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MONTREAL V WARSAW: MT BC CHUYN BIN
T PH?
Nhm hiu nh
T Nguyn Ngc-A26-K50-
KTDN
TMQT
2. H Th Hng Nhung-A1-K50-
3. H Tun Hng-A23-K50-TMQT
MC LC
LI M U...................................................................................................3
LIU H THNG PHP L CA CNG C HNG KHNG QUC T C
LIN QUAN N S IU CHNH CA VN TI A PHNG THC?.....4
Nghch l ca cng c hng khng quc t.................................................4
Xung t ph bin ca cc Cng c..........................................................11
Cch duy nht l Montreal..........................................................................14
C IM A PHNG THC CA CNG C LUT HNG KHNG
QUC T.......................................................................................................17
Sn bay ca ti l lu i ca ti................................................................17
Nhng thay i mang tnh mo him ca Cng c Montreal (MC) lin quan
n vic phn nh ranh gii ca cng hng khng...................................20
Cng on xp v giao hng c to nn mng ring bit trong hp ng
a phng thc?.........................................................................................24
Gi nh ny c th i ti u?...................................................................28
DR JEKYLL V MR HYDE: T HNG KHNG TR N HNG KHNG
CNG CA NHNG CNG C LUT QUC T V HNG KHNG....30
Mt mt hay thit hi vi hng ha khi trn xe ti trong cng hng khng:
ch hng khng tr............................................................................30
S m rng php l ca cc cng c quc t v lut hng khng i vi
hng khng m rng...............................................................................35
ng ti a ngc c xy ln bi nhng nh tt...............................47
nh hng xu............................................................................................50
KT LUN.....................................................................................................53
LI M U
H thng php l iu chnh vn ti hng ha quc t bng ng hng
khng him khi l im ni bt trong c ti liu v thc hnh n v a
phng thc. H thng ny n trong h thng iu chnh vn chuyn hnh
khch quc t bng ng hng khng, h thng c nh gi cao hn
trong cc v kin tng. H thng ny cng c xem nh mt trng hp
c bit trong vn ti a phng thc bi kh nng kt ni hot ng c gii
hn vi nhng phng thc vn ti khc. Him khi h thng ny c c (15
minues of fame) bi s ph thuc ca n vo vn ti ng b. Tuy nhin,
y khng phi vn hng u trong vic tho lun lm th no iu
chnh nhng hp ng vn ti a phng thc.
Mc ch ca chng ny l nng cao v th ca Lut hng khng trong
mt bi cnh a phng thc bng vic hng s ch ti hai cu hi: (i)
liu h thng php l ca Lut hng khng quc t c th c s dng nh
mt m hnh cho s iu chnh a phng thc trong tng lai; v (ii) liu s
gii quyt php l trong phm vi ca Lut hng khng quc t c to ra mt
s bo m thc t cho hng khng trc nhng thit hi trong nhng cng
c n thc v lut trong nc khc hay khng.
Hai cu hi ny khng c hiu mt cch y bi hai nguyn nhn.
Nguyn nhn u tin khng c n v h thng php l ca lut hng
** Ging vin Lut, Vin Lut Tu bin v Thng mi Quc t, i hc
Swansea
3
php trong nc,3 nhng iu cho ti ngy nay vn vn hnh cng nhau,
mang ti cm gic ln ln v lut php. Chng ta s gi khung php l c tnh
quy phm ny l H thng Cng c Warsaw (WCS). phc v mc ch
ca mc ny, cng c lin quan nht l WC, Ngh nh th Hague nm 1995
(HP) sa i WC,4 v Ngh nh th b sung Montreal s 4 nm 1979 (MP4)
sa i WC nh HP sa i.5 Hn na, ti liu tham kho bao gm Ngh nh
th Guatemala City nm 1971 (GCP) sa i WC nh HP sa i nhng khng
c hiu lc.
1 Cng c v Thng nht nhng Quy tc Lin quan n Vn ti Hng khng Quc
t, k ti Warsaw ngy 12 thng 10 nm 1929.
2 Ngh nh th Hague 1955 (HP), Cng c Guadalajara 1961 (GC), Cng c
Guatemala City 1971 (GCP), bn Ngh nh th Montreal 1975 (MP1 n MP4)
3 Tha thun Montreal tm thi 1966 (MA), Dn u Nht Bn 1992, Tha thun gia nhng
ngi vn chuyn IATA 1995, Iu chnh hi ng (EC) S 2027/97 nh iu chnh (EC)
889/2002 sa i.
11
v Quy tc
7 Cng c v Thng nht Nhng quy tc lin quan n Vn ti hng khng Quc t
k ti Montreal ngy 28 thng 5 nm 1999.
8 Ngy 21 thng 12 nm 2012, 103 nc thng qua MC.
9 Cng c trong Hp ng v vn chuyn hng ha quc t bng ng b k ti Geneva
ngy 19 thng 5 nm 1956 (CMR) v Ngh nh th cho Cng c trong Hp ng v Vn
chuyn hng ha Quc t bng ng b k ti Geneva ny 5 thng 7 nm 1978 (Ngh nh
th CMR).
18
v cc quy nh
trch nhim php l, tuy rng mt cch chm chp, cng ang dn tr nn
khc bit so vi h thng quyn ti phn sa i ca b lut WC gc. B lut
HP gii quyt tranh chp bng cch lm cho vic ph b cc gii hn trch
nhim php l do thiu thng tin trn vn n tr nn kh khn hn. 19 Ngoi
ra, b lut ny cn thay th cc thut ng 'c sai phm' bng cm t 'thc
hin vi mc ch gy tn hi mt cch thiu cn trng hoc to ra thng tin
sai lch gy tn hi.
20
23
24 GCP ln u tin thit lp gii hn ca vic thit mng hay tn thng l 1500
ph-rng trong mc 22.(1). MP3, cng c c thit lp sa i GCP, nhng li
theo sau s mnh ca n, thay i gi tr ti 100,000 SDRs
10
sa i cc quy nh hng ha ca ch
17
20
21
25
41M. Hoeks, Lut vn ti a phng thc. Lut c th p dng cho hp ng vn ti hng ha a phng thc
( Kluwer 2010),pp.258-259.
26
27
28
45
46 Xem Quantum Corporation Ltd v Plane Trucking Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 350; [2002]
WLR 2678 ti [21] ca Mance LJ
47 Khon 1(1) MC ni rng: cng c ny p dng n cc loi vn ti hng ha
con ngi, c quc t thc hin bng my bay
31
55
41
77
49
78Tp on TNHH Quantum v cng ty TNHH Plane trucking [2001] C.L.C 1192,
1205-1206, theo Tomlinson J.
79 P. Dempsey v M. Milde, Trch nhim ca ngi vn ti hng khng quc t:
Cng c Montreal 1999, tr. 170.
80 756 So.2d 234 (2000)
81 917 F.2d 705 (thng t th 2 1990)
50
87Cng on.
88 611 F.Supp. 436 (ND III. 1985).
89 714 F.Supp. 81 (SDNY 2989).
52
90
92
95
Vic
56
105
Ta n khng tn
110
Khng nghi ng
60
114
V trong v
Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha et al v Regal- Beloit Corp.et al. 115Trong c hai trng
hp, ta n US Supreme Court cho rng iu lut ca ha n cht hng ghi
trong US Carriage Goods biSea Act bt chp s tn ti lut quc gia v on
ng di chuyn ca hng bng ng b. Rt nhiu ni v vit v 2
trng hp ny v ti khng c cung cp phn tch chi tit v chng trong
chng ny. Ti mun a ra mt s bnh lun
Trong v Kirby, ta n US Supreme da vo lut hc v cho rng quy nh p
dng cho l hnh vn ti a phng tin gm c ng bin v ng b
theo c tnh ca l hng. Nhng c tnh ny s khng da trn tip cn
114 543 U.S.14 (2004).
115130 S.Ct.2433 (2010).
61
116
S phn bit gia khng gian v s tip cn bng khi nim l n. Michael
Sturley bc b iu . ng y cho rng s r rng hn nu ta n US
Supreme c quyt inh ging nh gii quyt vic chuyn ch hng nh
ngha v c lp, sau xc nh ngha v c lp v ng thy.117
Khng c bt c s u tin no, mc ich cui ca chng ny l di s tip
cn nhng c tnh ca l hng vn ti a phng thc, v Kirby a chng
ta n vic p dng mt lut duy nht cho l hng vn ti a phng thc.
c nhng c gng gim tm quan trng ca quyt nh ca v Kirby
da trn c s rng la chn s l p dng lut ca bang ln vn ti ng
b. Mc ich ca ta n US Supreme l cung cp mt h thng c lp cho
vn chuyn bng cc phng tin di chuyn trn mt t, bi v khng lut
lin bang no c th c p dng. Kt qu cng s khc, nu l v tr lin
bang, nh Carmark Amendment, c th p dng c vi vn ti bng
phng tin di chuyn trn mt t.
Ta n US Supreme trong v Regal- Beloit cho rng iu khng ng. Bt
chp kin ca Sotomayor J, s ng, trong kin ca chnh ph,chp nhn
116543 U.S. 14 (2004), p.25 per O Connor J.
117M. Sturley, Vn ti a phng thc v tr cc vn ti sau M, Tr li cho vic thay i trong thng mi
Haselby Colloqium2005, Future logistics and transport law, p.103.
62
ca ta English Court of
120 R. Force, Quyt nh ca v Regal- Beloit: Bt c g xy ra theo h thng lut vn ti a phng thc ti M ,
s n chp nhn lut Rotterdam 360 Tul. Mar. LJ685,697 (2012)
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