TI:

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B

KHIM KHUYT
Ngun:Baris Soyer (Ed) 2014, Carriage of
Goods by Sea, Land and Air, Infomal Law,
p25-42

Nhm dch

Nhm hiu nh

1. Nguyn Phng Anh-Anh 8K50-KTN

2. Trn Anh Dng-Anh 8-K50KTN

1. Nguyn c Anh-Anh 6-K50KTN

2. Hong Th Vit Anh-Anh 7K50-KTN

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

MC LC
LI M U.................................................................................. 3
PHN NO CA HP NG?.........................................................5
CONTAINER LI V NGHA V V KH NNG I BIN....................9
CONTAINER KHIM KHUYT V BO DNG HNG HA.............16
M BO S PH HP VI MC CH (NGM NH)..................19
PHNG PHP PHNG H LIN QUAN N CONTAINER C KHIM TT
................................................................................................... 20
KIM TRA V BO LU................................................................22
IU KHON VN N...............................................................25

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

CHNG 2
TRCH NHIM I VI NHNG CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT:
VCH R RANH GII GIA KH NNG I BIN, QUN L CHM SC HNG
HA V NHNG TRCH NHIM CA NGI GI HNG
Frank Stevens
LI M U
Thit hi i vi hng ha cha trong container c th l do nhng vn lin
quan ti qu trnh chuyn ch, v d nh trng hp xp hng khng ng quy
cch, do cc yu t bn ngoi, nh container trn boong b cun tri xung bin,
do bn cht hoc do ni t ca hng ha trong container, hoc cng c th l do
hu qu t bn cht khim khuyt ca chnh container . Mc d container v
bn cht ch l mt hp kim loi nhng n vn c th b khim khuyt do nhiu
nguyn nhn. nhng ch m cc container c trang b my mc, v d nh
thit b lm lnh container ng lnh1 hoc nhng chic qut containerqut,2 chng c th b h hi. i khi cc container thng cha c trang b bi
cc h thng si, c th gp s c hoc n gin khng hot ng. ng dn, ng
cao su hoc cc mi ni trn container thng cha c th b r r, b tc hoc b
mt khim khuyt no . Tt c cc loi container u c th b nh hng bi
nhng hng ha c chuyn ch trc cn st li, nhng cn b t cc tc
nhn lm sch (khng ng quy cch), mi, vi khun, 3 Thi tit khc nghit
cng l mt vn i vi tt c cc loi container: cc container loi thng c

Hi lut s Roosendaal Keyzer, Ging vin Trng i hc Erasmus Rotterdam

11.Container ng lnh l container trong c cm thit b lm lnh cu thnh nn b
phn thit yu ca v container. Container c thng kh khng c thit b lm lnh
ring, nhng li c ni lin (thng qua nhng thng kh) ti mt h thng lm lnh
bn ngoi cung cp kh lnh cho container.
22. Container qut v bn cht l mt container s dng vi mc ch thng thng,
nhng li c trang b qut in trao i khng kh bn trong vi bn ngoi container.
Nhng chic container nh vy, trong thc t, c s dng ngn nga s ngng t.
3

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

th b c thng hoc gp vn v nhng mi m ca hoc cn gt an ton,
container thng cha v container hng ri c th gp vn vi cc con ch
ca hm, cc van, Cui cng, container c th gp s c vi bn kt cu v
kh nng bo tr ca n, v d, dn n container b ph hy hoc thm ch c
mt chng container nu nh mt container km cht lng nh vy li c xp
di cng4.
Vic hng ha c chuyn ch trong container b h hng khng phi l bng
chng chng t rng container b khim khuyt. Trong mt trng hp khi
container ch ht ca cao b ngp trong nc vo khong thi gian trc khi
xp hng ln tu, t gy ra tn tht i vi mt phn ca cao, Ta n Phc thm
thnh ph Aix-en-Provence nc Php cho rng container phi bo v hng ha
bn trong khi nhng nh hng t thi tit, nhng khng th bo m cho vic
chng thm nc hon ton nu nh container b ngm trong nc.5 Nu khng
c bng chng no khc chng t tnh trng khim khuyt ca container th
vic nc xm nhp vo mt phn container b ngp s khng c coi l bng
chng chng t s khim khuyt ca container, v do vic yu cu ngi
chuyn ch bi thng b bc b.

33.Xem v d v kin c G Yu cp ti trong Trch nhim i vi container khng

ph hp Trung Quc, [1995] LMCLQ trang 15, khi hng ha l tr b h hng v b xp
trong container khng hp v sinh. Xem thm vTrib. Com. Marseille, 17 thng 6 nm
2003, loi bi DMF Hors s 8, thng 6 nm 2004, s 89 trang 80: hng ha l thc phm
b h hng do cc con ch ca container lm t vt liu khng c php s dng trong
ngnh thc phm. Rb. Rotterdam, 24 thng 8 nm 2000, Tu &Tn tht nm 2001, s
112 (tu my EWL Venezuela): go b h hng do mi hi t mt sn phm ha hc
ngm vo sn g ca container.
44.Xem v d v vic HOA TIU H LAN (bo co MAIB s 37/2002, thng 11 nm 2002).
Container cht pha trc b h hi trong hnh trnh, ch yu do cc thng hng va p
vo nhau qu mc, ngoi ra cn do cht lng km ca container thng cha di cng
ca mt trong cc khi container ( mi hn u gia nhng thanh chn ngang mi c
thay th).
55. CA Aix-en-Provence, 9 thng 12 nm 1999, B.T.L s 2833 ngy 7 thng 2 nm 2000,
trang 93.
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TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

C mt cng c quc t gii quyt nhng vn lin quan ti container, l
Cng c Quc t v Container an ton nm 1972 (Cng c CSC 1972), 6 nhng
cng c ny tp trung ch yu vo s an ton ca container m khng gii quyt
nhng vn lin quan ti kh nng ch hng ca nhng container . Cng c
CSC 1972 c d tho da trn nghin cu ca T chc Hng hi Quc t (IMO)
v an ton khi chuyn ch hng ha trong container bng ng bin, trong
cho thy rng bn thn container cng l yu t ri ro trng yu. Cng c CSC
1972 c hai mc ch: th nht, duy tr c mc an ton cao trong qu trnh
chuyn ch v d container thng qua nhng yu cu nghim ngt v bn,
qu trnh kim tra,, v th hai, to ra mt ch thng nht ton quc t v
quy tc an ton, p dng cho tt c cc phng thc vn ti (tr chuyn ch bng
ng hng khng).
Khi container tht s b h hi v do gy ra tn tht cho hng ha th phi
xem bn no l bn cung cp container v bn no chu trch nhim bc xp
hng vo container. Mt vi ngi gi hng s hu (hoc thu) container ca
chnh h. Nu vy th gn nh chc chn ngi gi hng cng l ngi bc xp
hng vo container, hoc t nht vic bc xp hng l do i din ca h. Tuy
nhin, ngi chuyn ch thng cung cp container vn chuyn. Vi nhng
container nh vy th vic bc xp c th l do mt trong hai bn ngi chuyn
ch hoc ngi gi hng m nhn. Trong mt s trng hp, hng ha c bc
xp ln container theo ca ngi chuyn ch sao cho thch hp i vi tu
trong khi ngi gi hng khng yu cu hng ha phi c xp trong container
hoc thm ch khng bit rng s c vic nh vy xy ra. Nhng thng th ngi
gi hng s bit hoc s yu cu hng ha c vn chuyn bng container. Sau
anh ta c th yu cu ngi chuyn ch lm vic thay anh ta, do ngi gi
hng khng c kinh nghim v vic bc xp hng ln container hoc do hng ha
ca ngi gi hng ch xp vo c mt phn container (LCL), hoc ngi gi
hng s c cung cp container rng t bc xp hng ha theo mun ca
mnh. ng nhin nhng tnh hung khc nhau nh vy s nh hng n vic
bn no phi gnh chu ri ro v chu trch nhim khi tn tht xy ra.
66. Cng c ny c hiu lc t ngy 6 thng 9 nm 1977 v hin ti c 78 nc k kt.
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TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

PHN NO CA HP NG?
Trc khi xem xt c th v kha cnh ngha v php l th c mt vn trc
tin cn phi gii quyt. Phn no ca hp ng iu chnh vic cung cp
container t ngi chuyn ch ti ngi gi hng? Thng th cc bn s khng
quy nh r rng vn ny. S c nhng iu khon lit k r vo khong thi
gian no th vic s dng container c min cc ph, mc ph chm tr sau
nh th no, container c thu gom v/hoc c giao li, nhng khng hp
ng c bn no t ra quyn v ngha v tng ng ca cc bn. Tuy vy, r
rng l c mt s nht tr (ngm) gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng v
vic cung cp container. y phi chng l mt iu khon thm m cc bn
b sung vo hp ng chuyn ch, hay n l mt tha thun ring r, c lp?
Nu vic cung cp container c coi l mt phn ca hp ng chuyn ch th
n c quy nh trong phm vi lut bt buc, t nht l t mc cu n mc cu.
Ngi chuyn ch phi chp hnh bn phn v ngha v mang tnh rng buc,
nhng ngc li, anh ta c th a ra nhng li bin h chc chn v, nu anh ta
phi chu trch nhim php l, anh ta c th c hng gii hn trch nhim nh
thng thng. Mt khc, nu vic cung cp container l mt tha thun ring r,
c lp khng lin quan g n hp ng chuyn ch th cc bn c t do k kt
hp ng. Ngi chuyn ch c th tha thun v nhng trch nhim c th phi
chu cho vic cung cp container khim khuyt, nhng ngc li, anh ta s khng
c hng quyn bin h hoc gii hn trch nhim, tr khi anh ta quy nh
mt cch r rng.7

77.i chiu vi P.-J. Bordahandy, Container: Mt Cu hay mt Quan nim? (2005)

JIML 342 trang 360.
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TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Nghi vn ny thng khng c t ra, hay khng c t ra r rng. 8 ng
l vic phn bit khng phi lc no cng lin quan, ch t l ti nhng vn nh
trch nhim php l. Nu trong mt tha thun v vic cung cp thit b (nh
container) c s bo m ngm v kh nng ph hp cho mt mc ch nht nh
(v d nh kh nng cha hng ca container), v ngi chuyn ch phi chu
trch nhim trong trng hp vi phm s bo m ny th vic tha thun cung
cp container l mt phn ca hp ng hay l mt tha thun ring bit khng
cn quan trng. Thm vo , tiu chun k thut hp l i vi container cng
nh hng ti li gii p cho nghi vn ny. Nu container c coi l mt b
phn ca con tu theo nh iu khon III(1)(C) ca Quy tc Hague-Visby, quyn
v ngha v ca ngi chuyn ch i vi container c iu chnh mt cch bt
buc bi Quy tc ny, v vic xc nh tha thun lin quan ti container nh mt
tha thun ring bit khi l vi phm iu khon III(8) ca Quy tc Hague-Visby
nu vic xc nh dn n hu qu lm gim bt ngha v ca ngi chuyn
ch.
Hn na, c mt s tranh ci rng trch nhim m ngi chuyn ch c th
phi chu v tn tht i vi hng ha lun b chi phi bi ngun lut hay cng
c vn ti c p dng, bt chp c s php l m ngi khiu ni a ra. Ngh
nh Visby sa i thm li iu khon IV vo Quy tc Hague, trong quy
nh on 1 rng Nhng li bin h v gii hn trch nhim c a ra trong
Cng c ny s c p dng i vi bt k hnh vi no vi ngi chuyn ch i
vi mt mt hoc thit hi vi hng ha c quy nh trong hp ng chuyn
ch, d hnh vi c c cp ti trong hp ng hay sai lm c nhn. Tuy
nhin, hnh vi c cp trong hp ng c hiu l ch ni ti hnh vi
cp ti trong hp ng chuyn ch m khng phi l trong nhng hp ng
88. Xem D. Rabe, Seehandelsrecht, Munchen, Verlag C.H. Beck, nm 2000, s 6 trang
554, ng xem vic cung cp container l mt s b sung thm vo hp ng chuyn ch.
So snh vi P.-J. Bordahandy, Container: Mt Cu hay mt Quan nim? JIML 342
trang 359 v 364 n 367; C. Humann, v lin quan ti CA Versailles, ngy 14 thng 1
nm 1999( tu my Saint Georges), (1999) DMF trang 937. i khi, cc bn cng ng
thng qua tha thun. Xem v d CA Gravenhage, ngy 30 thng 8 nm 2005, Tu &
Tn tht 2006, s 13 trang 55, cc bn nht tr rng vic cung cp container l mt phn
ca hp ng chuyn ch, v khng phi tha thun cho thu ring bit.
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TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

khc. Mt vi cng c gn y thm ch bao gm c nhng iu khon r rng
hn i vi nh hng ny. 9 Trong trng hp , thm nh php lut v vic
ngi chuyn ch cung cp container s mt i tnh xc ng ca n, v trch
nhim ca ngi chuyn ch v vic cung cp container s b chi phi bi lut
chuyn ch.10
Ta n Phc thm Aix-en-Provence khng nh r rng rng tha thun v
vic cung cp container l mt hp ng ring bit, nhng ch trong mt s
trng hp hi hu.11 Nhng container c ngi chuyn ch cung cp v bc xp
hng vo , v hng ha b h hng trong khi container vn ang bn cng,
ch xp ln tu. Ngi chuyn ch c gng chng t rng anh ta khng
phi chu trch nhim vo khong thi gian tn tht xy ra v iu khon thi
hn trch nhim c a vo vn n (B/L). i ph vi li bin h ,
bn khiu ni tranh lun rng vic cung cp container l phn c thm vo
hp ng chuyn ch, v rng ngi chuyn ch xp hng do h phi
c trch nhim bng cch xp hng vo container. Ta n khng chp thun
quan im ny, h cho rng vic cung cp container l mt hp ng ring bit,
v quan trng hn, ngi chuyn ch khng chp nhn trch nhim i vi hng
ha qua vic xp hng vo container. Li bin h v thi hn trch nhim l xc
ng bc b khiu ni. Vi thng trc , Ta n Phc thm Versailles cng
khng nh r rng tha thun cung cp container l mt hp ng ring bit v
c lp, xc nhn phn quyt ca Trng ti Thng Mi Nanterre v mt ny. 12
Ta n Versailles i su vo gii thch rng mc ch ly container khng phi
99. Xem v d, iu 7(1) Quy tc Hamburg, iu 22 Cng c CMNI, iu 4 Quy tc
Rotterdam.
1010. Xem CA Rouen, ngy 28 thng 2 nm 2002, Tu Container c, (2002) DMF 965.
Ta n cho rng hp ng cung cp container l hp ng ring bit, nhng li p dung
ch trch nhim theo Quy tc Hague-Visby. i chiu vi P.-J. Bordahandy, Container:
Mt Cu hay mt Quan nim? JIML 342 trang 361 v 365.
1111.Xem CA Aix-en-Provence, ngy 9 thng 12, B.T. s 2833 ngy 7 thng 2 nm 2000,
trang 93.
1212.CA Versailles, ngy 14 thng 2 nm 1999, DMF 1999, trang 933 (tu my SaintGeorges).
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TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

l dng cho vic chuyn ch hng ha, m l bo v hng ha. 13 Ngi gi
hng c th ly container t mt ngun khc ngun ca ngi chuyn ch, anh ta
c th dng nhng container n gin ch tr hng ha m khng cn vn
chuyn, v, nu c yu cu cn vn chuyn, anh ta c th la chn giao hng
khng cha trong container. Theo Ta n, vic cung cp container v chuyn ch
hng ha l nhng hot ng ring r, khng ph thuc vo nhau. iu ny dn
ti Ta n cho rng ngi chuyn ch chu t trch nhim vi container hn, tng
ng theo nhng nguyn tc trong lut cho thu ca Php. iu ny c ngha
ngi chuyn ch phi bo m s thch hp ca container, v chu trch nhim
i vi c n t m khng c gii hn trch nhim. V kin sau c a
ln Ta n Ti cao Php. Ta n tm ngng (kim ch) vic quyt nh xem
iu kin chnh xc trong tha thun cung cp container l nh th no, nhng
khng nh rng, t khi tn tht xy ra khi hng ha nm di s nh ot ca
ngi chuyn ch, trng hp sau ch c th c xem l phi chu trch nhim
da trn Quy tc Hague-Visby.

14

Tuy nhin, vi nm sau, Ta n Phc thm Aix-

en-Provence tm ra cch n nh trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch da

trn tha thun cho thu. Ngi chuyn ch cung cp nhng container ng lnh
chuyn ch tht cu ng lnh t Australia ti Tripoli, Libya. Container b d
ra khi tu ln theo lnh ca mt cng ty c quyn v bc xp hng ha. T biu
nhit thu c sau , c v nh nhit ca mt trong nhng container
bt u tng ln sau s vic d container khi tu 5 ngy, v nhit dng
khong mt tun sau v vic. Mc d tht c chuyn sang mt container
khc, nhng n b h hi ri. Ta n Aix cho rng trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch theo lut chuyn ch ng bin kt thc khi container b d ra
khi tu, v do ngi nhn hng khng th khiu ni ngi chuyn ch da
1313.Xem thm C. HUMANN, v lin quan ti CA Versailles, ngy 14 thng 2 nm 1999
(tu my Saint-Georges), (1999) DMF trang 938 n 941; M.-N. Raynaud, v lin quan
ti Cass. Fr., ngy 5 thng 3 nm 2002 (tu my Saint-Georges), (2002) DMF trang 970
n 972.
1414.Cass. Fr., ngy 5 thng 3 nm 2002, (2002) DMF trang 969 (tu my SaintGeorges). Xem thm P.-J. Bordahandy, Container: Mt Cu hay mt Quan nim?
(2005) JIML 342 trang 360-361; M.-N Raynaud, v lin quan ti Cass. Fr., ngy 5 thng 3
nm 2002 (tu my Saint Georges), (2002) DMF trang 972-974.
9

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

trn c s lut chuyn ch ng bin. Tuy nhin, d Ta nh r tha thun
cung cp container nh mt hp ng cho thu thm vo bn cnh hp ng
chuyn ch, ngi chuyn ch bt buc phi cung cp container ng lnh trong
iu kin ang hot ng. Thc tin rng nhit mt trong nhng container
ng lnh bt u tng ln l bng chng xc ng vi Ta rng container ny b
khim khuyt, v do ngi chuyn ch vi phm ngha v ca mnh theo
tha thun cho thu. Tuy nhin khiu ni li l bi ngi nhn hng, l bn m Ta
n xc nhn khng phi l mt bn trong tha thun cho thu gia ngi chuyn
ch v ngi gi hng. D vy th Ta n cng khng b qua, sau xc nhn
vi phm hp ng cho thu ca ngi chuyn ch vi ngi gi hng l li c
nhn i vi ngi nhn hng, v chp thun khiu ni ca bn i vi ngi
chuyn ch.15
CONTAINER KHIM KHUYT V NGHA V V KH NNG I BIN
iu khon III(1) ca quy tc Hague-Visby, ngi chuyn ch phi cn mn v
mn cn gip con tu c th an ton trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ngha v
ny, khng ch gii hn con tu m n bao gm tt c cc thit b ca tu (nh
cn cu, xch neo, bt)16 , thm vo l cc b phn gi nhit , lm lnh,
bung lnh v tt c cc phn khc ca con tu m trong hng ha c
chuyn ch (iu khon III(1) (c )).
Khi hng ha c xp vo container cho s thun tin ca tu, ngi ta cho
rng ngha v m bo an ton i bin m rng n c cc container c s
dng. Trong trng hp ny chng nh l nhng thit b c ngi chuyn ch s
dng, ging nh l cn cu ca tu , thit b bo v

1515.CA Aix-en-Provence, ngy 15 thng 2 nm 2007, (2007) DMF, trang 346 (tu my
Matisse, vi mt trng hp lu ch trch mt cch thch ng ca P.J. Bordahandy,
(2007) DMF, trang 351 v Trch nhim Rng buc vi vic Cung cp Container ca Ngi
chuyn ch ng bin: Mt nghin cu tng i ca M/V Matisse Ngh quyt Php
(2007) A & NZ Mar LJ 178.
1616. D.Rabe, Seehandelsrecht,Muxnchen, Verlag C.H.Beck, 2000, no 19 ti p.410; F.Stevens,
Vervoer onder cognossenient, Gent, Larcier, 2001, no 204 p.114.

10

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trng hp, hng ha cng c ng vo container
bi ngi gi hng hoc l ngi i din ca ngi gi hng. Nu bn chuyn
ch cung cp container s dng cho mc ch ny, cc container ny c c
xem xt nh l mt phn ca con tu m trong hng ha c chuyn ch hay
khng ?17 Trong nhng ngy u ca cuc cch mng container, ngi ta lp lun
rng bt k container no c s dng cho vic vn chuyn ng bin c th
c xem xt nh l mt phn ca con tu. Vo nhng ngy cha xy dng
c cc tu chuyn ch container; cc container (c gii hn s lng) vn c
chuyn ch vi hng ha thng thng trn khoang tu ca tu ch hng bch
ha. Trong nhng trng hp , ngi ta c th thy c cc container cung
cp cc chc nng ging nh chc nng ca tu v cc thit b trn tu (xp
hng, bo v hng ha ). Nhng phin bn gn y hn ca l thuyt ny
gim bt s tranh lun i vi nhng container ny, bi nhng c tnh k thut
ca chng, nn chng c th c xem xt nh s m rng ca bn thn con
tu18, v d nh container lnh th khng th thiu c s kt ni vi ngun nng
lng ca con tu hoc mt fortiori phi c s lin kt vi b phn lm lnh ca
con tu.19

1717.P.Bugden, S cung cp container v kh nng i bin, ti website

www.forwarderlaw.com/Feature/conworth.html (kim tra ln cui vo mng 1 thng 1 nm 2013):
Nu trong trng hp, container khng phi l b phn ca con tu, gi lnh hoc trong phng
lnh theo iu khon III, n c ngha l ngi chuyn ch c trch nhim vi iu kin ca
container mc d chng khng c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch . Xem thm Noble v. Lehigh
Valley R.Co 388 F.2d 532 (USCA 2nd Cir. 1968): mc d hng ha trong container c cung cp
bi ngi gi hng th container vn tng ng nh l mt con tu. So snh thm kin ca
bn ng h Strikwerda trng hp C06/082HR, Ta n Supreme H Lan (hi ng ti cao) mng
1 thng 1 nm 2008 (ms Ngi cung cp NDS), phn 7.

1818.H.Boonk, Zeevervoer onder cognosssement, Arnhem, Gouda quint, 1993, ti trang 226; K.H.
Thume, Haftungsprobleme beim Containerverkehr , (1990) TransportR 41 ti trang 42. Xem thm
kin b sung ca bn ng h Strikwerda trong trng hp C06/092HR, Ta n Supreme H Lan
(hi ng ti cao) vo mng 1 thng 1 nm 2008 (ms ngi cung cp NDS), phn 7.

1919.Rb.Rotterdam, ngy 23 thng 2 nm 1990, Schip and Schade nm 1991, no 1 (ms Sylt).
Xem thm P.-J. Borda-handy, Container: Mt cu hi hc ba hay l mt khi nim? , (nm
2005) JIML 342 ti trang 355-356.

11

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

nc Anh, mc d container khim khuyt khng c cho php s dng,
vn ny cha a ti bt k mt iu lut no c ra 20. M, container
c xem vi chc nng l mt phn ca con tu trong mt s trng hp nht
nh v i vi WCA21, nhng c bit i vi trch nhim vi container khim
khuyt , him c lut no nh Anh22. Mt khc, theo lut lc a, ta n li cho
rng container l mt phn ca con tu vi iu khon III (1) (c ) ca quy tc
Hague-Visby23.
Tuy nhin, c nhiu phn quyt t chi vic chp nhn container l mt phn
ca con tu, v coi container khng hn mt kin hng 24. N khng chp nhn s
dng t phn xem xt container nh l mt phn ca con tu 25. Tt nhin l
c nhng phn ca con tu c th tho ra v trao i vi mt ci khc ging nh
th.( v d nh mt ci bnh ga rng hay mt hp cht bi trn rng c thay th
2020.A.Nicholas, Nhim v ca ngi chuyn ch di cng c: cn thn v kh nng i bin,
ti D.R. Thomas (Ed.), Vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin theo quy tc Rotterdam, (nm 2010,
danh sch ca Lloyd) ti trang 114. Xem thm P.-J, Bordahandy, Container: mt cu hi hc ba
hay l khi nim , (nm 2005) JIML 342 ti trang 355-356.

2121.Trong The Mormaclynx, ti ni m Ta n Circuit ln th 2 v khng co va c quyt nh

cho rng container l mt gi hng cho mt s mc ch gii hn, Judge Friendly vit:Chng ti
vn khng th thot khi nim tin rng mc ch ca phn. 4(5) ca COGSA t mt con s hp
l bn di ni m ngi chuyn ch khng nn t gii hn trch nhim cho mnh v ci gi
hng c nhiu lin h vi n v m ngi gi hng ng gi hng ha v miu t chng hn l
mt i tng kim loi, chc nng ca mt con tu, ci m ngi chuyn ch ly l do a
chng vo container. (Leathers Best Inc. v S.S. Mormaclynx and Moore-McCormack Lines Inc. and
Tidewater Terminal, 451 F.2d 800, 1971 AMC 2383 (USCA ln th 2. Cir.1971). Gc nhn quan im
ny c lp li bi Vng 4 ca The MC Olivia ( Universal Leaf Tobacco Company Inc. v Companhia
de Navegacao Maritima Netumar, 993 F.2d 414, 1993 AMC 2493 (USCA 4th Cir. 1993). Cui cng,
ti trng hp WCA , Ta n Supreme US cho rng: C hiu lc, hot ng xp d s b bi b;
container l mt thit b h tr hin i cho vic t chc con tu. (Northeast Marine Terminal Co
Inc v Caputo et al., [1977] AMC 1037 (USSC 1977). Xem thm P-J. Bordahandy, Container: Mt
cu hi hc ba hay l mt khi nim?, (2005) JIML 342 ti trang 352-355.

2222.C mt trng hp c, c quyt nh bi Circuit th 2 nm 1968, Ni m Ta n

phn:Hc thuyt v kh nng i bin thuc vo bn cht v con tu, cho d thn tu, sn tu,
my mc thit b, kho hay hng ha trog container, u l l do ph hp cho mc tiu m chng
c s dng. Nh l con tu b r r khng c kh nng i bin; th hng ha trong container cng
b nh hng. Mc d hng ha trong container cng c cung cp thng thng bi ngi gi
hng, mt container cng phi tng ng vi con tu. (Noble v Lehigh Valley R. Co, 388 F.2d
532 (USCA 2nd Cir.1968)). Trng hp tt nht tng c M l The Red Jaket, ti ni m hng ha
b ph hy bi s tc ng ph hy container. Ta n qun a ra phn quyt: b co
khng hon thnh ngha v mn cn m bo an ton cho chuyn i nh yu cu ca COGSA
M, do , h khng nn cho php conjtainer, mt trong cc thit b, c xp ln tu. (Houlden
and Co ldt v SIS Red Jacket, 1977 AMC 1382 (USDC SDNY 1977)).

12

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

bi mt ci y), nhng nhng phn ny li p ng cho mc ch s dng ca
bn thn con tu. Mt container c chuyn ch, mt khc, khng phc v cho
con tu m ch cha hng ha bn trong n26. Phn tch ny khng b thay i k
c khi s tht l mt s container yu cu phi cung cp mt ngun nng lng
in hay mi trng nhit thp t con tu hot ng c. Nu xc nh
theo tiu chun, container sau khi xut i s tr thnh mt phn ca kho cha
hng ha . iu l tt nhin bi v container bo v hng ha xp bn trong,
nhng cng vi chc nng nh th , thng g, ti nha, ti bc .. v nhiu th
khc li khng c xem xt nh l mt phn ca con tu. S tht rng cc
container c lin kt vi nhau khi xp trn tu v do chng c li trong vic
m bo s an ton cho tt c hng ha cng khng quyt nh iu g c 27. Khi
2323.B: Comm. C.Antwepp, mng 8 thng 6 nm 1999, Transportrechtsparack BVZ no 295a. Xem
thm Comm.C.Antwepp, mng 10 thng 1 nm 1973, R.H.A. 1973, 60 (ms. Mormacrigel): Ta n
c v xem xt container nh l mt phn ca thit b m ngi chuyn ch s dng, nhng t chi
kin chng li ngi chuyn ch bi v cui cng vn l ngha v mn cn. Mt tc gi ngi B
d th no i na ni chung cng khng ng tnh v vic xem xt container l mt phn ca con
tu, xem R. De Wit, Containers , in I. De Weerdt (Ed), Grondbe-ginselen van het Belgisch
privaatrechtelijk greerecht, Part II, Antwerp, ETL, 2003, no 903 ti trang 264; J.Loyens, Juridische
aspecten van containervervo-er , in X, Liber Amicorum Robert Wijfels, Antwerp, ETL, 2001, ti
trang 211; R, Roland, M. Huybrechts v S. Roland, Overzicht van rechtspraak , T.P.R. 1976, no
119 ti trang 167 ; F. Stevens, Vervoer onder cognossement, Gent, Larcier, 2001, no 204 ti trong
114. Php : CA Aix en- provence, ngy 18 thng 11 nm 1980, DMF 1981 , 559 ti trang 562 (ms.
Maribor), vi trng hp in hnh ghi ch bi R. Achard. H Lan: Rb. Rotterdam, ngy 23 thng
2 nm 1990, Schip v Schade 1991, S 1 (ms Sylt); Rb.Rotterdam, ngy 24 thng 8 nm 2000,
Schip v Schade 2001, S 112 (ms, EWWL Venexuela). Xem thm G.Yu, Trch nhim vi
Container Trung Quc. [1995] LMCLQ ti trang 15, trch dn trng hp ca Ta n Thng Hi
Maritime cho rng container l mt phn ca con tu; W,Tetley, Yu cu bi thng hng ha
ng bin, Vol. 1 Cow-ansville, Les Editions Yvon Blais, 2008 ( Ed th 4 ) , ti trang 921-922.

2424.Xem thm , v d, CA Paris , ngy 19 thng 11 nm 1979, DMF 1980, 731 ti trang 734 (ms
Zim Iberia); CA s Gravenhage, 30 thng 8 nm 2005 , Schip and Schade 2006 , No 15 (ms NDS
Provides).

2525.So snh T.Jumelet, FCL FCL Container Revolution , (2008) ETL 281 ti trang 283; N.J
Marget-son, Aasprakelijkheid van de zeevervoerder voor ladingschade als gevolg van
onzeewardigheid van zn container (2008) NTHR 173 trang 143.

2626.T.Aladwani, Ngun cung cp container v kh nng i bin- Quy tc Rotterdam (2011) 42 J

Mar L & Com 185 trang 186.

2727.So snh P-J Borgadandy, Container: cu hi hc ba hay l khi nim?, (2005)

JIML 342 trang 344.
13

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

mt kin hng st c xp trn nh ca nhng khi granit, kin hng st c
th vng chc da vo s h tr ca khi pha di, nhng iu khng
lm cho lng hng granit thnh mt phn ca con tu. Thm vo , nu
container c xem l mt phn ca con tu, iu c ngha l hng ha xp
trong container c coi l ln tu v nm di trch nhim ca ngi chuyn
ch cho n khi container c giao28. Ni chung l tht kh ni rng container
l mt phn ca con tu29.
Tuy nhin, gn y, ta n ti cao H Lan thm mt s thay i th v vo
l thuyt phn. Trong trng hp ngi cung cp NDS, kin hng thuc l b
thit hi do ngm nc bi v nhng ci l trn trn ca 2 container do ngi
chuyn ch cung cp. Ta n Rotterdam cho rng container c xem nh mt
phn ca con tu v ngi chuyn ch phi cn mn v mn cn trong vic chm
sc hng ha trong container30. Trong khng co, Ta n ca Gravenhage i
ngc li quyt nh v cho rng container vn ch l mt kin hng nh bnh
thng, nhng ngi chuyn ch cung cp phng tin ng gi cho ngi gi
hng th cn phi m bo l n ph hp cho mc ch s dng31.
Trong khng co n Ta n ti cao, bn bin h v ta n u nhn ra rng c
iu khon III(1)(c ) v quyn Travaux Prparatoires u khng a ra c cu
tr li r rng l container c phi l mt phn ca con tu hay khng v khng
mt quc gia no chp nhn cch nhn nhn v quan im ny nh vy. Ta n ti
cao do la chn theo iu khon III(1)(c ) gii quyt v vic ny. Ngi
chuyn ch phi cn mn, mn cn trong vic m bo sun s trong qu trnh
vn chuyn, bi v con tu phi bo v hng ha trn boong chng li nhng e
2828. P-J Borgadandy, Container: cu hi hc ba hay l khi nim?, (2005) JIML 342
trang 349.
2929.So snh E.Kenguep, La notion de conteneur en droit des transports internationaux
de marchan-dises par mer: Iapport des Rgles de Rotterdam, (2011) Vol 17 Neptunus
(Digtal Review of the centre de droit Maritime et Oceanique, University of Nantes) no 22
trang 8.
3030.Rb.Rotterdam, 27 thng 8 nm 2003 , Schip and Schade 2005, s 1.
3131.Cas Gravenhage, 30 thng 8 nm 2005 Schip and Schade 2006, s 13.
14

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

da t bin. Cng v nh th, nu ngi chuyn ch cung cp container, cc
container s c m bo iu kin tt bo v hng ha trnh khi nguy
him trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ni cch khc, mc d container khng phi l
mt phn ca cn tu t gc nhn k tht nhng n c coi nh l mt phn ca
con tu theo gc nhn php lut32.
h tr cho quyt nh ca h, Ta n ti cao tham kho theo quy tc
Rotterdam33. Ngha v mn cn ca iu khon III(1) ca quy tc Hague-Visby
xut hin trong iu 14 ca quy tc Rotterdam, vi 2 s thay i : ngha v mn
cn tr thnh ngha v xuyn sut trong thi gian i bin v bao gm chi tit bt
k container no c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch u c coi l hng ha
chuyn ch
S m rng ca ngha v mn cn n vic ngi chuyn ch cung cp
container c xut ln CMI, v khng c nhiu s phn bin t nhm lm vic
s 3 ca UNCITRAL34. Trong thc t, cc i biu c v ngh rng h ch xc nhn
thng tin theo kin a s c xut bi ta n 35, iu khng thc s chnh
xc36. Ni dng ca iu khon cung cp container c s thay i nh gia cc
3232.Ta n ti cao H Lan (Hoge Raad), 1 thng 1 nm 2001 , trng hp C06/082HR
(ms NDS provider). Vi ghi ch v bnh lun v quyt nh ny, xem J.Eckoldt, Der
Container: Ein Teil des Schiffes?, (2008) Transport R 244; T.Jumelet, FCL FCL Container
Revolution (2008) ETL 281 N.J.Margetson, Aansprakelijkheid van de zeevervoerder voor
ladingschade als govolg van onzeewaardigheid van zn container, (2008) NTHR 137.
3333.Ti thi im ra quyt nh ca ta n ti cao, Quy tc Rotterdam khng c ph
duyt. Ta n da theo bo tho A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.81 vo ngy 13 thng 2 nm 2007.
3434.Vn v Container c gii trnh tht s vo Phin th 12 (A/CN.9/544, s 152).
Mt s gii thch khc ca iu lut c thm nh (Session ln th 19, A/CN.9/621, s
58 v Session th 21 A?CN.9/645 s 50) tp trung vo vic tip tc nhim v.
3535.UNCITRAL Doc. A/CN.9/544, s 152 trang 47.
3636.So snh N.Margetson, Aansprakelijkheid van de zeevervoerder voor ladingschade
als gevolg van onzeewaardigheid van zn container, (2008) NTHR 137 trang 140;
N.Marhetson,Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch di quy tc Hague (Visby) cho hng
ha b tn tht vi kh nng i bin ca container (2008) JIML 153; T.Nikaki, Trch
nhim ca ngi chuyn ch cung cp con tu c kh nng i bin v ngha v mn cn
ca DR Thomas, Mt hip c mi cho chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin Quy tc
Rotterdam, (2009, Lawtext Publishing Ltd) 89 trang 104.
15

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

phin bn, nhng thay i quan trng nht c to ra trong khi i hi ng
cng nhn phin bn ca cng ca quy tc Rotterdam. Trong mt li ngh t H
Lan37, ni dung bao gm bt k container c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch
c thay i thnh v bt k container no c cung cp bi ngi chuyn
ch, s thay i lm r vic container khng c coi l mt b phn ca con
tu38.
Theo quy tc Rotterdam, ngha v mn cn chnh l ngha v xuyn sut:
Ngi chuyn ch phi cn mn v mn cn trong vic bo v an ton cho hng
ha trong qu trnh hng ha c vn chuyn trn bin. Ngha v ny, d th
no i na , cng l iu tch cc ; ngi chuyn ch khng th m bo s vnh
vin gi cho container trong iu kin hon ho v trnh bt k thit hi no v
hng ha trong container. Hu ht cc chuyn vn chuyn container khng th c
kh nng thay i container trong qu trnh vn chuyn trn bin. Mc d phi
hnh on thng bo c mt vn vi mt ci container trong hng nhng
cng khng th lm g nhiu trong trng hp ny. Mt cu hi th v l khi no
ngi chuyn ch ht ngha v i vi container? iu khon 14 ni rng ngi
chuyn ch b rng buc vi trch nhim mn cn trong sut qu trnh i bin.
Rt r rng, do nn nu container ,sau khi c giao cho ngi nhn hng ,
c vn chuyn ti ch cui cng , ngi chuyn ch ng bin s khng cn
ngha v mn cn trong thi gian vn chuyn ny. Tuy nhin, cn thi gian t khi
a container ri khi tu cho n lc container n tay ngi nhn, khi container
trn cn tu th s chu s kim sot ca ngi chuyn ch hay l mt bn no
khc?39 Trong ngha en ca iu khon 14, iu ny s khng cn l trong qu
trnh vn chuyn trn bin, v ngi chuyn ch khng cn c ngha v mn cn.
3737.UNCITRAL Doc. A/CN.9/658/Add.9.
3838.P.Delebecque,Ngha v ca ngi chuyn ch, ca A.von Ziegler, J.Schellin v S.Zunarelli,
Nguyn tc Rotterdam 2008. Bnh lun n UNCCICGW hoc bn ng bin,(2010 , Wolters
Kluwer) 71 trang 89.

3939.So snh T.Nikaki, Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch cung cp con tu kh nng
i bin v trch nhim mn cn ca DR Thomas (Ed.) , Mt hip c mi cho vn ti
hng ha bng ng bin Nguyn tc Rotterdam, (2009, Lawtext Publishing Ltd) 89
trang 107.
16

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Tuy nhin, c mt kt qu kh bt ng, k l l trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
ch kt thc khi hng ha n tay ngi nhn hng. iu ny c v logic v ph
hp hn vi cc nguyn tc ca quy tc Rotterdam vi cm t qu trnh chuyn
ch trn bin, t nht l vi container, ch kt thc khi vn chuyn container n
tay ngi nhn hng.
Nhim v gi cho container an ton v khng b tc ng xu khng c vit
trn hp ng (iu khon 79(1)) . Khng ging nh cc ngha v v kh nng i
bin i vi con tu v i thy th, tuy nhin , n cng khng phi l mt iu
bt buc m ngay c mt hp ng cng khng th b qua mt bn (iu khon
80(4)).
Nu cng-ten-n c coi nh l mt phn ca tu hoc c ng ha vi
mt phn ca con tu th ngi chuyn ch phi thc hin nh gi vi trch
nhim cao nht lm cng-ten-n tr nn ph hp vi hng ha chuyn
ch.nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht,theo lut Hague-Visby hin hnh,phi
c thc hin trc khi vo thi im bt u chuyn i bin .Tuy nhin cu
hi c t ra l khi no th chuyn i bin bt u trn phng din vi cngten-n? Liu rng ngi chuyn ch c phi thc hin nh gi vi trch nhim
cao nht trc khi giao cng-ten-n cho ngi gi hng hoc trc khi cng-tenn c cht hng c bc ln boong tu? 40 Nu cng-ten-n l mt phn ca
tu vy th h qu hp l ca vic l vic hng ha c coi nh c bc
ln tu ngay khi chng c cht vo cng-ten-n,v iu ny cng c ngha l
y chnh l thi im chuyn i bin bt u.Ngi chuyn ch v vy phi thc
hin nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht ty thuc vo thi im hng c cht
vo cng-ten-n.Tuy nhin trong thc t,cng-ten-n thng c giao cho ngi
gi hng mt thi gian trc khi cht hng ln.Trong sut thi gian ny,c hi
ngi chuyn ch bo dng cng-ten-n l rt hn ch v ngi chuyn ch
khng cn nm gi quyn s hu vt l vi cng-ten-n na.V th,trong thc
t,ngha v nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht kt thc khi cng-ten-n c
giao cho ngi gi hng.Hn na,s l kh khn hn nhiu,nu khng mun ni l
4040. So vi J.Eckoldt, Ngi chuyn ch: Mt phn ca con tu?(2008) Lut vn ti 244 trang
246.

17

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

khng th, kim tra tnh trng ca cng-ten-n cht y hng ( v nim
phong ) hn l kim tra n vn cn rng.Cng l r rang rng cng-ten-n phi
m bo ph hp vi hng ha chuyn ch (sch,chng thm,c kh nng lm
lnh,v..v..) khi hng ha c cht ln cng-ten-n,khng ch mt thi gian sau
khi c bc ln boong tu.
Mc d c nhng quy nh khc cho vic rng buc trch nhim ngi chuyn
ch vi vic cung cp cng-ten-n khim khuyt ( xem phn tho lun di
y),vn xoay quanh vic nu cng-ten-n l mt phn ca con tu v do
vic p dng ngha v nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht l ht sc quan
trng,c bit vi cc nc trong coi trch nhim ny l mt trch nhim ti
quan trng.Nu vic thc hin nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht cung cp
cng-ten-n ph hp hng ha v iu kin i bin l mt phn ca trch nhim
bt buc trong iu III th ngi chuyn ch m khng lm ng thc hin ny v
cung cp cng-ten-n khng iu kin s khng th c bo v bi iu IV
ca lut Hague-Visby.L lun trch nhim bt buc cng loi tr s phn chia trch
nhim gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng ngi m,v d,phi bit hoc
ng l phi bit v khim khuyt nhng li khng c bt c hnh ng no.
Tuy nhin,nn ch rng lut Rotterdam,b lut m rng mt cch r rng
nh ngha v cng-ten-n ph hp i bin,cng bi b nh ngha trch nhim
bt buc ny.41
CONTAINER KHIM KHUYT V BO DNG HNG HA
iu III(2) ca lut Hague-Visby ch ra rng ngi chuyn ch s thc hin chnh
xc v cn trng vi vic bc hng,x l,cht hng ha,bo dng,trng coi v d
hng c chuyn ch.Trch nhim bo dng hng ha ny s phi c p
dng gp i vi trng hp l container km m bo.
Nu container khng c nhn nhn nh l mt phn ca tu,n s c xem
nh l mt phng tin ng gi v cht xp hng ha hoc chung hn l mt
4141.C th thy,trong trng hp, Cu hi v cu tr li da trn Lut Rotterdam, theo
CMI IWG da trn lut Rotterdam, mng 10 thng 10 nm 2009,tr li cho cu hi 6.4:
Lut Rotterdam r rng loi tr khi nim trch nhim ti quan trng ca ngi
chuyn ch,iu m vn c chp nhn mt s phn xt.
18

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

phng tin x l hng ha.Nu ngi chuyn ch cung cp trang b cho ngi
gi hng dng x l hng ha th c mt lun im r rng rng trch nhim
x l hng ha chnh xc v cn thn bao gm c trch nhim cho ngi chuyn
ch nhm m bo rng trang b cung cp cho ngi gi hng trong tnh trng
hon ton ph hp vi hng ha thc hin bc hng v chuyn i bin c th
c thc hin.D rng c kin tri chiu rng trong li iu III dng nh
ngh rng trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ch p dng trong sut thi gian
chuyn i bin,bt u bng vic bc hng ln tu v kt thc bng vic d hng
xung tu.Tuy nhin vo thi im lut Hague-Visby c pht trin,ngi
chuyn ch khng cung cp trang b cho ngi gi hng nhiu ngy thm ch
nhiu tun trc khi hng ha thc s c bc ln tu v chuyn i c bt
u,v th y thc s l mt s ngc nhin rng kh nng ny r rang khng
ng vi iu III.Quan trng hn,tht kh nhn thy rng lm sao ngi
chuyn ch c th gi v bo dng chnh xc,cn thn hng ha nu nhng
hng ha ny c cht vo nhng container khim khuyt cung cp bi chnh
ngi chuyn ch.Lm sao ngi chuyn ch c th bo v hng ha khi tc hi
ca nc nu nh hng c ng trong container vi l thng nc hoc ca h.
Trch nhim bo dng hng ha cng tr nn xc ng khi cng-ten-n c
khim khuyt hoc xut hin biu hin cho thy c khim khuyt b mt trong
sut cuc hnh trnh.Vi nhng tnh hung ny,s l khng xc ng vi c
container cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch cng nh ngi gi hng.Nu ngi gi
hng ng gi hng ca h trong chnh container ca h, container tr thnh
mt phn ca hng ha v s c giao cho ngi chuyn ch cho chuyn chuyn
ch.
Trch nhim bo dng hng ha thc s thch hp vi ring cng-ten-n ng
lnh,ni m c th bt u gp s c v s c ny s c pht hin bi thit b

19

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

o nhit ,chung cnh bo nhit ,v..v 42 Tt nhin,trong mt vi trng
hp,s l khng th cho ngi chuyn ch c th hnh ng ng n.Nu
container gp s c nm gia ng container v khng th tip cn vt l,ngi
chuyn ch khng th lm g hn.Do vy,iu III ch yu cu ngi chuyn ch
bo dng hng ha chun xc

m khng yu cu h phi m bo rng s

khng c thit hi no cho hng ha.Mt khc,nu cng-ten-n gp s c c th

tip cn trong hnh trnh th ngi chuyn ch phi thc hin ng n nhng
hnh ng cn thit m ng ta c th hoc ng l phi lm c trong trng
hp .43 Tu ng lnh thng mang theo nhiu b phn thay th cho hu ht
loi cng-ten-n ng lnh,cht lm lnh thay th,..v..v.Nu mt cng-ten-n lm
lnh b pht hin thy c trc trc v c th tip cn c.i th s thc s c
gng sa cha tnh trng ny.Tuy nhin,mt ln na,bo dng hng ha khng
phi l mt trch nhim tuyt i.Mt v d ca nhng nguyn tc ny c th
c tm thy trong phn quyt ca ta n Antwerp ngy 29 thng 10 nm
2007.44 25 container ng lnh ca ngi gi hng cht y g thng v g ty
ng lnh c vn chuyn t Anwerp n Nigeria.Trong sut thi gian chuyn
ch,3 trong s chng ngng hot ng,mt ci do trc trc c kh ca b phn
4242.Thm ch nu chng khng b trc trc i na th trch nhim chm sc vn l mt iu c
bit vi container ng lnh.Theo CA Antwerp, ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2002 ,trng hp n o
2000/AR/816,Kuhne v Heitz / Hamburg (ting c), trang 4 : ngi chuyn ch phi chm sc
cn thn cng-ten-n iu ha kh c y thc cho anh ta,bng vic kt ni chng vi h
thng lm mt ca tu,thit lp chnh xc nhit khng kh v gim st hnh trnh,lu thng kh
trong sut chuyn i.Cng c th thy Ta n ti cao H Lan (Hoge Raad), ngy 18 thng 11
nm 1988, Schip v Schade 1989,s 38 (ms. Nopal Optima 102). Phn quyt u tin ca ton
n tuyn b rng trch nhim thuc v ngi chuyn ch v anh ta khng kim tra ng n chc
nng ca thit b lm lnh trong sut hnh trnh,iu c xem nh l mt s thit st ca vic
chm sc cn thn hng ha.Tuyn b trc khi c phn xt ti cao ch l ngi chuyn ch c
th gii hn trch nhim ca anh ta.

4343. Rb.Rotterdam,ngy 23 thng 2 nm 1990, Schip v Schade 1991,no 1 (ma.Sylt).Ngi

chuyn ch ch trong sut chuyn i rng nhit ca cng-ten-n ng lnh ang tng dn.Ti
cng trung gian,ngi chuyn ch phi c gng tm ra nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny nhng
khng thnh cng.Ngi chuyn ch cui cng quyt nh tip tc i n cng ch m khng thc
hin thm o lng no thm.Cng nh R.De Wit, cng-ten-n, trong I.De Weerdt,Zeerecht.
Grondbeginselen van het Belgisch Privaatrechtelijk Zeerecht, Vol.2,Antwerp,ETL,2003, n o 903
trang 264.

4444. CA Antwerp, ngy 29 thng 10 nm 2007,khng c bo co, trng hp n o

2006/AR/2799,Fecco Holding / Safmarine Container Lines (ms.Arkatis Mistral).
20

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

m-t

nn,hai ci cn l l do r r mch dn cht lm lnh.V mt chic

container u tin,Ta n tuyn b rng loi m t nn khng thuc bt c b

ph tng ca cc cng-ten-n thng dng no trn tu v ngi gi hng cng
khng c ph tng thay th.45 V vy,vic ngi chuyn ch tht bi trong vic
sa cha thay th m t nn b hng l khng vi phm trch nhim bo dng
hng ha.Vi 2 chic container cn li,gim nh vin c ta n ch nh tm ra
rng i th my c th kh d dng tm ra v sa cha ch r r v bm y h
thng bng cht lm lnh mi. Do ,theo nguyn tc,ta n tuyn b rng trch
nhim bo dng hng ha m rng sang ngi chuyn ch sa cha r r v
bm y h thng.Tuy nhin,trong trng hp ny,c thm mt kh khn
na.Trong sut s vic din ra,cht lm lnh ny lin quan n du bi trn trong
my nn kh,iu ny c ngha l cht lm lnh v du bi trn phi tng hp vi
nhau v mt ha hc.Container b h hi vn c bm y cht lm lnh tng
hp vi c hai loi du khong v du este. Con tu thc s c cht lm lnh thay
th trn tu nhng c 2 loi : mt loi ch tng thch vi du khong cn loi kia
ch tng thch vi du este. V ngi chuyn ch khng bit c loi du no
dng trong my nn, h hi ngi gi hng loi cht lm lnh no nn c
dng ti np vo h thng. Tuy nhin nhng thc mc ny khng c tr
li. D vy, s thiu st hi m ny t ngi gi hng khng lm cng vic sa
cha ca ngi chuyn ch tr nn bt kh thi trong tnh hung ny. Th my c
th tho sch du my nn v thay bng loi du sn c v sau ti np cht
lm lnh ph hp vo h thng.Tuy nhin,Ta n cn nhc iu ny rt k lng
v rt cuc tuyn b rng ngi chuyn ch mt ln hi kin ca ngi gi
hng v khng nhn c cu tr li, h lm ng bn phn ca ngi chuyn
ch vi vic bo dng hng ha.
Trch nhim bo dng hng ha l mt trch nhim tip din xuyn sut
chuyn i bin, trong khi trch nhim thc hin s cn mn thch ng lm con
tu kh nng i bin ch p dng trc v khi bt u chuyn i bin. Vic
4545. T bn bo co kho st,n cho thy rng ngi gi hng i khi thc s mang
theo b ph tng vi cng-ten-n ca h.Nu iu l ng,Ta n s rt c th tuyn
b rng vic sa cha thay th m-t l mt phn trch nhim bo dng ca ngi
chuyn ch.
21

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

cng-ten-n c coi l mt phn ca tu hay mt b phn ca hng ha dng
nh c h qu quan trng vi khung thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch.
Nu cng-ten-n c coi nh l mt phn ca tu, ngi chuyn ch ch phi
thc hin s cn mn thch ng trc v bt u chuyn i bin; mt khc nu
cng-ten-n c xem nh l mt phn ca hng ha, ngi chuyn ch phi
chm lo cng-ten-n sut cuc hnh trnh. D vy, im khc bit ny khng
c nh gi qu cao. Mi hp ng, bao gm hp ng vn ti, phi c thc
hin da vo s tin tng. Thm ch nu mt cng-ten-n c coi l mt phn
ca con tu , ngi chuyn ch cng kh m lp lun rng, mc d ng ta bit
rng cng-ten-n ng tr nn trc trc v mc d ng ta c th (d dng) sa
cha trong tnh hung ny, nhng ng ta li chn khng lm g c bi v s cn
mn thch ng ch yu cu thc hin trc v ti lc bt u hnh trnh. Tuy
nhin s thiu st hnh ng s thng mang n hiu ng tip theo l s thiu
st ca vic bo dng hng ha, iu m hon ton thuc trch nhim ca ngi
chuyn ch.46
Nh nhc n trn, Lut Rotterdam r rng bao gm cng-ten-n trong
phm vi trch nhim cn mn thch ng (iu 14c), v cng chuyn i trch
nhim ny sang trch nhim tip din.
M BO S PH HP VI MC CH (NGM NH)
Cho d vic cung cp container ca ngi chuyn ch cho ngi giao hng c
xem l mt phn ph ca cc hp ng vn chuyn hoc hp ng (cho thu)
ring bit, trong c hai trng hp, c th v hp l hiu mt s m bo
ngm nh v s ph hp vi mc ch trong hp ng ny. 47 Hng vn ti thc s
bit rng cc container h cung cp s c s dng vn chuyn hng ha
bng ng bin, v cc loi hng ho thng thng c ng trong cc
container (hng bch ha, hng kh hay lng khi lng ln, hng p lnh hay
ng lnh, vv) .
4646.i chiu G.Treitel v F.Reynols, Carver on Bills of Landing ( ti bn ln th 3) (2011,
London) trang 768.Trong lut v hp ng ca Anh khng quy nh trch nhim chung v
s thin ch.
22

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l bt k khuyt tt no ca container s
lun l mt hnh vi vi phm s m bo ny. V d, thng thng c th mt
lng nh cn st li ca hng ha trong chuyn hng trc khng phi l vn
, nhng s l rt bt li i vi mt s hng ha c bit. Nu ngi chuyn ch
khng bit rng container s c s dng cho mt trong s nhng hng ha c
bit, hoc khng bit (v khng c cho l bit) rng hng ha c th b nhim
bn hay h hng bi hng ha trc , vic cung cp container khng trnh
c hon ton s nh hng ca chuyn hng ha trc s khng b coi l
hnh vi vi phm bo m s ph hp.
Quan trng hn, hc thuyt ny khng tr li cho cu hi nh l ch trch
nhim php l no c p dng: ch trch nhim theo Hague Visby vi gii
hn trch nhim hay ch trch nhim thng thng theo hp ng tha thun?
BO CHA I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT
Nu container thuc s hu ca ngi gi hng b khuyt tt v khim tt ny l
nguyn nhn gy ra h hng hng ha c ng trong container, iu khon
IV(2) ca Nguyn tc Hague c quy nh mt vi bo cha ngi chuyn ch c
th s dng: hnh ng hoc s bt cn ca ngi chuyn ch ( iu khon IV(2)
(i)), ng hng thiu ( iu khon IV(2)(n)) v n t ( iu khon IV(2)(p)). Ngi
gi hng phi chun b hng ha c kh nng chu ng c hnh trnh d
4747.R. De Wit. Containers trong I. De Weerdt, Zeerecht. Grondbeginselen van het
Belgisch Privaatrechteliik Zeerecht, tp 2. Antwerp, ETL, 2003, s 903 trang 263;
S.Harrington, Legal Problems arising from Containerization and Intermodal Transport,
[1982] ETL 3 trang 12. i chiu vi Noble v Lehigh Valley R.Co, 388F.2d 532 (USCA 2nd
Cir 1968), Ta n lin kt ngha v kh nng i bin ph hp vi mc ch:
Hc thuyt kh nng i bin bn cht l mt th v con tu, xem thn tu, boong
tu, my mc, cc dng c, ng, kho cha hng hoc container cha hng phi ph
hp vi mc ch m chng c s dng. Cng xem CA Paris, 14/11/1984, DMF 1986,
282 trang 285, Ta n phn quyt rng l trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch bi v
container anh ta cung cp khng ph hp bo v hng ha, v CA Paris, 10/6/1986,
DMF 1087, 506 ti trang 508 ( ms. Hlne Delmas), Toi n cho rng ngi chuyn ch
trong bt k trng hp no c trch nhim cho s trc trc ca container, d chng c
coi l mt phn ca con tu hoc qu trnh ng gi. Cng nh vy CA Antwerp,
30/5/1995, v n cha c bo co n 0 1989/AR/846 (ms. Kapitan Tomson): Ta n n
gin ch ra rng ngi chuyn ch phi chc chn v s ph hp ca container m anh ta
cung cp m khng a ra cc thc o c bn v mt php l ca ngha v ny.
23

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

nh. Nu vic chun b ny, bao gm c vic ng hng vo container thuc s
hu ca ngi gi hng, container v vic ng hng ha phi ph hp vi tnh
cht ca hng ha v hnh trnh d nh. Nu khng nm trong trng hp ny,
theo nguyn tc Hague Visby c th lp lun rng khon tin cho vic ng hng
thiu l mt bo cha cho ngi chuyn ch. 48 Khi tnh trng khuyt tt ca
container khng th nhn thy c, ngi chuyn ch c th vin dn bo cha
v li n t, mc d iu khon ny thng c hiu p dng cho ngi
chuyn ch cung cp thit b tu thy. Bo cha v li n t cng khng thc
s cn thit, v bo cha v ng hng thiu l mt i tng bo cha. Ch c
mt yu t lin quan l vic ng gi khng y v vic khng phi l vn
.
Tuy nhin, iu g s xy ra nu container c cung cp bi ngi chuyn
ch? Khi hnh ng hay s bt cn ca ngi gi hng s khng phi l vn
xem xt chnh49, nhng ngi chuyn ch c th dn chiu ng gi thiu hay n
t lin quan n container do chnh h cung cp khng? iu khon IV(2) khng
c cu tr li cho cu hi ny. Tuy nhin bo cha do ng hng thiu c v gp
kh khn nu vic ng hng b thiu m nguyn nhn l do tnh trng khuyt tt
ca container c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch. Nu ngi chuyn ch cung
cp container, ngi chuyn ch thc hin mt phn trch nhim ca ngi gi
hng: nu nh ngi gi hng khng nhn container t ngi chuyn ch, anh ta
c th ly container t ngun khc. Nu sau container cung cp bi ngi
chuyn ch b khuyt tt v tnh trng khuyt tt l nguyn nhn gy ra tn
tht th chnh hnh ng ca ngi chuyn ch l nguyn nhn gc tn tht i
vi hng ha. Trong hon cnh nh vy, tr khi c tha thun khc, mt bn
(ngi chuyn ch) khng th gi rng buc trch nhim vi pha i tc (ngi
4848.Xem xt v d Cass. Fr. (Ch. Com.) 27/10/1998/ DMF 1999. Trang 608 (ms. Bo
Johnson), trng hp ch P. Pestel-Debord. Xem thm P.-J. Bordahandy, Containers: A
Conundrum or a conceptk?[2005] JIML 342 trang 359, E. Kenguep, La notion de
conteneur en droit des transports internationaux de marchandises par mer: lapport des
Refgles de Rotterdam, Neptunus ( Digital Review of the Centre de droit Maritime et
Ocanique, University of Nantes), tp 17, 2011 /2. S 21 trang 7-8.
4949. Nhng xem phn bn di, trong phn kim tra v bo lu
24

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

gi hng) v chnh s tht bi trong thc hin hp ng ca mnh. Nguyn tc
Rotterdam xc nhn chnh xc nguyn tc ny trong iu khon 17(3)(i) 50 v iu
khon 3451: nu ngi gi hng y thc cho ngi chuyn ch thc hin mt s
ngha v ca mnh, v ngi chuyn ch cu th v gy ra tn tht, anh ta
khng th gi c rng buc trch nhim php l ca ngi gi hng cho s tn
tht gy ra bi hnh ng hay s cu th ca anh ta.
Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp ngoi l, l khi ngi chuyn ch khng
hoc khng th nhn thc c tnh trng khuyt tt ca container anh ta cung
cp. Nu mc d ngi chuyn ch s dng tt c cc bin php hp l c th,
container vn b khuyt tt, ngi chuyn ch c th dn chiu Bo cha v n t
khng phi chu trch nhim.52 Nu ngi chuyn ch c th chng minh y
thc s l mt n t, mt khuyt tt m khng th pht hin thng qua kim tra
v quan st mt cch hp l theo tp qun hoc gim nh, trong hu ht cc
trng hp anh ta s chng minh c l anh ta trng nom container mt cch
ng n ( nu container c coi l mt phng tin x l hng ha) v anh
ta cn mn thch ng ( nu container c coi l mt phn ca con tu)
KIM TRA V BO LU

5050.Ngi chuyn ch c gim ton b hoc mt phn trch nhim ca anh ta nu

anh ta chng minh c rng mt hay nhiu s kin di y hoc nhng trng hp gy
ra hay gp phn gy ra tn tht : () (i) Bc hng, qu trnh mua bn, qu trnh sp xp
hay d hng c thc hin ng theo tha thun c quy nh trong iu khon 13,
on vn th 2, ch khi ngi chuyn ch hoc bn thc hin thc hin cc hnh ng
trn danh ngha ca ngi gi hng, chng t gi hng, ngi nhn hng ha.
5151. Ngi gi hng c trch nhim v mt php l cho vic vi phm ngha v ca anh
ta c quy nh trong hip nh ny m c gy ra bi hnh ng hay s bt cn ca
bt k ai, bao gm c nhn cng, i l v cng ty con v bn c giao ph trch nhim
thc hin ca bt k ngha v no ca anh ta, tuy nhin ngi gi hng khng phi chu
trch nhim php l cho nhng hnh ng hay s bt cn ca ngi chuyn ch hoc
bn thc hin di danh ngha ngi chuyn ch v bn c ngi gi hng giao ph
vic thc hin ngha v ca n.
5252. Cass. Fr. 21/02/1984, DMF 1985, 208 (ms. Butterfly ). Ta n cho rng s c ca
container ch ng ch khi xy ra tn tht v xc nhn quyt nh ca Ta n Appeal
bc b i bi thng ca ngi chuyn ch.
25

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Khi container c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch v sau b khuyt tt,
cu hi thng c t ra l liu ngi gi hng c nn kim tra container v
bo lu tnh trng hng ha hoc t chi container. Nh thng l, c hai thi cc
nhng trng hp c th xy ra u c th c gii quyt mt cch d dng.
Nu ngi chuyn ch cung cp container vi mt l thng ln, r rng trn nc,
ngi gi hng thc s nhn thy nhng l thng ny v c hnh ng thch ng
( t chi container, s cha l thng, vv). y l mt phn trch nhim ca cc
bn m bo s tin tng trong thc hin hp ng. Mt khc, nu ngi gi
hng khng thc hin hnh ng no sa cha v ng hng ha ca anh ta
vo mt chic container r rng b khuyt tt, anh ta c coi nh l chp
nhn tnh trng (khuyt tt) ca container, v phi chp nhn hu qu v mt
php l. Ti thiu cn c mt s phn chia thit hi gia ngi chuyn ch cung
cp container b khuyt tt r rng v ngi gi hng chp nhn container
.53 Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi chuyn ch phi dn chng n iu khon
IV(2)(i) ca Nguyn tc Hague-Visby, s bt cn ca ngi gi hng trong vic
khng thc hin hnh ng no sa cha l nguyn nhn hoc t nht gp
phn gy ra tn tht. Trong phm vi ca lnh vc, iu ny cng r rng tng t
nh nu khuyt tt ch c th pht hin ra bi phn tch k thut mt cch chi tit
( v d : Khuyt tt v cu trc trong cu trc thp ca container), ngi gi hng
khng b bt buc phi kim tra container trn quy m v s chi tit c th
pht hin ra khuyt tt loi ny.
Vn l trong trng hp c s ln ln gia hai thi cc. Liu ngi gi
hng c bt buc phi kim tra container c cung cp cho mt l thng nh ?
Liu ngi gi hng ng lnh c bt buc phi thc hin kim tra trc chuyn i
cho container c cung cp bi ngi chuyn ch ? Theo quan im ca tc gi,
trch nhim thc hin hp ng mt cch thin ch tht s yu cu ngi gi
hng tin hnh kim tra mt cch hp l ty theo hon cnh. 54 Lin quan n
kim tra trong trng hp ngi gi hng c am hiu v container. Khng cn nh
n ngi k s bit c rng nc bng thp hoc thnh ca container b g
5353.Xem thm D. Rabe, Seehandelstrecht, Munchen, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2000, n 0 6 trang
554.
26

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

st v g st c th dn n vic container b thng v vic kim tra nhng l
thng trn nc v thnh ch cn bng mt thng m khng cn yu bt k k
nng c bit no. Mt khc, nu g st mt v tr no , i vi c mt chuyn
gia, l biu hin cnh bo r rng rng c th c nhng vn khc, khng
th trng mong ngi gi hng thng thng c nhng am hiu v kinh nghim
tin hnh nhng kim tra chuyn su hn. Hng ha c chuyn ch cng l
mt yu t lin quan. Nu chng khng d b h hng, phn cn b ca chuyn
hng trc trong container khng thc s phi l mt vn ln. Mt khc, nu
hng ha c chuyn ch li d b nhim bn, ngi gi hng cn cnh bo
mc cao v cn b cn li.
Tuy nhin, liu y c trch nhim phi kim tra nu container c cho l
mt phn ca con tu. Ngha v cn mn thch ng con tu c kh nng i
bin nhn chung l trch nhim khng th y thc ca ngi chuyn ch. Liu c
th mong ch ngi gi hng xc minh kh nng i bin hay kh nng chuyn
ch hng ha ca container ? Chng ta cn ch rng mc ch trch nhim ca
ngi chuyn ch khng ging vi mc ch vic xc minh ca ngi gi hng.
Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch ch l thc hin s cn mn thch ng, trong
Nguyn tc Hague-Visby, anh ta khng m bo rng con tu s thc s c kh
nng i bin. Mt khc, ngi gi hng khng xc minh vic thc hin ngha v
5454. i chiu R. Achard, trng hp ghi chp lin quan ti CA Ronen, 7/02/1985, [1987] DMF
trang 513 (ms. C.P.Trader); J. Loyens, Juridische aspecten van contanervervoer, chng 10,
Liber Amicorum, Robert Wiifels, Antwerp, ETL, 2001, trang 210; Gyu, Responsibility for Unsuitable
Container in China, [1995] LMCLQ trang 15. Comm. C. Antwerp, 7/5/1984, E.T.L 1984, trang 397,
408-409 (ms. Leverkusen Express). Chuyn hng vi jean b nh hng bi mi phenol m
nguyn nhn l t cn b ca chuyn hng trc . Ta n phn xt rng ngi gi hng phi
ch n mi trong qu trnh ng hng vo container, v phi nh gi ng mc rng liu
hng ha ca anh ta c th b h hng v mi ny hay khng. Mc d Ta n khng nh mt cch
r rng rng ngi chuyn ch phm li khi cung cp container khng hon ton sch s cn
ngi gi hng phm li khi chp nhn nhng container c th gy h hng hng ha. Ngi
chuyn ch v th c th dn chiu iu khon IV(2)(i) ( hnh ng hay s bt cn ca ngi gi
hng), v i bi thng b bc b. i chiu vi Rb. Rotterdam, 27/8/2003, Schip and Schade
2005, No .1 (ms NDS Provider). Ngi chuyn ch lp lun rng ngi gi hng la chn,
kim tra, v ph duyt container ( sau c bit l b li). Quan to ra lnh cho ngi chuyn
ch xut trnh nhng bng chng rng ngi gi hng thc s lm th nhng c v nh chun
b tm hnh ng hay s bt cn ca ngi gi hng ( iu khon IV(2)(i) Nguyn tc HagueVisby) chng minh ngi gi hng thc s kim tra v ph duyt container. Tuy nhin, CA
Antwerp, 30/5/1995, cha c bo co, trng hp n o 1989/AR/846 (ms. Kapitan Tomson): Ta
n phn quyt rng n khng chng minh c rng ngi gi hng kim tra tnh trng ca
container v tm che trc khi ng hng vo container

27

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

thm nh, anh ta ch xc minh kt qu. Lin quan ti kh nng i bin ca con
tu, ngi gi hng thng khng v tr xc minh tnh trng ca con tu. Anh ta
vn chuyn hng ha ti cng trc khi con tu cp bn, v khng c mt khi
hng ha c xp ln tu. Tuy nhin, c cho l ngi gi hng c mt trong sut
qu trnh hng ha c xp ln tu v nhn thy hoc nn nhn thy rng con
tu khng kh nng i bin ( ca hm tu ng trong iu kin xu, mc nc
b gi mc thp, vv). Hin nhin mt ln na ci m ngi gi hng ch hay
phi ch l cu hi v tnh hp l v hon cnh, nhng c v kh r rng
rng thc s c mt vi trng hp khng kh nng i bin m ngi gi
hng cn ch . C th ngi gi hng ch n gin b qua nhng g anh ta thy,
khng lm bt c iu g v i n b cho nhng tn tht ca chuyn hng sau
khng? Cu tr li c v kh tiu cc, tr khi ngha v kh nng i bin
c cho l mt ngha v quan trng, b qua ht cc nguyn nhn gy thit hi
khc. Lin quan n kh nng ch hng ca container, ngi gi hng thng v
tr xc minh tnh trng ca container. N c chuyn ti ch anh ta hoc c
anh ta t la chn v c ng hng bi anh ta ti c s ca anh ta. V vy, iu
cho thy nu container c cho l mt phn ca con tu, n cng chuyn
trch nhim cho ngi gi hng, ngoi tr trng hp h thng lut cho rng
ngha v kh nng i bin l mt ngha v quan trng.55
IU KHON VN N
Vn n thng c mt iu khon c th quy nh trch nhim i vi container
b khim khuyt. V d nh sau:
HNG HA NG TRONG CONTAINER
Nu container cha c Ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi chuyn
ch xp hng:
Trc khi xp hng Thng nhn s xem xt xem container c ph hp
vi vic chuyn ch hng ha hay khng .

5555.i chiu P.-J.Bordahandy, Containers: A Conundrum or a Concept?, [2005] JIML

342 trang 370.
28

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Vic s dng Container ca Thng nhn hin nhin l bng chng cho
vic container vn lnh ln v ph hp s dng.
Ngi chuyn ch s khng chu trch nhim i vi nhng tn tht v
thit hi i vi hng ha gy ra bi ()
(c) tnh trng khim khuyt hoc khng ph hp ca container hoc ci
t sai lch ca bt k h thng lm lnh no, vi iu kin, nu nh
container c cung cp bi Ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca ngi
chuyn ch, tnh trng khng ph hp v khim khuyt ny hin nhin
s c Thng nhn kim tra trong hoc trc khi Container c ng
hng.
(MSC)
CONTAINER
1. Hng ha c th c Ngi chuyn ch xp vo trong hoc trn Container
v hng ha c th c xp chung vi nhng hng ha khc.
2. Thng nhn cn cn thn kim tra bt k Container no c Ngi chuyn
ch cung cp bo m rng n ph hp v tha mn mi iu kin
chuyn ch hng ha. Thng nhn s phi bin h, bi thng v gi cho
Ngi chuyn ch khng b thit hi i vi bt k mt mt, thit hi, khiu
ni, trch nhim v chi ph tng t gy ra do Thng nhn hoc i din
ca h ng gi, kim tra, lu kho v bo qun hng ha ng trong
Container, hoc do khng kim tra Container k cng,
(ACL)
Phi chng nhng iu khon l chnh xc, tuy nhin, l trong trng hp khi
Quy tc Hague-Visby p dng bi hiu lc php lut ?56 Nu container c coi l
mt phn ca con tu, ngha v v kh nng i bin s m rng/lin i ti c
container do ngi chuyn ch cung cp. Bt buc v kh nng i bin l khng
th chuyn nhng c v khng th k kt hp ng c. Cc iu khon
5656. B, Ta n Ti cao ni rng Quy tc Hague-Visby ch p dng gia ngi chuyn
ch v bn th ba gi vn n, ch khng phi gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng.
Do , theo lut ca B, ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng c t do tha thun bt c
g h mun.
29

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

trong vn n t ri ro ca container khim khuyt vi quyn li ca hng ha,
do iu ny l khng chnh xc. 57 Nu container c coi l mt phng tin
chuyn ch hng ha, bn phn ca ngi chuyn ch phi chm lo cn thn
hng ha i hi anh ta phi m bo c rng cng c m anh ta cung cp l
ph hp vi mc ch . Bn phn bo qun hng ha cng khng th em ra k
kt, nn cng di quan im ny, iu khon vn n t ri ro vi quyn li
hng ha l khng chnh xc. 58 Nhng iu khon nh vy c l ch kh thi nu
ngun cung cp container cho ngi gi hng c xem nh cam kt hon ton
ring r vi hp ng chuyn ch. Trong trng hp , s khng c quy nh bt
buc no v ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi hng c th t do k kt hp ng.
Ngoi ra trong nhng iu khon c th v container, iu khon Thi hn
Trch nhim (cn c gi l iu khon Trc khi v Sau khi) cng c th c
a vo, t nht l khi container c xem nh mt cng c x l hng ha.
nh gi vi trch nhim cao nht lm cho con tu c th chu c sng gi
v container c th ch c hng ha, nu quan im c tip nhn, c
thc hin vo trc v vo lc bt u hnh trnh v nh vy n s c khung thi
gian c th. Nu ngi chuyn ch cung cp container khim khuyt v khim
khuyt dn n hu qu hng ha b h hng t trc lc xp container ln
tu, iu khon Thi hn Trch nhim s c p dng v min trch nhim cho
ngi chuyn ch.59 Trc khi bc v sau khi d hng, theo nguyn tc th cc bn
5757.Ta n Ti cao H Lan (Hoge Raad), ngy 1 thng 2 nm 2008, V s C06/082HR
( tu my NDS Provider). J. Eckoldt, Container: mt phn ca con tu?, [2008] Vn ti
R 244 trang 246; J. Libouton, nh gi php l (1979 v 1987) Lut hng hi, [1990]
RCJB trang 129 v 183; G Yu, Trch nhim vi Container khng ph hp Trung Quc,
[1995] LMCLQ trang 16.
5858.R. De Wit, Container, trong I. De Weerdt, Lut hng hi. Vn c bn ca Lut
hng hi B, Tp 2, Antwerp, ETL, 2003, s 904 trang 265; O. Hartenstein, L hng ng
bin, trong O. Hartenstein v F. Reuschle, S tay Hng dn cho Lut s v Vn chuyn
v Chuyn ti, Cologne, Luchterhand, 2001, s 240 trang 208-209.
5959.Xem thm Cass. Fr., 17 thng 9 nm 2002, tuyn tp DMF Hors s 8, thng 6 nm
2004, s 89 trang 80-81 (tu Santa Margherita): ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch
nhim v cung cp container khng tiu chun k thut, mc d tn tht thc t xy
ra trong qu trnh chuyn ti, sau khi container c d khi tu.
30

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

c t do tha thun ch trch nhim bi thng, 60 v ngi chuyn ch c
th tha thun v trch nhim i vi tnh trng khim khuyt ca container m
anh ta cung cp. Tuy nhin, lm th no nu s khim khuyt ny ch gy ra tn
tht hng ha trong hnh trnh? Khim khuyt ca container, theo l nguyn
nhn ct li gy nn tn tht, tn ti t trc khi xp hng, nhng bn thn
tn tht li ch xy ra sau khi hng c xp. Mc VII Quy tc Hague-Visby r
rng cho php c iu khon Thi hn Trch nhim, c biu t kh i khi,
v n cho php c cc iu khon lin quan ti trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
v nhng thit hi hoc tn tht i vi, hoc c mi lin h vi vic trng nom
bo v v mang vc hng ha trc khi xp hng hoc sau khi d hng. Do , c
v nh cn nguyn gy ra tn tht tnh trng khim khuyt ca container xy
ra trc khi xp hng, bt k khi thit hi hoc mt mt thc s hnh thnh. 61
Ngoi ra, vic coi thit hi hoc mt mt nh tiu chun xc nh s dn n hu
qu bt thng v mang tnh t quyt. 62 Khi ngi chuyn ch cung cp mt
container ng lnh b khim khuyt nhng li bt u hnh trnh nhit lm
ng, v vy nn hng ha ch b tn tht vi ngy sau khi tu i vo khu vc m
hn, iu khon Thi hn Trch nhim s khng c p dng v ngi chuyn
ch phi chu trch nhim, nhng cng ngi chuyn ch , nu bt u hnh
trnh ngay mt khu vc m, v do hng ha ngay lp tc b r ng v tn
tht, iu khon Thi hn Trch nhim s c p dng v ngi chuyn ch s
khng phi chu trch nhim. n l s c phn chia r.63

6060.Ngoi ra tt nhin vn c nhng quy tc bt buc ca lut quc gia c p dng.

6161.H. Boonk, Vn ti bin da trn vn n, Arnhem, Gouda Quint, 1993, trang 62.
6262.R. Achard, v lin quan ti CA Rouen, ngy 7 thng 2 nm 1985, DMF 1987, trang
513 (tu C.P. Trader).
6363.Xem v d, CA Gravenhage, ngy 30 thng 8 nm 2005, Tu v tn tht 2006, s 13
(tu NDS Provider), khi Ta t chi p dng iu khon Trc v Sau v tn tht thc t
xy ra trong thi hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch, v CA Rouen, ngy 7 thng 2
nm 1985,DMF 1987, 510 (tu C.P. Trader), khi Ta cho rng iu khon Trc v Sau l
hp l v bc b khiu ni i vi ngi chuyn ch.
31

TRCH NHIM I VI CONTAINER B KHIM KHUYT

Theo Quy tc Rotterdam, ngi chuyn ch phi gi cho container ca mnh c
kh nng cha hng trong sut hnh trnh ng bin (Khon 14(c)). Ngha v
ny khng th tha thun qua hp ng (Khon 79(1)), 64 tr trong hp ng khi
lng. Ch c ngha v v kh nng i bin lin quan ti con tu v thy th on
(Khon 14(a) v (b)) l c bit bt buc m k c c mt hp ng khi lng
cng khng th b b qua (Khon 80(4)).
c dch v hiu nh thng 11, nm 2014.

6464.A. Nicholas, Ngha v ca Ngi chuyn ch theo Cng c: Bo qun v Kh nng

i bin, trong DR Thomas (Ed), Chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin theo Quy tc
Rotterdam (2010, Lloyds List) trang 114-115.
32