Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grammer
Grammer
Applied Grammar
Pronoun- Person table
Person
Subject
Object
Ist
I
We
Me
Us
My
Our
Mine
Ours
My self
Ourselves
IInd
You
You
Your
Yours
yourself
IIIrd
He
She
It
They
Him
Her
It
Them
His
Her
Its
Their
His
Hers
Its
Theirs
Himself
Herself
Itself
Their selves
1. TENSE
Use of verbs in tense
Tense
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Present
1st form
3rd form
Past
Positive
Sentence es
2nd form
vU; lHkh 1st
from
1st form
3rd form
3rd form
Future
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Use of helping verbs in tense
Root verbs
Do
Be
Tense
Simple
Present
Do-P
Does-S
Past
Did
Future
Shall- I&We
Will-other
subject
Have
Have+been
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Is-S
Are-P
Am-I
Have P
Has-S
Have+ been- P
Has+ been S
Was- S
Were-P
Had
Had+been
Shall be
Will be
Golden Rules
for
Filling Correct Forms Of Verbs
Present indefinite tense
Rule:1:- Daily, always, usually, seldom, often, every(day, month,
weak, year.) vkfn preset indefinite tense ds iz;qDr gksrs gS&
Examples: (1) she.(come)to see me every month.
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(2)I (go) to school daily
(3)My uncle always.(take) tea in the morning.
Ans :- (i) comes (ii) go (iii) takes
Rule-2 modals (can,could,may,mifht,must,shall,will,would,should,ought
to, need not) ds ckn geskk verb dh 1st form gh vkrh gSA
Examples: (1) she can(do) this work
(2)Yours sister could(bring) some fruits for me.
ans:- (i) do (ii) bring
2. present Continuous
Rule-1 ;fn fjDr LFkku ds ckn dks"V es be fn;k gks rFkk okD; orZeku dky esa gks rks
fjDr LFkku eas is/ar/am vk;sxa rFkk verb dh 1st form es ing tksM nsxaAs
Exampales :(1)
(2)
He .(be) a teacher.
Ramesh..(be cook) food.
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Examples: (1) Ram is not at home. He (go) to hospital just now.
(3)They (already finish) their work and now they will
go to the cinema.
(Ans) (i)has gone (ii) have already finished
Rule2 :- ;fn nks okD; fn;s x;s gks vkSj fdlh Hkh ,d okD; esa le; ls igys
since / for / all gks rFkk nwljk okD; present tense esa gks rks fjDr LFkku esa has
been / have been + verb esa ing tqMx
s kA
Examples :(1)
(2)
Rule -3 ;fn okD; ds chp esa since gks rks fdUrq since ds ckn le; ugha fn;k gks
rks since ds igys has been / have been + verb esa ing rFkk since ds ckn dh
IInd form vk;sxh A
Examples :- (i) Mother.. (sleep) since you .. ..(go) to office.
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(ii)Rani.(sing) songs since she(take) food.
Ans:- (i) has been sleeping , went
(ii) has been singing , took
Past Indefinite
Rule 1: Yesterday, last (week, month, Year..)vkfn 'kCn past
tense ds lwpd gSa A ;fn okD; eas ;s 'kCn gks rks verb dh IInd form vk;sxh A
Examples:1. she(go) to Jaipur yesterday.
2. We.(visit) the zoo last month.
Answer:- (i) went (ii) visited
Rule :2 ;fn okD; past tense es kq: gks rks izk;% iwjk okD; past tensees pysxkA
Examples:1. Radha.(cook) and went to market.
2. When I was reading, I..(hear) a loud noise.
Answer:- (i) cooked (ii) heard
5. Past continuous
Rule: 1 ;fn fjDr LFkku ds ckn dks"Bd es be fn;k gks rFkk okD; past tense es gks rks
st
fjDr LFkku es Was/were vk,xk rFkk verb dh I form es ing tksM nsaxsA
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Examples:1. I.. (read) a book when sita come in.
2. My mother(wait) for me when I returned home.
Answer:- (i) was reading (ii) was waiting
Rule:3 while ds ckn Was/were+ verb dh Ist form es ing dk iz;ksx djsx
a sA
Example1. The teacher come late while the students...for him.
Answer:- were waiting
7. Past Perfect
Rule:1 ;fn okD; es before ds igys had+ verb dh IIIrd form gksrks before ds ckn
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Rule:3 ;fn okD; es after ds igys verb dh IInd form gksrks after ds ckn had+ verb
rd
had been+verb dh I form+ ing vk,xh A (;fn okD; past tense es gks)
Examples;1. She..(live) in this house since 1999.
2. Raju .(write) a story for two hours yesterday.
Answer;- (i) had living (ii) had writing
Rule;2 ;fn nks okD; fn, gks vkSj fdlh ,d okD; es le; ls igys since/for gks rFkk nqljs
rd
rd
okD; es verb dh II form gks rks since/for ds igys had been+verb dh I form es
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1. Sita(suffer) from fever for five days when she received the
invitation.
2. Sita..(teach) in this school for ten years when I read last
year.
Answer:- (i) had been suffering (ii) had been teaching.
9. Future Indefinite
Rule:1 ;fn okD; es tomorrow, next (day, weak, year, month, year,
*I o we dks NksMdj vU; drkZvks ds lkFk will + verb dh I form dk iz;ksx djsx
a As
Examples:-
10.Future Continuous
bl Tense es Hkfo"; es dk;Z pyrs jgus dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA
*I o we ds lkFk shall be + verb dh Ird form+ ing dk iz;ksx djsxa As
rd
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1. He.(write) a story next day.
Answer:- will writing.
okD; es future tense lwpd kCn ds igys by/on kCn gksrs gSA
le; ls igys since/for gksrs gSA
okD; es when ds ckn verb dh Ird form gksA
Rule:-1. Will have been/ shall have been+ verb Hkh Ird form+ ing dk iz;ksx djsx
a As
Example:1. Anita(play) football for two hours by six O clock.
2. Ramesh(live) in this house for five year by 2020.
Answer:- (i) will have been playing (ii) will have been living
Imperative sentence
Ikgpku%&
i.
ii.
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iii.
Rule:-1 ;fn okD; please kq: gks mlds rqjar ckn czsfdV es not+ verb dh Ird
form gks rks not ls igys do vkSj tksM nsax
s sA
Example:1. Please(not make) a noise.
Answer:- (i) do not make
Rule:-2 Imperative sentence okD; ds ckn ;fn nqljk okD; Hkh gks rks nqljk okD; es
is/am/are+ verb dh Istform+ ing dk iz;ksx djsx
a As
Example:1. Do not get out now, the train..(move) fast.
2. Look! The man.(run) after the bus, perhaps he wants to catch it.
Answer:- (i) is moving (ii) is running
2. Modals
Modals:- Modal kCn vaxzsth ds mood kCn ls cuk gSA Mood dk vFkZ euksHkko ;k ekufld
nkk gksrk gSA ;s lgk;d f;k;s gksrs gSA vr% os Helping verb tks oDrk ds euksHkko dks izdV djrs
gS] Modal dgykrs gSA
Modals dh foks"krk,%&
i. Modals dHkh&Hkh vdsys ugh vkrs gS ;s lnSo main verb ds lkFk iz;qDr gksrs gS ;s okLro
es Helping verb gksrs gSA
ii. Modals ds ckn geskk verb dh 1st form dk iz;ksx gksrk gSaA
1. Can :- can dk iz;ksx kfDr] lkeF;Z] {kerk o ;ksX;rk ds Hkko ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&able(;ksX;) Ability (;ksX;rk) , Capacity-{kerk , Power 'kfDr , strength- 'kfDr ,
Most informal request lokZf/kd vukSipkfjd fuosnu
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Examples :- (i) I can do this work easily (capacity)
(ii) He can run fast.
(iii) My grandmother is over sixty, but she can still read without
glasses.
3. Could:- can ds past :i eas could dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn okD; past tense eas fn;k
gks
Past able, past ability, past capacity, past power, past strength.
Polite request (fouze foosnu) ds fy, could dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ( ;fn ftl O;fDr
ls fuonsu fd;k tk jgk gS mldk ml oLrq ij vf/kdkj gks)
Examples:- (i) I could do this work. (post capacity)
(ii) I could buy a car because I was rech.
(iii) Could I take your pen? ( polite request)
(iv) Could you help me, please.
4. May:- may dk iz;ksx lEHkkouk] kqHkdkeukvks] vkhkokZn] vuqefr nsus ;k ysus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
& Possible (lEHko), Possibility (lEHkkouk),allowed(vkKk nsuk), permission(vuqefr),
wish(kqHkdkeuk), bless(vkkhokZn), formal permission(vkSipkfjd vuqefr),
likehood(lEHkkouk)
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Examples:
i. He may win this match. (Possibility)
ii. May you live long life.(bless)
iii. May I come in, sir? (formal permission)
* krZ okys okD;ks es so that ds lkFk orZeku dky es may dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples:- (i). She is working hard so the she may get good marks.
(ii). There are clouds in the sky. So, it may rain today.
5.May not:- may not dk iz;ksx No formal permission (vkSipkfjd vuqefr ugh) ds
vFkZ es fd;k tkrk gSA
Example:- No, you may not come in. [No formal permission]
7. Must:-
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& Prohibition (fu"ks/k), not allowed(vkKk ugh nsuk), forbade(euk djuk), not
compulsory(vfuok;Z ugh)
Examples:- (i).you have T.B. you must not smoke.
(ii).You must not walk in the middle of the road.
9. Would:- would dk iz;ksx fouez fuosnu] Hkwrdkyhu vknr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx will ds past :Ik es Hkh gksrk gSA
& polite request(lk/kkj.k fouez fuosnu), please,kindly(n;kyqrk ls), past habit(past
habitual and repeated actions(Hkwrdkyhu vknr)
Examples:- (i) I would swim in my childhood.
(ii)You would tell me about my child.
10. Should:- should dk iz;ksx lykg] lq>ko o drZO; okys okD;ks es gksrk gSA bldk
iz;ksx shall ds past :Ik es Hkh gksrk gSA
& advice(lykg), suggestion(lq>ko), moral duty(uSfrd drZO;), moral obligation(uSfrd
ck/;rk)
Examples:- (i).You should obey your parents.
(ii).He should welcome his guest.
11. Ought to:- ought to dk iz;ksx lykg] lq>ko o drZO; okys okD;ks es gksrk gSA
& advice(lykg), suggestion(lq>ko), moral duty(uSfrd drZO;), moral obligation(uSfrd
ck/;rk)
Note:- ;fn fn, gq, fjDr LFkku ds vUr es to fn;k gks rks dk ought iz;ksx djsx
a s vU;Fkk should
dk iz;ksx djsx
a As
Golden Rule:- vxj okD; es fjDr LFkku ds rqjar ckn to fn;k gks rks dk ought to iz;ksx
djsx
a sA
Examples:- (i)You ought to obey your parents.
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(ii)He ought to welcome his guest.
12. Will:- will ekWMy ds :Ik es *vo;* dk Hkko nsrk gSA bldk iz;ksx oknk] /kedh
vkfn ds
13. Shall:-shall ekWMy ds :Ik es *vo;* dk Hkko nsrk gSA shall dk iz;ksx oknk] /kedh
vkfn
Exercises
Secondary Board Examination ;2012
Exercise-1 Fill in the blanks with suitable modals given blow.
(can, could, may, must, might)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Raju is very intelligent he.. get Ist Division in the board examination.
You are very weak, you.take nutricious food.
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(iii)
(iv)
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(ought to, shall, will, must, should)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
3. Active to passive
Rule:-1. Passive es geskk verb dh IIIrd form yxkbZ tkrh gSA
tSls%& (i) He is reading newspaper.
(M.V.)
P= Newspaper is being read. (verb IIIrd) by him.
(ii) Are you teaching maths?
P= Is maths being taught(verb IIIrd) by you?
Rule:- 2. Passive cukrs le; helping verb dk change fuEu lkj.kh vuqlkj gksxk:-
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Change of helping verb
S.R.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Active voice
Do/Does
Is/ Are/Am
Has/Have
Did
Was/ Were
Had
Shall/Will
Shall Have/ Will Have
Modal
Passive voice
Is/ Are/Am
Is/ Are/Am + Being
Has/Have+ Been
Was/ Were
Was/ Were + Being
Had been
Shall / Will + Be
Shall have / Will have +Been
Modal + Be
Root
Verbs
continuous
Active
Passive
Active
Passive
Active
Passive
Do
Be
Be
Be +Being
Have
Have+been
Do-P
Does-S
Is-S
Are-P
Am-I
Is-S
Are-P
Am-I
Is+being
Are+ being
Am+ being
Have P
Has-S
Have+ been
Has+ been
Had
Had+been
Shall
have
Shall have
been
Present
Was- S
Were-P
Past
Did
Shall be
Future
Perfect
Shall- I&We
Will-other
subject
Was- S Was+Being
Were-P
Were+
Being
Shall
be
Will be
Will be
Will
have
Will have
been
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Note :- p- plural subject
s- singular subject
Rule:- 3. Active ls passive cukrs le; Active ds subject dks kq: es by yxkdj passive
dk object cuk fn;k tkrk gS tSls&
(i)
(ii)
Rule:-4. Active ls passive cukrs le; Active ds object dks passive dk subject cuk fn;k
tkrk gS tSls&
1. He likes tea at 4.00PM every evening.
p- Tea is liked at 4.00PM every evening by him.
2. Do you write letters?
p- Are letters written by you?
Formula:(1)
Simple Present
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S-
(S)+M.V.+(O.)
P.V.- S(O)+Is/Are/Am+M.V.(III)+by+O.(S)
N-
(S)+H.V.+not+M.V.+O
P.V- S.(O)+Is/Are/Am+not+M.V.(III)+by+O.(S)
I.-
H.V.+(S)+M.V.+(O)+?
P.V.- Is/Am/Are+S(O)+M.V.(III)+by+O(S)+?
I.N.- H.V.+(S)+Not+M.V.+(O)+?
P.V.- Is/Am/Are+S(O)+not+M.V.(III)+by+O(S)+?
Examples:1.
2.
3.
I do my duties.
P.- My duties are done by me.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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P.- Food for everybody in this family is prepared by her.
OR
Food is prepared for everybody in this family by her.
9.
Does Raman not ask his teachers some questions about national problems?
P.- Are his teachers not asked some questions about the national problems
by Raman?
10.
11.
12.
13.
*Passvie cukrs le; fufEuf[kr subject dks object cukdj ugh fy[kk tkrk gSA
1) They
2) We
3) This..
4) That
5) These..
6) Those.
7) people
8) .person..
9) Every.
10) Some.....
11) Any
12) No one, no body
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13) Police
14) Students
15) Boys
16) Girls
17) The teachers
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P- Is his father not given some money by him?
Present Continuous
Formula:P-
N.-
P.V.
I.-
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
6.
(S)+Has/Have+ M.V.+(O)
N.-
I-
2.
3.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Past Simple
P-
(S)+ M.V.(II)+(O)
N.-
I-
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P.V.- Was/Were+ S(O)+ M.V(III)+ By+ O(S)+?
Examples:1.
Past Continuous
P-
N.-
I-
Past perfect
P-
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P.V.- S(o)+ Had+ Been+ M.V.(III)+ by+ O(S)
N.-
I-
2.
They did not ask me about my brother who cut his pipeline.
P- I was not asked about my brother who cut his pipeline.
3.
4.
Did the blacksmith not make this cutter for the wood cutter?
P- Was this cutter not made for the wood cutter?
Past Perfect
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1.
2.
3.
Was I not asking them some question in the class room by me?
P- Were they not being asked some question in the class room by me?
4.
Simple future
Formula:P-
N.-
I-
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Formula:P-
N.-
I-
P.V.-
I.N.-
P.V-
Example:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
P6.
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P- I shall not be told the reason for not coming with me by Aadesh.
7.
Examples:1.
P-
P-
2.
3.
4.
P-
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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P10.
Who+h.v.+m.v.+ ob.?
2.
3.
4.
Examples;1.
2.
3.
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P- Who will be asked about by me?
4.
Examples:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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P-
Formula:M.V.(I)+ Ob.
P-
Examples:1.
2.
3.
4.
(B)
Teach us please.
P- you are requested to teach.
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2.
Go please.
P- You are requested to go.
3.
4.
5.
Go away please.
P- you are requested to go away.
(C)
Sentence structure:A.V-
Dont +M.V.(I)+ob
P.V-
Examples:1.
2.
3.
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Examples:1.
2.
3.
4. Direct to Indirect
(A) Reported speech es okD; ;fn positive ;k negative gks rks reporting verb es
fuEukuqlkj change gksxkA
(i)
Say to- tell
(ii) Says to- tells
(iii) Saying to- telling
(iv) Said to told
/;ku jgs ;fn say ds ckn to ugh gks rks change ugh gksxkA
(B) Inverted commas es:Rule:- reported speech es okD; ;fn positive ;k negative gks rks Inverted
commas dks gVkdj nksuks okD;ks dks that ls tksMk tkrk gSA
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Rule Reported speech esa ik;s tkusa okys 3rd person ds pronoun es dksbZ change ugh
gksxk&
Example:I am saying to you, she has given her sister the book.
I am telling you that she has given he sister the book.
(i)
(ii)
Rule Speech es ik;k tkus okys 1st person ds pronoun ess reporting verb ds subject ds
vuqlkj change gksxkA
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S.R
Direct
Indirect
1.
2.
3.
Do/does
Did
4.
Is/Are/Am
Was/ were
5.
Has/Have
had
6.
Had/been
7.
Did+mv1st form
8.
9.
was/were
had been
10.
shall/will
would
11.
can
could
12.
may
might
Examples
1. You said to me, I am going to buy yours house.
I.D You told me that you were going buy my house.
2. I said to him,you are going to play with the team.
I.D I told him that he was going to play with the team.
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3. Rakesh said to meera , you have to give her your oen.
I.D Rakesh told meera that she had to give her pen.
4. I said to him, You are looking very nice.
I.D I told hin that he was looking very nice.
5. Rakesh said to sandeep and his sister, ;You did not ask me any question.
I.D Rakesh told sandeep and his sister that they had not asked him any
question.
6. I had told her, You making me a fool,
I.D I had told her that she was making me a fool.
7. He asked me, They are cutting the card boad .
I.D He asked me that They were cutting the card-load.
8. Raman said to prem,I am not a player.
I.D Raman told prem thet he was not a player.
9. He said to me,I had a note book of you.
I.D He told me that he had had a notebook of me.
10. Rakesh told his sister, I dont want to say you any thing my alan which is
related to your mistakes.
I.D Rakesh told his sister that he didnt want to say her anything about his
plan which was related to your mistakes.
11. The class teacher said, studenrs. I knew every thing about you,
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I.D The class teacher told the students that he had known everything about
them.
12. She said, mother I want to say you some thing about my school,
I.D She told mother that she wanted to say her something about her school.
13. Niraja said to Meenakshi, I want to give you my book at your school.
I.D Niraja told at Meenakshi that she wanted to give her her book at her
school.
Note :- I.D means Indirect Speech
Interrogative Sentences
fu;e 1- ;fn reported speech helping verb okys Interrogative gks rks Reporting verb
dks ask es cny nsrs gS rFkk tksMus ds fy, if dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples:1. I said to him, Are you going to jaipur.?
I.D I asked him if he was coming to Jaipur.
fu;e 2Reported specch ds Inrerrogative sentence dks positive cuk fn;k tkrk gSA
Examples:1. Rahul said to my mother, Did your son write the letter to your husband
before last Monday,
I.D Rahul asked my mother if her son had written the letter to her husband
before the previous Monday.
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2. He said to Ram, Do you Like this car?
I.D He asked Ram if he liked that car.
3. he said him , Are you asking this question ?
I.D I asked him if He was asking that question.
Imperative sentences
(a) Please/kindly okys I mperative Sentence
fu;e 1- Reporting verb , requested gksxh] Reported Speech es ls please ;k kindly dks
gVkdj to ls 'ks"k okD; tksM fn;k tkrk gSA
Examples:1. The student said to me,pleare answer my question
I.D The student requested me to answer his question.
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2. Madhu said to me, Kindly issue me my T.C.
I.D Madhu requested me to issue her T.C. .
3. The captain said to the coach,please dont arrange the extra player.
I.D The captain requested the coach not to arrange the extra player.
4. I requested him,take it without asking any thing,
I.D I requested him to take it without asking anything.
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Examples:1. He said to his teacher, check it ,sir
I.D He requested his teacher to check it.
2. Geeta said to her friend,Ask your mother dont ask me.
I.D Geeta advised her friend to ask her mother and forbade to ask her.
3. Ravi said to me, come inside; but dint make a noise ,
I.D Ravi ordered me to come inside but forbade to make a noise
4. I said to my students, write down the note,
I.D I ordered my students to write down the note.
5. He said to his father, Bring the book from market,
I.D He requested his father to bring the book from market.