn 5 ngy m
khi lng mui trong t t n tr s nh sau:
a) Trong t hn ln:
- 7 % trong cht nht l st, nu lng st hn 30 %;
- 2 % trong cht nht l ct, nu lng ct hn 40 %;
- 3 % trong cc tng t hn ln;
- 2 % trong t ct;
-7 % trong t st (khng ln t vi e > 0,67).
b) i vi t c lng cha mui ln hn, thit k nn nh v cng trnh cp I v cp II, th nghim phi
ko di t nht 3 thng cn i vi nh cp II v IV cho php th nghim t hn 3 thng.
10.6 Bin dng ton phn ca nn t nhim mui phi ly bng tng bin dng do:
- S nn cht ca t;
- Hin tng xi ngm ( ln do xi ngm);
- Do ln t ca t (nu t thuc loi ln t);
- Trng n v co ngt ca t (nu t thuc loi trng n).
10.7 Khi mui phn b khng u trong lp t v c kh nng pht trin cc bin dng tng khng u, vt
qu tr cho php i vi nh hoc cng trnh th phi d kin cc bin php ngn chn nn b t v trong
trng hp cn thit phi d kin cc bin php kt cu theo yu cu ca 4.8.6 hoc phi t mng trn t
khng b nhim mui bng cch xuyn qua chiu dy lp t nhim mui.
11 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t p
11.1 Nn t p phi thit k theo tnh c th ca n nh:
Khng ng nht v thnh phn, tnh nn co khng u, kh nng t ln cht do trng lng bn thn ca t,
c bit trong trng hp tc dng chn ng do cc thit b lm vic, do giao thng thnh ph v giao thng
cng nghip, do s thay i iu kin a cht thy vn, vic lm t t p, do s phn gii cc cht hu c.
CH THCH: Trong t p bng than x v t st cn ch kh nng trng n ca n khi b t bng nc
v cht thi ha hc ca sn xut cng nghip.
11.2 Tnh nn co khng u ca t p c xt n trong tnh ton nn phi xc nh theo kt qu th nghim
trong phng v hin trng ty thuc thnh phn v cu trc ca t p, phng php p, loi vt liu chim
phn chnh ca t p. M un bin dng ca t p phi xc nh trn c s th nghim bng bn nn.
11.3 Nn t p phi tnh theo yu cu iu 4. Tr bin dng ton phn xc nh bng tnh ton phi c
tnh nh tng ln ca nn do ti trng trn mng gy ra, ln thm do t ln cht t p theo cc nguyn
nhn nu 11.1 v ln hoc ln t ca lp t ta do tc dng ca trng lng t p v ti trng ca
mng.
11.4 p Ic tnh ton trn nn t p phi xc nh theo yu cu 4.6.9, 4.6.10, 4.6.11, 4.6.12, 4.6.13, 4.6.14,
4.6.15, 4.6.16, 4.6.17 v 4.6.18 da trn kt qu thm d a cht cng trnh v k n tnh khng ng nht v
thnh phn v t chc ca t, phng php p, loi vt liu chnh ca t p, cht, m v tui ca t
p.
11.5 p lc tnh ton trn nn trong trng hp dng m ct, dm (si) ... phi xc nh xut pht t cc c
trng c I ca t t c cht cho trc trong thit k.
11.6 Kch thc ban u ca mng nh v cng trnh xy trn t p phi quy nh xut pht t p lc tnh
ton quy c Ro nu Bng D.4.
Tr quy c Ro cng cho php dng quy nh kch thc cui cng ca mng nh c ti trng trn mng n
n 400 kN v trn mng bng n 80 kN/m.
11.7 Nu bin dng ton phn ca nn xc nh bng tnh ton thy ln hn tr cho php hoc sc chu ti ca
nn nh hn sc chu ti cn c m bo vic s dng bnh thng nh v cng trnh th trong thit k cn
d kin cc bin php theo cc yu cu ca 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.8.3, 4.8.4, 4.8.5, 4.8.6 v 4.8.7.

Nhng bin php c bn khi thit k nn t p l:

- Ln cht nn (xem 11.8);
- Lm cc m bng ct, dm (si) hoc bng t (xem 11.9);
- Cc bin php kt cu gim nhy ca nh v cng trnh i vi bin dng ln ca nn (4.8.6);
- Dng mng su (k c cc) xuyn qua t p.
CH THCH: Nu phn ln cc bin dng tnh ton ca nn xy ra do t p b t th phi d kin cc bin
php chng nc.
11.8 Ln cht nn t p bng cch:
- m cht b mt bng m nng n chiu su 3 m khi t c m cht c m G 0,7;
- m cht b mt bng cc my chn ng v my lu c rung n chiu su 1,5 m khi t p l ct ri;
- m cht bng cch rung c nc n chiu su 6 m khi t p l ct no nc.
11.9 Lm cc m bng ct, dm (si) hoc bng t l nhm i t p c tnh nn co ln v khng u.
Chiu dy ca m, loi t dng, mc m cht ca m phi quy nh theo kt qu tnh nn ng dng vi
yu cu iu 4 c k n cc iu kin xy dng a phng, c cc loi t tng ng cng nh cc thit b
thi cng m.
CH THCH: Khi bn di lp t p c t ln t loi II th cc m phi lm bng t st trn ton b din
tch xy dng.
11.10 Thit k nn t p c cha tn tch thc vt tnh theo hm lng tng i ln hn 0,1 (xem 3.19) phi
ch n cc ch dn 7.1 n 7.11: nn bc t t ny i v thi cng m hoc dng mng xuyn qua lp
t c cha tn tch thc vt.
12 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy nhng ni khc
12.1 Nn nh v cng trnh xy nhng ni khai thc phi thit k c k n s st khng u ca mt t,
dn n cc bin dng ngang ca t trt do thi cng m v s di chuyn ca t trong khng gian b o xi.
Cc thng s bin dng ca mt t, k c vng b mt, nghing v chuyn v ngang cng nh cc ch
nh cao phi xc nh theo yu cu ca tiu chun thit k nh v cng trnh ni khai thc. Cc thng s ny
c dng ch yu tnh nn, mng v phn trn mng ca nh v cng trnh v cn ch khi tin hnh kho
st a cht cng trnh v xc nh cc c trng ca t.
12.2 Tr tnh ton cc c trng bn v c v c trng bin dng E xc nh ni lc tc dng trong mng
do bin dng ca mt t gy ra phi ly bng tr tiu chun vi h s an ton v t trong cng thc (12) bng
n v kd = 1.
Tr tnh ton ca m un bin dng ngang (hng cnh) ca t Eng cho php ly bng 0,5 i vi t st v
0,65 i vi t ct so vi tr tnh ton ca m un bin dng (hng ng) E ca t.
12.3 p lc tnh ton R trn t nn phi xc nh bng cng thc (15) theo cc yu cu 4.6.9, 4.6.10, 4.6.11,
4.6.12, 4.6.13 v 4.6.14. Khi h s iu kin lm vic ca nh m2 c tc dng qua li vi nn k n nh
hng cng c kt cu ca nh nn ly theo Bng 18 nu nh hoc cng trnh thit k theo s kt cu
cng c ging tng v mng bng khp kn theo chu vi; trong nhng trng hp cn li ly h s m2 = 1.
12.4 p lc bin ca mng b i vi nh v cng trnh kiu thp (nh nhiu tng, thp nc c p, ng khi,
...) cng nh cc mng n ca nh cng nghip phi tnh ton c k n cc m men thm do bin dng ca
mt t khi khai thc gy ra.
Trong trng hp ny p lc bin khng c vt qu 1,4R v cc im gc khng qu 1,5R; cn hp lc
ca cc ti trng v tc ng th khng vt ra ngoi phm vi li tit din y mng.
12.5 Khng cn tnh bin dng ca nn trong nhng trng hp nu Bng 17 cng nh khi kt cu chu lc
ca nh v cng trnh c thit k c k n st khng u ca mt t. nhng ni t ln t th kt
cu ca nh v cng trnh phi thit k c k n s cng tc dng c th c v bin dng do khai thc v ln
t ca t.
Bng 18 - H s m2
Loi t

H s m2 i vi nh v cng trnh c s kt cu cng khi t s

chiu di ca nh (cng trnh) hoc cc on nh trn chiu cao L/H
L/H 4

4 > L/H > 2,5

2,5 L/H > 1,5

L/H 1,5

t hn In c cht nht
l ct v t ct, tr ct
mn v ct bi

1,4

1,7

2,1

2,5

Ct mn

1,3

1,6

1,9

2,2

Ct bi

1,1

1,3

1,7

2,0

t hn In c cht nht

1,0

1,0

1,1

1,2

l st v t st c ch s
st ls 0,5
Nh trn vi ch s st Is
> 0,5

1,0

1,0

1,0

1,0

12.6 Khi thit k nn nh v cng trnh nhng ni khai thc phi d kin kt cu mng (12.7 v 12.8) cng
nh cc bin php ph tr (xem 12.9) gim nhng nh hng bt Ii do bin dng mt t gy ra cho kt
cu trn mng.
12.7 Mng nh v cng trnh xy nhng ni khai thc phi dng cc s kt cu cng, n hi hoc kt
hp ty theo tr bin dng ca mt t khi khai thc, cng ca kt cu trn mng, tnh bin dng ca t nn,
...
CH THCH:
1) Mng thuc s kt cu cng l mng b, mng bng c ging b tng ct thp, mng n c lin kt vi
nhau, ...
2) Mng thuc s kt cu n hi l mng c khe ln nm ngang gia cc mng n m bo c th trt
ln nhau cng nh mng c cc phn t ng ta kiu khp v nghing c khi t chuyn v ngang.
3) Mng thuc s kt hp I nhng mng cng c cc khe trt bn di.
4) i vi nh khung s n hi ca mng c th m bo bng cch dng gi ta kiu khp ca ct vi
mng.
5) i vi nh nhiu tng v nh kiu thp khng cho php dng cc mng nghing.
12.8 i vi nn t c tr m un bin dng b (E < 10 MPa) cng nh khi tnh cht xy dng ca t c th
xu i do khai thc th nn dng mng cc hoc mng b.
Nu phn trn ca nn nh hoc cng trnh c lp t p, t than bn, t ln t hoc cc loi t tng t
th nn dng cc loi mng xuyn qua lp t y.
12.9 Cc bin php nhm gim cc tc ng bt li (xem 12.6) ca bin dng mt t i vi mng v kt cu
nh v cng trnh, gm c:
a) Gim b mt mng tip xc vi t;
b) Gim chiu su t mng n gii hn cho php v iu kin bin dng v sc chu ti ca nn;
c) t mng cng mt su;
d) Lp t vo h mng v Im m mng bng vt Iiu c tnh dnh v ma st b ch tip xc vi mt mng;
e) Lm cc m t trn nn t thc t khng b nn co;
f) B tr tng hm v tng k thut di cc ch phn cch ca nh;
g) o cc rnh tm thi (trc khi khai thc) theo chu vi ca nh v cng trnh.
13 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy nhng vng ng t
13.1 Nn nh v cng trnh xy nhng vng ng t c cp ng t tnh ton 7, 8 v 9 phi thit k theo
cc yu cu ca tiu chun thit k nh v cng trnh nhng vng ng t.
nhng vng c cp ng t nh hn by th thit k nn khng cn k n tc ng ng t.
13.2 Vic thit k nn c k n tc ng ng t phi thc hin trn c s tnh ton sc chu ti bng t hp
c bit cc ti trng xc nh theo yu cu ca tiu chun v ti trng v tc ng cng nh tiu chun v thit
k nh v cng trnh nhng vng ng t.
Kch thc s b ca mng cho php xc nh bng tnh ton nn theo bin dng nh cc yu cu ca iu 4
bng t hp c bn cc ti trng (khng k n tc ng ng t).
13.3 Tnh ton nn theo sc chu ti thng ch tnh vi thnh phn ng ca ti trng truyn qua mng xut
pht t iu kin:

trong :
Nd I thnh phn thng ng ca ti trng;
I sc chu ti ca nn;
ktc I h s tin cy, Iy khng nh hn 1,5;
mdd I h s ng t v iu kin Im vic, Iy nh sau:
mdd = 1,2 i vi , t hn In v t ct t m (tr ct ri) cng nh t st c ch s st Is 0,5;

mdd = 0,7 i vi ct ri no nc v t st c ch s st Is 0,75;

mdd = 1,0 i vi cc Ioi t cn Ii.
13.4 Vi nhng tc ng ca ti trng to ra m men theo hai hng ca mng th sc chu ti nn xc
nh ring cho tc ng ca lc v m men theo mi hng c lp nhau.
13.5 Khi tnh nn v mng vi t hp c bit ca ti trng c k n tc ng ng t cho php ta khng
hon ton y mng ln t (gin on mt phn) khi tha mn cc iu kin sau y:
a) lch tm ep ca ti trng tnh ton khng vt qu 1/3 b rng mng trong mt phng m men lt;

b) Sc chu ti ca nn phi xc nh theo b rng quy c ca mng bc bng b rng vng nn di y

mng (vi eP

b
):
6

3. ng sut tnh ton ln nht di y mng c k n s ta khng hon ton ca mng ln t khng c
vt qu tung mp ca biu p lc gii hn.
13.6 Chiu su t mng trong vng ng t (tiu chun thit k nh v cng trnh vng ng t) thuc loi
I v II cng ly ging nh i vi mng vng khng b ng t.
i vi nh cao hn nm tng nn tng chiu su t mng bng cch xy tng hm.
Cc tng hm phi t bn di ton b nh hoc di tng phn ring r nhng i xng i vi trc nh
hoc vi tng b phn.
Ch chuyn tip t phn nh c tng hm sang phn khng c tng hm phi d kin lm cc bc theo ch dn
13.7.
13.7 Mng nh hoc tng on nh trn t khng phi thng phi t cng mt su.
Trong trng hp mng bng ca cc on nh k cn nhau t cc su khc nhau th phi lm bc
chuyn tip gia hai su. Bc khng c dc qu 1:2 v chiu cao mi bc khng qu 60 cm. on mng
bng tip gip mch ln t nht 1 m phi c cng su.
Khi cn t cc mng tr gn nhau cc su khc nhau th phi tha mn iu kin:

trong :
h l hiu s chnh lch v su t mng;
a l khong cch trn mt bng k t mp gn nht ca y h mng su hn n mp y mng nng hn;
1 l tr tnh ton ca gc ma st trong ca t;
I gim tnh ton ca i, vng ng t cp 7 Iy bng m hai (- 2); cp 8 Iy bng m bn (- 4)
v cp 9 Iy bng m by (- 7);
c1 I tr tnh ton ca Ic dnh n v;
ptb I p Ic trung bnh di y ca mng nm cao hn tnh vi t hp ti trng c bit.
Cc mng tr cch nhau bi khe ln phi cng su.
14 c im thit k nn ng dy ti in trn khng
14.1 Cc yu cu phn ny ca tiu chun phi tun theo khi thit k nn ng dy ti in trn khng v
nn cc trm phn phi in c in th t 1 kV tr In.
CH THCH: Cc tr in sn xut hng Iot v mng c kt cu ph thng dng cc ng dy ti in trn
khng v cc trm phn phi in c gi I tr bnh thng. Theo c tnh chu ti m tr in c chia
ra tr trung gian, tr neo v tr gc. Tr in v cc mng c kt cu nh trong cc ch vt c bit c gi
I tr chuyn dng. Phi phn bit cc ch Im vic sau y ca ng dy ti in: bnh thng, s c v
Ip dng.
14.2 Cc c trng ca t dng trong tnh ton nn tr in hoc trm phn phi in ngoi tri phi Iy theo
kt qu nghin cu t.

Nn ca tr in bnh thng (c mng trn nn thin nhin) cho php tnh ton bng cch dng cc tr tiu
chun cc c trng t trnh by Ph Ic B. Trong trng hp ny, h s an ton ktc xc nh tr tnh ton
cc c trng ca t, k c khi Ing th tch dng tnh nn theo bin dng, Iy ktc =1, v khi tnh theo sc
chu ti, theo Bng 19.
CH THCH:
tc

tc

1) Tr c trng c , , E nu cc bng thuc Ph Ic B i vi t st c ch s st trong phm vi Is = 0,5 n

Is = 0,75 cho php Iy nh i vi t c ch s st trong phm vi Is = 0,5 n Is = 1.
2) Trong trng hp dng cc bng trn c s thng k khc v cc c trng ca t c nghin cu theo
cc yu cu ca 4.3.7, tr ktc phi quy nh trn c s nhng nghin cu c bit.
Bng 19 - H s ktc xc nh tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t khi tnh nn theo sc chu ti
LOI T

Khi lng th tch

Gc ma st trong

Lc dnh n v

t ct

1,0

1,1

4,0

ct c ch s st Is 0,25, st v st c
ch s st Is 0,5

1,0

1,1

2,4

ct c ch s st Is > 0,25, st v st c
Is > 0,5

1,0

1,1

3,3

14.3 Tr tiu chun ca khi Ing th tch t p tcd khi tnh nn tr in chu ti trng nh cho php Iy theo
Bng 20.
Bng 20 - Tr tiu chun ca khi lng th tch t p li
Khi lng th tch t p li tcd (T/m)

Phng php m t p li

m t nhin

C k n tc dng y ni
ca nc

m c gii

1,7

1,1
0,9

m tay

1,7

1,0
0,8

CH THCH: T s l tr khi lng th tch ca t st cn mu s l khi lng th tch ca

t ct.
14.4 Vic tnh nn tr in theo bin dng v theo sc chu ti cn tin hnh i vi mi ch lm vic ca tr.
Khi tc ng ng lc ca gi ln kt cu tr in ch c k n khi tnh nn tr in theo sc chu ti.
14.5 Cc yu cu tnh nn tr in chu lc nh theo bin dng c xem l tha mn (tc l c th khng tnh
theo bin dng) nu khi nh bi cc lc i xng tun theo iu kin:
- i vi mng c dng hnh nm:

- i vi bn neo:

trong :

N tcnh l lc nh tiu chun truyn ln mng, tnh bng kilniutn (kN);

m l h s iu kin lm vic ly theo ch dn 14.6;
R l p lc tnh ton tnh bng (kPa) trn t p li ca mng trong ch lm vic bnh thng, ly theo
Bng 21;
F l hnh chiu din tch mt pha trn mng ln mt phng gc vi ng tc dng ca lc nh, tnh bng
xentimt vung (cm2);
gm l trng lng ca mng hoc ca bn neo, tnh bng kilgam (kg);
l gc nghing ca ng tc dng ca lc nh so vi hng ng.
14.6 H s iu kin lm vic m trong cc cng thc (37) v (38) ly bng m = mdxm0xmc, trong :
a) H s md = 1 i vi t nu Bng 21;
b) md = 0,85 i vi st v st c ch s st 0,5 < Is < 0,75;

Bng 21 - p lc tnh ton trn t p li

Loi tr in

chn tng p lc tnh ton trn t p li ch lm vic bnh

i ca mng tr
thng R i vi t (kPa)
h/d
t st c ch s st
Ct trung v ct mn t m v
m
Is 0,5
Khi khi Ing th tch ca t p dtc , T/m

1
1. Tr thng, trung
gian, Ioi bnh

2
0,8

1,55

1,70

1,55

1,70

32

36

32

40

36

40

40

48

40

40

40

50

45

50

50

60

50

60

50

60

55

65

60

75

60

85

70

85

70

105

80

105

thng
1

1,5

2,0

2,5
2. Tr neo bnh
thng v neo gc

0,8

100
120

100
120

24

32

28

36

28

36

32

40

30

40

35

45

35

45

40

50

40

50

45

55

45

55

50

60

50

65

55

65

55

70

60

70

c ko Ich v
khng ko Ich, tr
trung gian gc v
tr vng, gi thit b
phn phi in
ngoi tri

3. Tr c bit

1,5

2,0

70

0,8

28

28

1,0

35

35

1,5

45

45

2,0

55

55

80

75

2,5

80

CH THCH:
1) T s I tr R i vi mng hnh nm cng nh i vi bn neo ca tr c dy chng chn
trong t. Mu s I i vi bn neo c tr ta kiu khp trn mng.
2) Vi nhng tr trung gian v chn su tng i h/d th R xc nh bng ni suy.
c) H s m0 i vi tr in c y:
5 m th m0 = 1,2
2,5 m th m0 = 1,0
1,5 m th m0 = 0,8
d) H s mc i vi ch lm vic:
Bnh thng: mc = 1,0
C s c: mc = 1,15
CH THCH:

1) Kch thc y l khong cch gia cc trc mng n ca tr.

2) nhng tr trung gian ca y th mc ly theo ni suy.
14.7 p lc tnh ton trn t nn di y mng chu nn - lt khng c vt qu tr s xc nh theo cng
thc (15) vi h s m2 =1.
p lc ln nht ln t di mp y mng khi tc dng ti trng nn thng ng v hai ti trng ngang hng
theo cc cnh ca y mng, khng c vt qu 1,2xR cho mi ti trng ngang kt hp vi ti trng ng.
14.8 Tr gii hn v ln ca cc khi mng c lp v nghing khi chu ti trng ng tm v lch tm
khng c vt qu tr s nu Bng 22.
Bng 22 - Bin dng gii hn ca nn tr ti in
Loi tr in

ln ca khi mng c
lp, cm

nghing ca
mng n

ln trung bnh,
cm

0,003B

0,003

Khng quy nh

0,002 5B

0,002 5

Nh trn

0,002B

0,002

20

1. Tr thng trung gian, loi bnh

thng
2. Tr neo bnh thng v neo gc c
ko lch v khng lch, tr trung gian
gc v tr vng, gi thit b phn
phi in ngoi tri
3. Tr chuyn c bit

CH THCH: B l khong cch gia cc trc mng theo hng tc dng ca lc ngang. cc tr c dy
chng, B l khong cch gia trc mng chu nn v neo lm vic do nh.
14.9 Vic tnh nn tr in theo sc chu phi tin hnh
a) i vi cc loi mng c dng hnh nm khi tc dng lc nh thng ng, th theo cng thc:

b) i vi bn neo khi tc dng lc nh hng theo gc so vi phng thng ng th theo cng thc:

trong :

N tnh l lc nh tnh ton truyn qua mng hoc bn neo;

k nh
tc l h s tin cy ly theo Bng 23;
d, V l trng lng t p (c trng lng th tch d) trong th tch hnh git cp kiu thp V to bi phn t
b tri i trong lng phn mng nm trong t; th tch khi thp b tri V c xc nh bng nhng mt
phng i qua mp trn cng ca mng v nghing vi phng ng mt gc 0 ly theo ch dn 14.10;
gm l trng lng ca bn neo hoc ca mng;
Nb l sc chu ti ca nn bn neo xc nh theo ch dn 14.10.
CH THCH: Khi c nc ngm, trng lng ca mng v t nm di mc nc ngm phi xc nh c k
n tc dng y ni ca nc.
Bng 23 - H s tin cy
Loi tr in

H s tin cy

- Tr in thng, trung gian, loi bnh thng

1,0

- Tr thng bnh thng, neo khng c ko lch

1,2

- Neo gc bnh thng, trung gian, gc vnh khuyn, neo c

ko lch v gi thit b phn phi in ngoi tri

1,3

- Tr chuyn c bit

1,7

14.10 Sc chu ti Nb ca nn bn neo trong cng thc (40) khi chu tc dng lc nh hng mt gc vi
phng thng ng, do hnh thnh khi t b tri m cc mt ca n nghing vi phng ngang mt gc 1
xc nh bng cng thc:
a) mp di ca bn:

b) mp trn ca bn:

c) mp cnh ca bn:

Sc chu ti ca nn bn neo Nbtnh theo cng thc:

trong :
d l trng lng th tch ca t p xc nh theo ch dn ca 14.2 v 14.3;
V l th tch khi t b y tri xc nh theo ch dn ca 14.9;
0 v co l cc thng s tnh ton ca t p xc nh theo cng thc:

l h s nu Bng 24;
I v cI l tr tnh ton ln lt l ca gc ma st trong ca t v lc dnh n v, xc nh theo yu cu 14.2
i vi trng hp tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn.
Bng 24 - H s
Loi t p

Khi lng th tch ca t p, T/m

1,55

1,7

Ct, tr ct bi m v no nc

0,5

0,8

t st c ch s st Is < 0,5

0,4

0,6

CH THCH: H s i vi ct bi m, st v st ch s st 0,5 < Is 0,75 v ct vi 0,5

< Is 1 ln phi gim i 15 %.
15 c im thit k nn, mng cu v cng
15.1 Nn mng cu v cng ca ng st v ng t k c cu vt v nn mng cu cn phi thit k
theo c th kt cu ca loi cng trnh ny v cc ti trng tc dng ln cng trnh, iu kin s dng (yu cu
an ton cao lc cng trnh lm vic) cng nh k n cc iu kin a cht, a cht thy vn v thy vn
i vi cc cu xy cc lng sng v bi bi c dng nc tc dng thng xuyn hoc theo ma.
15.2 Chiu su t mng tr cu hoc cc m t ca cng phi quy nh xut pht t yu cu chung nu
4.5.1 v 4.5.2 cng nh cc ch dn ph sau y:
a) Nu t y dng chy c th b nc xi i th mng tr cu phi t su t nht 2,5 m k t ct thp nht
ca y dng chy sau khi b xi bi dng l d tnh;
b) Khi t khng th b dng nc xi mn th mng tr cu trong mi trng hp, tr phi t su cch mt
t hoc y dng chy t nht 1 m;
c) Trong , mng phi chn su n ct xc nh theo tnh ton c k n mc phong ha v cc tnh cht
c hc ca nhng khng nh hn 0,5 m i vi tr ngm trong v khng nh hn 0,1 m i vi mng ta
trn bn v khng phong ha.
CH THCH: Tr xi mn dng nc phi xc nh theo ch dn ca tiu chun thit k cu v cng ng st
v ng t c la chn p dng.
15.3 Xc sut tin cy ca cc tr tnh ton nhng c trng bn xc nh theo yu cu 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3,
4.3.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.6, 4.3.7, i vi t nn ca cu v cng thot phi ly nh sau:
= 0,98 tnh theo sc chu ti;
= 0,9 tnh theo bin dng.
15.4 Nn mng cu v cng phi tnh theo sc chu ti v theo bin dng.

15.5 Vic tnh ton nn cu v cng theo sc chu ti phi tin hnh theo nhng yu cu 4.7.2, cn sc chu
ti cho php da vo kinh nghim m chn theo bng cho sn ty thuc v cc c trng vt l ca t.
15.6 Vic tnh ton nn, cu v cng theo bin dng bao gm vic tnh ton ln v nghing ca mng cng
nh kim tra v tr t hp lc y mng.
15.7 ln v nghing ca cc cu b v cu trung bnh cho php khng cn tnh ton ngoi tr h tnh
nh. Vic xp loi cn phi da vo tiu chun thit k cu v cng.
15.8 Vic tnh ton theo bin dng nn mng cu ngoi tr h siu tnh, phi tin hnh c k n tc dng qua
li gia nn, mng v kt cu pha trn.
15.9 Vic tnh ln ca mng ngoi vic ph thuc vo kch thc k c b rng ln hn 10 m, phi theo
phng php chia tng ly tng, cn nu trong phm vi bn di lp chu nn, nn t c m un bin dng
ln hn 100 MPa th tnh ln theo s tnh ton (m hnh) lp n hi vi chiu dy hu hn.
15.10 Cng di nn ng phi t trn mng hoc trn m t c m cn thn. Khi buc phi lm
mng cho tng on cng v cho cc u cng c tit din khng khp kn. i vi cc u cng c dng kt
cu bt k cng cn c mng.
Trong trng hp t u cng ln m t phi d kin lm mn chng thm.
15.11 Nn ca cng (nhm gi trong qu trnh s dng mt dc cn thit thot nc dc theo cng v
phng b ngp pha h lu) cn phi t cao ln, iu ny phi xc nh trn c s tnh ton ln ca nn cho
tng on cng v u cng c k n nh hng qua li gia chng v chiu cao thay i ca nn ng
pha bn trn.

Ph lc A
(Quy nh)
Quy tc thit lp tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
A.1 Yu cu chung
A.1.1 Quy tc ny cn phi tun theo khi tm tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton c trng ca t tr tiu chun v tr
tnh ton cc c trng ca t trong khu vc xy dng ni chung (khu nh , khu nh my, h thng chn
nui) hoc tng b phn ca khu t hoc khu vc ca cng trnh sa cha hoc xy dng ring r (nh ,
phn xng ....).
A.1.2 Tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t xc nh theo kt qu ca cc s liu th nghim trc
tip, cn i vi cc c trng bin dng v bn chng nhng theo kt qu ca th nghim trc tip m cn
theo cc c trng vt l c dng cc bng theo ch dn 4.3.7. Khi cc gi tr ring bit ca cc c trng
dng thit lp tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cn phi xc nh theo cng mt phng php.
A.1.3 Tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t cn phi thit lp i vi mi n nguyn a cht
cng trnh c phn chia trn khu vc xy dng.
CH THCH: Tn gi loi, trng thi v c trng ca t trong mt n nguyn a cht ly theo tn t iu
3 v xc lp trn c s nhng s liu th nghim xc nh tr tiu chun cc c trng tng ng ca t.
A.2 Thit lp tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t theo kt qu th nghim trc tip
A.2.1 Tr tiu chun Atc cc c trng ca t theo kt qu th nghim trc tip trong phng v hin trng c
xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
Ai l tr s ring bit ca c trng;
n l s ln th nghim ca c trng.
tc

A.2.2 Vic x l cc kt qu th nghim ct trong phng nhm xc nh tr tiu chun ca lc dnh n v c v

gc ma st trong tc tin hnh bng cch tnh ton theo phng php bnh phng nh nht s ph thuc
tuyn tnh (A.2) i vi ton b tng hp i lng th nghim trong n nguyn a cht cng trnh:
= p.tg + c
trong :
l sc chng ct ca mu t;
p l p lc php tuyn truyn ln mu t.
Tr tiu chun ctc v tg tc c tnh ton theo cc cng thc:

(A.2)

trong :

n l s ln th nghim ca i lng .
A.2.3 H s an ton v t k (xem 4.3.4 v 4.3.5) khi xc nh tr tnh ton ca lc dnh n v c, gc ma st
trong , cng gii hn v nn mt trc Rn v khi lng th tch t c tnh ton theo cng thc:

trong l ch s chnh xc nh gi tr trung bnh cc c trng ca t c quy nh theo ch dn

A.2.4.
CH THCH: Trong cng thc (A.6) du trc i lng c chn sao cho m bo tin cy ln nht khi
tnh ton nn hay mng.
A.2.4 Ch s chnh xc nh gi tr trung bnh cc c trng ca t c tnh theo cng thc:
i vi c v tg: = t x v
i vi Rn v : =

t x v
n

(A.7)

( A.8)

CH THCH: Khi tm gi tr tnh ton c, dng tng s ln th nghim lm n (xem A.4).

trong :
t l h s ly theo Bng A.1 ty thuc vo xc sut tin cy cho (xem 4.3.6) v s bc t do (n-1) khi xc
nh tr tnh ton Rn v (n - 1) khi thit lp tr tnh ton c v ;
V l h s bin i ca c trng:
l sai s ton phng trung bnh ca c trng, tnh theo ch dn A.2.5.
Bng A.1 - H s t dng xc nh ch s chnh xc tr trung bnh c trng ca t
S bc t do (n -1) i vi
Rn v , (n - 2) i vi c v

H s t ng vi xc sut tin cy
0,85

0,9

0,95

0,98

0,99

1,34

1,89

2,92

4,87

6,96

1,25

1,64

2,35

3,45

4,54

1,19

1,53

2,13

3,02

3,75

1,16

1,48

2,01

2,74

3,36

1,13

1,44

1,94

2,63

3,14

1,12

1,41

1,90

2,54

3,00

1,11

1,40

1,86

2,49

2,90

1,10

1,38

1,83

2,44

2,82

10

1,10

1,37

1,81

2,40

2,76

11

1,09

1,36

1,80

2,36

2,72

12

1,08

1,36

1,78

2,33

2,68

13

1,08

1,35

1,77

2,30

2,65

14

1,08

1,34

1,76

2,28

2,62

15

1,07

1,34

1,75

2,27

2,60

16

1,07

1,34

1,75

2,26

2,58

17

1,07

1,33

1,74

2,25

2,57

18

1,07

1,33

1,73

2,24

2,55

19

1,07

1,33

1,73

2,23

2,54

20

1,06

1,32

1,72

2,22

2,53

25

1,06

1,32

1,71

2,19

2,49

30

1,05

1,31

1,70

2,17

2,46

40

1,05

1,30

1,68

2,14

2,42

60

1,05

1,30

1,67

2,12

2,39

A.2.5 Sai s ton phng trung bnh c tnh ton theo cc cng thc:
a) i vi c v .

trong :

c ngha nh trong cng thc (A.5)

b) i vi Rn:

c) i vi :

A.3 Xc nh tr tnh ton v tr tiu chun cc c trng bin dng v bn ca t theo kt qu th nghim
cc ch tiu vt l
A.3.1 Tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng bin dng cc c trng bin dng v bn c php xc
nh theo cc ch tiu vt l c dng cc cc bng tnh thit lp trn c s thng k s ln mu th nghim t
(xem 4.3.7). Cc ch tiu vt l cn thit cho vic dng cc bng (nh: h s rng e, ch s st Is ....) c xc
nh trn c s th nghim trc tip.
A.3.2 thit lp tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t cn dng tr tiu
chun cc c trng vt l xc nh theo cng thc (A.1).
A.4 S lng th nghim n thit lp tr tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
S lng th nghim n thit lp tr tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t ni chung ph thuc
vo mc ng nht ca t nn, chnh xc yu cu ca tnh ton cc c trng v loi cng trnh, ng
thi c quy nh theo chng trnh nghin cu.
S lng ti thiu ca mt th nghim ch tiu no i vi mi n nguyn a cht cng trnh cn phi m
bo l 6. ng thi tm tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton c v cn phi xc nh khng nh hn 6 gi tr i vi
mi tr s p lc php tuyn p.
S lng th nghim xc nh tr tiu chun m un bin dng E bng phng php nn tnh hin trng t nht
l 3. Trng hp c bit cho php hn ch bi 2 gi tr E nu cc gi tr chnh lch nhau khng qu 25 %.

CH THCH: S lng xc nh ring bit cc c trng ca t c php gim bt khi th nghim ch tiu
c trong ti liu thm d trc ti n nguyn a cht cng trnh ca khu vc xy dng.

Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
Cc bng tr tiu chun cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t
B.1 Cc c trng ca t ghi trong cc Bng B.1 n Bng B.3 c dng trong tnh ton bin dng nn nh
v cng trnh nu Ch thch 1 trong 4.3.7, vi h s an ton k = 1 cng nh tnh ton nn ca cc ct ti
in cao th v trm phn phi in nu 14.2.
B.2 Cc c trng ca t ct trong Bng B.1 l ca ct thch anh vi cc ht mi mn khc nhau, c cha
khng qu 20 % phen-spat v khng qu 5 % cc tp cht khc (mica, glauconit ....) k c tn tch thc vt,
khng ph thuc vo no nc G.
B.3 Cc c trng ca t st trong Bng B.2 v Bng B.3 l ca t c cha khng qu 5 % tn tch thc vt
v c no nc G 0,8.
B.4 i vi t ct v t st c nhng gi tr trung gian e khng ghi trong cc Bng B.1 n Bng B.3 c
php xc nh i lng ctc, tc v E bng ni suy.
B.5 Khi gi tr e i vi t ct v t st cng nh khi gi tr G v Is i vi t st vt phm vi ca cc Bng
B.1 n Bng B.3 th tr tiu chun ca cc c trng ca t ctc, tc v E nn xc nh theo s liu nghin cu
a cht cng trnh.
B. 6 Khi cc gi tr e i vi t ct v t st cng nh G v Is i vi t st nh hn gii hn di ca chng
tc
tc
nu trong cc Bng B.1 n Bng B.3 th cc c trng c , v E, trong mc an ton tin cy, cho php
dng theo cc gii hn di tng ng ca e, G v Is.
Tuy nhin, t c nhng gii php kinh t hn v nn mng, trong trng hp ny cc c trng ca t
tc
tc
c , v E ngh xc nh theo s liu nghin cu a cht cng trnh.
B.7 V tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t E, e, G v Is theo 4.3.5 c chn bng tr tiu chun cho nn n
gin khi vit k hiu ca tr tiu chun cc c trng ny chng ta khng vit ch s tc pha trn.
Bng B.1 - Tr tiu chun ca lc dnh cho n v ctc (kPa), gc ma st trong tc () v m un bin dng E (kPa)
ca t ct (khng ph thuc vo ngun gc, tui v m)
Loi t ct

K hiu cc c
trng

0,45

0,55

0,65

0,75

tc

tc

43

40

38

50 000

40 000

30 000

tc

40

35

38

50 000

40 000

30 000

ctc

38

36

32

28

40 000

38 000

28 000

18 000

tc

36

34

30

26

39 000

28 000

18 000

11 000

c
Ct ln si v ct th

c
Ct th va

c trng ca t ng vi h s rng e

tc

tc

Ct mn

c
Ct bi

tc

Bng B.2 - Tr tiu chun ca lc dnh cho n v ctc (kPa) v gc ma st trong tc () ca t st trm tch k
th t
Loi t st v gii hn tr tiu
chun ca ch s st
0 Is 0,25
ct
0,25 < Is 0,75

K hiu cc
c trng
ca t

c trng ca t ng vi h s rng e
0,45

0,55

0,65

0,75

0,85

0,95

1,05

ctc

15

11

tc

30

29

27

tc

13

0,

0,

tc

26

26

24

21

0 <Is 0,25

st

0,25 < Is 0,5

0,5 < Is 0,75

0 <Is 0,25

St

0,25 < Is 0,5

0,5 < Is 0,75

ctc

47

37

31

25

22

19

tc

26

25

24

23

22

20

ctc

39

34

28

23

18

15

tc

24

23

22

21

19

17

tc

25

20

16

14

12

tc

19

18

16

14

12

tc

81

68

54

47

41

36

tc

21

20

19

18

16

14

tc

57

50

43

37

32

tc

18

17

16

14

11

tc

45

41

36

33

29

tc

15

14

12

10

Bng B.3 - Tr tiu chun ca m un bin dng ca t st E (MPa)

Ngun gc v
tui ca t st

Loi t st v
M un bin dng E ng vi h s rng e bng
cc gii hn tr
tiu chun ch s 0,35 0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05 1,2 1,4 1,6
st

TRM
TCH
K
TH
T

0 IS 0,25
ct

32

24

16

10

0< Is 0,25
st
0,25< Is 0,5

34

27

22

17

14

11

32

25

19

14

11

17

12

24

21

18

15

12

21

18

15

12

15

12

Bi tch
sn
tch ao
h, bi
tch h

0,5<Is 0,75
St 0< Is 0,25

28

0,25< Is 0,5
0,5<Is 0,75
Bng
thy

Bng
tch

ct

0<Is0,75

33

21

17

0< Is 0,25
st
0,25< Is 0,5

40

33

27

21

35

28

22

17

14

0,5<Is 0,75

17

13

10

Is<0,5

75

55

45

-0,25<Is0

27

25

22

0<Is0,25

24

22

19 15

0,25<Is0,5

ct

st

Trm tch Jura St

ca bc
Ocfoedi

16 12 10

Ph lc C
(Tham kho)
Tnh ton bin dng ca nn
C.1 Xc nh ln
C.1.1 ln ca nn mng c dng s tnh ton di dng bn khng gian bin dng n hi tuyn tnh
(xem 4.6.8a)) xc nh bng phng php cng ln cc lp trong phm vi chiu dy chu nn ca nn. Tha
nhn rng i vi cc mng c chiu rng hoc ng knh nh hn 10 m, ln xy ra l do p lc thm bng
hiu s ca p lc trung bnh do mng truyn ln v p lc thin nhin do trng lng ca t trc khi o
mng gy ra, cn i lng chiu dy chu nn ca nn c th xc nh theo cc ch dn C.1.5.
Phng php cng lp cho php xc nh ln chng nhng ca mng ring r m c i vi mng m ti
trng do cc mng ln cn truyn ti gy nh hng n ln ca n. Trong c hai trng hp, p lc thm

xc nh theo phng thng ng i qua trung tm y mng v tnh ton ln ca cc lp nm ngang

trong tng chu nn ca nn.
tnh nh hng ca cc mng ln cn, ngoi nhng p lc ra cng cn phi xc nh p lc theo phng
thng ng i qua cc gc ca cc mng o theo ch dn C.1.3.
C.1.2 Khi tnh ton ln ca cc mng ring r bng phng php cng lp nn ch n s phn b p
lc thng ng trong t nn v trn Hnh C.1, y nn dng cc k hiu sau:
- h l su t mng k t cao trnh quy hoch (p thm vo hoc san i bt i);
- h l su t mng k t cao trnh b mt a hnh thin nhin;
- p l p lc thc t trung bnh di y mng;
- p l p lc thin nhin trong t ti y mng do trng lng ca t pha trn (n cao trnh a hnh thin
nhin) gy ra;
- pz l p lc thin nhin su z di y mng (hay su h+z cch b mt a hnh thin nhin);
- po = p-p l p lc thm thng ng trong t di y mng;
- p0z l p lc thm trong t su z k t y mng, xc nh theo cng thc:

- l h s tnh n s thay i theo su ca p lc thm trong t v ly theo Bng C.1, ph thuc vo

su tng i m = 2 x
cnh ca n n =

z
v hnh dng ca y mng cn i vi mng ch nht th ph thuc vo t s cc
b

l
(chiu di l v chiu rng b).
b

Hnh C.1 - S tnh ln theo phng php cng lp

CH THCH:
1) i vi mng trn (bn knh r) cc gi tr c chn ty thuc vo m =

z
r

2) i vi cc mng c din tch mng F l a gic u, cc gi tr c chn nh mng trn c bn knh r

=

3) p lc tiu chun su z theo phng thng ng qua im gc ca mng ch nht tnh theo cng thc:

trong :
1 l h s xc nh theo Bng C.1 nhng thay gi tr m bng m1 =

z
.
b

Bng C.1 - H s
m = 2z/b

H s i vi cc mng

Bng, khi

hoc

Ch nht ng vi t s cc cnh n = l/b

n0

m = z/r

Hnh trn

1,4

1,8

2,4

3,2

0,0

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

0,4

0,949

0,960

0,972

0,975

0,976

0,977

0,977

0,977

0,8

0,756

0,800

0,848

0,866

0,875

0,879

0,881

0,881

1,2

0,547

0,606

0,682

0,717

0,740

0,749

0,754

0,755

1,6

0,390

0,449

0,532

0,578

0,612

0,630

0,639

0,642

2,0

0,285

0,336

0,414

0,463

0,505

0,529

0,545

0,550

2,4

0,214

0,257

0,325

0,374

0,419

0,449

0,470

0,477

2,8

0,165

0,201

0,260

0,304

0,350

0,383

0,410

0,420

3,2

0,130

0,160

0,210

0,251

0,294

0,329

0,360

0,374

3,6

0,106

0,130

0,173

0,209

0,250

0,283

0,320

0,337

4,0

0,087

0,108

0,145

0,176

0,214

0,248

0,285

0,306

4,4

0,073

0,091

0,122

0,150

0,185

0,218

0,256

0,280

4,8

0,067

0,077

0,105

0,130

0,161

0,192

0,230

0,258

5,2

0,053

0,066

0,091

0,112

0,141

0,170

0,208

0,239

5,6

0,046

0,058

0,079

0,099

0,124

0,152

0,189

0,223

6,0

0,040

0,051

0,070

0,087

0,110

0,136

0,172

0,208

6,4

0,036

0,045

0,062

0,077

0,098

0,122

0,158

0,106

6,8

0,032

0,040

0,055

0,069

0,088

0,110

0,144

0,184

7,2

0,028

0,036

0,049

0,062

0,080

0,100

0,133

0,175

7,6

0,024

0,032

0,044

0,056

0,072

0,091

0,123

0,166

8,0

0,022

0,029

0,040

0,051

0,066

0,084

0,113

0,158

8,4

0,021

0,026

0,037

0,046

0,060

0,077

0,105

0,150

8,8

0,019

0,024

0,034

0,042

0,055

0,070

0,098

0,144

9,2

0,018

0,022

0,031

0,039

0,051

0,065

0,091

0,137

9,6

0,016

0,020

0,028

0,036

0,047

0,060

0,085

0,132

10,0

0,015

0,019

0,026

0,033

0,044

0,056

0,079

0,126

11

0,011

0,017

0,023

0,029

0,040

0,050

0,071

0,114

12

0,009

0,015

0,020

0,026

0,031

0,044

0,060

0,104

CH THCH: i vi nhng gi tr trung gian ca m v n, i lng s c xc nh bng

cch ni suy.

C.1.3 S phn b theo su p lc php tuyn ti im C no trong hoc ngoi phm vi ca mng c p
lc thm y mng p0 s tm c bng cch dng phng php im gc.
Trong phng php ny p lc p coz theo phng thng ng qua im C xc nh bng tng i s p lc ti
cc im gc ca bn mng o (Hnh C.2) chu p lc phn b u, theo cng thc:

CH DN:
a) S b tr tng h gia mng tnh ton 1 v mng nh hng 2
b) S b tr cc mng o vi ch dn cc du dng + v m tnh ton theo cng thc (C.4):
1 - Mng tnh ton; 2 - Mng nh hng; 3 - im m ti cn xc nh ln
Hnh C.2 - S b tr mng o tnh nh hng n ln theo phng php im gc
C.1.4 p lc ng poz ti su no theo phng thng ng qua trung tm mng tnh ton khi k n nh
hng ca cc mng ln cn xc nh theo cng thc:

trong : k l s mng nh hng.

C.1.5 su tng chu nn ca nn z c hn ch da vo t s gia cc i lng p lc thm do mng
poz hoc khi k n nh hng ca cc mng ln cn poz, (theo phng thng ng qua trung tm ca mng)
v p lc thin nhin ti cng su pdz. Khi c nc ngm, p lc thin nhin c xc nh c k n tc
dng y ni ca nc.
i vi t ct v t st t s cho php ly bng:
poz = 0,2 x Pdz'
Nu gii hn di ca tng chu nn tm c kt thc trong lp t c m un bin dng E < 5 000 kPa
hoc nu lp nm trc tip pha di gii hn k trn th n cn c tnh vo tng chu nn. Trong nhng
trng hp ny gii hn ca tng chu nn c hn ch bi t s poz = 0,1 x Pdz'
C.1.6 ln nn mng theo phng php cng lp xc nh (c hoc khng k n nh hng ca cc mng
ln cn) theo cng thc:

trong :
S l ln cui cng (n nh) ca mng;
n l s lp chia theo su ca tng chu nn ca nn.
hi l chiu dy ca lp t th i;
Ei l m un bin dng ca lp t th i;
pi l p lc thm trung bnh trong lp t th i, bng na tng s p lc thm p0z ti gii hn trn v di ca
lp xc nh theo cng thc (C.1) i vi trng hp khng tnh n nh hng ca cc mng ln cn v
theo cng thc (C.4) khi c k n nh hng .
l h s khng th nguyn bng 0,8.
C.1.7 Vic xc nh ln ca nn khi dng s tnh ton theo lp bin dng tuyn tnh (n hi) c chiu
dy hu hn c dng trong cc trng hp ni 4.6.8b). Cn ch rng ln trong cc trng hp ny l
do p lc ton phn trung bnh tc dng mng (khng tr p lc thin nhin) gy ra.

Chiu dy ca lp bin dng tuyn tnh (n hi) ly theo ch dn C.1.9.

C.1.8 ln ca mng ring r s theo s tnh ton nn di dng lp n hi bin dng tuyn tnh c
chiu dy hu hn H xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
b l chiu rng ca mng ch nht hay ng knh ca mng trn;
p l p lc trung bnh trn t di y mng;
M l h s iu chnh xc nh theo Bng C.2, ph thuc vo m;
m l t s chiu dy lp n hi H v na chiu rng hoc bn knh ca mng khi chiu rng ca n bng 10
n 15 m;
n l s lp phn chia theo tnh chu nn trong phm vi lp n hi H;
k l h s xc nh theo Bng C.3 i vi lp i, ph thuc vo hnh dng y mng, t s cc cnh mng ch
nht n = l/b v t s su y lp z vi na chiu rng ca mng m = 2z/b hay bn knh ca n m = z / r ;
Ei l m un bin dng ca lp t th i.
C.1.9 Chiu dy tnh ton ca lp bin dng tuyn tnh Hu (Hnh C.3) c chn n mi ca lp t c m un
bin dng E 100 000 kPa v i vi cc mng kch thc ln (b rng hoc ng knh ln hn 10 m) th ti
mi lp c m un bin dng E 10 000 kPa xc nh theo cng thc:

trong Ho v t i vi nn t st nn ly ln lt bng 9 m v 0,15; i vi nn t ct ly 6 m v 0,1.

CH THCH:
1) Nu nn bao gm c t st v t ct th gi tr Htt c xc nh l tr trung bnh cn.
2) Gi tr Htt tm c theo cng thc (7) cn phi cng thm chiu dy ca t c m un bin dng E < 10 000
kPa, nu lp nm di Htt v dy ca n khng vt qu 5 m. Khi chiu dy ca t y ln, cng nh
nu cc lp t pha trn c m un bin dng E < 10 000 kPa th vic tnh ton ln thc hin theo s
bn khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh bng phng php cng lp.
Bng C.2 - H s M
Cc gii hn ca t s m' = 2 X H/b

H s M

m' = 2 X H/r
0< m 0,5

1,0

0,5< m 1

0,95

1<m 2

0,90

2< m 3

0,80

3< m 5

0,75
Bng C.3 - H s k1 v kb

m=2z/b hoc
m=z/r

H s k i vi cc mng
Hnh trn
bn knh r

Mng bng
khi n 10

Hnh ch nht vi t s cc cnh n=l/b bng

1

1,4

1,8

2,4

3,2

0,0

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,000

0,4

0,090

0,100

0,100

0,100

0,100

0,100

0,100

0,104

0,8

0,179

0,200

0,200

0,200

0,200

0,200

0,200

0,208

1,2

0,266

0,299

0,300

0,300

0,300

0,300

0,300

0,311

1,6

0,348

0,380

0,394

0,397

0,397

0,397

0,397

0,412

2,0

0,411

0,446

0,472

0,486

0,486

0,486

0,486

0,511

2,4

0,461

0,499

0,538

0,556

0,565

0,567

0,567

0,605

2,8

0,501

0,542

0,592

0,618

0,635

0,640

0,640

0,687

3,2

0,532

0,577

0,637

0,671

0,696

0,707

0,709

0,763

3,6

0,558

0,606

0,676

0,700

0,760

0,700

0,772

0,831

4,0

0,579

0,630

0,708

0,756

0,796

0,820

0,830

0,892

4,4

0,596

0,650

0,735

0,789

0,837

0,867

0,888

0,949

4,8

0,611

0,668

0,759

0,819

0,873

0,908

0,932

1,001

5,2

0,624

0,683

0,780

0,884

0,904

0,948

0,977

1,050

5,6

0,635

0,697

0,798

0,867

0,933

0,981

1,018

1,095

6,0

0,645

0,708

0,814

0,887

0,958

1,011

1,056

1,138

6,4

0,653

0,719

0,828

0,904

0,980

1,031

1,090

1,178

6,8

0,661

0,728

0,841

0,920

1,000

1,065

1,122

1,215

7,2

0,668

0,736

0,852

0,935

1,019

1,088

1,152

1,251

7,6

0,674

0,744

0,863

0,948

1,036

1,109

1,180

1,285

8,0

0,679

0,751

0,872

0,960

1,051

1,128

1,205

1,316

8,4

0,684

0,757

0,887

0,970

1,065

1,146

1,229

1,347

8,8

0,689

0,762

0,888

0,980

1,078

1,162

1,251

1,376

9,2

0,693

0,768

0,896

0,989

1,089

1,178

1,272

1,404

9,6

0,697

0,772

0,902

0,998

1,100

1,192

1,291

1,431

10,0

0,700

0,777

0,908

1,005

1,110

1,205

1,309

1,456

11,0

0,705

0,786

0,922

1,022

1,132

1,233

1,349

1,506

12,0

0,710

0,794

0,933

1,037

1,151

1,257

1,384

1,550

Hnh C.3 - S tnh ln bng phng php lp bin dng tuyn tnh c chiu dy hu hn
C.2 Xc nh nghing ca mng khi tc dng ti trng lch tm
C.2.1 nghing ca mng (khi tc dng ti trng lch tm) theo s tnh ton nn dng bn khng gian
n hi bin dng tuyn tnh (xem 4.6.8a)) xc nh nh sau:
a) Mng ch nht theo phng cnh ln ca mng 1 (dc theo trc dc) theo cng thc:

b) Mng ch nht theo phng cnh b ca n (dc theo trc ngang) theo cng thc:

c) Mng trn c ng knh r, theo cng thc:

trong :
P l hp lc tt c ti trng ng ca mng trn nn, tnh bng kilgam (kg);
el, eb, e ln lt l khong cch ca im t hp lc n gia y mng theo phng trc dc, trc ngang v
theo bn knh ng trn, tnh bng xentimt (cm);
E, ln lt l m un bin dng, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa), v h s Poat - xng ca t ly theo tr trung
bnh trong phm vi tng chu nn;
kl v kb ln lt l cc h s xc nh theo Bng C.4, ph thuc vo t s ca cc cnh y mng.
C.2.2 nghing ca mng trn theo s tnh ton nn thuc loi lp bin dng tuyn tnh c chiu dy hu
hn, xc nh theo cng thc:

trong kc l h s, xc nh theo Bng C.5 ph thuc vo t s ca chiu dy lp n hi v bn knh ca

mng H/r.
Bng C.4 - H s kl v kb
H s

H s kl v kb ng vi t s cc cnh ca mng ch nht n=l/b bng

1,0

1,4

1,8

2,4

3,2

5,0

kl

0,55

0,71

0,83

0,97

1,1

1,44

kb

0,50

0,39

0,33

0,25

0,19

0,13

CH THCH: nghing ca mng c y a gic u c tnh ton theo cng thc (C.10),
trong ly bn knh r =

F / vi F l din tch y mng a gic.

Bng C.5. H s kc

H/r

0,25

0,5

>2

kc

0,26

0,43

0,63

0,74

0,75

C.3 Xc nh ln t ca nn bng t c tnh ln t

C.3.1 ln t ca t nn Ss do ti trng ca mng gy ra khi thm t trong vng bin dng hbd xc nh
theo 5.2, c tnh theo cng thc:

trong :
si l ln t tng i, xc nh khi no nc hon ton, theo 3.14, cn khi cha no nc theo C.3.2 cho mi
lp t trong vng bin dng; hbd p lc bng tng p lc thin nhin v p lc do mng cng trnh hay nh
ti gia lp t ang xt;
hi l chiu dy lp t th i;
n l s lp t c chia trong vng bin dng hbd;
m l h s iu kin lm vic ca nn, ly m = 1 i vi mng rng t 12 m tr ln, i vi mng bng rng n
3 m v cc mng a gic rng n 5 m c tnh theo cng thc:

m = 0,5 +1,5 X p p (C 13)

p l p lc trung bnh di y mng, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa);

ps l p lc ln t ban u, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa);

p0 l p lc bng 100 kPa;
CH THCH: H s m i vi mng bng rng hn 3 m v mng a gic rng hn 5 m xc nh bng cch ni
suy gia cc gi tr m tnh ton theo cng thc (C.13) v m = 1.
C.3.2 ln t tng i ca t khi khng no nc (s) xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
W k l m cui cng ca t sau khi thm t;
W s l m ln t ban u ca t;
W n l m khi t hon ton no nc;
s c ngha nh trong cng thc (C.12).
CH THCH: Khi m ln t ban u W s nh hn m t nhin W th trong cng thc (14) c th thay Ws
bng W.
C.3.3 ln t ca nn, lch ln t v nghing ca cc mng ring r trong vng xut hin ln t
khng u ca nn do s lan truyn ca nc t ngun thm t ra xung quanh, cn phi xc nh c tnh n
s thm t hu hn vng di ca nn trong khong su h (Hnh C.4), bng:

trong :
h l su t mng so vi cao trnh quy hoch;
hbd l vng bin dng ca nn xc nh theo yu cu 5.2;
hn l su ngun thm t so vi b mt quy hoch;
x l khong cch t mp ngun thm t n trc ca mng ang xt;
m l h s tnh n kh nng tng gc lan truyn nc v cc pha do tnh phn lp ca t nn;
l gc lan truyn nc t ngun thm t ra cc pha, i vi ct dng ln t p = 35, cn i vi st
dng ln t = 50.
Chiu di Ls, ni c th xut hin ln t khng u ca t, c th xc nh theo cng thc:

trong cc k hiu ging nh cng thc (15).

C.3.4 Gi tr cc i ca ln t Smaxsd do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra khi thm t mnh pha trn
vi din tch c b rng khng nh hn chiu dy ln t hoc c b rng khng nh hn chiu dy ln t
hoc khi dng mc nc ngm, xc nh theo cng thc (C.12), trong tng (C.12) gm c:
a) ln t ch trong phm vi vng ln t ca t do trng lng bn thn, khi khng c ti trng ngoi cng
nh khi mng hp m vng bin dng do ti trng mng gy ra khng lin hp vi vng ln t ca t do
trng lng bn thn gy ra;
b) ln t ch trong phm vi no ca vng ln t do trng lng bn thn t m ti y m b nng
cao do mc nc ngm dng ln hoc tng dn m;
c) ln t trong phm vi t y vng bin dng (do ti trng mng) n mi ca lp t khng ln t khi
mng rng v trong mt phn vng bin dng do ti trng mng gy ra vi vng bin dng ln t do trng
lng bn thn ca t gy ra.
Chiu dy ca vng ln t do trng Ing bn thn ca t c tnh t su m ng sut thng ng
do trng Ing bn thn ca t bng p lc ln t ban u n gii hn di ca lp ln t.
ln t tng i s xc nh cho mi lp t trong vng ln t p Ic bng p lc thin nhin ti gia
lp .

Hnh C.4 - S tnh ton tr hu hn Ah thm t thuc vng di ca nn dc theo trc thng ng ca
mng trong trng hp nu n pha ngoi ngun thm t.
C.3.5 Tr s ln t kh d ca t do trng lng bn thn t gy ra trn vng t loi II v tnh ln t khi
lm t cc b tm thi vi din tch c b rng nh hn chiu dy ln t H, s c xc nh theo cng
thc:

B
C.3.6 Tr s ln t ca t Smax,
do trng lng bn thn t gy ra ti cc im khc nhau ca din tch thm
s ,d
t v ca din tch gn xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
B
Smax,
l ln t ln nht hoc kh d ca t do trng lng bn thn ti trung tm din tch thm t, xc
s ,d

nh theo C.3.4 hoc C.3.5;

x l khong cch tnh bng xentimt (cm) t tm din tch thm t hoc im u ca phn t ln t nm
B
ngang n im xc nh tr s ln t Smax,
trong phm vi 0 < x < r;
s ,d
r l chiu di tnh ton tnh bng xentimt (cm) ca phn t ln t do trng lng bn thn t gy ra, xc
nh theo cng thc:

trong : cc k hiu nh trong cng thc (C.15) v (C.17).

C.3.7 Tr s chuyn v ngang Us (cm) trn mt t khi ln t ca n do trng lng bn thn gy ra bi s
thm t mnh hoc cc b (xem 5.5) tnh ton theo cng thc:

trong :
l chuyn v ngang tng i, tnh bng:

trong :

r v x l nhng k hiu c ngha nh trong cng thc (C.18) v (C.19).

C.4 Xc nh s trng n v s co ngt ca nn gm t c tnh trng n
C.4.1 nng cao nn mng Str.n do s trng n ca t b thm t gy ra c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
tr.n l trng n tng i ca lp t th i xc nh theo ch dn C.4.2;
hi I chiu dy lp t ang xt;
m l h s iu kin lm vic, ly m = 0,8 khi p lc tng pt = 50 kPa; m = 0,6 khi p lc tng pt = 300 kPa; vi
cc gi tr trung gian ca pt tnh ni suy. Gi tr p Ic tng pt xc nh theo ch dn C.4.3.
n l s lp t c chia ra trong vng t trng n c bin di xc nh theo ch dn C.4.4;
C.4.2 trng n tng i ca t tr.n xc nh nh sau:
a) Khi thm m, theo cng thc:

trong :
h l chiu cao mu t c cht v m t nhin c nn khng n hng di p lc tng;
h l chiu cao mu t sau khi thm t v c nn trong cng iu kin trn.
b) Khi ph b mt v thay i trng thi thy nhit, theo cng thc:

trong :
k l h s xc nh bng thc nghim, khi khng c s liu thc nghim, ly bng 2;
W k l m cui cng ca t;
W 0 l m ban u ca t;
e0 l h s rng ban u ca t.
C.4.3 p lc tng pt gia lp ang xt (Hnh C.5) c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
pz l p Ic do ti trng ca mng gy ra ti gia lp ang xt, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa);
pdz I p Ic do trng Ing bn thn ca lp t k t y mng n gia Ip ang xt, tnh bng kilpascan
(kPa);
ptz I p Ic thm, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa), gy ra do nh hng ca trng lng phn t khng b m nm
ngoi phm vi thm t, v xc nh theo cng thc:

mn l h s ly theo Bng C.6, ph thuc vo t s gia chiu di L v chiu rng B ca din tch thm t v
vo su tng i ca lp ang xt;
l khi lng th tch ca t, tnh bng kilgam trn xentimt khi (kg/cm).

Hnh C.5 - S tnh nng cao ca nn khi t trng n

C.4.4 Bin di ca vng trng n Htn (Hnh C.5) c chn:
a) Khi thm nc n su p lc tng bng p lc trng n ca t Ptn.
b) Khi che b mt v thay i trng thi thy nhit n su xc nh bng th nghim i vi tng vng kh
hu. Khi khng c s liu th nghim, su ny ly bng 5 m.
Bng C.6 - H s m3
(Z+h)/B

H s mn ng vi t s chiu di v chiu rng ca din tch thm t L/B

1

0,5

0,58

0,50

0,43

0,36

0,29

0,81

0,70

0,61

0,50

0,40

0,94

0,82

0,71

0,59

0,47

1,02

0,89

0,77

0,64

0,53

1,07

0,94

0,82

0,69

0,57

C.4.5 i lng co ngt ca nn do qu trnh kh t trng n Sc xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
ci l co ngt theo chiu di tng i ca lp th i xc nh theo ch dn 3.16 di tc dng ca lc bng
tng p Ic thin nhin v p Ic thin nhin v p lc thm ca mng ti gia lp t ang xt khi thay i
m ca n t tr s ln nht n nh nht c th c;
hi l chiu dy ca lp ang xt;
mc l h s iu kin lm vic ca t khi co ngt, ly bng 1,3;
n l s lp t c chia ra trong vng t co ngt: gii hn di ca vng co ngt Hc c xc nh bng thc
nghim, cn khi khng c s liu th nghim th ly bng 5 m;
Khi kh t do tc dng nhit ca thit b cng ngh, gii hn di ca vng co ngt Hc c xc nh bng th
nghim hoc bng tnh ton tng ng.
C.5 Xc nh xi ngm ca nn t nhim mui
C.5.1 ln xi ngm ca nn t nhim mui Sx c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
n l s lp t c chia ra trong vng t mn c kh nng to thnh ln xi ngm;
xi l ln xi ngm tng i ca lp t th i khi p lc do ti trng mng v trng lng bn thn ca lp
t ti , xc nh theo ch dn trong C.5.2 n C.5.4;
hi l chiu dy ca lp t nhim mui th i;
C.5.2 Tr s ln xi ngm tng i x ca t nhim mui xc nh bng th nghim nn tnh hin trng hoc
cc phng php nn thm trong phng theo cc trng hp quy nh 10.4.
Vic th nghim cn phi tin hnh khi nc thm lu di qua t trong khong thi gian theo nh ch dn
10.5.
C.5.3 Tr s ln xi ngm tng i x quy nh bng th nghim hin trng c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
Sx.n l ln xi ngm ca bn nn sau khi thm t lin tc trong sut qu trnh th nghim di p lc ni
C.5.1;
hn I chiu dy chu nn ca nn di bn nn.
C.5.4 Tr s ln xi ngm tng i theo th nghim nn thm c xc nh bng cng thc:

trong :
h l cao ca mu t m t nhin v cht thin nhin;
h l cao ca mu t sau khi thm t bi nc v nn di p lc nu C.5.1.

Ph lc D
(Tham kho)
p lc tnh ton quy c trn nn t
D.1 p lc tnh ton quy c trn t nn R0 ghi trong cc Bng D.1 n Bng D.4 dng xc nh s b v
xc nh cui cng kch thc ca mng trong cc trng hp nu 4.6.18 i vi t hn ln, t ct (Bng
D.1) v i vi t st (khng ln t) (Bng D.2) 5.9 i vi t ln t (Bng D.3) v 11.6 i vi t p
(Bng D.4).
Bng D.1 - p lc tnh ton quy c Ro trn t hn ln v t ct
(Phm vi dng xem 4.7.1)
Loi t

Ro, kPa

t hn ln
- t cui (dm) ln ct

600

- t si (sn) t nhng mnh vn

kt tinh

500

trm tch

300

t ct

Cht

Cht va

- Ct th, khng ph thuc m

600

500

- Ct th va, khng ph thuc m

500

400

t m

400

300

m v no nc

300

200

- Ct mn:

- Ct bi:
t m

300

250

200

150

No nc

150

100

D.2 Khi dng trong tnh ton cc tr s Ro ly cc Bng D.1 n Bng D.3 chn kch thc cui cng ca
mng nh v cng trnh trong cc trng hp nu 4.6.18 v 5.9, i lng p lc tnh ton R xc nh theo
cc cng thc (D.1) v (D.2), khi cc gi tr Ro (Bng D.1 n Bng D.3) l thuc v mng c chiu rng b1 =
1 m v su chn mng h1 = 2 m.
Khi h 2 m, p lc tnh ton R xc nh theo cng thc:

Khi h > 2 m, xc nh R theo cng thc:

trong :
R0 l p lc tnh ton quy c (Bng D.1 n Bng D.3), ng vi mng c chiu rng b1 =1 m v su chn
mng h1 = 2 m;
b v h ln lt l chiu rng v chiu su t mng thc t, tnh bng mt (m);
II l tr tnh ton ca trng lng th tch t nm pha trn y mng, tnh bng kilniutn trn mt khi
(kN/m);
k1 l h s tnh n nh hng ca chiu rng mng, ly k1 = 0,125 i vi nn t hn ln v t ct tr ct
bi; k1 = 0,05 i vi nn ct bi v t st;
k2 I h s tnh n nh hng ca su t mng, i vi nn t hn In v t ct ly k2 =0,25; i vi
nn ct v st ly k2 = 0,2; i vi nn st ly k2 = 0,15;
Bng D.2 - p lc tnh ton quy c Ro trn t st khng ln t
(Phm vi dng xem 4.6.18)
Loi t st

H s rng e

ct

st

St

R0 ng vi ch s st ca t, (kPa)
Is = 0

Is = 1

50

300

300

50

250

200

50

300

250

50

250

180

100

200

100

50

600

400

60

500

300

80

300

200

110

250

100

CH THCH: i vi t st c cc gi tr trung gian e v Is cho php xc nh tr s R0 bng

cch ni suy lc u theo e i vi cc gi tr Is = 0 v Is = 1, sau theo Is gia cc gi tr R0
tm i vi Is = 0 v Is = 1.
Bng D.3 - p lc tnh ton quy c R0 trn nn t ln t
(Phm vi dng xem 5.9)
Loi t

ct

t cu trc t nhin tng ng vi khi lng t m cht tng ng vi khi lng

th tch ht, k, T/m
th tch ht, k, kPa
1,35

1,55

160

170

3,0

3,5

200

250

 st

1,5

1,3

3,5

4,0

1,8

2,0

250

300

CH THCH:
1. Trong Bng D.3, t s l gi tr R0 thuc t ln t cu trc t nhin c no nc G 0,5 v khi khng
c kh nng thm t chng. Mu s l gi tr R0 thuc t nh trn nhng c no nc G 0,3 v t c
no nc b khi c kh nng thm t chng.
2. i vi t ln st c cc gi tr k v G trung gian th R0 xc nh bng ni suy.
Bng D.4 - Tr tnh ton quy c R0 trn nn t p n nh
(Phm vi dng xem 11.6)
Loi t p

R0, kPa
Ct th, ct trung, ct Ct bi, t st, tro
mn, x
ng vi no nc
G 0,5

G 0,8

G 0,5

G 0,8

t trong lc san nn m cht theo 11.8

250

200

180

150

Cc bi thi t v ph liu sn xut sau khi m

cht theo 11.8

250

200

180

150

Cc bi thi t v ph liu sn xut khng m

cht

180

150

120

100

Cc ni t v ph liu sn xut sau khi m

cht theo 11.8

150

120

120

100

Cc ni t v ph liu sn xut khng m cht

120

100

110

80

CH THCH:
1) Tr s R0 Bng D.4 l ca cc mng c su t mng h1 = 2 m. Khi su t mng h <
2 m gi tr R0 s gim bng cch nhn vi h s k = (h + h1)/(2 x h1);
2) Tr s R0 2 im sau cng trong Bng D.4 l thuc v t rc v ph liu sn xut c cha
tp cht hu c khng qu 10%;
3) i vi cc bi thi v ni t v ph liu sn xut cha n nh th tr s R0 ly theo Bng
D.4 vi h s 0,8.
4) i lng R0 i vi cc gi tr trung gian ca G t 0,5 n 0,8 cho php xc nh bng ni
suy.

Ph lc E
(Quy nh)
Cc h s dng tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn
Cc h s dng tnh theo cng thc (28) 4.7.7 v sc chu ti ca nn t ng nht khng phi trng
thi n nh nh sau:
a) , q v c l cc h s sc chu ti theo biu Hnh E.1 Ph Ic E ph thuc vo tg1, trong 1 l tr tnh
ton gc ma st trong, xc nh theo 4.3.4, 4.3.5 v 4.3.6;
b) i, iq v ic l cc h s nh hng nghing ca ti trng theo biu Hnh E.2, ph thuc vo tg1 v tg
(trong l gc nghing so vi phng thng ng ca hp lc cc Ic tc dng ln y mng);
c) n, nq v nc l cc h s nh hng t l cc cnh ca mng theo cc cng thc:

trong :
n = l/b, y l v b I chiu di v chiu rng ca y mng, trong trng hp lc t lch tm th ly bng cc
gi tr quy i l v b xc nh theo ch dn 4.7.3.

Hnh E.1 - Biu xc nh h s sc chu ti

Hnh E.2 - Biu xc nh h s nghing ti trng

MC LC
Li ni u

1 Phm vi p dng
2 Quy nh chung
3 Phn loi t nn
4 Thit k nn
5 c im thit k nn ca nh v cng trnh xy trn t ln t
6 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t trng n
7 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t than bn no nc
8 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn bn
9 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t eluvi
10 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t nhim mui
11 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy trn t p
12 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy nhng ni khc
13 c im thit k nn, nh v cng trnh xy nhng vng ng t
14 c im thit k nn ng dy ti in trn khng
15 c im thit k nn, mng cu v cng
16 Ph lc A Quy nh) Quy tc thit lp tr tiu chun v tr tnh ton cc c trng ca t
17 Ph lc B (Tham kho) Cc bng tr tiu chun cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t
18 Ph lc C (Tham kho) Tnh ton bin dng ca nn
19 Ph lc D (Tham kho) p lc tnh ton quy c trn nn t
20 Ph lc E (Quy nh) Cc h s dng tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn