VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI

A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN
Ngun: Baris Soyer (Ed) 2014, Carriage of
Goods by Sea, Land and Air, Informa Law,
page 126 144
Nhm dch

1. Nguyn Duy Hng-Php 1K50-KTN

2. Trn Tng Lm-Php 1-K50KTN
3. L H MyNga 1-K50-KTN
4. Trn Trc Phng Qunh-Nga
1-K50 - KTN

Nhm hiu nh

1.V Th Thu Huyn-Anh 10-K50KTN

2.Vn c Tm-Anh 10-K50KTN
3.Phm Trng Thanh-Anh 10K50-KTN
4.L Cng Thanh-Anh 10-K50-

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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MC LC
MC LC............................................................................................................................. 2
LI M U........................................................................................................................ 3
NHNG C IM NI BT CA VN N.........................................................................4
Chc nng lm bin lai nhn hng cua vn n..............................................................6
Chng t vn ti a phng thc (MMTD), hp ng v cc bn th ba.........................8
MMTDs v cc chng t s hu...................................................................................... 18
KT LUN.......................................................................................................................... 26

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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Chng 7
VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC
VN LIN QUAN
Gio s Andrew Tettenborn*

LI M U
Ngi ta thng noi, nhng thoi quen c thng kho thay i. Nu cc bn nhin
vo ni dung cua phn ln cc khoa hc cc trng i hc v vn vn ti
hng hoa trong thng mi quc t, thi phn trng tm cua chng thng v vn
n ng bin truyn thng c cp cho chu hng ngi khng mun gi khc
ngoi vic chuyn ch ng bin t cng ti cng. Vn ti a phng thc v
nhng phng thc vn ti khc c inh kem cui chng nh 1 phn m
rng, 1 bin th cua phng thc ny 1.
y l 1 iu l lng khng h nho. Bt c ai trong ngnh kinh doanh cng se noi
vi bn, i vi hu ht nhng ngi gi hng quc t (hay quc gia) trong thi
im hin ti, vn ti co nghia l chuyn hng t 1 bn ni a sang bn khc, co
th c ong trong container c cung cp bi chinh ngi chuyn ch hoc 1
bn th 3. V tr trng hp n gin nh vn chuyn hng bng xe ti t A n
B, iu ny cng co th hiu rng chng ta gn nh ang lm n, bun bn bng
ci khng hn l vn ti a phng thc, lm n vi 1 bn ang thoa thun vi
ngi chuyn ch (hoc i ly cua anh ta) m gn nh khng phi l 1 MTO 2 hoc
NVOC3 , nhng cng khng phi l 1 ngi chuyn ch truyn thng ng nghia.
V nhng giy t m c chuyn qua bn lm vic cua mt lut s v vn
1*Vin Lut v giao nhn va thng mi quc t, H Swansea. iu tng t c p dung
cho rt nhiu cun sch, rt kho co th hiu ly do vi sao phng thc c dng thc t li khc
vi phng thc vn ti truyn thng: vi du S.Girvin, Carriageof Good by Sea (ti bn ln 2), (OUP
2011) on 3.25 3.42

2 Ngi iu hnh vn ti a phng thc.

3

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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chuyn cn mn hp ly se phn nh r iu o. Tr khi khch hng cua ngi lut

s ny trong khi bn bun (s lng ln), hoc ang lm n vi cc quc gia,
vi b my quan liu ch lun lm vic v chp nhn nhng chng t vn ti
truyn thng, thi kh nng cao l nhng ngi ny ch lm vic vi nhng chng
t theo khun mu c t xa, rt co th l anh ta khng nhin thy nhng
chng t vn ti bin ny trong nhiu nm. Gn nh chc chn chng b thay
th bi mt mu chng t MMT 4 c son ring khc: co th l giy gi hng
cng loi vi MULTIWAYBILL cua BIMCO hoc COMBINCONBILL, hoc l 1 bin th
no o cua vn n vn ti a phng thc cua FIATA p dung quy tc cua
UNCTAD/ICC, hoc t vn n 2 mt c cp bi c nhn ngi chuyn ch hoc
NVOC m co th l vn n ng bin hoc khng ty theo cch ngi ta dng
no5.
Nhng chng t ny co th tim n nhiu vn . M chinh chng thng hay
c gi l vn n6. Chng thng bt chc nhng c im cua vn n, bng
nhng cch nh n nh chng co th chuyn nhng c (hoc khng ty tng
trng hp)7, hoc n nh chng co th lm bng chng gn ng di goc
ngi bn, v bng chng thuyt phuc di goc ngi mua, nh 1 bng k khai
3 Ngi chuyn ch khng co tu (i khi l NVOCC Ngi chuyn ch khng co tu
chung).
4 T by gi, MTT se l vit tt cho vn ti a phng thc, MMTD l chng t vn ti a
phng thc.
5 Tiu in hinh co th l Vn n vn a phng thc, da trn 2 iu khon ring
bit v Trch nhim cua ngi chuyn ch trong vn chuyn t cng ti cng, Trch
nhim cua ngi chuyn ch trong vn ti a phng thc.
6 Vi du: vn n vn ti a phng thc cua FIATA
7 Ging vi vn n MMT cua FIATA c cp trn, t xem minh nh 1 vn n,
iu ny c trinh by r rng trong iu 3.1 rng Vn n ny c cp dng
chuyn nhng c tr phi no c nh du l khng th chuyn nhng. No phi
cu thnh quyn s hu cho hng hoa v cho ngi nm gi c phep nhn hng hoc
chuyn nhng hng hoa bng cch ky hu vn n. Tng t vi BIMCO
COMBINCONBILL, c pht hnh ngn gn v mc nh nh 1 vn n vn ti lin hp
co th chuyn nhng c.
4

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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hng hoa khi chuyn quyn s hu 8. Tuy nhin, vi tt c nhng ly do trn, thi
khng con nghi ng rng nhng chng t ny khng phi l loi vn n truyn
thng c c bit n9. V t y ny sinh ra chu chinh cua chng ny.
Khng ging vi mt vi h thng khc c trang b y u chuyn v nhng
trng thi cua chng t vn ti a phng thc 10, nc Anh ngo cu hoi cho
n tn by gi chng t no khng thuc vn ti n thc hin nay co th chia
s nhng c im cua cc chng t sau ny. Vi nguy c c d on trc,
cu tr li co v l nhng chng t ny thng co th 1 cch ng ngc nhin,
v hn na trong khi vn n truyn thng ch ang con li duy nht trong 1 s
lng nht nh, thi du hiu trong s khc bit gia chng v chng t vn ti
lin hp l it hn mt cch nghi.

NHNG C IM NI BT CA VN N
Trc khi i vo tho lun, chng ta cn phi bt u vi cu hoi: cc Tinh cht
no cua vn n cn a vo tho lun trong mi quan h vi MMTDs? Phng
php tip cn y v cng n gin. Ci m chng ta quan tm se l 3 c im
c bn cua BL nh c lit k trong bt c cun sch vn ti 11 no trong lut
Anh:12 cu th l, chc nng lm bin lai, chc nng lm hp ng, v chc nng
lm chng t s hu.
8 Ging trong vn n vn ti a phng thc cua FIATA.
9 Xem tng quan ti Bill of Lading in Export Trade (ti bn ln 3) (Tottel 2008) on 2.43
2.48 cua C.Debattista: Carver on Bill of Lading (ti bn ln 3) (Sweet & Maxwell, 2012)
on 8.066 8.084 cua G.Treitel & F.Reynolds: Bill of Lading (Infoma, 2005) on 11.34
11.68 cua R.Aikens, R.Lord & M.Bools.
10 Vi du h thng thng lut th gii, India (Multimodal Transportation of Goods xut bn
nm 1993, c bit l khon 7, 8); v v h thng lut dn s, nc c ang p dung
cho MMTDs rt nhiu quy tc dng p dung cho vn ti n thc (xem thm ti HGB,
art 452, hiu chnh nm 1998). Vic bt chp s yu kem trong cng tc lm lut ny co
v ging vi tinh trng Php (xem thm Traite de Droit Maritime LGDJ, 2010, on 1218
1219 cua P.Bonassies & C.Scapel).
11 Vi du trong Carriage of Goods by Sea (ti bn ln 2) (OUP 2011) chng 6 8 cua S.
Girvin; Carver on Bill of Lading (ti bn ln 3) chng 2 7.
5

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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u tin l chc nng lm bin lai. 1 vn n ong vai tro nh 1 bin lai cho hng
hoa trn vn n o, ghi r s lng, iu kin, cua hng hoa trn tu rng buc
trch nhim nhiu hay it ln ngi chuyn ch, ty thuc vo vic vn n nm
trong tay ngi gi hng hay trong tay 1 ngi khc. Khng kho ch ra tm
quan trng cua chc nng ny: trong trng hp vn chuyn qung ngn hoc b
h hong m khng ghi li ti cng i, ngi vn chuyn se rt kho phu nhn vic
hong hoc hoc tn tht xy ra trong qung ng vn chuyn nu b ng gi hng
kin, v se khng th chi bo trch nhim nu b 1 bn th 313 khi kin.
Th hai, chc nng lm hp ng. Chc nng ny cua vn n co hai ni dung 14
quan trng. Th nht, mt khi c pht hnh (cho d khng c thc hin
bng mt phng thc chc chn no) 15, vn n l mt bng chng cho cc iu
khon cua bt k hp ng chuyn ch hng hoa no gia ngi gi hng v
ngi chuyn ch, v i vi ngi nhn hng, tr mt s ngoi l, 16 vn n i
din cho quyn li cua h17. Quan trng hn, nh co iu lut v chuyn ch hng
hoa cua B lut hng hi nm 1971 v 1992, cc iu khon cua vn n (a), co
th c thc thi bi18 ngi nhn hng hoc ngi cm vn n trong mt s
hon cnh v ch cha ng yu t bt li cho h trong mt s rt it cc trng
12 Trng tm cua chng ny chu yu trong lut Anh, nhng rt nhiu gi y c a ra
trong y co th p dung c vi cc h thng khc
13 Carriage of Goods by Sea (ti bn ln 2) (OUP 2011) chng 6 cua S. Girvin; Gosse
Millerd & Canadian Government Merchant Marine LTD (1929) AC223 ti 234 (Lord
Sumner).
14 Carver on Bill of Lading (ti bn ln 3) chng 3 5.
15 Xem trng hp vu Ardennes (1951) 1 QB 55 (hp ng chuyn ch trong o ngi gi
hng cng l ngi thu tu.; Carver on Bill of Lading (ti bn ln 3) on 3-001 ff.
16 c bit khi ngi nhn hng cng l ngi gi hng: The Dunelmia [1970] 1 QB 289.
17 Vi du: Leduc va Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475, t 479 480 (Esher MR).
18 Xem o lut 1992, khon 2, cho phep ngi cm gi hp php vn n trong phn
ln trng hp c p dung iu kin ny chng li ngi chuyn ch.
6

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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hp khc19 (b) co th phn bc li bt ki hnh ng no cua chu hng chng li

ngi chuyn ch, ngay c khi c s cua nghia vu o khng co trong hp ng.20
Th ba, chc nng chng nhn quyn s hu. 21 y li l mt khi nim kep c
chia ra thnh it nht hai ni dung ring bit phn tich. Mt ni dung lin quan
n mi quan h cua ngi chuyn ch v ngi cm vn n, khi ngi pht
hnh vn n thc hin ng thi mt nghia vu nghim ngt co tinh cht tich cc
cng vi mt s bo h tiu cc. Thng thng, khi mt vn n co hiu lc hon
ton, ngi chuyn ch phi chuyn giao hng hoa cho ngi cm vn n 22 v
khng c chuyn giao cho ngi khc 23, tri li, nu h co cn c hp ly lm
nh vy, h se khng phi chu trch nhim vi bt k ai ngay c khi ngi cm
vn n khng c phep lm.24 iu khon con li, lin quan n nhng khng
trng vi iu khon th nht, iu chnh quyn cua bn th ba: khng ch l
chuyn giao vn n v quyn s hu, m thm vo o, no con bao gm 1 phn
no o kt qu cua nhng quyn s hu c bn.25
19 Xem khon 3 cua lut trn.
20 Xem quy tc Hague-Visby c b sung vo o lut 1971, iu 4 bis (Nhng min
trch v gii hn trch nhim c quy nh trong nhng quy tc ny phi c p dung
trong bt c hnh ng khiu ni ngi chuyn ch no trong vic mt mt hoc tn tht
hng hoa c bo v bi hp ng chuyn ch d hnh ng ny co c quy nh
trong hp ng hay khng).
21 Carver on Bill of Lading (ti bn ln 3) chng 6.
22 Xem vu gia Sanders Bros va Maclean & Co (1882-83) 11 QBD 327, c bit l trang
334 (Brett MR).
23 Vu k khai in hinh thuc v Lord Denning trong vu Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd va
Rambler Cycle Co Ltd [1959] AC 576, trang 586.
24 Nh trong vu in hinh gia Glyn Mills Currie & Co va East & West India Dock Co
(1881-82) (2 bn sao cua cng 1 vn n trong tay A & B; giao hng cho B; ngi b kin
c bo v mc d trn thc t A co quyn hp php vi hng hoa hn B).
25 Xem vu gia Mills Currie & Co va East & West India Dock Co(1880) 6 QBD 475 (Brett
LJ); Crossley Vaines on Personal Property (ti bn ln 5, Butterworths 1973) trang 459 cua
E.L.G. Tyler & N.E. Palmer.
7

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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Nhng phn tip theo se cho chng ta ci nhin chi tit hn v ni dung cua vn ti
a phng thc da trn mi chc nng cua vn n.

Chc nng lam bin lai nhn hang cua vn n

y l tinh khng nghi ng cua quy tc, tn ti c thng lut26 v sau o l b
quy tc Hague-Visby27, theo o nhng k khai trong vn n nh s lng, iu
kin, chi tit cua hng hoa l thng tin c bn khi trong tay cua chu tu28, v l
mt chng c co tinh thuyt phuc khi di quyn kim sot cua bn th ba, da
trn nhng thng tin trn m co c s tin tng i vi ngi vn chuyn 29,
rng nhng hng hoa o thc t c chuyn ch l bao nhiu, iu kin nh th
no.30 Tuy nhin, vn y l iu ny co th l mt c tinh cua vn n,
nhng liu y co phi l c tinh c bit hoc duy nht hay khng? Khng kho
nhn ra rng cu tr li l khng. u tin, da vo mi quan h gia ngi
chuyn ch v chu tu. y, y tng v mt ti liu k khai s lng hoc cht
lng cua hng hoa nhn c l mt bng chng hin nhin v tinh trng thc t
cua hng hoa nm ngoi vn n31, v n gin phn nh tinh trng chung, c
chp nhn trong tt c cc h thng lut php, theo o nu mt ngi cung cp
mt giy bin nhn i vi tin v hng thi chng t ny chinh l bng chng hin
26 Xem thm tinh hung in hinh gia Compania Naviera Vasconazda va Churchill &
Sim [1906] 1 KB 237: cng trong khon 4 cua Lut vn ti ng bin 1992 (thng c
thm vo loi bo tn d cua quy tc trong vu Grant va Norway (1851) 10 CB 665,
nhng c th hin bng cc iu kin tng qut hn).
27 Xem iu 3.4 ( iu khon khng xut hin trong quy tc Hague 1924). iu ny
c chnh sa v p dung li trong quy tc Hamburg (iu 16) v quy tc Rotterdam
(iu 41).
28 Vi du, vu gia Smith & Co va Bedouin Steam Navigation Co Ltd [1986] AC 70. S gi
nh co th b bc bo trong mt s trng hp nht nh: vi du, vu Sanday va Co v Strath
SS Co Ltd (1921) 26 Com Cas 277. Xem C. Debattista, Vn n ng bin nh mt bin
lai nhn hng [1986] LMCLQ 468.
29 Vi du, vu Compania Naviera Vasconzada va Churchill & Sim [1906] 1KB 237 (ti thng
lut); lut Hague-Visby hin hnh iu 3.4 trn y.
30 Xem S.Girvin, Carriage of Goods by Sea (ti bn 2) (OUP2011) chng 6.
8

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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nhin bng chng bc bo32 , iu ny ng nhng vn ngh gi nh - cua tinh

trng thc t m cc d kin o nu ra. Tng t, v trch nhim quyt nh vi
bn th ba khi gi chng t vi s tin cy cao, quy tc dng cho vn n ch n
gin l mt s p dung c bit cua nhng quy tc c bn khc : cu th l, mt s
ngn nga php ly. Bt ki ngi no lp bn k khai khi ngi o co ly do bit
c sau ny no co th b t chi , b ngn cn, khng lin quan n vic khng
nh rng ti liu ny trn thc t l khng ng 33. Ngi nhn hng c m
bo bi quy tc ny cng nh bt c ngi no lin quan n cc k khai m h
cung cp v vn nhn hng hoa, v tht ra, co nhiu trng hp vic p dung
quy tc ny vi ngi gi kho v nhng i tng khc c loi bo ra khoi vn
n.34 V thc ra thi y chinh xc l cch m lut lin quan n vn n c
son tho trc khi cc quy tc Hague co c v th php ly cua no. Nh
Channell J t vn nm 1905 trong Compania Naviera Vasconzada & Churchill
31 Vi du, cha bao gi co bt ki kho khn no trong vic ng dung no ln cc bin lai
nhn hng, nhng bin lai ny r rng l khng ging vi vn n: xem vu gia Nippon
Yusen Kaisha va Ranjiban Serowgee [1938] AC 429, ti trang 445-446. Tht ra, chinh
quyn p dung no cho cc chng t c cung cp bi mt ngi khng lin quan n
chuyn ch: xem The George S [1989] 1 Lloyds Rep 369.
32 Xem vi du vu k khai cua lut bi Parke B th k th 19 gia Foster va Dawber (1951)
6 Ex 839, trang 848-849, mt trng hp lin quan n bin lai nhn tin: Khi bin lai
c a y u, no chinh l chng c hin nhin chng li nguyn co v s lng k
khai c tr. No khng phi l chng c kt lun; bi no hiu qu cho cc bn phu
nhn bin lai trn, bng cch ch ra rng s tin khng c tr theo thc t.
33 So snh cch k khai c in cua hc thuyt c Denman CJ hon thnh trong
Pickard v Sears (1937) 6 Ad v E 469, ti 474: ni m mt li cua anh ta hay o c cua
anh ta se lm cho ngi khc tin vo s tn ti cua mt s th, v khin anh ta phi thc
hin theo nim tin y, vi vy v vic thay i v tri trc y cua anh ta, trc y c
kt lun t s tuyn b chng li sau ny mt tinh trng khc cua vt tn ti cng mt
khong thi gian. V tng qut hn trong cun The Modern Law of Estopel cua E. Cooke
(OUP 2000) iu 16-25. Ly thuyt khng co y nghia gii hn ti Anh, thit nghi no se c
bit n r hn vi mt vi ngi co gc gc latin venire contra factum proprium nulli
conceditur: zur Konkretisierung eines Sprichworts). c s d phong ring bit c
chun b p dung i vi bin lai chuyn ch (Ladescheine) nhin chung: HBG, Art. 444.
34 Vu ngi gi kho bao gm vu gia Coventry, Sheppard & Co va Gt Eastern Ry Co
(1883) 11 QBD 776 v vu Seton, Laing & Co vi Lafone (1887) LR 18 QBD 139.
9

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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& Sim35, o ngi vn chuyn g chu trch nhim cho vic bo co sai v iu
kin vn chuyn : i vi ti trng hp ny cng vi nhng quy tc c
gii thiu v Ngn nga php ly. Cc k khai l mt s tht. Cc vn n co th
chuyn nhng c, v muc ich cua ngi gi hng yu cu b sung vo cc k
khai l hng hoa iu kin tt ti thi im gi hng r rng hn co bng
chng ngh ngi chuyn nhng cho li ich trc tip cua anh ta. Li ich cua
vn n sch l rt r rng, v ti nghi rng no se khng hiu qu vi chu tu nu
noi rng anh ta khng d liu mt ngi mua hng hnh ng theo k khai rng
hng hoa c vn chuyn trong iu kin tt.36
Nu vy, sau o, khng co li do no phn bit vn n vi cc chng t khc. 37
Trong phm vi m mt MMTO cung cp bt ki loi MMTD no vi mt bn k khai
v s lng, miu t hoc iu kin hng hoa nhn c, 38 thi nhng gi no miu
t se c gi nh l ng nh i vi ngi chuyn ch v coi nh kt lun nh

35 [1906] 1 KB 237. Xem thm vu The Skarp [1935] trang 134, dong 141-143 (Langton I)
36 Xem [1906] 1 KB 237, trang 247
37 ng nhin ng l chng khng ging nhau. Vn n ng bin ch theo mt th
v chng c thc s v vic gi hng (vn n nhn tr thnh mu khng ng tiu
chun), trong khi MTDs l mt bin lai chng c thng trc v khng thc s c bc
ln tu hay phng tin. Nhng vi mi lin kt o thi th no cng khng qu quan
trng, theo trng hp cua mt MTD ngi pht hnh thc t tuyn b iu kin cua
hng hoa nu no c t di quyn nh ot cua anh ta, d co hay khng chng cng
thc s c t ln mt phng tin; v o mi l iu quan trng i vi ngi nhn
hng v ngi chuyn ch.
38 Co th nghi rng vn con li mt im khc nhau. S bo cha hon ton cn n
khng ch l mt trng thi m con l mt chng c tin tng vo, mt th gi o
chng li ngi nhn hng i vi cc trng hp vn n ng bin theo Common Law
(mt vi du l The Skarp [1935] trang 134) iu III.4 quy tc Hague-Visby, ngc li, th
hin n gin rng nhin nhn vic chuyn nhng cho mt bn th ba theo mt vn n
ng bin di mt trng thi gi di trong o se khng c tha nhn, hon ton
(tout court). Nhng theo quyt nh trong The Dona Mari [1974] 1 WLR 341, dng nh
ngay c khi iu III.4 khng c p dung, kt lun v vic tin tng se thng thng gn
nh khng th bc bo. V s khc nhau, nu hon ton tn ti, se l rt nho i vi bt ki
vic nhp khu no.
10

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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lin quan vi bt ki bn th ba no, d chng t noi co 39 hay khng.40 Cu hoi v

co hay khng m chng ta ang bn v vn n n gin l khng i su vo no.

Chng t vn ti a phng thc (MMTD), hp ng va cc

bn th ba
Nh ch ra trn, chc chn rng mt im c trng quan trng cua vn n
ng bin l no th hin hay it nht chng to mt cch mnh me - nhng iu
khon cua hp ng chuyn ch. Nhng, cng vi chc nng cua vn n nh
mt bin lai nhn hng, bn thn no khng th l chc nng duy nht cua vn
n hay thm chi, cng khng th l chc nng quan trng nht. Mt hp ng
chuyn ch hng hoa bng ng bin hay bng con ng no khc co th c
th hin bng bt ki loi hinh vn bn no, t vn n ng bin hon ton
truyn thng cho n giy ki gi hng hoa bng ph thng thng 41 (v cng co
th bng li noi vi phn ln h thng lut, m khng cn bt k vn bn no) 42.
Hu qu thc t v phn MMTDs theo o khng phi l vic chng th hin cc
iu khon cua hp ng, iu ny qu r rng, m nm bt k phm vi (a)
thi hnh cc iu khon cua hp ng, qua o ngoi ngi chuyn ch, thi du
ngi nhn hng hoc ngi co quyn kim sot tng t nh vy c quy nh
trong Lut vn chuyn hng hoa bng ng bin 1992; (b) mt cuc m thoi
39 Qu thc s lng cc chng t tuyn b mt cch r rng: vi du Vn n vn ti
ng bin a phng thc FIATA, iu 3.2. Thc vy, ngay c cc MTD khng th chuyn
nhng i khi cng tuyn b iu tng t: BIMCO MULIWAYBIL, iu 16.
40 c quyt nh Canada: Paulin Co Ltd v A Plus Freight Forwarder Co Ltd [2009] 4
FRC D 4
41 Mt chng t xut hin trong vu vic cua The European Enterprise [1989] 2 Lloyds
Rep 185.
42 Nh nhin nhn v tri theo quy tc Hague Visby, xem Pyrene Co Ltd v Scindia
Navigation Co Ltd [1954] 2 QB 402, ni m cc quy tc c quyt nh p dung vi
bt ki hp ng no cha vn n ng bin, cch khc hay khng phi no c ban
hnh cho n thi im o. Quy tc Rotterdam to ra mt im kh r rng: xe iu 39.1.
Cc quy c khc gn nh l ging: nh vy trong khi hip nh Geneve cho ngi
chuyn ch mt quyn khng th bc bo c ban hnh giy uy thc, thi cng quy
nh r rng rng hp ng con li gn nh ton b gi tr ngoi t iu o: iu 4.
11

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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quyn cua MMTO da vo cc iu khon cua MMTD nu b kin bi ngi

nhn hng trn c s khng c giao kt bng hp ng thi du nh cc sai
phm khng thuc hp ng hay vi phm vic ki gi hng hoa; hay (c) quyn khi
kin bi MMTO i vi ngi nhn hng hay ngi khc nu, vi du, h cm MMTD
hay da vo o.
Vic thc hin cc iu khon ca hp ng bi ngi nhn hang va cc bn khc
i vi MMT
Bt chp kh nng co th cua mt hnh ng gy hi hay mt cch lm tn hi
n hng hoa, co th l rt tt i vi ngi nhn hng khi thm vo kh nng
kin MTO v vic vi phm hp ng trong MTD: vi du, khi m ngi khi kin
khng co u li ich v quyn s hu tha kin43, hay vn l hng hoa b giao
chm,44 hoc co th l cc ch dn c bit nh i vi phng thc chuyn ch b
xem thng.45
Chng ta bt u vi mt quan im lun xut hin trong u khi so snh cc
MMTD vi vn n ng bin. Mc d khng phi l mt vn bn th m bt ki
mt lut s no th k 19 co th sn sng gi l vn n, 46 theo iu khon cua
Lut vn chuyn hng hoa bng ng bin 1992 mt MMTD m d liu thy mt
t l ng k phng thc vn chuyn hng hoa bng ng bin co th hon
43 Nh trong The Aliakmon [1986] AC 785 (hng hoa chu s rui ro cua anh ta nhng
khng phi cua anh ta)
44 L mt iu gi o m, trong khi c chm soc bi phn ln cc quy c n phng
thc khc (vi du CMR, iu 17.1), se khng noi cch khc to nn mt trch nhim php
ly thm vo theo hp ng theo Hague-Visby (tr khi do s khng th ra khi hay ph v
mt s bt buc cu th cua ngi chuyn ch). Nhng c quy nh cu th oi vi kh
nhiu MTDs. Xem, vi du, iu 10 MULTIDOC 95, hay iu 5.1 Quy tc UNCTAD/ICC.
45 Mt vi du hp ly co th l cc quy nh nh i vi mt phng thc r rng m theo
o, hoc mt loi container m trong o, hng hoa d hong c vn chuyn. iu quan
trng cua cc yu sch l chng c th hin bng mt s tranh chp vng vng pht
sinh trong qu trinh chuyn ch hng hoa bng ng b, ni m khng c lin h trc
tip n CMR: vi du Toa n Thng mi Paris 15.6.1978, BT 1978, 422 (nghia vu cua
ngi li xe phi thng bo v tri sau 5 ngy), OGH 22.11.1984 (Ao: nghia vu phi gi
hng hoa nhit quy nh), OGH 29.10.1992, 1993 TranspR 424 (Ao: hng hoa cua
ngi lm no b t bo).
12

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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ton c coi l mt vn n ng bin: v nu nh vy, no se gy ra mt quyn

theo lut c thi hnh bi ngi cm vn n vi iu kin ti s. 2 (1). Cch din
t ph hp i vi nh nghia nm s. 1(2):
Dn chiu theo Lut chuyn nhng i vi vn n ng bin
(a) Khng c bao gm cc ch dn n mt vn bn khng co chc nng
chuyn nhng bng ki hu hoc, i vi vn n trao tay, bng chuyn
nhng khng ki hu; nhng
(b)i vi gi thit o, co bao gm ch dn n vic chp nhn mt vn n
hng hoa ng bin.
V mt ly le no o y l mt nh nghia phu nhn bt thng. No noi rng, nu
co th chuyn nhng c, mt chng t nhn hng gi (nh tt c cc
MMTD) khng c coi nh l mt vn n ng bin, ngoi tr trng thi thc
t cua no l nh vy. Tuy vy, no gi y rng mt MMTD mc khc co th thoa mn
cc tiu chun cua mt vn n ng bin (i.e. l mt li ha vn chuyn chm
soc hng hoa hn vic ch l mt hot ng giao nhn hng hoa

47

, v quy nh

vn n surrender theo lnh nhn hng hoa) 48 se c nhin nhn nh mt

thm chi no ch thng bo vic giao nhn, hay ha co kh nng vn chuyn, n
mt a im ni a xa no o. Mt s gii thich nh vy, trong khi no se phi oi
hoi p dung mt phn no Lut vn chuyn hng hoa 1992 t c vic
chuyn ch ngoi d kin49, tuy vy se phn nh vic s dung chinh thc 50 hay v
46 Qua vn c kim chng t nhng ngi thc hin hot ng thng mi cua Anh
trc nm 1889: xem H.Bateson, Vn n ng bin ch sut (1889) 5 LQR 424 (tranh
lun v chng t vn ti ch sut v hng cotton t American Deep South bng ng
st v tu n Anh).
47 Trong o, xem S.Girvin, Vn chuyn hng hoa bng ng bin (bn 2) (OUP 2011)
on. 3.15 ff. Chng ny vi tt c cc trng hp cho rng chng ta ang thoa thun
mt hp ng xc thc chuyn ch, ky kt nh bn gc, ng hn so vi ch l mt s
thoa thun ch ti.
48 Mc d khng cp qu nhiu, no c trinh by r rng rng muc ich cua Lut
1992 phn loi ci gi l vn n v ci gi khng phi l vn n ng bin, cc chng
t ny khng oi hoi phi xut trinh.
13

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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tri chc hn theo Quy tc Hague-Visby, 51 khng nhc n quan im n nh cua

y ban lut:52 v qu thc, tht kho nghi n bt k ly do hp ly no mt cch
gi to gii hn nh hng cua s.2, 53 mt phn ln vi vic s dung iu khon
vn n ng bin lin kt vi MTDs tht kho ci cch vo nm 1992. 54. Thm
vo o, phn 2 cua lut chuyn nhng co th a ra nhng kt lun xa hn.
Khng ch vn n ng bin m con c giy gi hng ng bin u co th
chuyn nhng c. Ngay c khi chng t vn ti a phng thc c ghi l
khng th chuyn nhng c thi theo nh nh nghia trong Lut chuyn nhng

49 Co le t khi hng hoa co th c bn, v quyn li pht sinh t vic vn chuyn do

o c chuyn nhng theo muc 2, trong khi chng c vn chuyn trn b trc hoc
sau khi hon thnh mt on ng hng hi. Thc t co th r rng bt tin nu cc
quyn i kem vic chuyn ch cua mt TEU qu cnh tr thnh, hay dng, chuyn
nhng c nh mt n v y gia xe ti, tu v xe ti trn tuyn ng cua hnh
trinh t ngi gi hng n ngi nhn hng.
50 Bn tho cua cc chng t hng nm khng co thay i khi cp nh cc vn n
ng bin, v cc chng t co th chuyn nhng nh th: xem, vd, BIMCOs MULTIDOC
95, hay l FIATA gi l (soi-disant) vn n ng bin a phng thc co th chuyn
nhng.
51 iu m co kh nng p dung i vi mt hp ng chuyn ch c bn bng ng
bin bt chp mt on ngn trn t lin: vi du Mayhew Foods Ltd v Overseas
Containers Ltd [1984] 1 Lloyds Rep 317 (20 dm vn chuyn bng xe ti t Uckfield n
Shoreham, tip o l chuyn ch ng bin n A rp Saudi). V c c, bt chp vic
d on trong hp ng v mt yu t thay th khng phi hng hi: xem Comalco
Aluminium Ltd v Mogal Freight Services Pty Ltd (1993) 113 ALR 677 (v so snh vi quyt
nh khng c bo co cua Vicoria trong parlux SpA v M & U imports Pty Ltd [2008]
VSCA 161 at [39]). Cch gii quyt ny (c ngh) c yu thich hn tuyn ng b
bo ri r rng cua Flaux J tri ngc trong Bhatia Shipping & Agencies Pvt Ltd v Alcobex
Metals Ltd [2004] EWHC 2323 (Comm), [2005] 2 Lloyds Rep 226 at [21] (T khi nhng
hp ng chuyn ch thich ng l MTDs, quy tc Hague hoc Hague-Visby v 12 thng
gii hn thi gian theo cc quy tc o khng c p dung).
52 Xem bo co cua y ban Lut s 161, Quyn c kin theo tn trng phng thc
chuyn ch hng hoa bng ng bin, S2.49 (t khi vic thi hnh php lut c th
hin bao qut bt ki vn n no, bao gm nhn n vn chuyn, chng t a
phng thc co kh nng vt ra ngoi gii hn cua no)
53 Nh ly lun mt cch rt ti tinh theo M. Ozdel, Chng t vn ti a phng thc
trong mua bn hng hoa quc t [2012] ICCLR 238, t trang 241 n 243.
14

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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v vn n ng bin, no khng phi l vn n ng bin 55, thay vo o, no co

th c xem l giy gi hng ng bin theo nh iu 3 phn 1 trong cng vn
bn lut quy nh:
Cc dn chiu trong lut ny i vi giy gi hng ng bin cng l nhng dn
chiu i vi bt ki vn bn no khng phi l vn n ng bin nhng:
(a) L mt bin lai nhn hng m bao hm hoc chng to s hin din mt hp
ng chuyn ch hng hoa bng ng bin; v
(b)Ch nh ngi c ngi chuyn ch vn chuyn hng ho n theo nh
tho thun trong hp ng.
Mt chng t vn ti a phng thc khng th chuyn nhng r rng l mt
bin lai nhn hng (xem bn trn); v no ng thi cng l lnh giao hng cho
ngi nhn hng - ngi l raison dtre cua no. Thm vo o, no cng c xem
l mt hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng ng bin ngay c khi no ch quy
nh ch vn chuyn mt phn bng ng bin. Tng t, hp ng chuyn ch
hng ho bng ng b cng c hiu theo nghia bao gm cc hp ng
chuyn ch hng ho mt phn bng c b, con li l bng ng hng
khng56. Gn y trong thc t, thi to n Australia co mt cht lng l trong
vic quyt nh mt MMTD bao hm mt hp ng lin quan n vic chuyn
ch hng hoa bng tu ngay c mc d mt phn cua vic chuyn ch l bng
54 cp mt cch xng ng ly thuyt rng, tng qut, t ng theo lut nn c c
khp vi y nghia cua no vo thi im ban hnh: vd F.Bennion, Din gii theo lut (bn
3) (Butterworths 1997), trang 699.
55 Ngay c trong trng hp i vi vn n ng bin i thng theo lut Anh (so snh
Voss v APL Co Pte Ltd [2002] 3 SLR 176, [2002] 2 Lloyds Rep 707), no ngh ngi xut
trinh cua no phi nhn vic chuyn ch hng hoa. Xem The Rafaela S [2005] UKHL 11,
[2005] 2 AC 423.
56 Quantum Corpn Inc v Plane Trucking Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 350, [2002] 1 WLR 2678
(trong bi cnh cua CMR). Nh c tha nhn, iu ny khng ng di goc nhin ph
bin, c bn lun c v mt lng ln cc quyn khc chu u (cu th xem
M.Clarke, Vn ti quc t bng ng b: CMR (ti bn ln th 5)(Informa 2009) on 13;
v S. Lamont-Black, oi bi thng thit hi trong Vn ti a phng thc: S cn thit
hoa hp (2012) 36 Tul Mar LJ 707, phn 713), nhng no r rng tiu biu cho lut
Anh.
15

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xe ti.57 Nu iu ny ng, thi thng chng t vn ti a phng thc trng

ging vi vn n ng bin v bao gm it nht mt phn l chuyn ch bng
ng bin thi u co kh nng chuyn nhng c. Tuy vy nn co phm vi
nh gi cho mt tiu chun. Vic vn ti a phng thc ny ch c bao gm
mt phn nho l c chuyn ch bng ph RO-RO: vi du, hnh trinh vn chuyn
hng ho t Moscow n Glasgow cng c gi l vn n ng bin, ton b
hnh trinh l bng t, duy ch co on t Rotterdam n Harwich l bng ph
RO-RO. iu kho khn y l nhng kiu hp ng loi ny theo nh quy nh
trong cc iu khon cua lut chuyn nhng nm 1992 thi li co s mu thun
i nghch so vi cng c v vic vn chuyn hng ho bng ng b CMR,
im (i) xem y nh l hp ng vn chuyn quc t bng ng b tout court,58
v (ii) quy nh quyn v trch nhim khi kin bt buc59 khng thng nht vi
phn 2 cua lut chuyn nhng 1992. Vic gii thich cc nghia cua cc t "vn
n ng bin" v giy gi hng theo theo lut chuyn nhng nm 1992 gip
loi tr vic hiu rng nc Anh vi phm nghia vu c quy nh theo cng c
CMR.
So far so good. So far, tuy nhin, cho n by gi, chng ta vn cha tho lun
v trng hp vic vn chuyn khng bao gm vic chuyn ch bng ng bin
57 Heilbrunn v Lightwood plc [2007] FCA 1518; (2007) 243 ALR 343. Trng hp lin quan
d quan toa co thm quyn hay khng di iu 4(3)(f) cua b hnh vi hng hi 1988
(c)(Cth), tng ng vi iu 20(2)(h) cua B hnh vi toa n cp cao 1981 (Anh).
58 Vi khon 2 quy nh Hng ho c chuyn ch mt phn bng ng bin, ng
st, ng sng ni a hoc ng hng khng, vhng hoa khng c d khoi
phng tin, thi Cng c ny d th no vn se c p dung vi ton b qu trinh
chuyn ch.
59 iu 41 cng c CMR quy nh mt cch mnh me rng : bt c quy nh no trc
tip hay gin tip lm mt i cc iu khon cua Hip nh ny se tr nn v hiu. iu
o b hn ch trch nhim cho vic mt mt, thit hi hay chm tr, v m vi cc
bn nhm quy nh v cc vn khc, vi du nh loi phng tin hoc l trinh theo ui
(xem M. Clarke v D.Yates, Hp ng chuyn ch bng ng hng khng v ng b
(bn th 2)(Informa 2008), on 1.237; Munchener Kommentar, HGB, bn th 2, tp 7,
1222). Nhng im kho khn l vic chi phi cng mt hp ng cho hai h thng thoa
thun mu thun vi nhau.
16

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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(do o, lut chuyn nhng 1992 khng co hiu lc). Co hay khng cc cch khc
cho phep ngi nhn co tn trong chng t vn ti a phng thc hoc ngi
cm gi thi hnh hp ng m co tn cua h trong o?
iu u tin cn cn nhc theo nh lut hp ng nm 1999 (quyn cua cc bn
th ba) thi it nht mt vi iu khon trong b chng t vn ti a phng tin
c trng60 l cc iu khon em li li ich cho ngi nhn v do o co th tin
hnh mt cch hp ly theo hnh ng cua ngi o ;61 ng thi cc bn co th
a cho ngi nhn nhng quyn r rng hn nu h mun. Tuy nhin, loi tr
trng hp b chng t MMTD hon ton trong ni a, vic ny se gp phi tr
ngi ln bi khon b iu 5 phn 6 cua Lut chuyn nhng 1999, theo o khng
th p dung hu ht cc iu trong vn ti ton phn 62 k c khi cc bn mong
mun r rng rng h chp thun vic trao quyn cho ngi th ba ti bt c
hp ng vn chuyn hng hoa bng ng st hay ng b, hoc vn chuyn
hng hoa bng ng hng khng no, m chu s kim sot cua cc quy tc cua
Hip nh vn ti quc t ph hp. Mc d vic loi tr r rng bao gm c vn
ti n phng thc c iu chnh bi CMR, COTIF hay bt c bt c s b sung
no cua Warsaw hay Montral c tin hnh co th p dung, 63 thi cc lut khc
vn co xu hng xem hp ng chuyn ch hng ho bng mt phng tin bao

60 Vi du, cc iu khon giao hng theo iu 8 cua Giy gi hng a phng thc BIMCO
hoc iu 8 cua Vn n vn ti a phng thc BIMCO, ch n gin yu cu ngoi
chuyn ch giao hng ti ngi nhn.
61 B lut nm 1999 cho phep mt bn th ba thi hnh mt iu khon hp ng nu hp ng
noi anh ta co th (iu 1(1)(a)), v iu khon hm y mang quyn li cho anh ta (iu khon m
bao gm cc trng hp thi hnh trc tip vi anh ta) v khng co s chng ch nh vic khng
bt buc thi hnh. (iu 1(1)(b), 1(2)). Xem H.Beale, Giy t cua Hp ng (bn th 30) (Sweet &
Maxwell 2008), on 18-088-18-091.

62Khng hon ton trong ton phn: cc iu khon Himalaya vn co hiu lc. But that
is by-the-by
63Hip nh co lin quan: iu 6 khon 8. Xem Bn bo co ban lut php s 242 (1996),
on 12.7 12.15.
17

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gm c vic chuyn ch ch mt phn bng phng tin o: 64 v nu nh vy vn

ti a phng thc quc t bng ng st v ng b se c coi nh s
chuyn ch phi chu s iu chnh cua cc quy tc cua hip nh vn ti quc t
ph hp v do o l i tng iu chnh cua lut Common law trn s hiu bit
ring, trong ni dung cua b Lut chuyn nhng 1999.65
Trong thc t, trong nhiu trng hp, iu ny co th cng khng quan trng. Bi
mt ngi nhn hoc bn th ba chu s iu chnh cua b chng t MMTD co th
c bo v mt cch y u bi cc iu khon quy nh trong cc cng c u
tin, nhng iu m khin Lut chuyn nhng 1999 b tc bo. Vi du nh, cng
c CMR quy nh r rng vic trao cho ngi nhn quyn oi ngi chuyn ch 66
bi thng trong trng hp thit hi, mt mt hay chm tr. 67 V trong trng
hp chuyn ch quc t bng ng st, Hip nh CIM nm 1999 tin thm mt
bc xa hn trong vic trao cho ngi nhn hng cc quyn c quy nh hp
ng, trong khi Lut chuyn nhng 1999 li khng cho phep nh vy.68 Tuy
nhin, vn co nhng trng hp cha c cp n (vi du nh cc iu khon
64 Quantum Corpn Inc v Plane Trucking Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 350, [2002] 1 WLR 2678
(ng b); v Hip nh Warsaw (tt c cc bn), Art. 31 v Hip nh Montreal 1999,
Art.38 (ng hng khng).
65Ghi ch rng s loi tr trong lut nm 1999 m ch trong iu 6(5)(a) l cho hp ng
chuyn ch hng hoa bng ng st hay ng b, khng ch n gin ch l vi cc
iu khon trong hp ng. Theo o nu mt hp ng chuyn ch hng ho ch gm
mt phn chng ng b thi lut se khng p dung c vi bt c iu khon no,
thm chi c nhng iu khng lin quan n vic chuyn ch bng ng b.
66Xem iu 13 (Sau khi hng hoa n a im c ch nh giao n, ngi nhn se
c trao quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch giao hng n, i ly hoa n, bn sao
th hai cua bn ghi ch nhn hng v hng hoa)
67CMR khng cp ti thit hi, nhng trong M. Clarke & D.Yates, Hp ng chuyn ch
bng ng b v ng hng khng (bn th 2) (Informa 2008) on 1.58 hon ton
ng v ph hp vi quyt nh cua c BGH 2 Quantum Corpn Inc v Plane Trucking
Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 350, [2002] 1 WLR 2678.9.87, 1988 ULR II.713, khi nim v mt
mt phi bao gm c thit hi.
68Xem COTIF/CIM (1999), iu 44.1 Hnh ng da theo hp ng chuyn ch co th
c thc hin bi ngi nhn
18

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trong hp ng chuyn ch v hinh thc vn chuyn, l trinh i, thoa thun trng

ti v co th c b chng t c cung cp), theo o cc bn co th vn mun
trao mt quyn cu th cho ngi nhn hoc ngi cm gi vn n. Co chuyn gi
xy ra? Chinh vi co s nghi ng gia cc bn nn h phi vin dn lut chuyn
nhng v cc quyn trong hp ng nu h tht s mun dng n bn th ba.
Tht vy, r rng rng s chuyn nhng gia ngi nhn b chng t MMTD
chinh l s chuyn nhng ngm bt c quyn no pht sinh trong b chng t:
ngoi nhng iu khc, nu iu ny c thc hin thi khng cn phi thng qua
Lut chuyn nhng v Vn n 1855 hoc ngi hng li u tin. 69 Tuy nhin
nu cc bn mong mun ginh quyn li cho ngi nhn hay ngi mua, thi mt
s chuyn nhng hng hoa di s kim sot cua b chng t MMTD khng nn
kem theo mt s chuyn nhng r rng cc quyn pht sinh theo hp ng vn
chuyn.70 Mt s chuyn nhng nh th co th hoc c quy nh trong phn
136 cua Lut ti sn nm 1925 hoc l dnh cho cc vn v s cng bng, 71
ci m trao cho ngi nhn chuyn nhng quyn khiu ni cc tn tht ln ngi
chuyn do ch gy ra khi m ngi chuyn nhng chuyn nhng cho ngi
nhn chuyn nhng.72 iu o cng khng vi phm bt c hip nh chuyn ch
69 So snh vi lun im tng t cua Lloyd LJ vi y tng rng mt vn n co th thit
lp thnh mt s chuyn nhng ngm bi ngi chuyn ch ti mt ngi nhn: Vn
chuyn tng lai [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep 541, 550.
70S chuyn nhng khng c nhc n. Vi du, xem The Kelo [1985] 2 LloydRep 85
(chuyn nhng quyn cua ngi nm gi vn n ti i ly cho vic khi t oi bi
thng co hiu lc); Ngn gio vnh Fio [1999] 1 Lloyds Rep 307 (hng hoa trn tu khng
co kh nng i bin phi c chuyn sang tu khc: thoa thun co hiu lc vi ngi
thu tu bi chu hng bch hoa theo quyn cua vn n). o l s chuyn nhng hp
php theo lut cm trn tu chuyn: cf. Lord Roskill trong Trendtex Trading Corpn v
Credit Suisse [1982] AC 679, ti khon 702 (Ni ngi c chuyn nhng yu cu
quyn s hu v nguyn nhn cua hnh ng l ngu nhin thi s chuyn nhng co hiu
lc)
71 Xem M. Smith, Lut chuyn nhng (OUP 2007) Chng 7.
72 Mt quan im vt khoi s nghi ng trong trng hp (khng co s chuyn ch) cua
Offer-Hoar v Larkstore Ltd [2006] 1 WLR 2926, r rng trong trng hp o ngi c
chuyn nhng ginh c quyn m ngi chuyn nhng co th co khi khng co s
bn hng hoa v khng co s chuyn nhng i kem.
19

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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quc t no, k c khi chng p dung theo hp ng chuyn ch gc. R rng,

khng co iu lut no cm vic chuyn nhng. c bit, chuyn ch hng ho
bng ng st v hng khng khng loi tr vic s dung cc iu khon m lm
tng thm nghia vu cua ngi chuyn ch :73 v trong khi o cng c CMR hot
ng trn nguyn tc ngn cm vic s dung cc iu khon ny , 74 tuy nhin s
ngn cm ch p dung cho cc trng hp c iu chnh bi cng c. Lin
quan n cc vn khc khng c quy nh, 75 m gi thit c l ch trng
hp s chuyn nhng c coi l rt quan trng, cc c quyn trong hp ng
se vn tip tuc c p dung.
S phn i ca cc iu khon trong hp ng chuyn ch a phng thc MMT
vi cc bn khng c trong hp ng
Cu hoi t ra l mt ngi nhn hay ngi cm gi co th da vo cc quyn
trong hp ng n mc no chng li ngi chuyn ch kin anh ta l
iu quan trng, nhng con mt nghch ly cng quan trng khng kem. Nu ngi
nhn hay ngi cm gi kin ngi chuyn ch da vo mt yu cu bt buc dn
chiu theo mt chng t khc ngoi hp ng (c bit, dnh cho vic s sut
gy thit hi, hay ph v vic ky gi), 76 cc iu khon cua hp ng co th chng
73 ng st: COTIF/CIM (1999), iu 5. ng hng khng: Hip nh Warsaw (tt c
cc loi), iu 23; Hip nh Montreal, iu 26.
74CMR, iu 41
75Vi du, loi phng tin, hoc l trinh s dung (xem Munchener Kommentar HGB (bn
th 2), tp 7, 1222); hoc ngi c bit c phep thu nhn hng (c, OGH 29.10.1992,
1993 TramspR 424). Xem M. Clarke v D.Yates, Hp ng chuyn ch bng ng hng
khng v ng b (bn th 2)(Informa 2008), on 1.237.
76Nhng khng ch dnh ring cho iu ny. Cc vn co th pht sinh, vi du, cc iu
khon cua hp ng chuyn ch min cho ngi chuyn ch trch nhim do giao nhm
hng. Xem Motis Exports Ltd v Dampskibsselskabet AF 1912 A/S [2000] 1 Lloyds Rep
211. Trong trng hp khng co s min gim no nhng cc ti liu khc co th it ngi
nhn hng thn thin hn (vi du Vn n vn ti lin hp cua Tropical Shipping Inc, Art.
16 (S giao hng se ti ngi nhn hoc i ly ngi nhn qua cc chng c ph hp
cho vic nhn dng v ngi chuyn ch se khng co trch nhim khi khng co nhng s
sut thc s. )
20

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

li h ti mc nh th no lm gim cua h quyn li, bt chp thc t l h

khng phi mt bn trong hp ng? Lin quan n vn n ng bin, cu tr
li rt n gin: Lut Hague Visby a ra mt cch r rng rng hu ht cc
li bin h vn p dung bt c hinh thc hp php no bn nguyn chn thng
qua.77 Tuy nhin liu co mt nguyn tc tng t p dung cho tt c cc b chng
t vn ti, bao gm c b chng t MMTD hay khng? Cu tr li o chinh l it
nht l i vi ngi chuyn ch thi iu o gn nh lun lun ng.
Trc tin, ni mt hip nh chuyn ch khng bng ng bin p dung, o l
s thc hnh khin bt c s min trch no cng u bao gm c kh nng co
th hnh ng bi bt c ai tham gia, d im xut pht cua h l gi. 78 Theo o
thi cng i xa thi mt b chng t MMTD c iu chnh cng tr thnh mt vn
quan trng v lut i vi h thng COTIF, CMR hay Warsaw trong sut qu
trinh hay mt phn qu trinh chuyn ch, 79 bt c gii hn trch nhim no trong
hip nh u t ng chng i vi mt ngi nhn hay bn th ba cng nhiu
nh i vi ngi vn chuyn.
Th hai, thm chi l khng phi nh vy nhng dng nh lut Anh quc 80 trong
bt c trng hp no u co kh nng t kt qu tng t, thm chi khi khng
77iu IV bis (1): S bin h v gii hn trch nhim c cung cp trong cc Quy tc
ny se c p dung trong bt c hnh ng no chng li ngi chuyn ch i vi vic
mt mt hay tn tht hng hoa c kim sot bi mt hp ng chuyn ch d hnh
ng c xet theo hp ng hay theo li vi phm. Ghi ch gii hn: iu IV ch cho
phep s bin h nm trong b Quy tc chng li ngi nhn. Nu mt vn n bao
gm c iu khon min trch khng co trong b Quy tc vi du nh gii hn trch
nhim cho vic giao nhm hng thi theo o, nhng iu kem theo bn di se phi c
xem xet chng li ngi chuyn ch.
78 ng b: xem CMR, Art. 28.1 (Trong trng hp di lut co th p dung, mt mt,
thit hi hoc chm tr pht sinh ngoi s chuyn ch theo hip nh ny trao c hi cho
vic oi bi thng ngoi hp ng, ngi chuyn ch co th li dung cc iu khon cua
hip nh loi tr trch nhim cua anh ta m khc phuc hoc hn ch quyn bi thng).
ng st v ng hng khng cng co cc iu khon tng ng: xem COTIF/CIM
1999, Art. 41; Hip nh Warsaw, Art. 24; Hip nh Montreal, Art.29.
79 Theo o, nh quan im nu trn, khuynh hng phn tich nhng hip nh ny
theo hng p dung cho cc thoa thun chuyn ch tng phn, cng nh ton phn
bng phng thc vn ti chn c a ra.
21

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

co s h tr cua lut php. Mt vn cua lut ky gi, co mt nguyn tc ph

bin o l ni hng hoa c ky gi chu kim sot cua cc iu kin hn ch, mt
iu khon ky gi81 c pht sinh, co th co li cho li ich cua ngi c ky
gi k c khi chng li bn th ba co lin quan ti hng hoa. Mt chiu hng 82
cua iu ny l ni A ky gi hng hoa cho B trong iu khon cu th gii hn bi
trch nhim cua B, thi khi bn th ba l C co mua nhng hng hoa o hay noi
cch khc c trao li ich vo hng hoa, C se, 83 nu khng vi ly do thc t no
khc, b gii hn bi cc iu khon ky gi v khng th thot khoi s nh hng
nu anh ta kin oi bi thng thit hi.84 Do o, ly mt vi du, mt ngi gi kho
c xem l co th da vo cc iu khon chng li ngi mua cc hng hoa
trong kho cho d ngi n sau khng phi l mt bn cua bt c hp ng no
vi anh ta.85 Lp lun trn cng c p dung cho ngi chuyn ch, vi du nh
East West v DKBS AF,86 theo o nu ngi mua giao hng hoa cho ngi chuyn
ch theo cc iu khon gii hn trch nhim cua ngi n sau do giao hng
nhm, thi nhng iu khon o cng chng li khng ch vi ngi mua m con
80 Lut c co th cng tng t. Xem OLG Stuttgart, 2005 TranspR 112, ch ra rng mt
iu khon v quyn hn trong mt bn ti liu tom tt cua vn n co th c dn
chng chng li ngi nhn, it nht khi anh ta co bt c hnh ng no oi bi
thng hng hoa.
81 Cum t bt ngun t bi din vn cua Lord Sumner trong Elder, Dempster & Co v.
Paterson, Zochonis & Co [1924] AC 522, khon 564.
82 Mc d khng phi l ngi duy nht: mt s p dung thng thng khc l cho phep
mt ngi nhn ky gi thay th da vo cc iu khon i vi ngi ky gi chinh (vi du:
Johnson Matthey & Co Ltd v Constantine Terminals Ltd [1976] 2 Lloyds Rep 215;
container tin phong [1994] 2 AC 324).
83 Nu lut l khc, khng ngi nhn ky gi no co th da vo vic co kh nng dn
chng cc iu khon v iu kin trong trng hp chuyn nhng qua m anh ta
khng co s kim sot no. Nh Roche J ghi ch ngn gn trong Humphrey Ltd v
Baxter Hoare & Co Ltd (1993) 46 LIL Rep 252, khon 255, Ti thy tht kho nhn bit
vic kinh doanh ny co th c qun ly nh th no trn bt c goc nhin no.
84 Xem A.Tetttenborn, S s sut, Ngi nhn ky gi v Bn th ba (1978) 29 NILQ 40.
85 Humphrey Ltd v Baxter Hoare & Co Ltd (1993) 46 LIL Rep 252.
22

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

ti bt c ai phn nn v vic giao hng cho nhm ngi. Cng theo mch o, thi
khng co ly do gi m cc iu khon thng thng cua ngi vn chuyn a
phng thc, d da trn hp ng hay lut, theo nguyn tc khng chng li bt
c ngi mua hng hoa no c bo v bi no, hay bt c ai oi bi thng bt
c quyn li no.
Hanh ng chng li ngi nhn
o l mt iu cho phep mt s thoa thun gia A v B to lp cc quyn cho C:
mt iu hon ton khc, cho phep t anh ta di s kim sot cua nghia vu
c ra. No i theo bt c lun im no lin quan n vic cho phep ngi
nhn c kin mt ngi chuyn ch hay cho phep tin tng mt cch thu ng
bng cch theo sau iu khon loi tr chng li bt c ai ngh, cc vn lin
quan n quyn yu cu chng li ngi nhn hay ngi mua r rng tr nn kho
khn hn.87 o l mt gi nh r rng chy xuyn sut tt c cc trng hp ch
c iu chnh bi php lut ngy nay theo s.3 cua Chuyn ch hng hoa bng
ng bin B hnh vi 1992 co th mt ngi mua hay ngi nhn hng thc s
phi i mt vi trch nhim tuyt i vi ngi chuyn ch theo mt hp ng
m anh ta khng phi l mt bn no cua no c. 88 V khi iu o c chp thun,
ch trong cc trng hp rt hn ch, l khi mt ngi cm gi chng t yu cu

86 [2003] EWCA Civ 83, [2003] QB 1509, khon 1531-1532 (Mance LJ); The Mahkutai
[1996] AC 650, esp Lord Goff khon 668 ff (iu khon quyn hn ring, mc d thc t
lun im ny l sai)
87 Lord Selborne t quan im ng khm phuc khi tho lun Lut chuyn nhng vn
n 1855 trc o. o lut, ng noi, comtemplates beneficium cum onere and not
unus sine beneficio. Co th co ly nu ngi c chuyn nhng co li ich rng anh ta
co th nhn no vi trch nhim lin quan, t chu tu. Nhng co th o l hn ch cua s
co ly t ln vai anh ta mt gnh nng nh vy, khi m anh ta khng h ki vo bt ki
hp ng no m t o pht sinh kt qu t nhin xem Sewell v Burdick (1884) 10 App
Cas 74, khon 86.
88 Gi nh ny r rng lm nn tng cho tt cc quyt nh theo quyn hnh ng, t
Smurthwaite v Wilkins (1862) 11 CBNS 842 v Sewell v Burdick (1884) 10 App Cas 74,
The Berge Sisar [2002] 2 AC 205.
23

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

bi thng trn c s o, hoc nhn, hoc yu cu chc chn89, hng hoa m h

co lin quan.90 Trong mc o, bi vy, khng ch mt tinh nng cua vn n
khng th p dung cho b chng t MMTD, m con khng th m rng no bng
thoa thun.
Mt khc, iu ny co l rt quan trng hay khng thi vn con phi bn ci. Ngoi
tr trng hp phi cha thu v hng hoa nguy him, 91 trch nhim tuyt i cua
ngi nhn thanh ton cho ngi vn chuyn khng phi l iu v cng quan
trng trong thc t. Hn na, cn phi nh li rng cc iu khon c thc thi
cua B hnh vi 1992 c p dung ngoi vn n, v vn n ng bin noi
ring; iu o c thc hin bi rt nhiu b chng t MMTD (nh ch ra
trn), thc t co th c m t theo mt hay cc hng i ny khc, s khng
nh trch nhim chng li ngi mua v ngi nhn c cp n trong b
chng t MMTD co th se thng xuyn xut hin theo cng cch m no lun
c xut hin co lin quan ti vn n truyn thng.

MMTDs va cc chng t s hu
Khiu ni i vi ngi vn chuyn hang ha
Gi chng ta se quay li vi chc nng chinh th 3 cua vn n: cu th l no chinh
l chng t s hu. phn ny chng ta cp n muc u tin cua chc nng
chng t s hu: (i)o l cng cu chuyn nhng, (iii) chc nng ngc li khng
th giao cho bt ki ai, (iii) bo v cho ngi chuyn ch giao hng vi s tin tng
tt nht.
89 Mt yu cu c nhn mnh trong The Berge Sisar [2002] 2 AC 205, theo o ch m
phn vi ngi chuyn ch vi mt gi nh m mt ngi co th c trao quyn i vi
hng hoa l cha u.
90 Xem iu 3(1): trch nhim kem theo nu v ch nu ngi nm gi chim gi hoc
yu cu giao hng t ngi chuyn ch hoc yu cu bi thng theo hp ng chuyn
ch i vi ngi chuyn ch.
91 Mc d chc chn co nhng trng hp khc, vi du nh trch nhim ngi thu tu co
trong vn n (nh trong The Aegean Sa [1998] 2 Lloyds Rep 39), hoc s phn b
chung thng thng m quyn cua chu tu l khng y u.
24

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

Chng t s hu va khiu ni vn chuyn

Theo thng lut, cc quy tc php khon, bt c loi phng tin vn chuyn no
c s dung, nhim vu cua ngi vn chuyn l a cho ngi nhn hng hp
ng gia anh ta v ngi gi hng. Noi cch khc, trong khi ngi nhn hng co
th co quyn yu cu bi thng hng hoa nu chng to c rng anh ta s hu
chng hay l c uy quyn, co th anh ta khng co yu cu bi thng giao
hng, theo hp ng hoc khng92. Mt cch nhn thc c vn ny r
rng o s dung mt vn n truyn thng. Mt khc, no c ngh rng no
ng nhin l chng t duy nht trong bi cnh vn ti a phng thc.
u tin, phi lun c lu y rng, cng ging nh mt MMTD co th l mt vn
n vi muc ich Lut chuyn nhng hng hoa bng ng bin 1992 (xem
trn) khng th loi tr kh nng o l vn n theo thng lut, hoc it nht l co
hiu lc php lut ging nhau nu nh chng l mt. Cc ngun lut cua quyn
chu s hu cua ngi chuyn ch theo vn n l, sau cng, cc thoa thun cua
cc thng gia thnh lp trong Lickbarrow v Mason 93 v do o m ch vo php
lut noi chung; m t o no phi tun theo o; bt k tinh hung o co th xy ra
t mt trm hoc nhiu nm trc; nu thoa thun hin nay lin quan n mt
thoa thun MTD thng lng nh mt vn bn vi tiu co nh hng tng
ng vi mt vn n truyn thng, chu s hu cua hng hoa co yu cu song
song vi hng hoa i din cua minh. Cho d iu ny l co phi tha nhn tht l
iu ng tranh ci94, nhng l mt trong nhng s khc bit.95

92 Thompson v Dominy (1845) 14 M & W 403 (khng co khiu ni no bng vn n

ng bin cua ngi nhn hng i vi vic vn chuyn ngn). o l mt vu n ni ting
do vic ban hnh o lut Vn n ng bin 1855
93 (1794) 5 TR 683
94 Mt iu ng nghi ng se c tim thy trong Carver on Bills of Lading (ti bn ln
th 3) on 8-088; R. De Wit, Vn ti a phng thc (Nh xut bn Lloyds of London)
on 6.34; v M.Ozdel, Chng t vn ti a phng thc trong mua bn hng hoa quc
t [2012] ICCLR 238, trang 246
25

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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Th hai, ngay c vic thng lng khng din ra, co th l co th cu cu php

lut cua vic chuyn quyn noi chung96. Bn cht cua vic chuyn quyn l no
cho phep bt k ngi nhn hng (mt thut ng m cc khoa hc co th bao
gm ngi chuyn ch hoc MMTO) tha nhn rng c gi hng hoa thay mt
cho mt ngi no o - thm chi ngi o khng th chng li - v do o t t
minh di mt nhim vu giao hng hoa cho ngi o97. iu ny tht co gi tr
no co th cung cp cho ngi nhn hng mt n kin chng li mt MMTO trong
it nht l hai tinh hung.
Trong o, co mt tinh nng c a ra bi MMTO cua MMTD t pht hnh c
bit cng nhn trch nhim chuyn n ngi a ra no. Thm chi nu chng t
khng th coi nh quyn quyt nh chuyn nhng cua ngi pht hnh, no c
trinh by rng bng cch pht hnh no MMTO uy quyn cho ngi giao hng v
do o khng th phu nhn s to thnh ngi ky gi98 . Khi ngi gi hng sau o
cung cp cho cc chng t cho ngi khc vi muc ich chuyn giao trch nhim
cua minh i vi hng hoa, anh ta ln lt chuyn nhng quyn cua minh nh l
95 i vi tranh lun co thin chi, xem chi tit trong P.Bugden & S.Lamont-Black, Vn
chuyn hng hoa (ti bn ln th 2) (Sweet & Maxwell 2009), on 6-04; R.Aikens, R.Lord
& M.Bools, Vn n ng bin (informa 2005), on 11.48
96 Bn tom tt xc tich bi Staughton LJ trong The Gudermes [1993] 1 Lloyds Rep.311,
ti 324: vic chuyn nhng bi i ly bao gm s cng nhn rng ngi no o khc vi
ngi ky gi ban u by gi co quyn i vi hng hoa v cho quyn vn chuyn chng.
Xem N.Palmer, Vic ki gi hng hoa (ti bn ln th 3) (Sweet & Maxwell 2009), chng
25; D.Sheehan, Nhng quy tc cua lut s hu t (Hart 2011). Chng 10
97 Thc ra, co trng hp c ngh rng quyn cua ngi cm gi vn n n gin
l mt vi du cua quy tc ny, iu cn bn rng vn n ng bin l mt phn khng
th thu hi c nhng vic chuyn nhng ban u xut hin qua phong tuc, thoi quen
cua nh bun, v c hon thin bi s xc nhn cua ngi nhn hng. Xem ti Berge
Sisar [2002] 2 AC 205 ti [18] [19] (Lord Hobhouse), cng nh ti East West Corpn v
DKBS AF 1912 A/S [2003] EWCA Civ 83, [2003] QB 1509 ti [42] (Mance LJ)/ Tri li, The
Future Express [1992] 2 Lloyds Rep 79, ti 96 (HHJ Diamond QC); [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep
541, ti 550 (Lloyd LJ); N.Palmer & E. McKendrick (eds.), Lin quan n hng hoa (ti bn
ln th 2) (LLP 1998), chng 22, 550 ff
98 Nh vic chp nhn vu kin Vn n ng bin: so snh Lord Brandon trong The
Aliakmon [1986] AC 785 ti 818
26

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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bn ky gi vi bn khc; t o tng t nhng ngi sau u c hng quyn

li nh nhau nh bt k bn gi khc yu cu nhn li hng hoa t MTO / ngi
nhn hng.99 (Ngi ta co th nghi rng ton b qu trinh ny co th bo qua bng
cch noi rng MMTO uy quyn bng cch ky vo chng t cho chu s hu khc
nhau theo thi gian, nhng hp ly nh quan im ny l, cc nh chc trch ang
phn i no).100
Trng hp th hai phi tha nhn l gy kh nhiu tranh ci, lin quan n
MMTD khng chuyn nhng c. Binh thng, r rng chng t cua cng loi
ny, trong cng mt cch nh vn n bin, y nh ri khoi quyn x ly chc chn
trong tay cua ngi gi hng; thc s, mt tinh nng gn nh ph bin cua chng
t vn ti khng chuyn nhng c chinh thc l h khng ch trnh bt k yu
cu trinh by r rng no, m con cho phep ngi gi hng thay i y nh cua
minh theo y mun cng nh nhng ngi se nhn hng101. Hu qu r rng l
ngi nhn hng l b t chi mi quyn li co th chng li ngi vn chuyn.
Tuy nhin, khng co ch cho mt kh nng co th. Trong trng hp o l mong
mun cung cp cho mt kim sot bn cho vay i vi hng ho bao phu bi mt
chng t khng chuyn nhng c, ngi gi hng nhn dp lm cho chng t
t tn cho ngi cho vay nh ngi nhn hng v c bit l t bo quyn cua
minh thay i im n cua hng hoa v do o se ly i li nhun mong i 102.
Nu trong trng hp nh vy chng ta co th vt qua c hon ton v noi
rng ch co trch nhim cua ngi vn chuyn vn con n ring vi ngi gi
99 Vn sau vt xa s nghi ng bi vu kin v ky gi cua Franklin v Neate (1844) 13 M
& W 480
100 Xem chi tit The Future Express [1993] 2 Lloyds Rep 541, ti 550 (Loy Lloyd) (Farina
v Home (1946) 16 M & W 119), cng so snh Fortis Bank SA/NV v Indian Overseas Bank
(2011) EWHC 538 (Comm); (2011) 2 Lloyds Rep 190 (ngi vn chuyn khng ki hp
ng di s uy quyn cua ngi nhn hng). Mt trng hp c bit tuy th li em li
quan im hp ly trong vu n tng t cua ngi nhn hng gi kho: xem Sonicare
International Ltd v East Anglia Freight Terminal Ltd [1997] 2 Lloyds Rep 48, ti 53 (HHJ
Hallgarten QC)
101 Vi du BIMCOs MULTIWAYBILL 95, iu 8 (cam kt vn chuyn ti ngi nhn hng
hoc ngi c ch th bi ngi gi hng)
27

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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hng, quyn ti chinh chng li ngi vn chuyn, se l noi rng mt MMTD

m c bit khng bao gm quyn cua ngi gi hng ra lnh giao hng s lng,
it nht mt ln thng bo c a ra cho vay, mt uy quyn ung h cua c
quan ny u cho anh ta mt yu cu bi thng cua hng ho.103
Th ba, tht ng ghi nh rng cc cng c n thc (phi hng hi) nh CMR,
cofif/CIM nm 1999 hoc Cng c Warsaw co th c p dung cho vn ti a
phng thc. V trong khi nhng cng c khng co quy nh i vi chng t co
th chuyn nhng nh vy,
Nh th, vo thi im h n gn vi vic cung cp th ging nhau di tn khc
nhau. c bit, tt c quy nh ring bit cho nghia vu cua ngi chuyn ch
trong vic ch hng i vi ngi nhn hng, v lm cho r hn, theo mt th
thc hoc ci khc, nghia vu ny co hiu lc k t n kin sau cng, thng
thng l thi im n.104 iu khon c tha nhn r rng cng bng khng
th b ch y tng li tng ti ni phn chuyn ch lin quan n phng thc cua
vic chuyn ch, v phn ny khng xy ra ng thi vi vic kt thc vic
chuyn ch (mt ngi chuyn ch hng khng sp xp chuyn ch bi ng
102 BIMCOs MULTIWAYBILL 95, iu 8 ( trn) c bit cho phep ngi gi hng chuyn
giao quyn ch th. Mt iu khon tiu biu c s dung lin quan n tin dung th:
di s chp nhn cua Sea Waybill bi mt ngn hng pht hnh tin dung th (tin dung
l xc nhn cua ngn hng i vi ngi chuyn ch) ngi ch hng t bo bt ki quyn
no thay i s gim nh cua ngi nhn hng trong qu trinh chuyn ch
103 tho lun, xem Kum v Wah Tat Bank Ltd [1971] 1 Lloyds Rep 439, ti 446-448
(Lord Devlin); G.Treitel, Quan h php li cua Vn n ng bin ich danh (2003) 119
LQR 608, ti pp. 623-624.
104 CMR: xem iu 13.1 (sau khi hng hoa n ni d kin ch i, ngi nhn hng co
quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch chuyn cho anh ta da vo bin lai, bn sao th hai cua
phiu gi hng v hng hoa tt). COTIF/ CIM 1999: xem iu 17 (Ngi chuyn ch phi
trao tay phiu gi hng v vn chuyn hng hoa ti ngi nhn hng ti a im d kin
vn chuyn giy bin nhn v thanh ton theo hp ng chuyn ch). Cng c
Warsaw: xem iu 13 (ngoi tr trong trng hp thoa thun ngoi iu ny, khi hng
n a im d kin ngi nhn hng co quyn yu cu ngi chuyn ch chuyn giao
cho anh ta phiu gi hng ng hng khng v chuyn ch hng hoa ti anh ta). Cng
c Montreal, iu 13 co gi tr tng t (cng vi s thay i khng quan trng trong
cch din t)
28

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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chuyn ch quc t

r rng khng b yu cu theo Cng c Warsaw vn

chuyn n ngi nhn hng khi xe ch hng tin vo im ti cui cng) 105;
nhng co v khng kho khi noi rng cng c quc t duy nht co th p dung
c ti im cui
Trong bt ki vu kin no, s xut hin nghia vu chuyn giao chng t co v khng
quan trng. o l bi, it nht trong lut Anh,106 quyn s hu hng hoa c bn
co th chuyn giao m khng cn bt c thu tuc no, ch cn vi t cch l iu
khon cua hp ng mua bn 107. Tip theo, s khng phu thuc cua vn hoc
lin quan n bt ki chng t vn ti no, ngi nhn hng di s kim sot cua
ngi chuyn ch co th c lp chng minh rng anh ta khng ch l ngi co
tn trong phn tn ngi nhn hng m thc t anh ta l chu cua h v nh th
co quyn s hu. V nu nh vy, bt ki s t chi vn chuyn phi ly no cng se
gy ra khiu ni trong cng c108, mc d ty theo iu khon min trch trong

105 Nh iu 31 cua Cng c Warsaw lm r (Trong trng hp kt hp phng thc

vn chuyn mt phn bng hng khng, mt phn bng loi hinh khc, iu khon Cng
c ny se p dung ch bng vn chuyn hng khng). iu 38 cua Cng c Montreal
co gi tr tng t
106 Vn theo lut Anh khng ging lut c, no yu cu mt s chuyn giao c bit chu s
hu, cng vi quyn s hu, co th c chuyn giao vi o ch l hp ng mua bn (xem o lut
mua bn hng hoa 1979, s.17)

107 K t s lin quan n vic Vn n ng bin nh mt chng t s hu co th co

gian di. Net c bit ring bit cua Vn n ng bin l du hiu cua no c s dung
chuyn giao chng th ch khng phi quyn s hu, iu o ng l s khc bit.
Lut c a ra vn d hiu: xem, HGB. iu 650, c noi nhiu Die Ubergade des
Konnossements. Hat dieselben wirkungen wie die Ubergabe der Guter (vic chuyn
gaio Vn n ng bin co gi tr nh vic chuyn gia hng hoa). nhn mnh r rng
v th cua Php, xem R.Rodiere & E.du Pontavice, Droit Maritime (ti bn ln th 12), 548
(le connaissemetn represente la merchandise)
108 . Nu thm quyn cn cho vic xut, no xut hin trong Franklin v Neate (1844)
13 M & W 480. Vi du cua vic p dung nguyn tc i vi hng hoa trong qu trinh
chuyn ch bao gm Evans v Nichol (1841) 3 Man & G 614 (mt hnh ng chng li chu
bn tu); v Gatewhite Ltd v Iberia Lineas Aereas de Espana SA [1990] 1 QB 326 and
Western Digital Corpn v British Airways Plc [2001] QB 733 (cc hnh ng u chng li
ngi chuyn ch hng khng)
29

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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hp ng vn chuyn hng hoa 109. o l vn n gin cua lut s hu thng

thng, khng co ly do gi ngi nhn hng nhc n trong MMTD hoc bt ki
chng t no khc se khng th thc hin c quyn m anh ta co th chng
minh, co hay khng theo iu khon cua hp ng mua bn hoc ngi ra, quyn
s hu c chuyn cho anh ta.
Trch nhim khng c chuyn giao cho bt k ai khc
Trong hu ht cc trng hp tho lun v vn ny cho bit thm rng, phm
vi trch nhim co th chuyn giao trc tip cho ngi nhn hng hoc bn th ba
khc. Chng no ngi nhn hng hp php co quyn i vi ngi vn chuyn
yu cu giao hng cho minh, theo o nh l m sau ngy ny (phu thuc vo
bt k iu khon min tr) h co th khiu ni nu vic giao hng c thc
hin cho mt ngi khc. o n gin l hai mt cua cng mt vn . Ch co mt
vn cn gii quyt m rng. Gi s mt ti liu nh hng n khng ch mt
chng t vn ti a phng thc m c chng t vn ti a phng thc co th
chuyn nhngv yu cu cu th l hng ho khng c giao tr khi xut trinh
mt bn gc cua ti liu. co vn n theo ty chnh cua cc thng nhn
khng kho: gi s ngi xut trinh vn n gc co th kin nu hng ho c
chuyn giao cho ngi khc, ma khng cn tham kho kin ca nhng ngi
khc l ra c quyn lin quan110. Gi s mt chng t vn ti a phng thc co
th chuyn giao khng b phu thuc vo vn n nhp khu, kt qu co tng t
khi thc hin bng cc phng tin khc? D kin rng cu tr li l co,cung cp
ly do cho vic chuyn nhng nu trn co th c p dung. Mt tinh nng cua
vic chuyn nhng l no khng ch to ra mt mi quan h ngi gi, ngi nhn
hng gia cc bn, m co kh nng vic chuyn nhng khng c thc hin thi
ngi c chuyn nhng se khng c hng: trn thc t, trong nhiu trng
hp im chinh cua vic chuyn nhng l ngi chuyn nhng c loi tr
khoi mi quan h gi gi nh mt thit lp hp li. Noi cch khc, mt chng t
109 Nh trn, cng xem N. Palmer & E. McKendrick (eds.), Lin quan n hng hoa (ti
bn ln th 2) (LLP 1998), chng 19, ti pp. 480-482
110 Xem chi tit trong The Sormovkiy 3068 [1994] CLC 433m trang 441-442 (Clarke J)
30

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

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vn ti a phng thc co th chuyn giao tom li l mt s tha nhn khng th

chi ci cua ngi chuyn ch m chu s hu nhn hng co quyn i vi hng
ho no i din.111
Bo v cho ngi chuyn ch trung thc
Mc d thc t rng mt ngi thu c hng hoa mt cch trung thc thin y
t ngi chuyn ch bng cch xut trinh vn n thi vn khng co s bo v no
cho anh ta khoi trch nhim php ly nghim ngt trong vic chuyn i chu s
hu thc s, nn anh ta thot khoi vic lin i quyn 112, ngi chuyn ch se
mt v th khc. Nghia vu cua ngi chuyn ch l bn giao hng hoa cho ngi
i din u tin gi vn n hp l113 cng vi s bo v ngc li t nhng trch
nhim nghim ngt khc trong vic chuyn i. Nu ngi i din khng co
quyn c hng, ngi chuyn ch thot khoi trch nhim ch cung cp bng
chng rng anh ta thc hin trung thc, thin y v khng co thng bo v yu
cu bi thng.114
Tuy nhin, mc d r rng cho rng iu ny thc s l do tinh cht c bit cua
vn n115, no vn mt ln na c cho l ti liu co th it c o trong linh vc
ny hn thng nghi. Co y kin cho rng co mt nguyn tc chung cua php lut
111 No tr nn phc tp hn nu mt tp hp cc vn bn o l i tng. vi se co, v
mt ly thuyt, kh nng chuyn nhng vi nhiu hn mt ngi i vi hng hoa tng
t. Nhng iu ny khng kho chinh xc. Mt ngi co c hng ho phi co mt ky
gi thuc vo thi hn gi gi; xem trn.
112 Nh trong vi du Meyerstein v Barber (2869-70) LR 4 HL 317
113 Ngi vn chuyn bn giao chng li mt k mo danh, thm chi l mt s hon
ho m co th ly trong Hercule Poirot, khng c bo v: Motis Exports Ltd v
Dampskibsselskabet AF 1912 [2000] CLC 515.
114 Glyn Mills Currie & Co v East & West India Dock Co (1882) 7 App Cas 591; Motis
Exports Ltd v Dampskibsselskabet AF 1912 [2000] CLC 515, ti 520-521(Stuart-Smith LJ);
East West Corpn v DKBS AF 1919 A/S [2003] EWCA Civ 83, [2003] QB 1509, TI 1539
(Mance LJ).
115 Xem Stuart-Smith LJ in Motis Exports Ltd v Dampskibsselskabet AF 1912 [2000] CLC
515 trn, ti trang 521.
31

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

bo v bt k ngi nhn hng no, bao gm (nhng khng gii hn) ngi
chuyn ch, ngi khng gi hn l t bo hng bo lnh, hoc theo lnh, cua bn
gi cua minh m khng nh hng n chuyn quyn s hu trong chng 116. Vi
vy theo cc c quan hng u 117, trong khi tha nhn mt trng hp vn n,
Lord Blackburn to nn mt tuyn b trong ton b quy tc chung:
mt ngi giao dch vi hng hoa theo yu cu cua ngi co quyn gim h
thc t cua h, trong nim tin chn chinh rng ngi gim h l chu s hu thc
s, hay co thm quyn cua chu s hu ich thc, nn c min cho nhng hnh
ng co tinh cht t nhin cng nh se c min nu hnh ng c thc hin
bi chinh quyn cua ngi s hu, nu ng l mt cng cu tim cua hng ho, hoc
c giao pho vic gim h.118
V, nht qun vi iu ny, cc nguyn tc k t khi c p dung cho ngi
nhn hng noi chung, khng co ngh cua bt k gii hn no vi vn n hoc
ngi vn chuyn thc s119. Nu iu ny l ng, thi kt qu cua vn ti a
phng thc c lm r. Mt nh iu hnh vn ti a phng thc, ngi
chim c quyn s hu hng hoa c x ly tng t nh nhng ngi nhn
hng khc: nu anh ta bn giao hng hoa mt cch thin chi theo hng dn cua
ngi gi hng, d cho ngi nm gi chng t co th chuyn nhng hoc cho
ngi nhn hng co tn trong chng t khng th chuyn nhng, anh ta se co
quyn li c bo v.
Chuyn giao quyn s hu
116 Theo bo co kt qu kinh in trong N.Palmer, Bailment (3rd edn) (Sweet & Maxwell
2009), trang 87
117 Glyn Mills Currie & Co v East & West India Dock Co (1882) 7 App Cas 591
118 Hollins v Fowler (1875) LR 7 HL 757, ti 766-767
119 Hu ht gn y trong Marcq v Christe Manson & Woods [2003] EWWCA Cv 731;
[2004] QB 286, mt trng hp cua bn u gi tr li hng tn kho. Nhng li ch trich
cua trng hp ny trong N. Palmer, Bailment (3rd edn) (Sweet & Maxwell 2009), trang
88-90, dng nh, v vn ny, b tht lc.
32

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

Phn ny cp n ln th hai, "biu tng", co hm y m t mt vn n l "s

chuyn giao". y l y kin cho rng, nu ph hp vi muc ich cua cc bn,
quyn s hu cua cc ti liu bng giy lin quan cng tng ng nh quyn s
hu cua hng hoa i vi ngi khc hn so vi ngi vn chuyn 120. Trng hp
c in p dung l khi m cc bn tham gia co mong mun bn cho ngi chuyn
quyn s hu bng cch giao hng biu tng bng vn bn. 121 Nhng biu tng
y ngia nht cua nguyn tc ny l, co le l quy tc, vi muc ich to ra mt cam
kt co gi tr i vi hng hoa trn bin, cc yu cu php lut ph bin cua mt
s chuyn giao quyn s hu t bn cm c ngi cm c c xem nh thoa
mnvi vic cung cp mt vn n.122
y l 1 trng hp hn ch m xem nh b vn n hon ho (hay bt c chng
t no khc m ngi nm gi co th khiu ni l i tng cua cng tp qun
thng mi) l duy nht. Khng giy t no khc cho phep hon ton chuyn
nhng ti sn, k c khi no co th cho phep ngi nm gi quyn giao hng.
y l kt qu cua quyt nh cua ngi lu kho trong Inglis v Robertson123, ni
nhng n hng lu tr c chuyn cho ngi bn ru t mua mt lng ln
ru Whisky trong mt kho hng Glasgow c ngi ny chuyn nhng
cho mt ngi cho vay, xem nh l th chp ru. Vin Quy tc Anh quyt nh
120 co nhng minh ha cc iu khon cua c, vn n c xp trong cc nhom
giy t truyn thng, hoc chng t co th chuyn giao hng hoa. Xem trn.
121 Nh, gi s, trong bt k hp ng CIF no: nhng phi lun nh rng di 17 cua
Sale of Goods Act 1979 ti sn co th di chuyn c lp vi vic cung cp bt c vn n
no nu cc bn co y nh: v thng thi h co y nh vy, c trong hp ng CIF (mt vi
du nh trong The Albazero [1974] AC 774)
122 Vi du, Glyn Mills Currie & Co v East & West India Dock Co (1880) 6 QBD 475; North
Western Banks v Poynter Son & Macdonalds [1985] AC 36. Theo cng Factor Act 1889, ni
no c mong mun to thnh chu s hu cua mt vn n mt ngi bn hoc ngi
mua s hu trong ss. 7 v 8 v do o co th vt qua mt tiu tt hn so vi bn thn
no (k t khi c hai cng hot ng trn quyn s hu hng hoa "hoc tiu chng t").
Nhng iu ny l it quan trng hn. Vn cua Nemo dat quod non habet pht sinh kh
him trong kt ni vi cc giao dch vi cc ti liu; v trong mi trng hp, nh nghia
cua "tiu chng t" di s. 1, trong khi bao qut B / L, vt ra ngoi.
123 [1898] AC 616
33

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

rng bt k kh nng cua ngi lu kho co nh hng th no n ngi gi

hng, hng hoa khng c coi l th chp hp l, dn n co th b tch thu bi
mt chu n khc. Trong mt trng hp nh th ny, ch khi co mt thoa thun
thc s gia ngi nhn uy thc v th chp yu cu theo o ngi trc ng y
nhn trn danh nghia cua ngi uy thc thi mi co s chuyn nhng ti sn hon
ton.124 Theo logic, xem nh ch mt ghi ch co th chuyn nhng trn mt
chng t vn ti a phng thc khng th chuyn nhng khc cng khng em
li s khc bit. iu ny dn n vic cc bn c gng t vn trong thoa
thun gia h v nhng quyn li kh thi cua cc bn th 3, vi du ngi cho vay
noi chung v nhng ngi khc lin quan n hng hoa xem th chp co hiu lc
khng, v him khi toa n bo qua vic ny. iu ny ng nghia vi vic thm chi
c khi 1 chng t vn ti a phng thc c ghi ch l co th chuyn nhng,
tr khi no c cng nhn tng ng 1 vn n bi tp qun thng mi, 1
ngi cho vay se khng hon ton an ton trong vic cho vay trc s bo m
o, v ng trc rui ro toa n se ra lnh t bo hng hoa quy nh giao cho ngi
vay mn b ph sn.
Tuy nhin, theo quy nh cua Lut Anh, ng ghi nhn trng hp ngoi l ny
l khng qu quan trng. Ngoi lut l v khon th chp, li sut cua hng hoa
co th c chuyn nhng m khng cn thit phi giao nhn, nn tht ra chng
t se khng th co tc dung vi hng hoa c y v kia. V nh ch ra trn,
co th khi mt ngi xut khu theo mtchng t vn ti a phng thc yu cu
giao hng ti, hoc theo lnh cua, ngi cho vay cu th t chi bt c quyn gi
thay i ni nhn hng hoa, vic ngi chuyn ch bo cho ngi cho vay iu
ny se dn n s uy quyn cua ngi trc cho ngi sau. V di nhin nu vic
lm ny l hp l, thi ngi cho vay khng ch co kh nng kim sot thc t gy
kho khn cho bt k ai mun gi hng hoa, m c cc yu t y u cn thit cua
ti sn cho ngi cho vay tr thnh mt khon th chp hp l.

124 Nh trong, vi du, Charlesworth v Jams [1982] AC 231, nhin thy ti quyt nh cua c
trong Doherty, Askrigg Pty Ltd v Curtin University Student Guild (1989) 1 ACSR 40, at 4445 (Cohen J)
34

VN N NG BIN, CHNG T VN TAI A PHNG THC VA CAC VN LIN

QUAN

KT LUN
Nu th gii co th ng y v mt cng c a phng thc co hiu lc php ly
hin nhin chovn n a phng thc co th chuyn nhng, nhiu xut c
thc hin trong chng ny se v hiu. Nhng nhng du hiu y c
quyt nh tng hp li. mc d co mt s hip nh khu vc 125, 125 Cng c
1980 quc gia thng nht v vn ti a phng thc quc t cua hng hoa vn
tht bi, ch t c mt t nhng s ph chun trong s 30 iu cn thit; trong
khi o ban bi thm bo b lut Rottendams 2009, phn ng y khng c
nhit tinh,126 v mt vi bang lm vic mt minh. 127 Cho n khi mt thoa
thun nh vy din ra trn ton th gii, cu hoi t ra l bao lu lut v vn
n co th c m rng ti cc chng t vn ti a phng thc se vn con quan
trng, cu tr li gi y y: o l, co it khc bit trong Vn n hn ngi ta
nghi, v do o lut s khng cn nht thit phi dnh nhiu thi gian nh h lo
lng suy ngm v s khc bit gia cc ti liu vn ti n thc v a phng
thc

c dch va hiu nh thng 11, nm 2014.

125 c thy ti, vi du, trong h thng cua mt s nc Nam m da trn Quyt nh
cng ng Andean 331 nm 1993 v 393 nm 1996
126 Tinh n ngy 01 thng 1 nm 2013 c ky kt bi 24 quc gia v ph chun bi
ch hai nc (Ty Ban Nha v Togo)
127 Vi du, n (Vaanjtair a phng thc cua hng hoa, 1993), c (HGB, Arts 452452d) v H Lan (BWB, Arts, 8.40-8.48)
35