Published by The Avalon Book Company Limited

8 Denmark Street, London W C 2 H 8LS

Avalon Book Company, Limited, 2008

Printed in the UK by 4edge Ltd, Hockley, www.4edge.co.uk

The law allows a reader to make a single copy of part of a book for the purpose of private study. It does
not allow the copying of entire books or the making of multiple copies of extracts. Written permission for
any such copying must always be obtained from the publisher in advance.

The Authors would like to thank the staff and students of Avalon School of English, London for their help
and feedback.

The Avalon Direct English books are designed to be used for lessons in the Avalon method. The books
are not designed for self-study or for use by teachers who have not received specific training in the
method.
These materials may not be used by anyone without the explicit written permission of Avalon School of
English. All enquiries should be directed to:
Avalon School of English
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W C 2 H 8LS

UNIT 1
v. to matter
If something matters, it is important to you because you care about it.
Who are the people that really matter to you ?
Do you think people matter more than animals ?
Are most of the teachers here men or women ?
Do you think it matters ?
Do you think it matters i f . . .
... whales become extinct ?
... people smoke in public places ?
... people wear smart clothes to work ?
... you make a few mistakes when you speak English ?

adj. basic

adv. basically

If something is basic it is low-level or simple,

eg. I speak Spanish fluently but only basic French.
We also use the words basic and basically to give a quick, simple, explanation
that can be easily understood.
eg. Basically, the problem with this machine is that it's old.
Do you still make basic mistakes in English ?
Do you think you always will ?
Give me an example of someone you have a difficult relationship with.
What's the basic problem ?
Give me some basic information about these subjects.
(Begin with 'Basically, ...')
the difference between a sea and an ocean
the reason why you're studying English
how you spend your free time
your ambitions for the future

v. to socialise

adj. un/sociable

To socialise means to spend time going out and meeting new people or friends.
Are you basically a sociable person ?
Are you sometimes in an unsociable mood ?

What kind of people are forced to be sociable at work ?

Do you get nervous when you socialise with new people ?
Do you socialise with English-speaking people ?
Does/Would it help your English ?

n. staff

n. manager

n. management

n. colleague

How many staff are there at the place you work ?

What kind of businesses employ a lot of part-time staff ?
What is your manager like ?
How does he/she treat the staff ?
Who is usually given the horrible and boring tasks ?
Do you get on well with your colleagues ?
Do you socialise outside work ?
Do you think the staff sometimes know more about the business than the
management?
Why do you think that is ?
Would you prefer a male or female manager ?
Do you think it matters to some people ?

v/n. charge
Shops charge people money for goods and services,
eg.
Harrods charges its customers 10 for plastic bags.
Do hotels usually charge for:
a. room service ?

b. cleaning the room ?

What public services are provided free of charge ?

In what kind of places are students charged less ?

v. to be in charge of

phr v. to take over

Have you ever been a manager ?

How many people were you in charge of ?
Would you like the responsibility of being in charge of:
a. a small business ?
b. a group of children ?
c. a baby ?
Who is in charge of your country ?
Who would take over if he/she became seriously ill ?
Give me an example of a film where aliens try to take over the world.
What happens in the end ?

phrv. to end up

phr v. to turn up

phr v. to own up

We use end up to talk about the final result of (doing) something.

eg.

We waited for a bus for half an hour and ended up taking a taxi instead.

If you fell asleep on your bus/train home, where would you end up ?
Do people who take drugs usually end up addicted ?
Have you ever promised to meet someone and not turned up ?
How would you feel if you invited friends for dinner and no one turned up ?
Do children usually own up when they have done something wrong ?
n. amount

n/v. limit

adj. limited

A limit is the most (or least) that something can be.

eg.

There is a limit to how much alcohol and cigarettes you can bring into the
country. The limit for cigarettes is 200 and for alcohol 5 litres.

What does a diet limit ?

Where do people keep large amounts of money ?
What about small amounts of cash ?
What kind of things do you have a limited amount of time to do ?

Do you try to limit the amount:

... you eat ?
... you drink ?
... you spend ?
... of time you spend on the phone ?
And can you always keep to your limit ?
Does it matter if you break the speed limit ?
What does it depend on ?

... the number o f . . .

With a countable noun, which word do we use instead of 'amount' ?
Do you think the atmosphere in the class depends on the number of people ?
What else does it depend on ?
Do Universities have a limited number of places ?
Which universities in your country are hard to get into ?

n. quality

n. quantity

n. bulk

The quality of something is how good/bad it is.

The quantity is how much of something there is.
How do we measure quantities of:
a. petrol ?
b. beer ?
c. vegetables/meat ?
What things are often bought in large quantities ?
What is the advantage of buying things in bulk ?
Which brand names are famous for high quality products ?
Do you think people have a better quality of life in the city or the countryside ?
Why ?

adj. exact

adv. exactly

adv. roughly

What is the exact time, please ?

It is exactly ...
Roughly how long have you been in this country ?
Can you remember the exact date you arrived ?
Can you take as much luggage as you like on a plane ?
Do you kaow the exact amount you are allowed ?

Is your book exactly the same as his/hers ?

What differences are there ?
Give me an example of two things that are exactly/roughly the same:
a. size
b. colour
c. shape
d. price

in the end

at the end (of)

by the end (of)

In the end = eventually, as a final result.

eg.
We tried to find his house for hours, but we gave up in the end.
At the end = the last part of something,
eg.
The teacher asked for our homework at the end of the lesson.
By the end of = At some time before the end.
eg.
By the end of the journey everyone was asleep.
Give me an example of a very romantic/sad film.
What happens at the end ?
How many questions have you answered so far ?
How many do you think you will have answered by the end of the lesson ?
Will we have finished this book by the end of the year ?
Predict when, exactly.
Have you ever lost your keys ?
Did you find them in the end ?
Have you ever had to study something really difficult ?
Did you understand it in the end ?

v. to accept
adj. acceptable

v. to reject

n. rejection

Would you accept a drink from a stranger ?

Is poverty an acceptable excuse for stealing ?
Do you find criticism hard to accept ?
What does it depend on ?
Give a reason why the following might be rejected:
a. a job application b. a University application
c. a marriage proposal
Why would someone feel rejected ?
Do you think everyone finds rejection hard to cope with ?

v. to save

v. to save up

n. savings

If you save something you avoid using, wasting or losing it.

We often talk about saving money, saving time, or saving someone's life.
What kind of things do people do to save money ?
Do you have any savings ?
Where do you keep them ?
What machines do we use every day that save us time ?
In what way ?
Do you know anyone who hates throwing things away ?
What kind of things do they save ?

v. to offer

n. offer

Have you ever offered to help a stranger ?

Why did they need help ?
Why would someone reject a job offer ?
If someone cooked dinner for you, would you offer to do the washing up afterwards ?
What kind of people should you offer your seat to on a bus ?
Have you ever offered to do something you didn't want to do ?
Have you ever been offered cheap goods in the street ?
Did you buy anything ? Why/Why not ?

n. bargain
n. sale

n. special offer
n. discount

Where would you go for a bargain ?

What things can students/old people get a discount on ?
What time of year do shops have sales ?
What are some popular special offers ?
Which special offer is the best bargain ?
a. 20% off
b. 2 for the price of 1
c. 50% off next purchase

n. rip-off

v. to be/get ripped off

If somebody rips you off they charge you too much.

eg.
He bought his pink plastic watch for 500. What a rip-off !
What's the opposite of a bargain ?
Do tourists often get ripped off ?
Has it ever happened to you ?
What kind of things do you think are a rip-off ?
How much did you pay for your
?
Did she/he get a bargain or was she/he ripped off ?

v. to perform

n. performance

Actors, musicians and sports people perform in public.

We can also use perform and performance to talk about how well something is
done.
Have you ever performed on stage ?
Do you perform better or worse when you are being watched ?
Why do athletes sometimes take drugs ?
What shouldn't you do during a theatre performance ?
How can the audience/crowd affect the performance of an actor/player ?
Give me an example of a high-performance car.
Would you buy one if you could afford it ?

v. to deserve
If you deserve something it is fair that you should get it. However, we do not
always get what we deserve.
eg.
His fantastic performance deserved an Oscar.
Do you deserve to be rich ?
Why ?
Do you think top football players deserve to be paid so much money ?
Even if they perform badly ?

lllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Do you think all criminals deserve to go to prison ?

What else could be a suitable punishment ?
Which actor or actress do you think deserves to win an Oscar ?
For which performance ?
Who do you think has become famous without deserving it ?
In your opinion, what kind of people deserve to be sacked/paid a lot of money ?
1. People who ...

v. to confuse

n. confusion

n. chaos

adj. chaotic

If someone is confused they can't understand something, or think about it

clearly.
An explanation confuses people if it is too complicated or hard to understand,
eg.
The teacher tried to explain the grammar but we were confused
because he used a lot of words we didn't understand.
How can bad communication lead to confusion ?
What kind of things do very old people get confused about ?
What about young children ?
Do you think maps can make us more confused instead of helping ?
Are there any English words that you find confusing ?
Which ones ?
Have you ever been confused by someone's explanation (of something) ?
What were they trying to explain ?
What kind of things can cause chaos on public transport ?
Do you think it's better to have a well organised or a chaotic life ?
Which do you think is more interesting/exciting ?
Have you ever had a totally chaotic day ?
What went wrong ?

v/n.

doubt

We often use doubt to express a negative opinion about something, because

we are not sure about it.
eg.

I doubt he will come = I think he probably won't come (but I'm not sure).

Have you ever doubted something you read in a newspaper ?

Is there any doubt that smoking is addictive ?
Do you think I could:
a. learn to fly a plane in a month ?
A. No, I doubt .../Yes, I've no doubt
Tell me something you strongly believe in ?
Have you ever had your doubts ?

b. learn your language in a year ?

Has anyone ever doubted your honesty ?

v. to confirm

n. confirmation

What's the capital of her/his country ?

Can you confirm this ?
How could you get confirmation of ...
a. a hotel booking

b. a flight arrival

c. a successful job application

What's the best way to confirm an order you've made by phone ?

Are mobile phones bad for you ?
Is there any scientific evidence to confirm this ?

v/n. trick

n. magic

n. illusion

Are card tricks magic ?

Have you ever seen a magician perform a trick ?
Did you ever work out how it was done ?
Have you ever taught a pet to do tricks ?
What kind of tricks do circus animals perform ?
Do you think they are amusing ?
When do people play tricks on each other ?
Whcit tricks do you know for cheating in an exam ?

Have you ever been tricked into doing something stupid ?

How did you feel afterwards ?

v. to appear

v. to disappear

When do the stars appear ?

When does the sun disappear below the horizon ?
What kind of things are made to appear and disappear in magic tricks ?
What do famous people talk about when they appear on chat shows ?

v. to seem/to appear (+adj./inf.)

as if/though... = like

The way something appears is what we believe about it when we see it.
eg.
You seem a bit sad. Is everything OK ?
Does this book seem more difficult than Book 3 ?
Which people in the class seem to be:
a. happy
b. confident
What makes you think so ?

c. improving their English quickly

Which famous people always seem to be in the news/headlines ?

Have you ever tried to appear really confident ?
What for ?
If I kept yawning during the lesson, how would it seem ?
A. It would seem as if...
Does it seem as if summer/winter/autumn/spring is over ?
What kinds of things seem as if they are never going to end ?
What kinds of things do you always lose around the house ?
Does it seem as if they have just disappeared ?
Does time seem to pass more quickly as you get older ?
Is this true or just an illusion ?

CO Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

any such thing/such a thing as...

n. proof (uncountable)

no such thing as...

Is there (any) such thing as = does it exist ?

There's no such thing as = it doesn't exist.
Proof is the noun from the verb 'to prove' (Bk 3).
Do you think there's any such thing as:
... magic ?
... ghosts/fairies/angels ?
... aliens ?
... the perfect man/woman ?
... love at first sight ?
A. Yes, I believe in .../No, there's no such thing as ...
Is there any proof ?

adj. actual

adv. actually

actual = real or exact

actually = in fact
How long have you been living in London ?
Can you remember the actual date you arrived ?
If someone asked me my age, what would their actual words be ?
Do you think snakes feel horrible to touch ?
Have you ever actually touched one ?
Do you ever have something to eat even when you're not actually hungry ?
How can people appear taller than they actually are ?
If you are given a present, do you always act as if you like it ?
Even if you actually think it's horrible ?
Have you ever seen someone who looked as if they had seen a ghost ?
What had actually happened ?

actually (for contradictions)

We often use the word 'actually' when someone seems to ~ave the wrong idea.
Answer these questions using 'actually'.
You're Australian, aren't you ?
You're about 40, aren't you ?
Brazilians speak Spanish, don't they ?

Is the King of your country popular ?

Are you enjoying Book 3 ?
Can you lend me a cigarette ?
to be meant to/supposed to
These expressions have a similar meaning to should. We often use them when
what actually happens is different from what should happen,
eg.
I am supposed to stay in the office until 6pm, but sometimes I go home
early.
What time are you supposed to be at work ?
And what time do you actually get there ?
Do you know what you are supposed to do if someone faints ?
When are you supposed to call 999 ?
Why might someone not do it ?
What are you meant to do with litter ?
Where does a lot of it actually end up ?
Are there any road signs in your country that you think cause confusion ?
What are they actually meant to tell you ?

UNIT 2
v. to assume

n. assumption

If you assume something you accept that it is true. Sometimes our

assumptions are wrong because we don't have proof.
eg.
I assumed he was in charge because he was telling everyone what to do.
What do you assume about someone wearing a gold ring on this finger ?
What nationality am I / is ...?
Do you know that or are you assuming it ?
Do you usually assume that policemen are honest ?
Do people make assumptions about you because of your nationality ?
What do they assume ?
Can it be assumed that...
a. prices will keep on rising ?

b. there will never be another world war?

In the law of your country is someone assumed to be innocent until they are proved to
be guilty ?

v/n. sound
What sounds can you hear from outside ?
I can hear (the sound of)...
Does the sound of someone else's walkman irritate you ?
What other sounds can be really irritating ?
Can you think of any famous pop groups that sound like each other ?
Have you ever heard the sound of your own voice ?
How did it sound ?
Which student sounds the most confident when they speak ?
Do you actually feel confident ?
Do holiday brochures make places sound nicer than they are ?
Where do you think would be a good place for a school trip ?
How does that sound to you ?

CO Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

...so that...
We use this linking expression to join two clauses. The reason for doing the
action in the first clause is to cause the action/situation in the second clause,
eg.
I bought my son a mobile so that he could call me in an emergency.
= I bought him the phone because I wanted him to be able to call me in
an emergency.
NB
We do not always use 'that'.
I locked the door so nobody would disturb us.
Do you think some people only enrol at an English school so that they can get a visa
What subject did you study at University ?
Why ?
Tell us the reason for doing the following things:
I came to London ...
I wrote someone's phone number on my hand ...
The grandparents looked after the children ...
Have you ever asked for a letter from Reception ?
Why did you need it ?

adj. major

adj. minor

Give me an example of a major:

a. film star
b. world problem
c. international company
What is the capital of your country ?
What are some of the other major cities ?
Give me an example of:
a. a minor illness
b. a minor crime

c. a minor problem in your life

n. impact
1. something hits something else.
eg.
The impact of the falling plane destroyed the building.
2. an important effect or influence
eg.
The rise in tourism has had a big impact on unemployment.
Which words do we use to describe the impact of one object on another?
[crash/bang/smack/thump/wham
etc.]
Which inventions have had a huge impact on everyday life ?

CO Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Is your country's tourist industry growing ?

What impact does this have on:
a. employment ?
b. the environment ?

c. your country's image abroad ?

Give me an example of an event that had a major impact on your life.

v/n. crash

v/n. bump

prep, into

Do you apologise if you bump into someone walking down the street ?
What parts of the body do people often bump ?
Have you ever crashed a car ?
What did you crash into ?
What kinds of things do people walk into when they are not looking where they are
going ?
If you 'bumped into' an old friend you hadn't seen for years, what questions would you
ask them ?
Have you ever bumped into someone in the street when you had just been thinking
about them?
Do you think it was fate or just coincidence ?
Has your computer ever crashed ?
Did you lose any important information ?
What happens to the price of shares when a stock market crashes ?

adj. artificial

adj. realistic

Does artificial sweetener taste the same as sugar ?

Where would you find artificial:
a. flowers ? b. grass ?
Do artificial flowers ever look realistic ?
Do you think special effects/computer graphics are becoming very realistic ?
What kind of TV shows are supposed to be realistic ?
Do you think they actually are ?
Which body parts can be replaced with artificial ones ?

adv. particularly

adv. especially

We use these words when we want to emphasise the importance of the

examples we are using, (usually because these examples are the best or most
true).
eg.
You should always concentrate when driving, especially when the roads
are wet.
The economic situation is improving in all countries, but particularly in
Korea, Japan, Brazil and Poland.
Is travelling difficult in this city ?
At which times especially ?
A. Especially...
Is there anyone who often gets on your nerves ?
When particularly ?
A. Particularly when he/she...
What kind of things in the house can be dangerous, especially for children ?
What kind of things are always nice, but particularly/especially:
a. when you're really tired ?
b. with ketchup ?
c. at Christmas/New Year ?
NB particularly/especially + adjective/verb = really/very
eg. I particularly enjoyed the South of France, where the weather was especially hot.

v. to vary

n. variety/range

adj. varied

We use these words to talk about how much difference there is between things,
eg.
Although we used the same drug on all the patients, the results varied a
lot. The temperature in winter can vary from -10 degrees to 15.
Do prices vary from country to country ?
Does the temperature vary with the season ?
What's the range in your country ?
What kind of shops sell a variety of goods ?
What flowers come in a range of different colours ?
In which countries is the landscape really varied ?
Is it good to have a varied diet ?
Are there usually a variety of reasons why people learn a foreign language ?

n. style
Style means a way of making or doing something. We often use it to talk about
a particular kind of fashion, art, or writing.
eg.
Most of the houses in the village are built in a traditional style.
This shop sells furniture in a range of styles.
Which painters were famous for having a particular style ?
Do your teachers have their own individual styles of teaching ?
Can you describe how their styles are different ?
Do old styles keep coming back into fashion ?
What examples can you think of ?
Have you ever had an embarrassing hairstyle ?
Did you realise at the time how silly you looked ?
Would you write a job application in the same style as a letter to a friend ?
How would you change your style ?

v. to copy

n. copy

Have you ever copied someone else's homework ?

What kind of things do children learn by copying adults ?
Do you own a copy of the bible ?
Can you think of a pop group/singer who has copied someone else's style of music ?

according to (someone)

v. to reckon

We use the phrase according to to show that we are giving someone else's
story or opinion. We might agree/believe them or not.
eg.
According to my mother, people with small ears cannot be trusted.
We also use this expression to talk about things we have read.
eg.
According to the newspapers, he is going to resign very soon.
To reckon is to have an opinion. We often use if when our opinion is a
calculation based on facts and experience.
eg.
Experts reckon that giving up smoking can add 5 years to your life.
NB.
We also use 'I reckon' to mean 'I think' but this is very informal.
What is reckoned to be the safest way to travel ?
According to the rules of football, which player is allowed to pick the ball up ?

Give me an example of a strange opinion that you've heard.

According to ...
And what do you reckon ?
Tell me about a bad decision that you made in the past ?
What do you reckon you should have done instead ?
Which famous space missions didn't go according to plan ?

n. origin

adj. original

The origin of something is where it was created or where it came from,

eg.
The origins of the English language are Latin, Greek and German.
If something is original it is the first one of its kind (not a copy),
eg.
Sean Connery was the original James Bond.
What kind of things are valuable if they are original ?
According to scientists, what is the origin of man ?
What do other books/religions say ?
Have you ever read a foreign book in its original language ?
Does your family have origins in any other country ?

adj. genuine

adj. fake

adj. false

How do painters prove their work is genuine ?

How do people check that bank notes are genuine ?
Have you been offered fake goods ?
What brand was it supposed to be ?
Have you ever given a false name/address when you were asked ?
Why would someone do this ?
Why would someone try to get a false identity/ID ?

n. flavour

n. ingredients

Does rice have a lot of flavour by itself ?

What's your favourite flavour of ice cream ?
What other food comes in different flavours ?

What are the basic ingredients of:

a. a cake

b. an omelette

c. your favourite recipe ?

What kind of ingredients do you always keep at home ?

v. to contain

n. contents

What kind of container do we use for:

a. matches b. wine
c. toothpaste

n. container

d. soft drinks

What kind of food contains a lot of:

a. fat ?
b. protein ? c. vitamin ?

d. artificial colour/flavour

Do you read the contents label on food ?

What kind of things do you try to avoid ?
Which drinks contain caffeine ?

Does it bother you ...?

it wouldn't/doesn't bother me that/if...
expr. to get on someone's nerves
Describe a TV advert/programme that gets on your nerves.
A. The one where ...
Have you ever lived with someone who really got on your nerves ?
Does it bother you if a film contains a lot of bad language/violence ?
Does it bother you if people smoke near you ?
Would it bother you if petrol taxes were raised ?
Why/Why not ?

n. partner

n. partnership

Give me an example of a famous partnership in:

a. film/comedy

b. business

c. sport

What qualities would you look for in a business partner ?

What kind of sacrifices do people make for the sake of their partner ?
Are there any organized ways of finding a suitable partner ?
Would you consider any of them ?
.Would you let your parents choose a marriage partner for you ?
Do you know anyone who had an arranged marriage ?

always + present continuous

'Always' is usually used with the present simple, (eg: I always have soup for
lunch.)
However, we use always with the present continuous to talk about habits or
repeated situations, usually because we find them annoying,
eg.
He won't pass his exams because he is always playing computer games
instead of doing his homework.
Do you know anyone who is always:
...
...
...
...
...
...

buying unnecessary things ?

asking nosy questions ?
trying to lose weight ?
getting ill ?
bumping into things ?
complaining ?

Does it bother you ?

adj. typical
If something is typical it is an example that shows all the usual characteristics,
eg.
He is a typical 11 -year old boy. He likes computer games, football, and
making a mess.
'Typical' can also be used to describe someone's annoying behaviour or habits,
eg.
It was typical of him to keep us waiting for over an hour.
Is it typical of children to make a mess when they are playing ?
Describe the typical grandmother/policeman/New Year's Eve in your country ?
What kind of things is the typical [students nationality] teenager interested in ?
Is that what you were like ?
Do you think this is a typical English school ?
Why/why not ?
When was the last time you got on someone's nerves ?
Was that typical of you ?
What did you do last weekend ?
Was that a typical weekend for you ?
Use the word 'typical' to describe one of your characteristics.
A. It is typical of me to ...

n. relative/relation

adj. related

. occasion

1. Relations are people in your family, especially those that are not closely
related to you, such as aunts, uncles, and in-laws.
2. If two events are related, there is a cause that connects them.
eg.
The low attendance for the match might be related to the weather.
Who are your closest relations ?
Which ones do you get on best with ?
On what occasions do people's relatives get together ?
If I married your sister/brother would I be related to you ?
What would be our relationship ?
Who do you think should be invited to a wedding or funeral ?
Do you think lifestyle and health are related ?
What problems can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle ?
Do you think some social problems are related to each other ?
What's the relationship between them ?

adj/adv. relative/ly
If we say that something is relatively good (or difficult/hot etc.) we mean that it
is good compared to what is normal in that particular situation.
eg.
He is 60 years old but he is relatively fit. (He is not fit compared to a
young person, but he is fitter than most 60 year olds.)
Portugal is a relatively cheap country to visit. (It is cheaper than most
European countries.)
Do you think 50 is relatively old to:
a. become a father ?

b. start a new career ?

Do you think performance-related pay is fair ?

What else do you think your salary should be relative to ?
Is it relatively warm/cold for the time of year ?
Which animals are relatively intelligent ?
Are they intelligent compared to humans ?
In what places is it relatively easy to get a job ?
Compared to where ?

c. retire ?

UNIT 3
v. to consider

n. consideration

n. consequence

If you consider (doing) something, you think carefully about the possible result
because it is important.
eg.

He is considering changing his job because he needs more money.

Have you ever considered studying any other foreign languages ?

Would you ever consider going on holiday:
a. to a cold place ?
b. with all your relatives ?
c. on your own ?
Can severe weather sometimes have serious consequences ?
Have you ever broken the law ?
Were there any consequences ?
What kind of things do people do without considering the consequences ?
Do you consider your neighbours when you're playing music ?
Do you think children show enough consideration for old people ?

to consider someone/something to be
to be considered + verb/noun/adjective
We also use consider to talk about opinions and beliefs, particularly when
someone has thought about them carefully.
eg. I consider my mother to be the biggest influence on my life. Picasso
is considered to be the greatest artist of the 20 th Century.
Who do you consider to be the biggest influence on your life ?
Which people are considered to be important in the history of your country ?
Which people have been considered:
a. a genius ?
b. a sporting great ?

c. evil ?

to be capable of

v. to achieve

n. achievement

It you are capable of (doing) something you have the ability to do it or you could
learn.
eg.
He is capable of passing the exam but he won't because he doesn't
study.
Your achievements are the things you have successfully done, such as winning
competitions and getting qualifications.
What do you consider to be your greatest achievement ?
What are your ambitions ?
What are you doing to try to achieve them ?
Do you think violence ever achieves anything ?
Have you ever failed an exam or test ?
Do you think you were capable of passing it ?
Do you believe that everyone is capable of...
a. murder
b. violence
c. driving
d. learning a foreign language
e. achieving happiness
Can you think of anything that you believe you are capable of, although you've never
actually done it ?
Do you think you have achieved everything you are capable of ?
What else could you have done ?

adj. proud

n. pride

Pride is generally considered to be a good thing. People are proud of their

achievements, their children, their country etc. However, too much pride can
make people arrogant.
Which animals are naturally proud ?
Are people usually proud of their achievements ?
Do you think they feel more proud when their children do well ?
What kind of things affect national pride ?
Do you take pride in your...
a. appearance ?
b. work ?
c. housekeeping and cooking ?
Do you know anyone who takes no pride in it ?
Would it hurt your pride if:
a. someone laughed at your clothes ?
b. your friends played a trick on you ?

Is it possible to criticise someone without hurting their pride ?

What does it depend on ?

n. shame

adj. ashamed

adj/adv. shameful/ly

Shame is the opposite of pride.

eg.
I was ashamed of my behaviour at the party.

Can you think of anyone who has behaved shamefully in public ?

Do you think they were ashamed of themselves afterwards ?
Could you steal without feeling any shame ?
What about lying ?
Is there anything which is considered shameful in your country but not everywhere in
the world ?
Are teenagers sometimes ashamed of their parents ?
What is it that embarrasses them so much ?
Are most people proud of their country's history ?
What kind of things are they sometimes ashamed of ?

It's a shame/pity ...

What a shame/pity !

We use these expressions when we want to say that a situation is unfortunate or

sad.
eg.
It's a shame you can't come to the next party.
Do you think it's a shame that some people never go abroad ?
Would it be a shame if you had to go back to your country before finishing this book ?
Tell me about a situation that you think is sad.
It's a shame that...
What do you think about these situations ?
a. Our puppy got run over.
b. My brand new cardigan got shrunk in the wash.

n. success

n. failure

Is it natural to be jealous of other people's success ?

How do we feel about other people's failure ?

Do you think some people are frightened of failure ?

Do you think this stops them from achieving their ambitions ?
Do you think success in exams is the most important thing in education ?
Do you think it always leads to personal happiness ?
Are there any government failures which really annoy you ?
Their failure to...
What kind of buildings and services need to be able to cope with a power failure ?
Give me an example of a very successful product.
What do you think is responsible for its success ?

n. officer

adj. official

adv. officially

If something (or someone) is official, it should be right or true because it comes

from a proper organisation (such as the government).
eg.
To get a visa you need an official letter from your company.
Give me some examples of officers ?
Does your government have an official newspaper ?
Do you think the official unemployment figures are reliable ?
Do you think the actual figures are higher or lower ?
What is your head of government's official residence ?
Does he/she actually live there ?
Can you think of something that's officially illegal but everyone does it ?

v. to search

v. to locate

Why would the police search a house/person ?

Are people searched at customs ?
What do the customs officers search for ?
How do planes locate each other ?
Do you think it matters where factories are located ?
Do you think a shop's location is important to its success ?

n. location

n. order

adj. in a row/one after the other

The words in a dictionary are organised in alphabetical order.

Put these months in the right order: May, April, March
Starting with the smallest, put these countries in order of size: Australia, China,
Belgium
What is the opposite of order ?
Do the students answer questions all together or one after the other ?
In your country, does it ever rain for three days in a row ?
Could you eat two pizzas one after the other ?
Have you ever been on holiday to the same place two years in a row ?
What kind of machines always seem to be out of order ?

v. to take turns

n. random

If numbers or words are random there is no order or system,

eg.
Lottery numbers are picked at random.
Can we know what lottery numbers will be picked ?
Why not ?
What ways do people use to pick something at random ?
Are words listed in random order in the dictionary ?
What order is used, then ?
Do people take turns to play in board games ?
Do you
Do you
Whose
Do you

share your accommodation with anyone ?

take it in turns to do the housework ?
turn is it to do the washing up/cook the dinner tonight ?
always do the housework when it is your turn ?

expr. have a go

expr. give something a try

Have you ever tried:

a. bungee jumping ?
b. water-skiing ?
Would you like to have a go ?

c. yoga ?

Are you the kind of person who likes giving new things a try ?
Have you ever regretted it ?
Is there anything you've never done that you have always wanted to have a go at ?
Give me some examples of alternative medicine.
Which ones are worth giving a try ?
Could you draw a rabbit/a penguin/a rocket/the Mona Lisa on the board ?
Have a go !

n. factor
n. priority

expr. to take (something) into consideration

A factor is something we need to consider because it has an influence on the

situation.
eg.
Luck is a factor in most games.
Put these in order of priority: health, wealth, personal happiness, love, power.
Which one would you say is a minor/major factor ?
Is religion a factor in some wars ?
What do you think is the most important factor for:
a. a satisfying career ?

b. a happy marriage ?

c. success in business ?

Does^learning English have priority over everything else in your life ?

Do you think governments treat the environment as a priority ?
Imagine you are looking for a place to live. Put these factors in order of importance:
a. location
b. the decor
c. peace and quiet
d. rent
e. the transport links
What other factors would you take into consideration ?
What factors would you take into consideration when:
... planning a holiday ?
... buying a mobile phone ?
... choosing an English course ?
... starting a family ?

adj. relevant/irrelevant
If something is relevant it is worth considering because it is important to what is
happening, or being discussed.
eg.
When considering buying an office computer, price, performance, and
operating system are relevant factors. Colour is usually irrelevant.
Do you think someone's age or sex should be irrelevant when they are looking for a
job?
In which jobs would they be relevant ?
When you're deciding who to vote for, do you think the person's private life is relevant ?
What kind of job would you like to get ?
Do you have any relevant experience ?
When judging someone's performance at work which factors are relevant ?

v/n. cover

v. to surround

What colour is the cover of your book ?

What pictures do they put on the cover of magazines ?
What do we call the cover of:
a. a saucepan
b. a pillow

c. a mobile phone

Why would you cover your mouth with your hand ?

What about your eyes/ears ?
What would you do if:
a. your clothes were covered in mud ?
roads were covered in snow ?

b. your hands were covered in paint ?

What is an island surrounded by ?

Do you like to be surrounded by people all the time ?
Who might be surrounded by:
a. reporters
b. screaming fans

c. the police

to talk/think/read/go through
Do you usually talk through personal problems with your parents ?
Who else would you consider talking to ?
Why should you read through a contract before signing it ?
What else should you always read through beforehand ?

c. the

Give me an example of a bad decision you have made in the past.

Had you thought it through properly ?
The night before an exam, do you go through your notes ?
Does it help ?
Why would you look through a magazine before buying it ?

get + something + gerund/past participle

all in one go

Both these expressions with 'get' have a meaning similar to 'make something
happen'.
Get something + past participle is used for annoying or difficult jobs that we
have to deal with soon.
eg.
I must get my homework done before the film starts.
Get something + gerund is used when we start an action that can continue
without us.
eg.
The teacher got the students working in pairs while she marked their
homework.
If your car breaks down what can you do to get it going ?
Have you ever stayed up late to get your homework finished ?
Did you get it done in the end ?
At a party, what is a good way to:
a. get people talking to each other ?
relaxed ?

b. get people dancing ?

c. get people

Have you ever tried to get someone drunk ?

Do you like to get your housework done all in one go ?
Can you drink a pint of beer/swallow a banana/eat a box of chocolates all in one go ?

to bring up (a subject)
expr. make conversation

expr. small talk

expr. break the ice

What subjects do people bring up when they are making conversation ?

Do you think it depends on the country ?
Do people make small talk before a meeting gets started ?
What's a good way to break the ice at parties ?
What about on a first date ?

If you knew your friend had failed an exam, would you avoid bringing it up ?
What kind of subjects would you be embarrassed to bring up in front of your parents ?
How would you bring up the following embarrassing subjects ?
a. you need to borrow money from your parents.
b. your friend has B.O.
c. you know your best friend's partner has been unfaithful.
phr v. to try on

phr v. to put on/take off

What's the difference between 'put on' and 'wear' ?

And what's the opposite of 'put on' ?
Do you take your shoes off as soon as you get home ?
Do you put your glasses on as soon as you get out of bed ?
What kind of clothes can we buy without trying them on ?
Do you like going round the shops and trying on clothes ?
Even if you don't buy anything ?

n. material
n. man-made
n. goods
v. to manufacture
We use manufacture to talk about goods made in factories.
Give me an example of a raw material.
Give me an example of a man-made material.
What materials are used in manufacturing:
a. clothes ?

b. cars ?

c. furniture ?

What kind of building is used to store goods ?

Which shops sell luxury goods ?
Where can you buy duty-free goods ?
v. to produce

n. production

adj. hand-made/built

When something is produced it is made, or grown, or something makes it

happen.
eg.

Water, oil, gas and wind can all produce electricity.

What is produced when water boils ?

What things are burned to produce electricity ?

Where can you buy hand-made goods ?
What kind of goods are usually mass-produced ?
Why do people sometimes prefer hand-made goods ?
How does mass-production affect the quality of a product ?
What could be done to increase production in a factory ?
A. You/They could ...

UNIT 4
v/n. supply

v/n. demand

To supply somebody with something is to give them the amount they need
regularly.
eg.
The city's water is supplied by the lake.
If you demand something, you say very strongly that you need it, or it must
happen.
eg.
He demanded that the children pay for the damage they had
caused.
What do power stations supply ?
What does a car battery do ?
What kind of food supplies the body with:
a. vitamins ?

b. energy ?

What kind of goods are sometimes in short supply ?

Have you ever demanded a refund ?
What was the^fbblem ? Did you eventually get your money back ?
What kind of things do people on strike often demand ?
v. to expect
If you expect something, you believe it will happen in the near future. Also, we
use expect to talk about what we imagine things will be like,
eg.
Scotland was much warmer than 1 expected.
Are you going to take any English exams this year ?
What result do you expect to get ?
Is living in London more expensive than you expected ?
Are you expecting any important news at the moment ?
How much would you expect to pay for:
a. a bottle of wine in a restaurant ?
b. a new mobile phone ?
c. bed and breakfast accommodation ?
Is Book 4 just as you expected ?
A. Yes, Book 4 is just as .../No, Book 4 is different from ...

Can you think of something that you really looked forward to ?

Was it as good as you expected ?
Y. ... just as good as ...
N. ... not as good as ...
.... even better than ...
Have you ever been really disappointed by a book or film ?
What did you expect before you saw/read it ?

(just) in case

otherwise / or else

We use (just) in case to talk about things we do because we are not sure what
will happen.
eg.
I took a book to the airport just in case the flight was delayed and I had
to wait.
We use otherwise and or else to talk about what will happen if we don't do
something. It is generally used to talk about a negative consequence,
eg.
My doctor told me to relax more and take a holiday otherwise I would
have a nervous breakdown.
What do people often take with them just in case...
a. it rains ?
b. they get a headache ?

c. they run out of money ?

Do you think it's a good idea to have a spare key just in case you get locked out ?
Where could you hide it ?
Why does every car have a spare wheel ?
A. In case ...
Why is it important to get insurance if you travel abroad ?
A. In case ...
Why is it important to have plenty of vitamins in your diet ?
A. Otherwise ...
Is it necessary to call and confirm a flight booking ?
A. Yes, or else ...

v. go wrong

v. go well/badly

We use go well/badly to talk about how successful something is.

eg.
The meeting didn't go very well, because we couldn't agree about
anything.
If something goes wrong, it doesn't go according to plan.
eg.
The holiday started to go wrong when we missed our flight and had a big
argument.
What are the signs that a relationship is going wrong ?
What are the most famous man-made disasters in your country ?
What went wrong ?
Have you done any exams recently ?
How did they/it go ?
How should the people in charge behave when things go badly ?
When you were a child, did things always go well at school ?
Who helped you when things were going badly ?

v. to train

n. training

Have you ever been trained to do anything ?

What did they show you how to do ?
What can go wrong if staff don't get proper training ?
Could you train someone to do your job ?
How long would it take you ?
Which animals can be trained ?
What are they trained to do ?

v. to require

n. requirement

What kind of people have special food requirements ?

What jobs require special training ?
Do all jobs require qualifications ?
Is experience often a requirement ?

n. skill

adj. skilled

Have you got basic computer skills ?

What jobs are done by very skilled workers ?
Have you got any skills that could help you save someone's life ?
Do you know anyone who doesn't have good social skills ?
Do you think social skills can help you in your career ?
Do you think all managers should have special training ?
Can management skills really be learnt ?

n./adj. expert

n. knowledge

Give me an example of something you know a lot about.

Would you call yourself an expert ?
When do people reejtrke the services of an expert ?
.

Did you have any knowledge of this country before you came here ?
Is there anything you wish you had known beforehand ?
Would you describe your knowledge of these subjects as poor, limited, expert or nonexistent ?
a. how a car works
b. computers
c. the history of your country
d. the opposite sex
Do you think babies have any knowledge when they are born ?
What kind of things do they know ?

expr. anything/nothing wrong with ...

expr. good (thing) about
Do you think there's anything wrong with:
a. spitting in the gutter ?
b. double parking
?
c. eating meat ?
d. lunchtime drinking ?
Why does it matter ?
When was the last time you were ill ?

Have you got anything at home that isn't working properly ?

What's wrong with it ?

Tell me one good thing about:

a. living in this city

b. being able to speak English

Are you married or single ?

What's the best thing about being married/single ?

And the worst ?

What is your favourite:

a. TV programme
?
b. football team ?
c. cafe/pub/restaurant ?
d. place in your country ?
Ask her/him what's so good about it.

v. turn down

v. let down

v. cut down (on)

Have you ever turned down a job ?

What was wrong with it ?
Why would someone get turned down for a credit card ?
Have you ever let someone down by cancelling an arrangement at the last minute ?
Tell us about somepne^who never lets you down.
Have you ever let yourself down in an exam ?
Why did you perform so badly ?
Is there anything you to need cut down on ?
Is it easier to give up smoking if you cut down first ?

adj. deep

adj. shallow

Which end of a swimming pool is safer:

a. to dive into ?
b. for young children ?
What kind of people work deep underground ?
Can you imagine what it would be like ?
Which books/films do you think have a deep meaning ?
Do you think you completely understood it ?
Would you describe a typical Hollywood film as shallow ?
Do you think it matters ? Why/Why not ?

adj. wide

adj. broad

Roughly how wide is this room ?

And what are its other dimensions ?

adj. narrow

What kind of places usually have wide/narrow streets ?

What kind of influence do you think the history of the place has ?
What kind of goods come in a wide range of colours ?
What kind of things are only available in a more limited range ?
Are prejudiced people broad or narrow-minded ?
What do you think makes them that way ?
Would you describe your parents as broad-minded ?
What kind of things did/didn't they let you do ?
How does travel broaden the mind ?
What other experiences can have the same effect ?

v. to breathe

n. breath

Who would ask you to breathe inland breathe out again ?

When can you see your breath-?-^
How do people breathe under water ?
How long can you hold your breath for ?
When do people get out of breath ?
In what situation would you need to take a deep breath ?

expr. to be willing to do

expr. to be reluctant to do

If you are willing to do something you don't mind doing it if it is necessary.

If you are reluctant to do something you don't really want to do it, even though
you might have to.
eg.
Most people are willing to work a few extra hours during the week, but
are reluctant to do extra work at weekends.
Which people are you always willing to help ?
Were you always willing to help with the housework when you were a child ?
Would you be willing to work for free just to get experience ?
What kind of things do we always pay for reluctantly ?

Would you be willing or reluctant to:

a. do a sponsored run for charity ?
c. have a big party in your house ?

v. to risk

n. risk

b. lend your best friend 50 ?

adj. risky

If you take a risk you do something which might be dangerous or have a

negative result. However, there is also the possibility that a very positive thing
will happen, and that is why we take risks.
eg.
People take risks when they gamble, and do dangerous sports.
We use the verb risk to talk about something which might be lost if things go
badly.
eg.
You are risking your marriage by seeing that woman.
Are you risking your health if you smoke heavily ?
What illnesses do you risk getting ?
Do you agree it's impossible to succeed in business without taking risks ?
What kind of risks have to be taken ?
Are you generally willing or reluctant to take risks ?
When/why is it better to play safe ?
Do you think buying shares is a risky business ?
Can you think of any other examples ?
What kind of people risk their lives as part of their job ?
Do you find it exciting to take risks ?
What kind of risks ?
Have you ever driven home after a couple of drinks ?
Wasn't that a bit risky ?

n. opportunity
An opportunity is a situation where you can do something that is not normally
possible for you.
eg.
I'm taking next week off, which will give me the opportunity to paint my
kitchen.
Do men and women have the same opportunities ?
Do you believe in equal opportunities ?
What opportunities are there for ordinary people to express their opinions on politics ?
Which of the following were you given the opportunity to do at school ?
a. Study other languages ?
b. go swimming ? c. use the internet ?

Do you think rich people have more opportunities in life than poor people ?
What kind of opportunities ?
Have you ever wasted a good opportunity ?

n.chance
If something happens by chance, it is not planned but happens by accident,
eg.
We hadn't seen each other for years, but then we met by chance in the
supermarket.
When we talk about the chance(s) of something happening, we mean how
possible/likely it is.
eg.
There's a good chance that it will rain.
= It is likely that it will rain this afternoon.
He's got no chance of passing the exam, he never comes to the lesson.
= It is impossible.
England have been playing well, and they have a chance of winning.
= It is possible, but not very likely.
Do you think most married couples first met each other by chance ?
In what kind of situations do they usually meet ?
Have you ever found a really amazing place while you were on holiday ?
Did you know about it beforehand, or did you just find it by chance ?
If you toss a coin, what are the chances that it will be heads ?
What about tails ?
What are your country's chances of:
a. winning the next World Cup ?

b. hosting a major sporting event ?

What chance would I have of getting a job in your country ?

What are the chances of winning the lottery ?
Why do so many people think they have a chance ?
Chance can also be used to mean 'opportunity'
How often do you get the chance to:
a. Speak English with an English speaker ?
from your country ?

b. have a lie-in ?

c. watch TV

Do your teachers give you the chance to ask questions during the lesson ?
'Take a chance' can also be used to mean take a risk'
Do you think you have to take a few chances to achieve success in business ?

In what kinds of situation do people take chances with their health and safety ?
What chances are you willing to take with your life ?

v. involve

adj. involved

If you are involved in something (or something involves you), you are
connected, included, or relevant to it.
eg.
I want to be involved in the training of new staff. The training involves
explaining the work, showing them how to use the computers, and
introducing them to the other staff.
Which of your relatives were involved in bringing you up ?
If you were married, would you want your husband/wife to be involved in all your
interests ?
Would you get involved in theirs ?
What kind of jobs involve working with animals/children/old people ?
Would you like a job that involves a lot of travel ?
Have you ever given something up because it involved too much hard work/risk?
Which sports involve quite a lot of risk ?
Why do people feel that they are risks worth taking ?
Have you ever joined in an argument between two friends ?
Did you regret getting involved ?

v. to realise
When you realise something you are aware of it for the first time or you
understand its importance.
eg.
I only realised she was hurt when she started crying.
When I had children I realised why my parents were strict.
Has anyone ever hurt your feelings without realising it ?
Did you talk it through afterwards ?
What kind of things do teenagers try to keep secret from their parents ?
Do you think the parents usually realise what is going on ?
If I tried to teach when I had a terrible hangover, do you think the class would realise ?
What would the signs be ?
Give me an example of a major problem in the world today.
Do you think most people realise how serious it is ?

v. negotiate

n. negotiation

When people negotiate they discuss things (usually political or business) in

order to make a deal or agreement.
eg.
During the 1980s the British and Chinese governments negotiated the
future of Hong Kong
What kind of people need negotiation skills ?
What kind of things do staff negotiate with management ?
Have you ever negotiated a deal ?
How many people/companies were involved ? What was the result ?
What kind of things are generally the subjepfof negotiations between countries ?

v/n. sacrifice

v/n. compromise

Both of these words mean losing (or giving up) something in order to achieve a
result.
A compromise is usually an agreement between two people on a subject they
have different opinions about.
eg.
I wanted to meet at 6 o'clock, she wanted to meet at 8, so we
compromised and agreed to meet at 7.
What are some of the sacrifices that your parents made for you ?
Do you think you could make the same sacrifices for your kids ?
Do you think you have to sacrifice things if you are in a serious relationship ?
What kind of things ?
Do you have to be willing to compromise when you negotiate ?
What kind of compromises could you offer if you were negotiating with employees who
were on strike ?
Do you agree that all relationships are built on compromise ?
What kind of compromises ?
Which shops in this city provide a good compromise between quality and price?
Do you think they offer the best value for money ?

for the sake of someone/something

for someone's/something's sake

If you do something for the sake of someone else, you do it only to help that
person, and not because it helps you.
eg.
I am moving back to my hometown for my parents' sake.
If you do something for the sake of your health/career etc. you do it only for that
reason.
eg.
I love living in the countryside, but I have to move to London for the sake
of my career.
Do some married couples only stay together for the sake of their children ?
Do you think they are doing the right thing ?
Why would someone cut down on their drinking/smoking ?
For the sake of ...
Do you know anyone who has sacrificed a lot of their time for other people's sake ?
Are you learning English for the sake of your career ?
Is there anything you would enjoy studying for its own sake ?

n. in/convenience
If something is convenient it is suitable for people's needs and doesn't cause
any problems.
eg.
There is a bus stop outside our house, which is very convenient.
Do you find mobile phones more convenient than landlines ?
Have your friends ever caused you inconvenience ?
Do you think it's worth commuting a long way, despite the inconvenience ?
Do you think the convenience of having a car/washing machine is worth the cost ?
Where's the most convenient place to go shopping i f . . .
... you have run out of milk ?
... you need something to wear to a party ?
... you are getting a month's supply of groceries ?
n. facility

n. luxury

n. necessity

What basic facilities would you expect in any hotel room ?

What extra luxuries would you expect in a 5-star hotel ?
What special facilities do disabled people require ?

What is the biggest luxury in your life at the moment ?

What basic necessities should be provided by the government ?
Do you think 1/1\// is a necessity in modern life ?
What facilities do big shops provide for the convenience of their customers ?

n. method

n. means

Both of these words are used to talk about ways of doing something. A method
is an idea, theory, or system, whereas a means is a physical thing, such as a
machine.
eg.
Digital technology provides a new means of recording music.
Modern business methods have led to companies employing fewer staff.
Which means of transport are common in this city ?
Which ones do you use ?
What means of communication were used before the telephone was invented ?
Can you imagine what would have been used a thousand years ago ?
Which method of payment is most convenient for:
a. a pint of milk ?
b. a DVD player ? c. your bills ?
What methods do the police use to collect evidence ?
Which skills does this method of studying improve most quickly ?

UNIT 5
n. use

. purpose

The purpose of something is why we use it (or do it), whereas the use of
something is /rawwe use it.
Can you think of a tool that has many uses ?
What are the main uses of:
a. leather ?

b. plastic ?

c. diamonds ?

Do you have the use of a car/computer in your country ?

Which facilities in the school are for the use of the students/staff ?
What is the purpose of your visit to this country ?
Have you heard this question before ?
What is the purpose of:
a. revision ?
b. recycling ?

adj. available

c. insurance ?

n. availability

If something is available it is easily found or bought,

eg.
Maps are available at Reception.
What facilities are available in a sports centre ?
Do you think guns are too easily available in some countries ?
What kind of material do you think shouldn't be available on the internet ?
Have you ever found that a product you wanted to buy was not available anymore ?
What factors can affect the availability of a product ?
How does the availability affect the price ?

v. to design

n. design

n. designer

A design is a plan for how something will be made or built,

eg.
They have changed the design of the car to make it safer.
What products are designed to be:
a. disposable ?
b. re-usable ?

c. assembled at home ?

CO Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Have you ever wanted to be a designer ?

What would you have liked to design ?
Have you ever had anything designed for you ?
Have computers made it easier for ordinary people to design things ?
What manufactured goods have become famous for their design ?
Do you own anything that you think is really well designed ?

by doing

for doing/noun

We use by doing to talk about a method or means of doing something,

eg.
You can improve your English by listening to the radio, reading
newspapers, and chatting to English-speaking people.
We use for doing/noun to talk about the use of an object.
,
eg.
This product is for cleaning jewellery. It should not be used for other
metal products.
What is a remote control for ?
Ask him/her what these things are for:
blind
tea-towel
torch

notice-board

What parts of your body are used for:

... breathing ?
... chewing ?
... winking ?
How do people:
...
...
...
...
...

lose weight ?
get fit ?
find jobs/accommodation ?
practise their English ?
make money without working ?

n. equipment

n. tools

n. kit

Which sports/people need special equipment ?

What kind of tools are kept in most people's homes ?
What are they used for ?
What equipment would you expect in a luxury car ?
Have you got any tools in your house/car ?
What kind ?/'Where do you keep them ?

supermarket trolley

Tell me a couple of things you would find in:

a. a tool kit
b. a first aid kit
c. a bicycle repair kit
Which jobs are best left to a professional ?
When was the last time you used tools to repair something ?
How long did it take you to get the job done ?

to need + ing

n. job (2)

Job can mean a piece of work.

eg.
I like to do a few jobs around the house at the weekend,
needs doing = needs to be done
We use this construction when we want to emphasise the job instead of the
person who will do it.
eg.
The bathroom looks terrible. It really needs painting.
How long does a lightbulb last before it needs changing ?
Have you got any clothes that need dry-cleaning ?
Does your/my hair need cutting ?
Do any of the rooms in your house need decorating ?
What other jobs around the house sometimes need doing ?
What jobs do you have to get done this weekend ?

adv. past

adv. along

n. turning

What kind of shops do you walk past on the way here ?

Have you ever gone past your stop on the bus/train ?
Can you go straight on at the end of this street ?
Where does it take you ?
if you came out of this school, turned left out of the door, went along this street and
took the first turning on the left, where would you end up ?

adj. cautious

n. caution

If you are cautious you do things carefully in order to avoid risks or mistakes,
eg.
I put my toe cautiously into the bath to test the temperature.
Which animals are naturally cautious ?
Would you say that you are cautious with money ?
Do you know anyone who drives very cautiously ?
Do you think this makes them a better driver ?
Are there times when caution is not the best way ?

v./adj. upset
If we are upset, we cry, argue, or shout because of something that has
happened.
eg.
When her rabbit died, she was so upset that she cried for days.
Would you be upset if I shouted at you ?
What do you say to someone who seems upset ?
Have you ever told a lie to avoid upsetting someone ?
Did it work ?
Do children try to upset each other on purpose ?
How ?
Do managers sometimes upset their staff ?
How ?
When was the last time you had an upset stomach ?
What do you think caused it ?

adj. depressed

n. depression

Depression is a more serious and long-term problem, where we are unhappy

about our lives and can't change our mood.
eg.
After losing his job, he became depressed, started drinking heavily and
stopped socialising.
How do doctors treat depression ?
How else can it be cured ?
Which famous people have suffered from depression ?
Do you think being famous was part of the cause ?

What are the typical things that people get depressed about ?

adj. wild

vb. to tame

adj. tame

Animals that live or work with people, such as dogs, horses etc., are tame.
Wild animals, such as lions, penguins, etc., live in their natural environment and
can't be controlled by humans.
We can also use wild to describe people's behaviour when it is uncontrolled,
mad, violent etc.
eg
It was a terrible situation. The soldiers panicked and shot wildly in every
direction.
Where do people go to see wild animals ?
Which wild animals can be tamed ?
Have you ever been to a wild party ?
Did it get out of hand ?
Have you ever been to a party that was a bit tame ?
What would have got it going ?
Have you ever seen a crowd go wild ?
What was the event ?
Have you ever picked wild flowers/fruit/mushrooms ?
Are there any dangers you should be aware of ?

v. to calm down

adj. calm

Would you describe yourself as a calm person ?

In what situations do you have trouble staying calm ?
Have you ever had to calm someone else down ?
What was wrong with them ?
Why would you tell someone to calm down ?
What do you do to calm yourself down when you're stressed ?

v. wind someone up (informal)

v. to panic

To wind someone up is to make them angry or worried on purpose, as a trick

or joke.
eg.
They told me my team had lost 5-0. But it wasn't true. They were just
winding me up.
In what situations is it important not to panic ?
What should you do instead ?
What could cause someone to have a panic attack ?
Has it ever happened to you ?
Did you used to wind your teachers up at school ?
Do you know a good trick to wind someone up ?
How can you calm someone down if they are panicking ?

v. get wound up (informal)

v. freak (out) (informal)

To get wound up is to get very upset or stressed, either because people are
winding you up on purpose, or because something annoying is happening,
eg.
He got wound up because everyone was criticising his work.
To freak out is to behave wildly, because you are panicking, angry, or losing
control.
eg.
She freaked out when she heard the news. She was screaming,
throwing plates, and kicking the furniture.
Do you get wound up in traffic jams ?
What about if your computer crashes before you've saved your work ?
Do you get wound up by certain kinds of people/behaviour ?
Would your parents freak out if you got your tongue pierced ?
Do you ever really freak out when you dance ?
v/n. trap

v/n. escape

What kind of animals do we catch with traps ?

Would you panic if you were trapped underground ?
Have you ever seen a film about people trapped in a dangerous situation ?
How did they escape in the end ?
Do you know where the fire escapes are in this building ?

Have you ever felt trapped:

a. in a job ?
b. in a relationship ?
c. by someone talking to you at a party ?

v. to be/get stuck (somewhere) = trapped

We can also get stuck when doing something (such as an exam). This means
we can't continue because we don't know the answer.
Have you ever got stuck in a lift ?
Do you lose your temper if you get stuck in traffic ?
What can you do to amuse yourself if you are stuck indoors on a rainy day ?
Would you consider cheating if you got stuck in an exam ?
How would you go about it ?
What can you do when you get stuck doing a crossword puzzle ?
Have you ever been stuck next to someone boring on a train journey ?
Did you try to escape ?
Have you ever been stuck outside in wild weather ?
What kind of animals get stuck up trees ?
Does it ever happen to people ?

v. to prevent

n. prevention

n. precaution

prevent + noun
eg.
People take medicines when they go abroad to prevent upset stomachs
prevent + someone/thing + from + gerund
eg.
They prevented her from leaving because she hadn't paid her bill.
What do we use sun tan lotion for ?
What precautions do you take when travelling abroad ?
What kind of security precautions are taken at airports ?
Do you think they actually prevent crimes ?
Are you a keen student ?
Is there anything that might prevent you from coming to school ?
Do you think health warnings prevent people from smoking/drinking ?

What kind of equipment is used to prevent injury in car accidents ?

Should people be prevented from doing dangerous things ?
For their own sake or to protect the public ?

n. research

v. to research

n. experiment

If you research something (or do research) you collect information about it.
eg.
Drug companies have to do a lot of research on their products before
selling them.
Have you ever done research for a project ?
Do you think medical research is more important than space research ?
Which do you think is more interesting ?
What kind of experiments did you do at school ?
Would you find it interesting to research the history of your family ?
Do you think some kinds of experiments should be banned ?
What's the difference between 'search' and 'research' ?

n. record

v. to record

n. document

We record information by writing it down and keeping it.

Where are your medical records kept ?
What documents do you need when:
a. travelling abroad ?

b. applying for a visa ?

c. buying/selling a car

What kind of documents do you need to keep very safe ?

Which organisations ask for original documents instead of copies ?
Why would having a criminal record prevent you from getting a job ?
What new ways of recording things has modem technology given us?

n. progress

v. to progress

To progress is to move forward, continue, or improve,

eg.
Space research progressed a lot in the 60s.
Students make better progress if they come to all the lessons.
Do you think economic progress is always a good thing ?
In what ways can it harm a country ?
Are you happy with your progress in English ?
How could you make more progress ?
What kinds of technology have progressed a lot over the last decade ?
What are you not allowed to do when an exam is in progress ?

n. refuse

v. to refuse

Have you ever refused to do what your parents/boss/teacher told you ?

What reasons would you give for refusing to:
a. join the a.rmy
b. pay your bill
c. donate money to charity ?
Has anyone ever refused to let you into a building ?
What was the problem ?
In what ways could refuse collection be more environmentally friendly ?

n. favour

expr. to do someone a favour

A favour is something you do to help a friend.

eg.
"Can you do me a favour and lend me your car on Saturday ?"
What kind of favours do people usually ask for ?
Can you rely on your friends to do you a favour ?
Has anyone ever refused ?
Do you always try to return a favour ?
Have you ever regretted doing someone a favour ?

expr. in favour of

prep, for/against

n. pros and cons

Can you give us an example of something you are strongly in favour of or strongly
agajnst ?

Can you think of something that public opinion is divided on ?

What are the arguments for and against ?
What are the pros and cons of studying English:
a. in the UK ?
b. in your own country ?
Do you think the pros outweigh the cons ?
What are the pros and cons of doing experiments on animals ?

v, to compete
n. rival

adj. competitive

n. market

How many people compete in a doubles tennis match ?

Do they all compete against each other ?
Give me an example of two famous sporting rivals .
Which companies are rivals in the following markets ?
a. fast food

b. luxury cars

c. soft drinks

Do you think men are more competitive than women ?

Why would a company want to take over a rival ?
Would you describe yourself as a competitive person?
Do you get wound up when you start losing a game ?
to get + prep/adv
eg.

To get out, get in, get up, get over etc.

How would you get out of this building if there was an emergency ?
Have you ever had trouble getting into a club ?
Did you get past the bouncers in the end ?
How do people get over walls when they escape from prison ?
How long can a boxer stay on the floor before getting up ?
What happens if they can't do it ?
Have you ever found something disgusting in your food ?
How do you think it got there ?

d. electronics

v. to harm

n. harm

adj. harmful

adj. harmless

If you harm something, you hurt it or cause damage to it.

eg.
When parents divorce, it is usually the children who are harmed the
most.
Have you ever harmed an animal ?
Even when you were a child ?
Can exercise/hard work/sunshine sometimes be harmful ?
Give me an example of an everyday activity that harms the environment.
Do you think banning alcohol would do more harm than good ?
Do you think there is any harm in having a few drinks after work ?
When can alcohol become harmful ?
Give me an example of a harmless:
a. habit
b. animal
c. drug

n. excess

adj. excessive

v. to exceed

To do something to excess is to do it too much.

eg.
People who drink to excess often suffer health problems.
When do the following become harmful ?
a. alcohol
b. exercise c. hard work
A. ... in/to excess.

c. sunshine

In what ways do big stars live excessive lives ?

What kind of laws/punishments do you think are excessive ?
Have you ever been charged for 'excess baggage' ?
Were you surprised that you had exceeded the limit ?

v. to injure

n. injury

n. compensation

Have you ever had a sports injury ?

How did you injure yourself ?
What kind of injuries require hospital treatment ?
Should people get compensation if they are injured at work ?
Even if it's their own fault ?

UNIT 6
v. to justify + gerund/noun

n. justification

n. right

If you justify something, such as something you have done or an opinion, you
explain or show why it is right.
eg.
The Police justified arresting tho man by saying that he had been drunk
and violent.
Do you have the right to work in this country ?
At what age do you get the right to vote ?
What other rights do you get at this age ?
What kind of people have to justify their decisions publicly ?
Is there ever any justification for violence ?
What about capital punishment ?
Do men and women have equal rights at work ?
Should:

...
...
...
...

the internet be controlled by the government ?

men and women compete against each other in the Olympics ?
children learn about sex and drugs at school ?
tobacco companies pay compensation to smokers whose
health has been damaged ?
Can you justify your opinion ?

v. to claim + inf./clause

n. claim

We use the word 'claim' when someone has said something is true, but there is
doubt about it.
eg.
Some people claim to have seen aliens.
We can also use 'claim' to say that we have the right to something, such as
money.
eg.
Some people can claim money from the government to help them with
the rent.
Do you know anyone who claims to have seen a UFO/ghost ?
Do you believe them ?
Would you believe me if I claimed that...
a) I could speak your language ?
b) English people drank more tea than any other country ?
c) I was related to the Queen.

Have you ever made an insurance claim ?

What had happened to you ?
Can you think of any claims that scientists have made ?
Have they ever been proven ?
Have you ever claimed something that you didn't have the right to ?

v. to recover

n. recovery

v. to get over

To recover from an illness (or accident etc.) is to become healthy again,

eg.
She will come back to work when she recovers from her operation.
To get over means the same as to recover.
How long does it take to get over a cold ?
Have you ever had a serious illness ?
Did you make a full recovery in the end ?
What kind of things should you avoid while recovering from an illness ?
Do people sometimes have difficulty getting over bad experiences ?
What kind of treatment can they receive ?

n. muscle

n. bone

n. skeleton

Have you ever broken a bone ?

Do you think men/women with huge muscles look attractive ?
Have you ever tried to build your muscles up ?
Did it work ?
Have you ever seen a human/dinosaur skeleton ?

v. to tear
tore
torn

v. to split
split
split

v/n. crack

adj. cracked

Would you walk across a bridge if you saw cracks in it ?

Why do we get cracked pipes in winter ?
What can be done to prevent the problem ?
Which materials tear/don't tear easily ?

Have you ever split your trousers ?

Was it embarrassing ?
Have you ever torn up someone's photograph ?
What had they done ?
Do you split your bills with the person you live with ?

v. to heal

n. scar

How long do broken bones take to heal ?

What about torn muscles ?
What kind of injuries leave scars after they heal ?
Are scars ever attractive ?

v. to hold

v. to hold up/onto

Which hand do you hold your pen in ?

What does a belt hold up ?
Show me how you would hold:
a. a baby
b. a gun

c. the World Cup

When would someone hold onto:

a. a rope ? b. handlebars ?

d. a dirty sock

c. someone else's hand ?

v. to handle
What are you supposed to do before handling food ?
Would you mind handling dangerous chemicals at work ?
What about if you were given training first ?
Are you ever given more than you can handle at work ?
What kind of people handle difficult situations every day ?
How would you feel if you suddenly had to do your manager's job ?
Could you handle it ?

v. to stick

adj. sticky

How can you stop food sticking to the bottom of a saucepan ?

What do we use to stick:
... pieces of paper together ?
. . . a poster on a notice board ?
. . . a handle back on a cup ?
What kind of food can leave a horrible, sticky, mess on your clothes ?

v. to mend

v. to fix

Do you ever mend your own clothes ?

What do you use ?
Have you ever tried to mend something you had broken ?
Have you ever fixed a machine that wasn't working ?
Have you ever tried to fix something by hitting it ?
Did it work ?
Have you ever had to call someone in to fix something in your house ?

n./v. aim
An aim is an ambition, or something you want to achieve,
eg.
I aim to finish decorating the house by Christmas.
Products and adverts are often aimed at particular kinds of people,
eg.
This car advert is aimed at young women who are professional,
independent and confident.
What aims do you have for the near future ?
What is your aim in taking this course ?
Do you think most people's main aim in life is to get married and have children ?
Give me an example of a famous charity ?
What is the main aim of their work ?
What age group is pop music aimed at ?
Which films are aimed at children ?

nn

v. to mark

n. mark

Why do we use table mats ?

What would leave marks on:
a. a carpet ?

b. a car ?

c. your body ?

How is a right/wrong answer marked ?

In which sports do judges give the contestants marks ?
Out of ten, how many marks would you give:
a. public transport in this city ?
b. the decor in this school
c. your mum's cooking ?
d. your own performance in this class ?
What's the best/worst mark you've ever had in an exam ?
Do you think you deserved it ?

n. centre

adj. central

v. to commute

What do we call people who travel from the edge of the city to the centre every day ?
Would you prefer to live in the centre of town or in the suburbs ?
Do you think commuting adds to the stress of modern life ?
What do we call the area between North and South America ?
Do you know anyone who is completely self-centred ?
Is getting an English qualification central to your future plans ?

v. to be un/likely {to do)

n. likelihood

Do you think it's likely to rain tonight ?

And what's the likelihood of snow ?
Who is your president/prime minister ?
Is he/she likely to be re-elected ?
Is it possible that I am the son/daughter of a millionaire ?
And how likely is it ?
How likely/unlikely are you to do the following things ?
- go out this weekend
- get married in the next five years
- invent something
- be arrested in the near future

Give me an example of something which actually happened even though it was

unlikely.

v. to suspect

adj. suspicious

n. suspicion

If you suspect someone (of doing something) you think there is a possibility that
they have done something bad.
eg.
Police suspect her of shooting her rival, but they don't know.
(She is under suspicion.)
If something is suspicious, it is a sign that something might be wrong (bad,
illegal etc.)
eg.
If you see a suspicious package, call the police.
His employers became suspicious when money started to disappear.
Have you ever seen a stranger behaving suspiciously ?
What was it that caught your attention ?
Are you suspicious of amazing special offers ?
Are they always too good to be true ?
What kind of claims do companies make about their products ?
Are you ever suspicious of their claims ?
What would make a package look suspicious ?
Which famous people have been under suspicion in the past ?
Did they clear their name in the end ?
Which famous people died in suspicious circumstances ?
Have you evor been tricked/ripped off ?
Didn't you suspect anything beforehand ?

v. to divide

adj. separate

v. to separate

When you divide something you make it into smaller pieces or parts,
eg.
He divided the class into 4 groups of 3.
In Mathematics, -=- is the sign that means 'divide'.
If 2 things are together you separate them by moving them apart from each
other.
eg.
The teacher separated the two girls that were fighting and made
them sit in separate classrooms.
What kind of food do we divide up when we share it ?
How many states is the USA divided into ?
What is your country divided into ?

Do you have any brothers or sisters ?

Did you always have separate rooms when you were children ?
Do you try to keep your social life separate from work/school ?
What problems can it lead to if you don't ?
Are school children separated into classes of different abilities ?
What are the pros and cons of this system ?
Why do couples sometimes decide to separate after many years ?

phr. v. to put up with

Have you ever had to put up with difficult neighbours ?
What did they do that was inconsiderate ?
Have you ever refused to put up with someone's bad behaviour ?
What did you do ?
Do other people find it difficult to put up with any of your faults ?

over- (prefix) = too much

Do you often oversleep ?
Does it get you into trouble ?
Have you ever been overcharged ?
Do you think it was done on purpose ?
Give me an example of something that is over-priced.
What about something that is expensive but worth the money ?
Do you think it is possible to be over-educated ?
What harm does too much education do ?
Do you ever overeat ?
Why does it happen ?

under- (prefix) = not enough

Which professions do you think are underpaid ?
Do you think a lot of films stars and models are actually underweight ?
Do you think this has a harmful effect on society ?
Give me an example of an understatement.

v. to block

n. block

What happens to traffic when something blocks the road ?

What do we use to unblock pipes ?
Is your city divided into blocks like in the USA ?
Have you ever lived/worked in a tower block ?

n. gas

n. liquid

n. solid

Give me an example of a:
a. gas
b. liquid
c. solid
What do we call water in its solid form ?
How long are babies fed on liquids before they can starteating solids ?
What is responsible for producing gases that are harmful to the environment ?
Do you think enough is being done to limit the problem ?

v. to flow

v./n. spray

v./n. pump

We use flow to describe the way a gas, liquid or electricity moves.

Does water flow uphill or downhill ?
What's cashflow ?
Which river flows through this city ?
Which sea/ocean does it flow into ?
What liquid is pumped around the body by the heart ?
Why do they spray crops ?
Do you think it matters what they use ?
What kind of machines use a pump ?
Give me some examples of a household spray.
What is it used for ?
What kind of things have to be pumped up regularly ?

v. to impress

n. impression

adj. impressive

If you impress people they have a positive opinion of you because of what you
have done.
eg.

They were impressed with his qualifications in the interview.

An impression can be either good or bad.

eg.
He made a bad impression by yawning when he met the boss.
She made a good impression by arriving early on her first day at work.
How can you make a good impression when you start a new job ?
What would make a bad impression ?
Would you be impressed if I could speak your language fluently ?
What kind of things do young people do to try and impress their friends ?
Is it the kind of thing that you grow out of ?
Have you travelled to any foreign countries on holiday ?
What impressed you the most about ...?
Has anyone or anything ever made a huge impression on you ?
What was it about it/them that you found so impressive ?
Have you ever bought someone a really special present ?
Did it make the impression that you intended ?
Do agree with the expression that 'first impressions last' ?
In what circumstances would it be important ?

v. to differ from

... in that/in...

The Hindu religion differs from other religions in that it has many gods, not just
one.
British English differs a little bit from Australian English in vocabulary and
pronunciation.

Is tennis similar to badminton ?

In what ways do they differ ?
Is British English always the same as American English ?
Do they differ a great deal ?
How do modern styles of building differ from traditional ones ?
How do you think the tastes of your generation differ from those of your parents ?

What are your impressions of London ?

How does it differ from what you expected ?

v. to react

n. reaction

When someone tells a joke, we react by smiling, laughing and nodding.

He reacted badly when I told him to improve his work.
How do dogs react to cats ?
How does a football crowd react to a goal ?
What is the most surprising thing your government has done ?
What was the public reaction ?
If someone scratched my car, do you think shouting would be an over-reaction ?
What about if I chased them with a knife ?
Have you ever reacted angrily to a question ?
Was your reaction justified ?
What kind of machines react to:
a. fingerprints ?
b. temperature ?

v. to tend + inf.

c. light ?

n. tendency

A tendency is a characteristic.
eg.
She has a tendency to get aggressive when criticised.
If you tend to do something, you often do it and it is typical of you.
eg.
He tends to talk too much when he's nervous.
When do people tend to get:
a. big-headed ?
b. excited ?

c. aggressive ?

How do you think men and women differ when it comes to:
a. relationships ?
b. careers ? c. children ?
Men tend to ...
What annoying tendencies do children have ?
In what situations do people tend to over-react ?
When the demand for a product falls, what tends to happen to the price ?
Give me an example of something you tend to do when you are...
a. stressed ?
b. drunk ?
c. tired ?
d. in a really good mood ?

v. to feel like + gerund/noun

eg.

I'm in a lazy mood, and I don't feel like working.

Do you feel like going out tonight ?

What do you feel like doing ?
Have you ever felt like being really rude to someone ?
What did you actually say ?
Would you call in sick just because you didn't feel like going to work ?
Do you eat whenever you feel like it ?
When do we have to socialise even though we don't feel like it ?

n./adj. middle
Do you get sleepy in the middle of the afternoon ?
What do you feel like doing ?
Have you ever been woken up in the middle of the night by a noise ?
Did you find out what it was ?/Was it difficult to get back to sleep again ?
Give me an example of someone you know who is middle-aged and/or middle-class ?
What's in the middle of:
a. an apple ?
b. an eye ?

c. your living room ?

Which of your fingers is the longest ?

Have you ever ended up in 'the middle of nowhere' ?
Where were you supposed to be going ?

n./adj. average
What's the average number of students in this lesson ?
Is today's attendance above or below average ?
On average, how many pages of new work do you study a day ?
Are you an above-average student ?
Where does the average family tend to go on holiday in your country ?
What percentage of these lessons do you attend ?
Do you think that's a good average ?

v. to draw
drew
drawn

adj. straight

n. line

n. row

Is your hair straight ?

What do people use to draw straight lines ?
When is it hard to walk in a straight line ?
Where would you see a row of:
a. vegetables ?
b. trees ?

c. people ?

What did you like drawing when you were a child ?

A. I used to ...
Are you any good at drawing ?

d. cars ?

UNIT 7
adv. straight = directly
We add the word straight before a preposition (or adverb) to mean 'directly',
eg.
I walked straight into his office without knocking.
The bus drove straight past without stopping.
Do you go straight home after school ?
Where else do you go on the way ?
When you go to the doctor do they usually see you straight away ?
Do you do the washing up straight after dinner ?
Do you ever go straight to bed when you get home ?
Why ?

adv. right = completely/exactly

What's right in the middle of your face ? [nose]
Would you get a good view right at the back of a stadium ?
Where would you prefer to be ?
What's right at the top of this building ?
Would you like to live right next to a pub ?
Why/Why not ?
Do you like films where you don't find out what's happening till right at the end?
Have you ever had an embarrassing moment right in front of lots of people ?
Did you feel like crying/running away ?

v. to turn

v. to turn back/over

Is it easier to turn left or right at a crossroads in this country ?

What machines have parts that turn ?
What do you do when you have read to the bottom of a page ?
Have you ever started a long journey and had to turn back ?
What had you forgotten ?
What food has to be turned over while it's being cooked ?

Why would someone keep turning over in bed ?

Have you ever turned your back on someone ?
What had they done to deserve it ?

v. to face

v. to turn around

If you face something you are opposite it, looking towards it.
Muslims face Mecca when they pray.
Does your sofa face the TV ?
If I turn around what will I be facing ?
Does it bother you if you face backwards on a train ?
Give me an example of something you might turn around to face you.

expr. to face a problem etc.

We can also use the verb to face to talk about times when we deal with difficult
or embarrassing situations.
eg.
After she turned down my offer of a date, I couldn't face seeing her
again.
What important decisions do people have to face as they get older ?
Are you facing any big decisions in the near future ?
In what situations do people find it difficult to face their parents ?
Are you willing to give most kinds of food a try ?
Is there anything you just couldn't face ?

n. way (2)
Remember, we can use the word way to mean how to get somewhere (or how
to do something). Here are some common expressions with way.
How do emergency vehicles warn other traffic to get out of the way ?
If I left my bicycle outside the classroom would it be in the way ?
Where could I put it so that it would be out of the way ?
Would you park in the middle of the road ?
Why not ? (...in the way...)

What's the best thing to say to someone who is standing in your way ?
What's the quickest way out of this building in an emergency ?
Why should you look both ways before crossing the road ?
Do children have to learn that they can't always get their own way ?
What's the best way to teach them ?
Which person usually gets their own way in your family ?
How does he/she do it ?

n. directions

expr. How can l/do you get to .. ?

Where do you live ?

How do you get there ?
Ask for directions to his/her house.
Do you know the way now ?

v. to sort

v. to sort something (out)

How are names in an address book sorted ?

...alphabetical order.

When you go on holiday, do you sort out accommodation before you go ?

Have you ever had to sort out something that was in total chaos ?
If you're having problems at work, can you usually sort them out on your own?
What if you couldn't ?
Have you ever fallen out with a friend ?
Over what ?
Did you sort it out eventually ?

expr. tell if/whether

expr. tell the difference

You can tell whether something is real leather by the smell.

I can't tell the difference between these two wines, but an expert
could.
Can you tell the difference between an Australian and an English accent ?
What about Scottish and English ?

Can you tell the difference between these things just from the taste ?
a. butter and margarine ?
b. whole milk and skimmed milk ?
c. Pepsi and Coke ?
d. good quality wine and cheap plonk ?
Can you tell if someone is intelligent just by looking at them ?
How can you tell when someone is lying ?
Do you think I'm in a good mood today ?
How can you tell ?
When you speak English, do people realise you're foreign ?
How can they tell ?

adj./adv. upside-down
adj./adv. inside-out

adj./adv. right way up

adj./adv. back to front

What's wrong with the way I'm holding this book ?

Is it the right way up now ?
How can you tell if someone's got their jumper on inside-out ? [label]
What about back-to-front ?
Have you ever gone out wearing something inside-out ?
How long did it take you to realise ?

expr. the other way round

expr. the wrong way round

Am I holding this pen/book/cup/key/cigarette the right way round ?

And now ?
Does July come before June ?
A. No, it's the other...
Great Britain is part of England, isn't it ?
A. No, it's the other...
Do parents usually look after children ?
Is it ever the other way round ?

n/v. blame

expr. to hold someone responsible

If you blame someone for something, you think that they are responsible for the
problem.
eg.
Most people blame the other driver in a traffic accident.
Who would you blame if your English wasn't improving ?
Have you ever got the blame for something ?
Had you done anything to deserve it ?
Who got the blame for killing President Kennedy ?
Is there any doubt that he actually did it ?/Do you have other suspicions ?
Have you ever let someone else take the blame for something you did ?
Why didn't you own up ?
Who do you think should be held responsible for:
a. teenage crime ?
b. the hole in the ozone layer ?
Do you think there are some problems that the government can't be held responsible
for?

n. fault (1)
If something is your fault, you are responsible for the problem,
eg.
The goalkeeper cried because he knew that the goal was his
fault.
Have you ever damaged a car ?
Whose fault was it ?
If you get a bad hangover, is it your own fault ?
Have you ever failed an exam ?
Do you think it was your own fault ?
Do you know anyone with children who are difficult to handle ?
Do you think it's their parents' fault ?
Have you ever blamed someone for something even though you knew it wasn't their
fault ?
If someone breaks the law without realising it, is it still their fault ?

. fault (2)

adj. faulty

Your faults are your negative characteristics.

If a machine has a fault (or is faulty) something is wrong with it.
Have you ever bought something that was faulty ?
What was wrong with it ?
What kinds of fault are common with:
a. cars
b. telephones
c. computers
Are people aware of their own faults ?
What's your worst fault ?
Tell me someone you like despite their faults.
What is it about them that gets on your nerves ?

expr. to find something interesting/boring/annoying/difficult

(+infinitive)
Do you find politics interesting ?
What do you find more interesting ?
Do you find music relaxing ?
Which music in particular ?
Give me an example of a game you find easy to play ?
Give me an example of something you find difficult to do.
Have you seen TV programmes where they play tricks to wind people up ?
Do you find them funny ?
Which comedians/adverts do you find:
a. funny ?
b. completely unfunny ?

c. annoying ?

expr. to find it interesting/boring/annoying + when/if

Would you find it amusing if I fell off my chair ?
What if I hurt myself ?
What annoying things can happen:
a. on the bus/train ?
b. in restaurants ?

c. in shops ?

v. to cheer up

adj. cheerful

adj. dull

adj. exciting

Do you find studying dull ?

How can you make it more exciting ?
What's the most exciting thing that's ever happened to you ?
Do you know anyone who always seems to be cheerful ?
Have you ever cheered up someone who was feeling sad ?
Who can really cheer you up when you're unhappy ?
What is it that they do ?

v. to gain

n. gain

If you gain something, you get more of it or improve your situation,

eg.
Some people take a low-paid job just to gain experience.
Would you work for free just to gain experience ?
What kind of things help you gain confidence at work ?
What can have the opposite effect ?
What is one of the most interesting things you have ever done?
What do you think you gained from the experience ?
How do people try to gain an unfair advantage in sport ?
Do you think people gain more from being honest than telling lies ?

v. to benefit

n. benefit

If something benefits you, you gain from it.

eg.
I'm really benefiting from the extra training my company
provides.
Do you think everyone benefits from a growing economy ?
Who gains the most ?
When did you last do something for another person's benefit ?
What kind of things did your parents and teachers force you to do ?
Do you think it was for your own benefit ?
What kind of people can claim state benefit ?

. reputation

. celebrity

Your reputation is the opinion that people have about you.

eg.
German cars have a reputation for being well built.
Do you find the lives of celebrities interesting ?
Give me an example of a celebrity in your country who has a reputation.
What kind of reputation ?
Which celebrities have a reputation for:
a. causing trouble ?
b. being paranoid ?
Do you think their reputation is justified ?

c. generosity ?

What could harm a company's reputation ?

Do you think the media sometimes destroys someone's reputation ?
Can you think of anyone who has a reputation that they don't deserve ?

adj. previous

adv. previously

Which teacher did you have in your previous lesson ?

Do you believe that some people have had previous lives ?
Which famous companies in your country were previously owned by the state ?
What were these people previously called:
a. Marilyn Monroe
b. Muhammad Ali

to be +

considered
believed
said
to + verb
reported
thought
known

= people generally think/believe know that...

Who is considered to be your country's greatest ever artist/writer/athlete ?
In the past, was the Earth believed to be flat ?
What shape is it now known to be ?
What kind of food is known to be bad for you ?
Was it always believed to be unhealthy ?

What is the name of the area where planes and boats are reported to have
disappeared mysteriously ?
Which famous ship sank in 1912 ?
Why was it thought to have been impossible ?
How are dinosaurs thought to have died out ?
Give me an example of someone from history who is considered to have been:
a. an evil genius
b. a hero
Did people realise at the time ?
Who is thought to have been responsible for the World Trade Centre attack ?
Where is he said to be now ?
Who is thought to have been responsible for the shooting of JFK ?
What other organisations are said to have been involved ?
Has anything ever been proved ?

v. to accuse

n. accusation

v. to deny

We accuse people of breaking laws and rules etc. or doing something wrong,
eg.
"You're trying to steal my girlfriend!"
- He accused me of trying to steal his girlfriend.
When people think they have been accused of something they didn't do,
they deny it.
eg.
"Of course I'm not trying to steal her!"
-1 denied trying to steal his girlfriend.
If you caught me looking through your bag, what would you accuse me of ?
Has anyone accused you of:
a. lying ?
b. being arrogant ? c. being lazy
d. trying to steal their girlfriend/boyfriend ?
Did you deny the accusation ?
Have you ever made a mistake at work and denied it afterwards ?
Why should you think carefully before making accusations ?
What kind of people are often accused of bribery and corruption ?

v. to admit

expr. I must admit

If you admit (to) something, you say that you did it or it was your fault,
eg.
He admitted taking the money when I accused him.
Do people find it difficult to admit to their mistakes ?
Has your teacher ever admitted that they couldn't answer your question ?
Admit or deny these accusations:
You stole my pen !
You are just pretending to understand !
You sometimes miss a lesson !
Tell us about one of your faults.
I must admit....

v. to insist + that / insist + on + noun/gerund

To insist means to say something, or want to do something, very
strongly.
People often use insist when there is a disagreement,
eg.
He insisted that he was right, even though I knew he was
wrong.
Do you ever insist that you are right even though you are not sure ?
What kind of rules did your parents/school insist on ?
What happened if you broke them ?
Do you think teachers should insist that students do all their homework ?
If you were sold something faulty would you insist on a refund ?
What if you were offered a replacement ?
When people don't agree with you, do you try to persuade them or just insist

v. to grab

v. to grip

How would you feel if someone grabbed something out of your hand ?
Has anyone ever tried to grab your bag in the street ?
Where could you go if you needed to grab a bite to eat ?
What kind of things need handles that you can grip easily ?

Do you need a good grip of English grammar to:

a. order food in a restaurant
b. explain how something works

v. to take on

n. a challenge

If you take on a job or a responsibility you agree to do it, and you believe you
can do what is necessary to achieve it.
eg.
After his parents retired he took on the whole business and ran
it himself.
To take on can also mean to employ.
Why would a company take on new staff ?
Have you ever taken on a big task and then regretted it ?
What should you have done instead ?
Do you prefer easy, boring work or do you look for a challenge ?
What's the biggest challenge you have ever faced ?
What kind of jobs/work/challenges do you feel confident about taking on ?

v. to approach

n. approach

To approach means to move towards.

eg.
The car slowed down as it approached the lights.
Approach is also used to mean a way of doing something, or a plan.
eg.
Our funny newspaper adverts didn't work so we decided to try a more
serious approach.
Which animals should be approached cautiously ?
Would you be suspicious of someone who approached you in the street to:
a. sell you something ?
b. get a donation to charity ?
c. talk about their religion?
Does our approach to teaching English differ from other schools that you have been
to ?
What are the basic differences ?
How do you prepare for an exam ?
Do you think that is the best approach ?
Have you ever been approached by a religious organisation ?

v. go/come up to (informal)
Go up to and come up to both mean 'approach',
eg.
A man came up to me in the street and asked if I wanted to buy
a watch.
Have you ever gone up to someone in a bar and introduced yourself ?
How did they react ?
If a stranger came up to you and asked for directions, would you help ?
If you saw someone famous in the street, would you go up to them ?
What would you say ?

n. edge

n. border

Which countries share a border with yours ?

What controls exist at most borders ?
What do we call the edge of the pavement ? [kerb]
What kind of things have sharp edges ?
What does the expression 'on the edge of my seat' mean ?
Which animals are on the edge of extinction ?

v. to attack/defend

n. defence

Could you defend yourself if you were attacked by:

a. a tiger ? b. a dog ?
c. a mugger ?
Why would a country defend its borders heavily ?
Do you think that Defence should be a priority for governments ?
How important is it in relation to health and education ?
In which sports do we often talk about attack and defence ?
Do you normally defend your country if someone criticises it ?
Do you think that's a natural reaction ?

adj. aggressive

n. aggression

If you behave aggressively, you get angry easily, or always try to attack,
eg.
When I disagreed with him he became aggressive, pointing his
finger in my face and shouting.
Which animals are naturally aggressive ?
Why do people drive more aggressively in cities ?
Has anyone famous ever got into trouble for aggressive behaviour ?
Have you ever had an aggressive boss ?
How did it affect your work ?
What's a healthy way to get rid of aggression ?
In what kind of situations do people tend to get aggressive ?
What's the best way to deal with it ?
Do you think women are becoming more aggressive ?
Do you think there's anything wrong with that ?

n. attitude

adj. defensive

Your attitude is the way you behave in a particular situation.

eg.
It's nice to work with people who have a positive and friendly attitude.
We can also use attitude to talk about opinions.
eg.
I don't agree with her attitude to drugs.
What kind of attitude do you think people should have to their work ?
Have you ever worked with someone who had a bad attitude ?
What was wrong with their attitude ?
When can an aggressive attitude be an advantage ?
Do you think some people's attitude to life is too broad-minded ?
What problems can that cause ?
Do you get defensive when people criticise you ?
Do you think that is the best attitude ?
How would you describe your attitude to:
a. religion ?
b. smoking in public places ?

c. marriage ?

expr. to take something/someone for granted

v. to appreciate

If you appreciate something you realise how good it is, and how lucky you are to
have it.
eg.
I bought him a present to show how much I appreciated his help.
If you take something for granted, you don't appreciate it properly.
eg.
I used to take having a car for granted until I was banned from driving.
Did you take your parents for granted when you were a child ?
When did you start to appreciate how much they did for you ?
Do you think people in rich countries appreciate how lucky they are ?
What kind of things do they take for granted ?
Have you ever felt someone was taking you for granted ?
Did you say anything ?
How do people show their appreciation ?
Have you ever done someone a big favour ?
Did they appreciate it ?
Have you ever felt unappreciated ?
Did you say anything ?

adj. casual
If you are casual about something, you have a relaxed and informal attitude.
You do not treat it as important. Sometimes this is positive, sometime negative,
eg.
Our boss prefers casual conversations to formal meetings.
He has been very casual about his work, and has made a lot of
mistakes.
Are there any jobs where a casual attitude is acceptable ?
What about casual clothes ?
What is your attitude to casual relationships ?
Would you feel comfortable wearing casual clothes to work ?
Would it matter to anyone else ?
Have you ever done casual work ?
Were you paid cash-in-hand ?

UNIT 8
v.

to bend
bent
bent

v. to stretch

Which materials are designed to:

a. bend ?
b. stretch ?
Which materials don't bend or stretch at all ?
Why do athletes do stretching exercises ?
Can you touch your toes without bending your knees ?
When picking up something heavy, which part of your body should you bend and which
part should you keep straight ?

v. to reach
n. speed

out of (the) reach (of)

Can I reach the board from where I am standing ?

What about from here ?
Why might a child reach out with both arms ?
How long do you think it should take an ambulance to reach an accident ?
What kind of things can affect its speed ?
What kind of clothing do athletes use to improve their speed ?
How could your parents reach you in an emergency ?
What kind of things should be kept out of the reach of children ?
What kind of things would you buy if you could afford them ?
Do you think they will always be out of your reach ?

prep, within

prep, beyond

When relaxing at home, what kind of things do you like to keep within reach ?
Have you reached the right level to take FCE/CAE/CPE ?
Are any of these exams completely beyond your reach ?

Do you live within:

... half an hour of central London ?
... walking distance of the school ?
... an hour's journey from the capital in your country ?
Is the government responsible for all society's problems ?
So, what kind of things are beyond its control ?

n. point (in a conversation)

The point is the subject we are talking about or the thing we want to say.
eg.
During the meeting she made two points. The first was that
the company was growing. The second was that we might need
new staff.
What do we call a list of points to be discussed in a meeting ?
What points would be relevant to a discussion on:
a. global warming ?

b. world poverty ?

c. planning a holiday ?

Are examples sometimes the best way to make a point ?

Does it annoy you when people won't listen to your point ?
Do you know anyone who talks a lot without getting to the point ?
v/n. debate

n. issue

A debate is a formal, organised discussion with official rules. Also, families and
groups of friends sometimes have debates about politics and other important
issues.
Which issues are often debated by you and your friends ?
Is it important to keep to the point in a debate ?
What about a casual conversation ?
Which issues do you think deserve more attention from the media ?
Which issues are 'hot' at the moment ?
Where do you stand on the issue of:
a. legalising cannabis ?
b. capital punishment ?
Can you justify your view ?

v. to present

n. presentation

What kind of people are often asked to present prizes ?

Did your school present prizes at the end of the year ?
Did you ever win one ?
In what kind of situations is presentation really important ?
Who would present your case in court ?
Have you ever had to give a presentation ?
Did you feel you presented your points well ?

n. publicity

n. Public Relations

n. image

Is Public Relations a growing industry ?

What skills are needed for a career in PR ?
How does advertising try to create a positive image for a product ?
What image do foreigners have of your country ?
Is it justified ?
What kind of people have:
...
...
...
...

a
a
a
a

young and sexy image ?

caring image ?
successful image ?
shocking image ?

Which major companies spend a lot of money on PR ?

What image do they try to present ?
Which public figures/international companies have suffered a lot of negative publicity ?
Do you think it was deserved ?
What kind of things do celebrities do to get publicity ?
What kind of things could you do to get publicity for:
a. a charity event ?
b. a political protest/demonstration ?
Do you agree that 'any publicity is good publicity' ?

phr v. to put/get across

phr v. to come across (as)

To put (or get) an idea across is to communicate it well,

eg.
The writer gets across the suffering of the soldiers very well.
The way you come across is the way other people think of you from your
behaviour.
eg.
I'm sure I didn't get the job because I came across as
arrogant in the interview.
When giving a presentation, what materials might help you put your point across ?
Have you ever had a really good idea, but been unable to put it across ?
How did that make you feel ?
In a Job interview, how would you try to come across ?
Why is it an advantage for politicians if they come across well on TV ?
Do you think big stars sometimes come across as arrogant/paranoid/vain ?
Which ones in particular ?

n. point (reason why something is worth doing)

adj. pointless
What's the point... ?
The point can also mean the purpose of something.
When we feel something is a waste of time, we often say What's the point ?,
There's no point, or It's pointless.
eg.
There is no point arguing with him. He will never change his
mind.
What's the point of revision ?
Is there any point recycling household waste ?
Do you think it is pointless telling teenagers not to smoke ?
Can you think of a rule or law that you think is pointless ?
Is it always convenient to do someone a favour ?
So what's the point ?

adj. sharp

adj. blunt

v. to sharpen

* **

What sharp objects are kept around the house ?

What objects can be sharpened when they become blunt ?
What are knife-blades usually made of ?

n. blade

Are razor blades safer than they used to be ?

Give me an example of a blunt question/statement.

the suffix - e n
We can turn some words into verbs by adding - e n .
Here are the most common examples:
widen
lengthen/shorten
strengthen /weaken
loosen/tighten
To widen means to make something wider, to lengthen means to make
something longer, and so on.
eg.
They widened the doorway so that people using wheelchairs could get in
more easily.
Which tool would you use to tighten a screw ?
What about to loosen a nut ?
Why are roads sometimes widened ?
What kind of exercise is good for strengthening your arms/back/stomach ?
Which illnesses weaken the immune system ?
What kind of problems can lengthen your journey ?
v. to connect

n. connection

If two things are connected, they are fixed together, or touching,

eg.
England is now connected to France by the Channel Tunnel.
Or there is something about them that is the same, or related,
eg.
There is usually a connection between how hard you study for
an exam and the result you get.
What do we use to connect pieces of electrical equipment together ?
What do you need to connect a computer to the internet ?
Why would the electricity company disconnect your supply ?
Do they charge to re-connect you ?
Do you think there's any connection between poverty and crime ?

What's the connection between these things?

a. Seoul, Barcelona, Atlanta, and Sydney
b. 'Rain Man' 'Mission Impossible', 'Top Gun'.
c. Tom Hanks, Denzel Washington, Marlon Brando.
Do you believe there is any connection between:
a. the rain forests and global warming ?
b. computer games and violent behaviour ?
c. social background and intelligence ?
Have you ever missed your connection when travelling ?

n. process

adj. tedious

A process is what happens in order to produce a~result.

eg.
In this part of the factory each product goes through the same
process: it is put together, painted, checked, and packed in a box.
Have you ever had to give a blood sample ?
Can you describe the process ?
Have you ever applied for a visa ?
How long did the process take ?
What are the following processes known as ?
a. printing fake bank notes
b. water hardening into ice
c. making products in a factory
Do you think divorce must be a painful process ?
What is the most tedious process you have ever had to go through ?
Give me an example of tedious work.

n. point (in time)

eg.

n. stage (in a process)

At one point early in the game, we were playing so badly that I was sure
we would lose.
There are three stages to making bread: mixing it, leaving it to rise, and
baking it.

Do you think children grow up in stages ?

At what age do they reach:
a. the talking stage ?
b. the reading and writing stage ?
c. the stage where they disagree with their parents all the time ?

Do you think it is easier to give up smoking suddenly or in stages ?

Is it something you have experience of ?
What happens when a class reaches the end of a book ?
Do you think we will have reached that point within the next month ?
When did you start studying English ?
Are you happy with your progress up to this point ?
Do you think there is a point in everyone's life when they realise that:
a. it's time to have children ?
b. they are not a child anymore ?
c. life is basically unfair ?

adj. thorough

adv. thoroughly

If you do a job thoroughly, you do it carefully and properly,

eg.
If you want to hoover the floor thoroughly, you have to move
the furniture.
Are people likely to do a job thoroughly if they feel tired and bored ?
Do you need a thorough knowledge of English grammar to:
a. become an English teacher ? b. order food in a restaurant ?
c. negotiate a business deal ?
Which of the following do you always do thoroughly ?
a. dry your hair
b. clean the bath
c. hoover the carpet

...up (used after a verb)

Some verbs are often used with the preposition 'up' to show that the process is
thoroughly completed.
eg.
I must tidy up my room before my mother gets here.
I tore up the photograph and threw the little pieces out of the window.
(NB. These are not real phrasal verbs because the basic meaning of the verb
is not changed by adding the word 'up'.)
What would I want you to do if I asked you to drink up ?
Did your parents force you to eat up your food when you were a child ?
Which natural resources will have been used up by the end of the century ?
What are we going to do then ?
Which machines can be broken up into parts for recycling ?
Do some rivers dry up in the summer in your country ?

What's the worst injury you've ever had ?

How long did it take to heal up ?
What do you do to a letter before you put it in the envelope ?
....fold ...

v. to light
lit
lit

adj. bright

How did people use to light buildings in the old days ?

And how did they light fires ?
How is this room lit ?
Why are bars and restaurants often dimly lit ?
Do you prefer the 'peace and quiet' of the countryside, or the 'bright lights' of the city ?

v. soften/harden

v. darken/brighten

Have you ever tried to soften butter in a microwave ?

Did it work ?
Do most things harden at low temperatures ?
What do we call this process ?
If you have a dull room, what can you do to brighten it up ?
What might cause the sky to darken in the middle of the day ?

v. to develop

n. development

If something develops, it grows, improves, or moves to the next stage,

eg.
The car industry developed quickly after the second world war.
What do these animals develop into ?
a. caterpillars
b. tadpoles
Which illnesses are scientists currently developing cures for ?
What other recent developments have there been ?
What kind of companies spend a lot of money on Research and Development?
Do you thi,nk some people over-develop their muscles ?
Do you think there is any harm in this ?

How can a bad diet affect a child's development ?

Do some rich countries get involved in the development of poor ones ?
Are you ever suspicious of their real aims ?

Phrases and expressions with develop/development

What conditions are vital for developing film ?
Do you think developing countries deserve more help ?
Where should the money come from ?
What should you do if you think you are developing a cold ?

v/n. contact
If two things come into contact with each other, they touch.
We can also use contact to mean communicate with.
eg.
I tried to contact you but your mobile was switched off.
Which household products are dangerous if they come into contact with skin/eyes ?
Is it relatively easy to contact people anywhere in the world these days ?
What recent developments have made this possible ?
Do you believe people who claim to have been in contact with aliens ?
What evidence is there ?
Have you ever tried to make contact with distant relatives ?
Do you think adopted children should have the right to contact their natural parents ?

expr. get/keep in touch with

v. to lose touch with

How many of your old school friends do you keep in touch with ?
How do people keep in touch with friends in other countries ?
Is there anyone you regret losing touch with ?
Why do you wish you had kept in touch ?
Have you ever got back in touch with someone you hadn't seen for years ?
How did it go ?
Do you plan to keep in touch with anyone you've met at this school ?
What would be the best way for your family to get in touch with you in an emergency ?

v. to hang up
v. to put/keep somebody on hold
v. to put someone through
Has anyone ever hung up while you were in the middle of talking ?
How did you feel ?
Have you ever hung up on someone ?
What had they done to deserve it ?
What do you hear over the phone when you are put on hold?
Do you mind being kept on hold ?
Are you ever rude to people when you are finally put through ?
If you phoned the White House do you think they would put you through to the
President ?

adj. reasonable

adj. unreasonable

If you are reasonable you have fair reasons for what you say and do.
eg.
It is reasonable to ask for your money back if you have been sold faulty
goods.
What do you think is a reasonable amount of time to
a. keep someone on hold ?
b. make someone wait on a date ?
c. be late for a dinner party/job interview ?
Would you describe yourself as a reasonable person ?
Have you ever been unreasonable just because you wanted to wind someone up ?
Have you ever had to deal with an unreasonable request/person at work ?
How did you handle it ?
Do you think that terrorists' demands are always unreasonable ?
Would they have more success if they used reasonable methods to achieve their
aims ?
Do you think it's reasonable for young children to help with the household chores ?
At what age can they be reasonably expected to give a hand ?
When is the phrase beyond reasonable doubt' used ?

at the last minute/moment

on the point of + gerund

Have you ever changed your mind about a journey at the last minute ?
What did you do instead ?

Do you tend to wait until the last minute before:

a. revising for exams ?
b. packing your bags ?
shopping ?
Do you ever regret it later ?

c. doing your Christmas

Do you often change your mind at the last minute ?

Do you think that is a fault ?
If you're on the point of losing your temper, how can you calm yourself down ?

v. to recognise

v. to notice

If you recognise someone/something you realise what it is because you have

seen it before. If you don't recognise someone/something you don't realise
who/what it is.
eg.
I didn't recognise him without his beard.
If you notice something, you suddenly realise that is there, or
happening.
eg.
I noticed that she had a spot on her nose, but I didn't say anything.
Give me an example of a picture that everyone would recognise.
What about a song ?
Have you ever recognised someone in the street and:
a. avoided them ?
b. been really happy to see them ?
Would you recognise the following people if you passed them in the street ?
a. Pavarotti
b. the President/Prime Minister of your country
c. your favourite high school teacher
If an old school friend got in touch with you, do you think they would recognise you
straight away ?
Have you ever worn something inside-out all day without noticing ?
When did you finally realise ?
Do people usually notice when you change your hairstyle ?
What about if you are wearing something new ?
What should you do if you notice the smell of gas ?
Do you think people notice when you are in a bad mood ?
How can they tell ?
Do you think someone could steal something from your pocket without you noticing ?
What can you do to avoid this happening to you ?
Do you think young people's attitude to life changes as they get older ?
What changes have you noticed ?

adj. glad

n. relief

adj. relieved

Relief is the emotion we feel when we expected something bad to happen, but in
the end it didn't.
eg.
I was so relieved when the doctor told me that my arm wasn't broken but
just badly bruised.
How would you feel if a policeman changed his mind about arresting you ?
How do people feel just before they see their exam results?
What about when they realize that they've passed/failed?
Is it sometimes a big relief to sit down / take your shoes off?
When ?
Would you be glad if your Prime Minister/President resigned ?
Have you ever been on the point of giving up your studies ?
Do you wish you had ?/ Are you glad you didn't ?
Have you ever been glad to get home after a holiday ?

adj. vital

adj. essential

Something that is vital (or essential) is completely necessary.

Do you think some knowledge of English is vital in today's world ?
What about computer skills ?
Is it vital to own a car in this city ?
Do you think it is essential to have alcohol for a party ?
What are essential nutrients ?
When travelling, what 'bare essentials' do you always take with you ?

v. to create

adj. creative

What major problems are created by the weather ?

Do you think scientists really know if the world was created or not?
Have you ever created a work of art ?
Do you like creative work or do you prefer to follow routines ?
Do you think schools do enough to encourage children to be creative ?

v. to suggest + clause/gerund
If you suggest something to someone, you give them an idea which you think is
a good thing to do.
eg.
I need a cheap holiday. Where do you suggest I go ?
I suggest you go to Portugal.
What methods would you suggest to someone who wanted to give up smoking ?
Has anyone got any other suggestions ?
Do you think starving yourself is a good way to lose weight ?
What would you suggest doing instead ?
I'm going to invite a special friend for dinner. What do you suggest I do to create a
romantic atmosphere ?
What do think of those suggestions ?

Ways of making a suggestion

Remember, we can make a suggestion using 'shall l/we...'
eg.
'It's a lovely day, shall we go to the beach ?' (BK3, p59)
Here are some other common ways of making a suggestion.
Let's + infinitive
eg.
I'm bored, let's play a game.
Why don't you/we...?
eg.
Why don't we play a game if you're bored?
We/you could...
eg.
We could play a game if you like.
What/how about + noun/gerund?
eg.
How about (playing) a game of poker ?
What do you suggest ?
Everyone laughs at my clothes...
I'm frightened of birds/dogs/tall people...
All my friends have more money than me...
I've got a really embarrassing tattoo...
I'm going out on a date but I haven't got any money...

n. advice

v. advise

If you advise someone, you tell them the best thing to do because you know
about it.
It is often used for professional advice from lawyers, doctors, teachers etc.
eg.
My lawyer advised me to pay the fine immediately.
Which places in your country would you advise me to visit/avoid ?
Why do doctors usually advise against crash diets ?
Why don't people always follow medical advice ?
Have you ever been given bad advice ?
Is there any advice you wish you had listened to when you were younger ?

Ways of giving advice

I think you should...
You had better...
The best thing to do is...
If I were you I'd...

eg.
eg.
eg.
eg.

I think you should see a doctor.

You had better see a doctor.
The best thing to do is see a doctor.
If I were you I'd see a doctor.

What's your advice ?

I've been ripped off by a perfume salesman in Oxford Street...
I think my girl/boyfriend has been seeing someone else...
I can't afford to pay my rent this month...
I'm going out on a date and I feel really nervous...
My dog keeps eating the furniture...

UNIT 9
v. to recommend

+ noun/gerund
+ clause

n. recommendation

We use the verb to recommend to suggest things or give advice. We can only
recommend things that we have already tried and know from our own
experience.
eg.
If you want really good Indian food I recommend 'The Bengal Lancer' in
Tooting. I always go there.
Would you recommend this method...
a. to your friends ?
b. for beginners ?

c. for young children ?

Have you been to any restaurants in this city that serve food from your country ?
Can you recommend any of them ?
What places in your country would you recommend for...
a. rest and relaxation
b. beautiful countryside
c. historical interest
When did you go there ?
If your friends asked you for advice about living and studying in London, what would be
your main recommendations ?
Is there anything that you would strongly recommend against ?

v. to ignore

expr. to take (any/no/some) notice of

If you ignore something you pretend that it isn't there, because you don't want
to deal with it.
eg.
The beggar asked me for money but I ignored him.
If you take notice of something, you pay attention to it because you think it is
important. This expression is usually negative, with a similar meaning to ignore,
eg.
My mother always told me to take no notice of bullies.
Have you ever ignored someone when they spoke to you ?
Wasn't that a bit rude ?
What kind of advice do parents try to give their children ?
Do you think children take any notice ?
Have you ever been ignored in a shop ?
Did you do anything about it ?
Have you ever felt ignored at a party ?
Did you try to make conversation ?
Do smokers take any notice of health warnings on cigarette packets ?
Is it because it's bad advice ?
What other warnings or laws do people tend to ignore ?

What do spoilt children do when they don't get their own way ?
What's the best way of dealing with them ?
... ignore/take no notice...
What kinds of sounds are difficult to ignore when you're trying to work or sleep ?
Do you take any notice of...
a. what politicians say ?
b. people begging in the street ?
c. other students' mistakes/questions ?

adj. obvious
If something is obvious, it is easy to understand or notice from the evidence,
eg.
It was obvious that he was nervous, because he was sweating and
shaking.
Her homework was much too good. It was obvious someone had helped her.
What are the obvious signs that someone is:
a. happy ?
b. in pain ? c. sleepy ?
Is it sometimes obvious when someone is lying ?
How can you tell ?
Is it obvious to other people that you are not English ?
Why ?
What is the most obvious difference between European and Asian languages ?
What other differences are there ?
Would you stop and help someone if they were obviously lost ?
What is it about someone's behaviour that makes it obvious ?
What is the obvious thing to do if:
a. someone is very rude to you ?
b. you're in love with someone but they don't know ?
Is the obvious thing to do always the best thing to do ?

n. a while

n.ages

A while is any short period of time.

Ages is any long period of time.
Both of these words could mean either a few minutes or a few years, depending
on the situation.
eg.
We used to go to Greece every year but we haven't been for a
while, [i.e. a few years]
Where is my tea ? I asked you to make me one ages ago ! [i.e. 20
minutes]
Did it take a while for you to get used to living in this country ?
What other things take a while to get used to ?
What kind of questions do friends ask when they haven't seen each other for a while ?
A. ... questions like ...
Do most computer games get boring after a while ?
Are there any you have never got bored of ?
Do you know anyone who has lived in this city for ages ?
Have you ever saved up for ages ?
What was it that you wanted to buy ?
Have you ever waited for ages in a queue ?
Was it worth the wait ?
Have you ever been on a journey that seemed like it lasted for ages ?
How much time is meant by 'a while' and 'ages' in these sentences ?
a) We walked around the town for a while.
b) It will take a while for the public to accept the new currency.
c) Let the tea brew for a while before pouring it.
d) He eventually hung up after they had kept him on hold for ages.
e) After the divorce, it was ages before he felt ready to meet someone new.
f) Rhubarb crumble is delicious, but takes ages to cook.
"I haven't seen her for ages."
Think of a situation where 'ages' in this sentence could mean:
a) hours
b) days
c) months

v. to supervise

n. supervision

Have you ever had to work under supervision ?

Why ?

Why can the supervision of children be very stressful ?

Where do you work ?
Who supervises the staff ?
Why might an older person have problems being supervised by a young person ?
Do you think their problem is understandable ?
What learning processes require supervision ?

v. to go out with

n. date

v. to ask someone out

Where do people go on a date ?

How old were you when you went on your first date ?
Did you see each other again ?
What's the best way to ask someone out ?
Does it take a lot of confidence ?
Have you ever wanted to ask someone out but didn't ?
Why not ?
Which famous people went out with each other for a while ?
Does this kind of relationship tend to last ?
Would you go out with someone just because they:
a. had a car ?
b. had a lot of money ?

c. were good-looking ?

v. to attract
n. attraction
v. to see the attraction of/in ...
What kind of food attracts bees and wasps ?
Do you think it's true that 'opposites attract' ?
Can you think of an example ?
What are the major tourist attractions in this/your country/city ?
What methods do shops use to attract customers ?
Can you see the attraction of:
a. bungee jumping
b. a career in accountancy ?
d. camping ?
e. being self-employed ?
Are there any you would actually like to try ?
Would there be any drawbacks ?

c. birdwatching ?

v. to be attracted to

v. to fancy

Do you think men are more attracted to women who wear lots of make-up ?
Do you think women are more attracted to rich men ?
What about the other way round ?
Have you ever been attracted to someone just because of their personality ?
What do you fancy:
a. for dinner tonight ?

b. doing at the weekend ?

Have you ever tried fishing ?

Do you fancy having a go ?
Was there anyone you fancied when you were at high school ?
Did you end up going out with them ?
How do people behave when they are talking to someone they fancy ?

v. to stand someone up
v. to cheat on

v. to finish with someone

Have you ever been stood up ?

How long did you wait before you realised they weren't coming ?
Have you ever told a friend to finish with their partner ?
Why ? Did they take your advice ?
Do you think cheating on your partner is as bad as stealing ?
Why/Why not ?
Have you ever finished with someone over the phone ?
How long had you been going out ?

n. fantasy

n. reality

Which films/books are fantasies ?

Do you like this kind of story ?
What are you supposed to do if the fire alarm goes off ?
What do you think would happen in reality ?
What is your ambition ?
Is it just a fantasy or a realistic aim ?
What is the best holiday you have ever had ?
Did it take a while to get back to reality ?

Do some people have trouble telling the difference between fantasy and reality ?

expr. of your dreams

expr. from hell

expr. dream + noun

Describe your dream holiday.

What do people mean when they say that something is 'from hell' ?
And 'of your dreams' ?
Have you met the man/woman of your dreams yet, or are you still waiting ?
What is your dream:
a. car ?
b. house ?
Is it just a fantasy ?
Have you ever had:
a. a holiday from hell ?

c. job ?

b. neighbours from hell ?

n. effort
v. to make (an/the/more etc.) effort
v. to take (a lot of) effort
If you make an effort, you try hard to succeed.
eg.
Coming to the lesson is not enough. You must make an effort
to learn the grammar at home.
If something takes a lot of effort, it is necessary to try hard if you want to do it.
eg.
It takes a lot of effort to decorate your own house, but it's much
cheaper.
Does it take more effort to cycle uphill or downhill ?
Does it take a lot of effort to get your pronunciation right ?
Do you always make the effort ?
If you were having problems in a relationship, would you make more effort or just give
up ?
Did you work hard when you were at school/university ?
Was it worth the effort ?
Has your best friend ever been out with anyone you didn't like ?
Did you make an effort to get on with them ?

n. will
n. willpower/determination
adj. determined

adj. strong-willed

If you are determined to do something you refuse to think about failing because
it so important for you to succeed.
eg.
She was determined to finish the course, even though she was ill.
Strong-willed (or determined) people do not give up easily and don't change
their minds.
Does it take a lot of willpower to give up smoking ?
What else takes a lot of willpower ?
Do you have enough determination to get what you want in life ?
What do you think makes people determined to:
a. give something up ?
b. become famous ?

c. cause trouble at work?

Have you ever studied something against your will ?

Who was forcing you to do it ?
In sport, do you think the will to win is as important as ability ?
Is it important to be strong-willed in your career ?
What about in relationships ?

v. to please

adj. pleased

adj. pleased with/for

Is your boss difficult to please ?

Have you ever done something just to please your family ?
Would you be pleased if there was no lesson tomorrow ?
Why/why not ?
Do you think the public are ever pleased with their government ?
Would you be pleased for your friend if they passed an exam that you failed ?
What other feelings might you have ?

n. praise

. credit

When people give you praise, they encourage you and tell you that you have
done well.
eg.
The police officer received praise for his quick thinking.
If you get credit for doing something, people say you are responsible for its
success.
eg.
Microsoft are the biggest software company in the world, but
Apple Macintosh got the credit for developing the home computer.
What is the opposite of blame ?
Do you think children get enough praise as they grow up ?
Why is it important ?
What kind of people get a lot of praise in the newspapers ?
What for ? Do you think they deserve it ?
Do you feel more interested in studying if you get praise from your teacher ?
When a company/team is successful, who usually gets the credit ?
Who usually gets the blame for failure ?
Have you ever taken credit for someone else's work ?

v. to survive

v. to die out

Which animals have died out in the past ?

Do you know what caused them to ?
Would you mind if mosquitoes died out ?
What about sharks ?
Which animals are endangered species at the moment ?
What kind of things are done to help them survive ?
Could you survive a week in the desert ?
What would you do for food and water ?

v. to be happy to

adv. happily

eg.

I am happy to help you move house this weekend.

I will happily do my share of the housework if you do yours.
In these sentences, 'happy' and 'happily' mean that you don't mind doing
something. It doesn't mean that doing it actually makes you happy.

What kind of chores are children usually happy to do for their parents ?

Are teachers usually happy to answer grammar questions ?

Which of these things would you happily do if I asked you ?
a. open the window
b. stand on your chair
c. go and get me a cup of tea
In what circumstances would you not be happy to:
a. listen to your friends' problems ?
b. give strangers directions in the street ?
c. babysit for friends ?

expr. (can/could) do without

expr. (could) do with

If you don't need something you can do without it, even though you might want
it.
eg.
We can do without food for a few days, but we can't do without
water.
If you could do with something, it would be really useful/nice but not a
necessity.
eg.
I've been working really hard recently. I could do with a
holiday.
Can you do without your credit card if you've got plenty of cash ?
What luxuries do you rely on in your daily life ?
How long can you do without it/them ?
Are there any meals that you tend to do without ?
Do you anyone who quite happily does without:
a. a mobile phone
?
b. alcohol ?
c. a TV ?
In what circumstances do people have to do without sleep ?
How long do you reckon you could do without it ?

adj. controversial

n. controversy

If something is controversial, people have strong opinions about it, and it

causes disagreement (or controversy),
eg.
Madonna's book caused a lot of controversy in the 90's.
Politics and Religion are often controversial subjects.
Which issues are considered controversial in your country at the moment ?
Which celebrities are famous for causing controversy ?
Do you think they are just looking for publicity ?

_____,

Do sports referees ever make controversial decisions ?

Do you think it spoils the game or adds to the excitement ?
Which recent films have been controversial ?

n. solution

v. to solve

adj. effective

To solve a problem is to find an answer to it.

If a solution to a problem works well, it is effective.
What do you find the most effective cure for:
a. a headache ?
b. indigestion ?
c. drowsiness ?

d. insomnia ?

Do you think dieting is the best solution to being overweight ?

Does it really solve the underlying problem ?
Do you think prison is the most effective way of dealing with criminals ?
When can it be effective/ineffective ?
Can you think of any famous unsolved crimes ?
Can science find a solution to all medical problems ?
What other methods do people find effective ?
Give me an example of something your government has done in the last few years ?
What do you think was the point of it ?
Do you think it has been effective ?
Are there any obvious solutions to the world's problems ?

v. to attempt

n. make any/some/no/an/the attempt

To attempt means make an effort or try to do something. We often use it when

what we try to do ends in failure.
eg.
He never succeeded in flying around the world in his balloon,
despite making three expensive attempts.
Give me an example of something that you tried to do but failed ?
Do you think it was worth making the attempt ?
Do you make any attempt to:
a. keep fit ?

b. save money ?

c. improve your vocabulary ?

Can you drive ?

Did you pass your test at the first attempt ?
Have you ever made a half-hearted attempt to do something ?
Why didn't you put much effort in ?
In what sports do people often attempt to break world records ?
Can you think of any successful attempts ?

v. to manage
We can use manage to mean handle, cope with, or organise,
eg.
Now that she two children and a full-time job she employs a cleaner to help her
manage .
If you manage to do something you succeed despite finding it difficult,
eg.
The crocodile had bitten off my leg. However, I managed to escape by
swimming to the boat.
Do you think modern technology has made it easier or more difficult to manage our
lives ?
In what ways ?
Do some parents find their children difficult to manage ?
Who do you think is to blame ?
How do people without much money manage to make ends meet ?
Have you ever attempted to do something that was very difficult ?
Did you manage it in the end ?
How do prisons prevent people from escaping ?
So how do they manage to get out ?

v. to make a fuss

adj. fussy

To make a fuss is to get upset or cause trouble because of a very small

problem.
eg.
Don't make such a fuss! It's only a broken window and it's very cheap to
repair.
If you are fussy, you want everything to be exactly the way you like. If it is not
perfect, you make a fuss.
eg.
He is so fussy about his clothes. If there is a tiny hole in one of
his socks, he throws them away.
Are you a fussy eater ?
In what way ?
Do you know people who are fussy/not fussy about:
a. personal hygiene ?
b. their appearance ?

c. punctuality ?

How do fussy parents behave towards their children ?

What effect do you think it has on them ?
Have you ever lived with anyone who was really fussy ?
What kind of things did they make a fuss about ?
Why would someone make a fuss in a restaurant ?
Have you ever done it ?
Is there anyone in your family who tends to make a fuss about nothing ?
Why do you think he/she does it. ?

n. conditions (plural)
The conditions are the kind of situation something is in, and they influence
what happens.
eg.
A lot of accidents happen in icy conditions.
Have you ever had to drive in difficult conditions ?
How can the government improve people's working conditions ?
Do their efforts always work ?
What kind of people have to work in horrible conditions ?
What words could you use to describe these conditions ?
What kind of plants can survive hot, dry conditions ?
What conditions do most plants prefer ?

n. environment

. circumstances (plural)

We use the environment to mean the natural world. We also use environment
to talk about the situation and conditions that people live and work in.
eg.
The ideal working environment should be relaxed and
professional.
Circumstances is another word for situation. We use it to describe what is
happening to someone at a particular place and time,
eg.
In those stressful circumstances, I can understand why he lost
his temper.
In what circumstances would you:
a. steal ?
b. lie ?
c. climb out of a window ?
d. work without being paid ?
What kind of career involves working in difficult circumstances ?
Why are people attracted to these jobs ?
Which famous people have died in suspicious circumstances ?
How have computers changed the office environment ?
Have these changes been for the better or worse ?
What factors have an influence on the work environment ?
What social problems have a negative impact on the family environment ?
Do you know anyone who came from a poor family ?
Did they seem happy despite the circumstances ?

n. mystery

adj. mysterious

A mystery is something that is impossible to explain.

Give me an example of a famous mystery.
Do you think it will ever be solved ?
Do you think there is a scientific explanation for everything ?
What things do you believe will always be a mystery to us ?
Which ancient buildings have mysterious origins ?
Are there any similar places in your country ?
What is the point of a 'mystery tour' ?
Can you see the attraction ?
What do you think the expression 'God moves in mysterious ways' means ?
Do you agree with it ?

Has anyone famous in your country ever disappeared in mysterious circumstances

on condition that
In what circumstances would you lend money to a friend ?
Would you make any conditions ?
Did your parents ever let you stay out late when you were a teenager ?
Was it on condition that you came back by a particular time ?
On what condition would you agree to:
a. work longer hours
b. pay more rent
c. do all the housework in your flat for a week ?

only if/when

as long as

I would only marry a man if he was rich.

(NB
We can express the opposite of 'only if' by using 'even if.
eg.
I would marry a man I loved even if he was poor.)
Can you only enjoy a party if you drink ?
Do you think some people only enjoy themselves when they're drunk ?
Do you know anyone who only gets in touch when they need a favour ?
Do you think it is alright for parents to smack children as long as it's not too hard ?
Do you think it is alright to drink and drive as long as you are under the limit ?
expr. in good/bad condition
Why might someone keep something even though it was in bad condition ?
Have you kept any of your old childhood toys ?
What kind of condition are they in ?
Have you ever stayed in accommodation that was in terrible condition ?
What was wrong with it ?
How can you keep a car in relatively good condition ?
What kind of things can affect the condition of:
a. your skin ?
b. your hair ?
c. your heart ?

UNIT 10
n. maximum

n. minimum

What is the maximum number of students in a class ?

Is there a minimum wage in your country ?
What are the pros and cons of a minimum wage ?
What is the minimum age in your country for:
a. voting ?
b. getting married ?

c. buying alcohol ?

What kind of things have:

a. a maximum age
b. a maximum height ?

at least

no more than

c. a maximum load ?

at the most

How many people do you need for:

a. an Avalon class ?
b. volleyball ?
c. a good house party ?
d. poker ?
A. You need at least...
How many nationalities are there at this school ?
How many hours a day do you think a 15-year old ought to spend:
a. doing homework ?
b. watching TV ?
c. with their parents ?
d. with their friends ?
How many people do you reckon:
... were in the cafe last time you were there ?
... are in the building at the moment ?
... could squeeze into this classroom ?
... do you speak to each day ?

v. to store

v/n. file

What kind of things have to be stored carefully to keep them in good condition?
Which animals store food for the winter ?
What would you store in:
a. a loft ?
b. a cellar ?

c. a shed ?

In what kind of order are records usually filed ?

Can you think of any other systems ?
Do companies keep information about their employees on file ?
'Should you have the right to see them ?

What are the advantages of computer files over paper files ?

Are there any drawbacks ?
Are you the kind of person who keeps all their documents carefully filed ?
Do you think it is worth making the effort ?

v. to match

v. to go (well) together

v. to clash

What colour shirt would match your eyes ?

What kind of flavours (don't) go well together ?
Give me an example of colours that clash/go well together ?
Can clashing colours ever look good ?
What kind of wine goes best with:
a. fish ?
b. beef ?
c. dessert ?
Can you always find a matching pair of socks in the morning ?
Have you ever worn odd socks to school/work ?

n. generalisation

v. generalise

n. exception

If you generalise, you say that something is generally true.

'Men prefer football to ballet,' is a generalisation.
An exception is an example that doesn't follow a law or rule. We can show that
a generalisation is wrong by thinking of an exception,
eg.
My uncle is an exception because he loves ballet and hates
football.
Tell us a generalisation you have heard about people from your country.
Does it get on your nerves ?
Do you think it is a bad habit to generalise about people ?
Do you think it can lead to prejudice ?
What common generalisations about England do people in your country make?
How true do you think they are ?
Can you think of any exceptions to the following rules ?
A plural noun is made by adding an's'.
We make the past simple of a verb by adding 'ed\
All words in English have at least one vowel.
'I before E except after '

v. to concentrate

n. concentration

If you concentrate on something you pay attention to it and think carefully about
it.
eg.

It is important to keep your concentration when driving.

In what situations do people need to concentrate for a long time ?

When studying, what kind of things help your concentration ?
In what kind of environment is it difficult to concentrate ?
What issues do you think politicians should be concentrating on ?
What do they tend to do instead ?
What areas of your English do you need to concentrate on improving ?

special use of 'can':

When we want to say that there are situations where something is true or
possible, but we want to avoid generalisations, we use 'can'.
eg.
Dogs can be dangerous animals. (Tigers are dangerous animals).
Dogs can save lives.
Both of there statements are true. They are general statements but not
generalisations.
Which animals can be aggressive ?
In what kind of situations ?
Is there anyone in your family who can be difficult to cope with ?
Do you ever get wound up with them ?
What can happen if you lose concentration when driving ?
What kind of accidents can happen in the home ?
What side effects can some medicines have ?
Do you believe that mobile phones can cause cancer ?
Do you think it's a serious risk ?
Do you usually get seen straight away when you go to the doctor or hospital ?
How long can you wait for ?
In what ways can pride be a dangerous emotion ?
Tell us about an annoying tendency that you have.
I can be ...

v/n. set
A set is a group of things that belong together,
eg.
a chess set, a set of keys, a set of plates.
When we set something we arrange it or organise it.
Do you have a spare set of keys ?
Where do you keep them ?
Do you have a matching set of cutlery at home, or a collection of odd knives and
forks?
Does your family have a set of plates for special occasions ?
Can you describe them (the pattern ?) ?
Is it worth setting the table when you eat by yourself ?
What about for a proper family meal ?
How often do you set the table for a proper family meal at home ?
What happens when you don't bother ?
When do you expect to go back to your country ?
Have you actually set a date ?
What time do you set your alarm for ?
Is that the time you actually get up ?

whatever / no matter what

We use these words when we want to say that something will not change
because of the situation.
eg.
No matter what the weather is like, we will go for a walk.
Whatever also sometimes means 'anything',
eg.
We will do whatever you ask.
Do you know enough English to express whatever you want ?
Do you only come to school if the weather is nice ?
No ... whatever the weather is like.
Can you do whatever you want in your parents' house ?
What about in your own place ?
Should governments refuse to negotiate with terrorists ?
No matter what the circumstances ?

whoever = any person

no matter who...

Where are you living at the moment ?

Can you invite whoever you want to stay with you ?
Do you think university education should be available to whoever wants it ?
Does that mean it should be free ?
Are you the kind of person who would help anyone, no matter who they were?

whenever = any time

Give me an example of something you do whenever you feel:
a. lonely ?
b. nauseous ?
c. on the point of crying ?
d. like cheering yourself up ?
Is there someone you call whenever you feel a bit down ?
What is it about them that helps ?
Do you have a set time for meals or do you eat whenever you feel like it ?
Do you think that's a good/bad habit ?
Do you know someone who sounds tired/angry/bored whenever they speak ?
Do you think they are aware of it ?

wherever = any place

no matter where

What things do you always take with you wherever you go ?

What kind of food and drink can you find wherever you are in the world ?
What kind of things do all people care about, no matter where they are from ?

however + adj/adv

no matter how + adj/adv

Tell us about something you can't do, however hard you try.
Who are the people you always keep in touch with, however busy you are ?
Do you know anyone who never puts on weight, however much they eat ?
Does it bother you ?
Do parents enjoy watching their children in plays, however badly they perform?

Have you ever lived with someone who never did any housework, no matter how many
times you asked them ?
Is it possible to find love, no matter how old you are ?

v. to alter

n. function

To alter means to change the position, size or shape of something for a

particular reason.
eg.
The building was altered so that disabled people could enter
more easily.
The function of something is its special purpose,
eg.
The function of a seat belt is to save lives in an accident.
Why would clothes need altering ?
Is it something you could do yourself ?
Do you think your opinions have altered as you have grown older ?
Do you think everyone goes through a similar process ?
What is the function of the heart ?
What different functions should be performed by:
a. a police officer ? b. a teacher ?
How can a building be altered to save energy ?

n. object

n. item

An item is a single thing.

eg.
A few of the items on the menu were not available.
An object is a single physical thing.
eg.
Do not put heavy objects on top of this machine.
On average, when you go to a supermarket, how many items do you buy ?
Do you normally use a basket/trolley ?
What kind of objects should be kept out of the reach of children ?
What's the best way to lift heavy objects ?
What kind of news items do they save for last ?

n. stuff
We use the informal word stuff to talk about anything, especially if we don't
know what to call it.
eg.
He told me a lot of personal stuff about his childhood.
You've got some horrible, black, sticky stuff on your jacket.
(NB. We can't use the word stuff for single, countable things. We would use a
word like 'thing' instead.
eg.
You've got a horrible, black, sticky mark/thing on your jacket.)
When you go to a nightclub or theatre, where can you leave your stuff ?
Do you tend to take a lot of stuff on holiday ?
How much of it do you end up using ?
What's the name of the stuff we use for:
a. sticking things together ?
b. making your hair feel soft after it's been washed ?
c. correcting mistakes on a document ?
The stuff we use...
Do you like studying fun stuff or do you prefer serious grammatical stuff ?
Who is your favourite band/singer ?
Is their old stuff better than their latest stuff ?
What kind of stuff do children get covered in when they are playing ?

adj. rural

adj. urban

Are you from a rural or urban area of your country ?

How did it affect your upbringing ?
What social problems are common in urban areas ?
Which of these also exist in rural areas ?
Is the urban environment here different from your country ?
How does it differ from what you are used to ?
Do you think most people prefer an urban lifestyle ?
Does rural life hold any attraction for you ?

adj. ideal

adj. idealistic

adj. cynical

We use ideal to describe something completely perfect that we imagine,

eg.
My ideal job would be testing computer games.
If someone is idealistic they believe that ideal things are really possible, such as
a world without poverty, war etc. (The opposite is realist.)
Someone who is cynical is reluctant to believe in positive things. They don't
believe anyone is really unselfish, innocent, happy, etc.
Describe the ideal boss/teacher/partner ?
Do you think such a person really exists ?
Do you think it's idealistic to hope for world peace ?
Do you think everyone is more cynical these days ?
Do you think cynical people have an advantage over idealistic people ?
(Or is it the other way round ?)
Why do you think some people pretend to be very cynical all the time ?

v. to remove
Is it possible to have a tattoo removed ?
Do you think it's an easy process ?
How can you remove a wine stain from a carpet ?
Why would someone remove a wall in their house ?
Explain the difference between 'remove' and 'take off ?
(Formal/informal. Also remove can mean take away, out etc.)

adj. fit

n. fitness

How fit are you ?

Have you ever been to a 'keep fit' class ?
Do you think your physical fitness affects your emotions ?
Discuss the pros and cons of these ways of keeping fit:
a. jogging
b. using an exercise bike
c. aerobics
d. employing a personal trainer e. playing sport regularly

v. to adapt

v. to adjust

These two words have a similar meaning. They both mean to alter something to
make it suitable for a new situation.
Adapt is usually for permanent or long-term differences that cannot be changed
back.
eg.
This car has been adapted for use by disabled drivers.
Adjust is a smaller or temporary change that we make to a piece of equipment.
eg.
This TV can be adjusted for a wide-screen or normal picture.
What kind of things are often adapted for use by disabled people ?
What kind of tools and equipment are designed to be adjustable ?
What can be adjusted on a:
a. camera ?

b. TV ?

c. watch ?

What do you adjust when you drive a car for the first time ?
Did you have to adapt your way of life when you:
a. first left home ?

b. first came to this city ?

c. got your first job ?

Have older people in your country had to adapt to big changes during their lives ?
(got) something/anything/nothing to do with
We use this expression to talk about a connection between two things when we
are not sure exactly what it is.
eg.
I don't think unemployment has got anything to do with crime.
I'm not sure why he's in hospital, but it's something to do with his back.
Have you been ill recently ?
Do you think it has got anything to do with your lifestyle ?
Do you think most wars have got something do with history ?
Is religion ever a factor ?
Do you agree that sport should have nothing to do with politics ?
What about the involvement of big business ?
Have you seen any graffiti in the toilet ?
Has it got anything to do with you ?
Do you ever have difficulty being understood when you speak English ?
Has it got anything to do with your accent ?

phr. vb. to get by (on)

phr. vb. to make do with

Both of these phrasal verbs mean 'cope' or 'survive with the minimum possible',
eg.
If you are unemployed you have to get by on very little money.
Are you rich ?
Do you have enough money to get by ?
Is living in this city cheap ?
How much can you get by on ?
Can you usually make do with a sandwich for lunch ?
What do you prefer if you have time ?
What typical words and expressions do you need to get by in a foreign country ?
Does everyone have the opportunity to play sports with the proper equipment ?
What do they make do with instead ?

n. climate

adj. harsh

adj. mild

How would you describe your country's climate ?

Which animals/plants have adapted to living in:
a. a hot, dry climate ?
b. a cold climate ?
Have winters been getting milder in your country ?
Do you think it has got anything to do with global warming ?
Do you like mild cheese or do you prefer something with a stronger flavour ?
Why might someone speak harshly to a child ?
Did your parents ever smack you when you were young ?
Looking back on it now, do you think that was harsh ?

v. to blow
v. to chew

v. to suck
v. to swallow

Which musical instruments do you blow into ?

Have you ever had a go at playing one ?
Why would someone blow:
a. on a flame ?
b. on soup ?
d. into a plastic bag ?

c. on their hands ?

Did you suck your thumb when you were a child ?

How old were'you when you grew out of it ?

When is it painful to swallow ?

Does chewing gum help you to concentrate ?
Have you ever swallowed chewing gum ?
Did it do you any harm ?
Why is it dangerous to let children play with small objects ?
Do you suck chocolate or chew it ?

v. to heat (up)

n. heat

v. to cool (down)

What kind ofltiingsrnust be kept away from heat ?

What is a good way to escape the heat in summer ?
How does the human body cool itself down ?
How is your house heated ?
How effective is it ?
What does a radiator do:
a. in a car ?
b. in a building ?

rather than = instead of

eg.

would rather... than = would prefer

My new car uses diesel rather than petrol.

I would rather be poor and happy than rich and lonely.

Can you think of any sports where you win with a low score rather than a high score ?
What kind of food do you heat rather than cook ?
On a date, do you think it is better to be yourself rather than try to impress ?
Would you rather be poor with lots of friends than be rich and lonely ?
Do you think some people would rather have an easy life than work hard for success ?
Are you one of them ?
Which would you rather happened to you:
a. win the lottery ?
b. win a major sporting event for your country ?
c. marry the man/woman of your dreams ?
Why do you think some people would rather borrow money than save up ?

Do you think some buildings should be saved rather than demolished ?

Which ones ?

n. shade

n. shadow

What's the difference between 'the shade' and 'a shadow' ?

Is it hotter in the sun or in the shade ?
Where would you rather be on a very hot day ?
At what time of day do shadows lengthen ?

v. to fix
Does anything in your house need fixing ?
Will you do it yourself or will your landlord get it fixed ?
Who would you get to fix:
a. a burst pipe ?
b. a broken fridge ?
c. a car that wouldn't start ?

v. to fix something to something else

How is this board fixed to the wall ?
What would you use to fix:
a. a shelf to the wall ?

b. two pieces of wood together ?

In what kind of places is the furniture fixed to the floor ?

should (2)
Remember:
We can use should to give advice or to say what is right or wrong,
eg.
You should apologise for your terrible behaviour.
You should not have borrowed my car without asking.
Should can also be used to talk about a situation which we expect to be true,
without actually knowing.
eg.
They left 3 hours ago, so they should be home by now.
We posted it last week so it should have arrived a few days ago.
What month is it now ?
So when should it start getting warmer/colder ?

How long should it take the average person to reach this level of English ?
How many people are there in the class today ?
How much should be enough to buy every one a pint down the pub ?
What time is it in your country now ?
What do you think your family should be doing now ?

adj. plenty

adj. sufficient

Sufficient is just enough but no more. Plenty is (much) more than enough,
eg.
I'll give you 5. That should be sufficient for my cigarettes.
There was plenty to drink at the party. We didn't even finish the beer.
What do plants need plenty of in order to grow ?
Is 10 plenty or sufficient to buy:
a. an Avalon book ?
b. a round of drinks f o r . . . people ?
c. a newspaper and a pint of milk ?
How much money is sufficient for your weekly shopping ?
Do you think a long weekend is sufficient time for a relaxing holiday ?
What about a quick break ?
Do you always have plenty of food in the house, or just sufficient ?
If you were having a house party would you buy plenty of booze ?
In what situations should you arrive in plenty of time ?

n/v. respect
If you respect someone you consider them to be important or good and it is
worth listening to their opinion.
eg.
I don't get on with him very well but I respect him for his experience and
knowledge.
Do you think old people should be treated with respect ?
Have you noticed any changes in the attitude of young people

Which words can be used to show respect ?

Would you lose respect for someone if you found out that you couldn't trust them ?
What else would have the same effect ?

Who are the people you respect the most ?

Does it matter if you don't respect your boss ?
What problems can it lead to ?
In your opinion, what kind of people deserve respect for the job they do ?
Do you think it is important for couples to respect each other ?

adj. extreme

adv. extremely

Something that is extreme is much more than necessary or normal,

eg.
Deserts and polar regions have extreme temperatures.
Extremely is used in the same way as 'very', but it is stronger,
eg.
It was extremely cold on the mountain, and they needed hospital
treatment when they got down.
What kind of careers are extremely difficult to get into ?
Do you think people with extreme political views can be a dangerous influence?
Should they be allowed to have their say ?
Have you ever been under extreme pressure ?
Do you think you coped with it ?
What points do you consider to be extremely important when:
... looking for accommodation ?
... planning a holiday ?
... bringing up a child ?
What would be an extreme reaction if:
a. a student was a few minutes late for the class ?
b. someone turned down your offer of a date ?
Do you think some people go to extremes:
a. to have an attractive body ?
b. to impress their boss ?
c. for thrills and excitement ?
What kind of things do they do?

EXERCISES
Units 1-10

UNIT 1

A.
Put these prepositions in the right place in this text. Some are used several
times.
at/in

at/to

out

in

of

up

to

until

There are problems

the office where I work. The manager
our
department, who is
charge
organising staff social events, organised an
evening
the cinema. Unfortunately, he didn't put
any signs or
send any e-mails
any of us
the day before. So only 3
12 people turned up. They ended
going
the pub and then going home
early. Basically, the whole thing was a disaster and my colleagues and I were quite
angry. He said his assistant forgot
advertise it, but why can't he just own
the fact that it was his fault?

B.

Read this e-mail sent by a manager to her boss. Which words are right ?

Kevin
I read through your proposal and I think it's very interesting. I agree that now we are
receiving more bulk/quantity orders, we need more staff. My only worry is that you are
not planning to increase the number of managers/colleagues.
The Management/Manager Staff are already over-worked. We spend a lot of time to
help/helping out on the factory floor, especially when we have to cover for staff
sickness. This leaves us a limit/limited amount of time for things like planning and
paperwork. If we have even more to do we will end/turn up making mistakes. It
doesn't important/matter if we get a bit of paperwork wrong, but in/at the end the
amount/quality of the product may suffer.
I have spoken to Mike and Liz, and they feel the same way. We suggest that you give
us all an exactly/exact job description, and put a limit/an amount on the number of
hours we work on the factory floor each day.
Sonia

C.

Finish these sentences

i was in an unsociable mood so I...

Basically, I just don't like ...
I hope you're not going to charge us (or...

She ended up sleeping at a friend's house because ...

By the end of this year...
Their offer is unacceptable because ...

D.

From your own experience, give examples of:

a bargain
a rip-off
a terrible performance
a disappointing rejection
a sensible speed limit in city centres
bad management
a basic mistake in English that you still make

E.

Match the two halves of the expression

job
unsociable
free of
deserve
speed
quality
brand
special
confirm
save

F.

a pay rise
offer
hours
application
a booking
of life
name
limit
money
charge

Choose the right word

To:
Ron Dodge
EasySun Holidays
298 Prince St
Birmingham
Dear Mr Dodge
My family went on a package holiday to Tenerife with your company last week.
Unfortunately, we were very disappointed with the quality/amount of the service and
accommodation.
When we arrived at the airport no one turned up to collect us. In/By the end, the hotel
sent a bus to pick us up, but we had to wait 2 hours. At the hotel, no-one

wanted/seemed to be expecting us and they didn't have a room ready. The Reception
area was in chaos/chaotic, and the staff seemed very confusing/confused.
We accepted/offered the apologies of the Manager but the problems did not end there.
The room was not cleaned every day, the meals were dull and sometimes served cold,
and the swimming pool was much smaller than what we expected from the brochure.
In/By the end of our holiday we were all very angry. Secondly/Basically, we felt we had
been ripped off/charged.
When I complained to the manager, she said that we shouldn't complain because we
were not being charged/offered the full price. I find this totally unacceptable/
unsociable. Although the price of this holiday was a special offer/bargain, we still have
the right to proper service. The bargain/discount we received should not make any
difference.
I think my family and I are entitled to both an apology and a refund.
hearing from you soon.

I look forward to

Yours sincerely
A.Poplectic

G.

Correct the mistakes

1. He's not a very responsibility person.
2. There is no such a thing as a perfect man.
3. I think lawyers charges too much for their services.
4. I can't believe you doubt of my honesty.
5. The players ought to perform better because they have had a pay raise.
6. What is the exactly time ?
7. I don't think you supposed to do that, are you ?
8. You are behaving as like I am a child.
9. Your holiday sounds like very nice.
10. Magic shows are just illusions, they are not actual.

UNIT 2
A.

Can you make phrasal verbs to complete these sentences ?

I was expecting someone to

me up from the station, but there was no one

there.
That car isn't worth 8000. You were

off!

I don't like the way children are

up these days. Their parents seem to just let

them do what they want.

Don't even try to speak to him when he's in that kind of mood. Just
Everyone is really

him alone.

to the party on Friday. It's going to be great !

I would have felt less guilty if I had

up to the terrible thing I did, but I was
frightened of being punished.
You have to fill in the whole form. If you don't know the real information just
up I
My alarm

off on time, but I just fell back to sleep.

The extra training they gave the staff

to much better performance.

Don't worry, it will take you a while to

to our computer system.

Everyone finds it strange at the beginning.

11. If you drive for the first 2 hours, I'll

over at 4 o'clock.

12. They should take on some more staff. We can't

B.

Think of a word that means the opposite of...

sociable
major
basic
limited
accept
exactly

with all this work.

it

bargain
appear
artificial
end up

C.

Choose the best word for each gap.

REPORT ON THE SPRING DISCOUNT

I have been looking at the impact of the discounts that we (1)
March.

offering since

(2)
, the immediate effect of the offer was that we had a lot of interest from
customers, but that (3)
were more or less average for the time of year. By
the (4)
of April, however, there was a clear rise when compared (5)
the previous year. The delayed effect may be due to the fact (6)
we did not
complete the necessary staff training until April. Over May and June (7)
was
no further increase.
Some customers have complained that the (8)
of service in our shops has
suffered. Staff are certainly more busy, and I have no doubt that this problem is
stopping us (9)
our performance. The heavy advertising of the (10)
has brought a lot more visitors to our shops, but a lot of them are 'just
looking'. For this reason, staff are spending a lot of time (11)
with customers
who don't buy anything. This (12)
to be the main difficulty for the company
at the moment.

1. had been

would be

are

have been

2. actually

basically

roughly

exactly

3. bargains

rip-offs

sales

quantity

4. end

time

days

centre

5. to

on

at

from

6. why

because

which

that

7. it

there

sales

business

8. number

quantity

amount

quality

9. to improve

to improving

from improve

from improving

D.

10. radio

TV

media

offer

11. to deal

dealing

to sell

selling

12. sounds

appears

accepts

deserves

Give an example of something that can be ...

1.

flavourless

2.

stylish

3.

varied

4.

artificial

5.

unrealistic

6.

performed

7.

rejected

8.

saved up

9.

confirmed

10. offered instead of money

E.

Choose the right words.

1. You weren't

to throw away all the books, only the old ones.

2.

It doesn't
me if people ask me for directions, but I hate it when
they don't thank me afterwards.

3.

He's
running to the boss to tell her about the mistakes we
make. It really gets on my nerves.

4.

It doesn't
ourselves.

5.

No one was killed in the accident,

6.

The police don't

if the manager is not here because we can work by

the newspaper.
the man to be dangerous.

7.

They have put the information on the internet

it.

8.

Everyone talks

9.

This house might seem expensive but it's

he is guilty, but he hasn't had a trial yet.

cheap for the area.

10. Children of that age are not usually

of understanding scientific ideas.

relatively

consider

capable

bother

meant

matter

so that

always

as if

F.

everyone can use

according to

Which is the right verb form ?

1. Maria is in charge of organising/to organise the games.
2. We ended up sleeping/to sleep on the floor.
3. We are saving up going/to go to Egypt.
4. You don't deserve having/to have a new car.
5. She seems being/to be happier these days.
6. You were only supposed blowing/to blow the doors off !
7. They are always playing/to play their music late at night.
8. I am considering buying/to buy a flat.
9. I know him well, and he is not capable of doing/to do such a thing.
10. She was too ashamed owning/to own up.

G.

Correct the mistakes in these sentences

1.

I needed some help because I was confuse.

2.

There were strange sound coming from the engine.

3.

I left a not on the table so that he would know where I was if he was
coming home.

4.

The prices can be vary from 20 to 45.

5.

It's going to rain, according the weather forecast.

6.

This drink contains only realistic fruit, with nothing artificial.

7.

They don't think this current increase in prices related to the war.

8.

I don't think I will ever achievement my dreams.

9.

She takes a lot of proud of her appearance.

10. Hi ! I didn't see you for such a long time !

UNIT 3
A.

Word transformations - change the word to the right form

1. They used their

to build a house by the sea. (SAVE)
2. The company's
this year has been disappointing.
(PERFORM)
3. We were not helped by the
situation in the office. (CHAOS)
4. What I said wasn't
to be hurtful. (MEAN)
5. It will be
difficult to get there in this weather. (SPECIAL)
6. Prices can
from 500 to 1200. (VARIETY)
7. This rip-off is
of a tourist place like this.
(TYPE)
8. Putting this tent up is
easy compared to the last one. (RELATE)
9. Driving at 80mph is
illegal, but it's quite common. (OFFICE)
10. Formula One is a
waste of money and fuel. (SHAME)

B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8.
9.
10.

C.

Finish these sentences

It seemed as if
Do you think there is any such thing as
It gets on my nerves when
This is considered to be
I don't think I'll ever be capable of
It's a shame that
one after the other.
The only way to get this done is
Did you read through
Who's in charge of

Prepositions & Pronouns

These 14 words have been removed from the 10 sentences. Put them in the right
places.

I don't think he is capable

learning this job.
She won the Women's Singles at Wimbledon three times
a row.
They smashed every window in the house one
the other.
My husband and I take
turns to cook dinner.
We've never been on a group tour before but we'll give
a try.
You look silly wearing sunglasses indoors. Take
!
She was ill on the day of the exam and they should take
consideration.
At a big supermarket you can do the whole month's shopping all
one go.
The telephone's gone dead. Call Nick. He can usually get
working again.
He's sensitive about failing the exam. I wouldn't bring

D.

GLOBALISATION

When you make a telephone call to a big company or government organisation, you
might
to speak to someone in the head office in London, or another
major British city. However, the person
answers your call could be
sitting anywhere from Dublin to Delhi.
With modern communications it is not expensive to redirect calls
one
country to another. So companies often choose to locate their call centres in places
where wage costs are lower. Local people are often
to work for much
less money.
Some of these countries also have well educated, well
because their economies are still growing, there is not much
skills. The government gives foreign companies the
which is good for employment.

populations. But
for these
to set up business,

Critics of this situation say that the foreign companies don't really need to go abroad,
because there are people at home with the skills
They are just looking
for cheap labour. Others argue that there is nothing wrong
this. It is
good for employment, and it means that they can
their goods and
services more cheaply for the customer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

E.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

think
who
every
willing
train
universities
requirement
there
with
have

expect
from
reluctant
training
learning
expert
required
to
supply

he
in
capable
trained
demand
opportunity
useful
for
build

Correct the mistakes

It's shame that you can't come on holiday with us.
They say I can take the course if I success the exam.
It doesn't matter is you have never played this before. Just give to it a try.
Just to make a conversation, I asked him about his family.
I put on six different pairs of jeans before I bought these.
The company was failed because they didn't really think their plans through.
He prefers to get the washing up done as soon he has finished eating.
I surrounded my eyes with my hands when the film was frightening.
The good thing about live here is that you can come when you want.
They offered her a good job but she is going to let it down.

F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

G.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Give an example of something that...

...
...
...
...
...
...

you would take off before swimming.

is man-made.
is produced by burning gas.
you wouldn't expect to see in a hospital.
can go wrong with a car.
you would not be willing to do for a million pounds.

Correct the spelling mistakes

Passing the exam is a fantastic achivement.
We are not officialy allowed to give you this information.
I couldn't hear you because I was surounded by noisy children.
Our furniture is made from natural matereals.
She wasn't expeting me to call.
Don't ask me ! I'm not the expart.
We can build any computer to your requairements
They appeared very relucktant to help us.
All young people shoud have the same opportunities in life.
I don't think you are suposed to be taking that money.

UNIT 4
A.

Choose the right words

To:
Re:

All staff
New Printing Equipment

If any of these machines (1) go/are wrong, please do not try to repair them yourselves.
They contain dangerous (2) thing/materials and (3) it/there is a risk of skin bums. Put a
sign on the machine saying 'Out Of (4) Order/The Order', and call your manager.
He/She will arrange for someone from the company that (5) supplies/contains the
machines to come in. It is important that you do not touch the inside of the machine,
(6) in case/otherwise the repairs will not be covered by the guarantee.
Also, please do not try to refill the machines (7) when/or else they run out of ink. In
large quantities, the ink (8) manufactures/produces a toxic gas when hot. Leave this
task to someone who has had the (9) relevant/expert training. We are aware that more
staff (10) reguire/realise this training and we expect to begin this in the next few weeks.

B.

Most of the lines in this text have one or two words that should not be there.

Looking for a flat ? Just follow to these suggestions and nothing will go wrong!
The main factor that affects on price is location. However, this doesn't have to be your
priority. Some areas are unfashionable, or unpopular, but that doesn't mean so there
is anything wrong with them.
When you are arranging to look at flats, try to book a few of appointments in the same
area and see lots of places all in one go. Otherwise this, you will be waste a lot of time
travelling to and from appointments.
Before you going to see the flat, make a list of the factors you are going to take into
your consideration.
Agents just want to get their property rented and will say anything (or to persuade you,
so take what they say with a pinch of salt! Remember that your list and keep thinking
about what your requirements really are.
Read through your contract before signing it. If you are in any doubt, don't sign. Ask
someone with the legal knowledge.
Don't get your hopes up too much high or else you might be disappointed ! Everybody
wants to live in a big flat that surrounded by a lovely garden, at a bargain price... but
are your expectations realistic?

Put the word in brackets into the correct form.

She was
(SURROUND)

by photographers when she left the court.

They were never

(OFFICIAL)

married but lived together for 25 years.

His family were treated

(SHAMEFUL)

by the police, and we demand an apology.

Her heart was filled with

(PROUD)

when she saw the flag.

This car is not very expensive and it's

(RELATE)

new.

Rolls and Royce had one of the most famous business

(PARTNER)
The judges were amazed by the
competition.
(VARY)

of different entries for the

When the bell goes you are

(MEAN)

D.

in history.

to leave the building immediately.

There is a word missing from each of these sentences.

1.

We didn't realise how

the meal was going to cost.

2.

None of the staff is willing

3.

The best thing about this flat

4.

If you borrow that much money, you are

5.

I never had a chance

6.

The UN is helping both countries to negotiate

agreement.

7.

We don't think it's a good idea to get involved

those people.

8.

This location is not very convenient

9.

All children

have their hours cut.

the fantastic view.
a big risk.

prove what I could do.

people who don't have cars.

given the opportunity to try a variety of sports.

10. I decided to give up golf for

sake of my family.

E.

Give an example of something ...

1.

... you consider to be a luxury.

2.

... something you would sacrifice for the sake of your career/family.

3.

... a reason to risk your life.

4.

... a narrow-minded idea.

5.

... a reason for turning down a job.

6.

... a basic requirement for most jobs.

7.

... that involves a lot of hard work.

8.

... lawyers negotiate.

9.

... that always depends on chance.

10. ... that even experts don't understand.

F.

Choose the right word

I had always wanted a career that involved (1)

travel, so when I heard there
was a chance (2)
someone in our office to go and work in Indonesia I jumped
at it.
The boss was (3)
to let me go. He said that he couldn't afford to lose
someone from our department for 2 years. (4)
the end we compromised, and
he agreed to let me go for 12 months.
(5)
it has been an adventure, my life here has been difficult. Before I came I
didn't realise how hard it (6)
be. I have to meet the designers of our products
(7)
listen to their plans. Then I visit the factories. They don't always have the
staff (8)
to complete the orders on time so very often I have to negotiate a
deal (9)
get the work done. All these deals then have to be communicated
back to head office. For the first few months I survived by (10)
lots of coffee !
I don't have much time to (11)
but my life here is very comfortable. Before I
came I was worried that houses here had only basic (12)
but I actually have
more luxuries here than back home ! I now realise that my pre-conceived ideas about
Indonesia were all mistaken. Travel really does (13)
the mind.
The one bad thing (14)
London...
1. in
2. for

3. willing
4. in

the experience is that I miss my boyfriend back in

with
to
reluctant
at

able
when

5. although
6. will
7. for
8. available
9. for
10.drink
11. socialise
12. necessity
13. broaden
14. of

despite
to
so
willing
by
drinking
social life
necessary
broad
about

in spite of
would
to
used
to
-

sociable
necessities
broader
to

UNITS
A.

Here are some definitions. What are the words being defined ?

1.

A special ability that we have learned.

2.

Something that is needed, or necessary.

3.

The opposite of fake.

4.

The opposite of to be proud of an action.

5.

The opposite of success.

6.

Chosen without any order or preference.

7.

The thing that is most important.

8.

Not important for this situation.

9.

What something is made of.

10. A lot of people wanting to buy a product.

B.
What do you think the following expressions mean ? Match them with
the situations underneath.
Golden opportunity
Bulk order
Trick question
Disappearing act
Key factor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
78.
9.
10.

C.

Chance meeting
Unconfirmed report
Utter chaos
Style icon
Heart failure

Complete confusion and disorder.

Someone you didn't expect to 'bump into'.
A once-in-a-lifetime chance.
Either on stage, or in real life - to be suddenly absent.
Saving money by buying in large amounts.
A cause of death.
The most important thing to consider.
You will look stupid if you answer.
There are rumours but no official news.
Someone who is copied by the fashion-conscious.

Sentence Transformations
1. You might upset him if you ask him why he failed.
GET
He

2. Somebody ought to tidy up the office.

NEEDS
The
3. He is always taking crazy risks.
TYPICAL
It
4. He panicked halfway up the ladder and couldn't move.
STUCK
He ...
5. It's impossible to enter the building without keys.
GET
No-one

D.

Read this e-mail and choose the right word.

Dear Mum
I know my sister can be (1) really/actually annoying but you must try not to get wound
up. I agree that she has (2) let/turned you down by lying to you, but shouting and
screaming doesn't help. She (3) will/won't speak to you about her problems if she
thinks you are going to freak out, and that would really (4) harm to/harm your
relationship.
Next time you want to speak to her, you need some method for (5) keeping/ keep calm.
Why don't you take a deep (6) breath/breathe each time you say something ? If she
tries to argue with you, don't (7) get/be involved.
I think if you can avoid (8) getting/to get upset she will realise (9) in/at the end that you
are only thinking about what's best for her. Remember how horrible I (10) used/was
used to be when I was her age !
Good luck, and I will see you next week, and she can shout at me for a change.

E.

Fill in the gaps by finishing the expression.

1. What
food.

that nobody went to his party! He spent ages doing the

2. He was the King of Wimbledon. He won it 3 years in

to 1999.
3. Don't worry if you've never sung in public before. Just have
and seQ what happens.

, from 1996

4. Building a house requires careful consideration. It will end in chaos if you don't
through.
5. Doing laundry is so boring. So I wait until the end of the week and do it all

6. I don't think we need any ID, but bring your passport just
7. I don't mind if I have wine or beer. So don't open a bottle just
sake.
8. They sent me to buy a left-handed screwdriver, but it was a trick. There is
thing as a left-handed screwdriver!

F.

There is 1 wrong word in most of these lines.

FATKINS FAD FATAL !

New research which published today suggests that the fashionable
Fatkins Diet could be too harmful to your health.

Several top stars claim that they got into shape by using the plan and
many of users say that they make quicker progress. But experiments
at Soho University have been shown that by cutting all carbohydrate
out of your diet, you risk damaging to your heart and kidneys. Using
specially-designed equipment, they tested the blood of people on the
diet and found that 70% of them had the very high levels of protein.

Dr Fatkins has told to the media that the criticism is not justified. He
claims that his diet is no more dangerous than its rivals. "Any diet can
be unhealthy if it is misused. In fact, any of medical treatment is
harmful in excess."

Government Health Officials were advised anyone who wants to lose

their weight to see a doctor before going on any diet.

UNIT 6
A.
Form new words from the ones in brackets. The answers you need are words
you have not studied yet ! The first one is done for you and there are some clues to
help you guess.
1.

All appointments must be

in the diary.
(RECORD) [the sentence is passive]
2.
If the manager is
please try again tomorrow.
(AVAILABLE) [what is the opposite 7\
3. The problem was solved without the
of the Police.
(INVOLVE) [you need a noun]
4. Some of the workers were not
with protective gloves.
(EQUIP) [you need an adjective]
5.
Business class is not as
as First Class.
(LUXURY)
6.
I can do the job but it will be a bit
(TRICK)
7. There are
products which claim to cure baldness.
(VARY)
8.
I love her hat. It makes her look really
(STYLE)
9. Our company is
of holding the event.
(CAPABLE)
10. There is a chance that the drugs will work but it is
(DOUBT)

B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

C.

Give an example of something ...

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that
that

needs a lot of looking after.

is expensive but has no practical use.
is worth trying if you get an opportunity.
you are always willing to do for a friend.
is dangerous to get involved in.
people often sacrifice for the sake of their children.
makes modern life more convenient.
makes a horrible sound.
it is illegal to copy.
contains a lot of artificial additives.

Read this text and answer the questions.

Willard, here is the list of jobs that need doing.

Please replace the cracked window in Room 5.

There is something wrong with the light in Room 5. It keeps blinking. Maybe the bulb
is loose. Can you have a look at it ?
The handle in Room 8 is always getting stuck, so people can't open the door. Please
fix it ASAP. Also please clean the marks off the walls.
We have ordered a new door for Room 2. It is too wide at the moment, so please cut it
down to the correct size. There is an electric saw in the tool kit. If the blade is a bit
blunt, buy another one and keep the receipt.
The blind in Room 7 is torn. Please take it down. Mike will send it to the people who
made it, and they will mend it.
If you could get these things done over the weekend, that would be great. Keep your
mobile on, because I'll call you to get an update on your progress.
Thanks
Hadrian
Are these statements True or False?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

D.

There is no glass in the window in Room 5

The light in Room 5 does not come on
The walls in Room 8 are dirty
Room 8 needs a new door
Hadrian knows that the blade of the saw is blunt
The blind in room 7 doesn't work
Hadrian will want to know how the work is going

True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False
True/False
True / False
True / False

Read this text through. Where would you see a text like this ?

Thank you for buying this product / goods. Please read the instructions for use / using:
This trolley is not designed for / by carrying loads heavier than 50Kg. Do not overload.
Repairs must be carried out by a qualified equipment / engineer.
This trolley must not be used for carrying people. It must not be used for any other
purpose / work than transporting goods within and around buildings. The
manufacturers do / are not responsible for any damage caused by misuse.
Further information is available from / to our website.
Now choose the right answers.

E.

Match the beginnings of these sentences with the endings.

1.

You always get wound up if people

calm down

2.

Her new job helped her to

say goodbye

3.

In his wild years he used to

be cautious

4.

When we apologised, he started to

get stuck

5.

It's a tricky situation and you need to

get over her depression

6.

The equipment is there to

criticise you

7.

You'll need to give them a hand if they

prevent accidents

8.

They were upset because we didn't

drink to excess

UNIT 7
A.

Fill in the crossword, using the clues below.

ACROSS
I. A piece of work that needs doing
3. Organisation that finds a job, a
holiday, or a partner for you.
5. You are making no progress, or you
can't move.
6. You choose your food from this
7. When you sleep, or don't tell the
truth
8. The things you hope to do
9. Repairs
I I . A screwdriver, a spanner, or a
drill, for example
14. What a mouse gets caught in
16. The opposite of she ?
17. A negative answer

19. To move forward, develop, or get

better.
DOWN
1. Giving a good reason
2. The colour of the sky - on a nice
day.
3. They connect your feet to your
legs.
4. The possessive pronoun for you !
6. Wanted to express
10. Mistake
12. Noise to express surprise, or love,
disgust - or anything !
13. Not more
15. Animal that is supposed to be
greedy and ugly
18. The plural of 'I'

.
These words and expressions collocate with prepositions. Put each word into the
correct column
differ
separate
capable
related
for the sake

+ of

C.

react
in charge

tend
typical

+ to

willing
in favour

according
recover

+ from

Do you know the answers to these questions ?

The answers are on the next page.

1.

Which country in the world sends the most letters abroad ?

2.

Lending her name to a famous brand, who was the Greek Goddess of Victory ?

3.

In slang, how much money is a 'monkey' ?

4.

Which is the best selling car name of all time ?

(25 million vehicles sold in 142 countries)

5.

If your geographical position was 0 latitude, 0 longitude, where in the world would you
be?
Options: Greenwich, Ghana, The Atlantic Ocean

6.

Which major competition was held in Japan & South Korea in 2002 ?

7.

What, in population terms, is the largest Spanish speaking country in the world?

8.

What is the UK's biggest export ?

9.

Where was gunpowder invented ?

10. Which city is believed to be the oldest in the world ?

Answers:
1.UK
2. Nike
5. Atlantic Ocean
8. Chemicals/Drugs

3. 500 pounds
4. Toyota Corolla
6. World Cup
7. Mexico
9. China
10. Damascus (Capital of modern Syria)

D.

What are the missing words ?

1.

Dogs tend enjoy being with people.

2.

We unlikely to win but we want to have a go.

3.

He has completely recovered his injuries.

4.

The kids were excited, but we eventually got them to calm.

5.

You'll have to commute to centre of town.

6.

I am available interview any time.

7.

All of equipment we have needs cleaning.

8.

He quit the job for sake of his health.

9.

I haven't had chance sit down all day.

E.

Choose the correct word

The patient had an operation to (1) fix / repair broken bones in her left leg. The tibia was (2)
cracked / cracking and needed setting, whilst there was a clean break in the femur (3) which_/
what required a steel pin. It is estimated that the leg will take about 8 weeks (4) to heal / for
healing. Physiotherapy will be required in order to rebuild the muscles, (5) particular/
particularly in the upper leg. However, the leg should not (6) b e / have overloaded in the
first 10 weeks, and a full (7) scar / recovery is not (8) likely / finished until 16-20 weeks .
Anti-inflammatory drugs have been prescribed. (9) If / W h e n the patient has any reaction to
these, she should discontinue their (10) use / purpose and contact the clinic.
How would you describe the language used in this text ? How is it different from a
friendly conversation ? Which words are typical of this sort of text ?

UNIT 8
A.
This is one half of a conversation between two old friends who haven't seen each
other for a while. Imagine what the other person is saying, and write it down. Then you can
practise with your classmates, or the teacher.

Hi I haven't seen you for ages ! What have you been doing with yourself ?

Sounds nice. Is it going well ?

W o w , that's really impressive

Me ? Nothing special. Same old thing.

Do you think so ? Oh thanks. I've been to the gym a bit. Are you still with Jo ?

That's a shame.

Yeah. Guess what. We're getting married in September

Thanks. Give me your address, I'll send you an invitation.

C.

All these words have one letter missing.

suspici_us

impresjon

sep_rate

comjjte

straig_t

ex iting

musje

res_arch

achi_ve

su_round

knowle_ge

colleag_e

W h e r e do the words go in the sentences ?

1.

He resigned after the match.

...straight...

2.

Just give them to me and I'll sort them.

...out...

3.

Keep it the right round in case the lid falls off.

...way...

4.

They are going to hold responsible.

...the boss...

5.

She hates politics but I find it.

...interesting...

6.

He thought to be very angry.

...is...

7.

He insisted opening the top of the machine.

...on...

8.

I couldn't go to a stranger and ask for money.

...up...

9.

I couldn't tell he was joking or not.

...if...

10. We felt eating something from a barbecue.

...like...

D.

Choose the best word

Lofty Longshorts, star of basketball champions London Allstars, is in trouble. Today his
coach publicly criticised him for his (1)
lifestyle. 'Lofty is taking his
success for granted, but his (2)
lately have been very poor. His attitude in
training is very (3)
, and it is affecting his performance. W h e n the team
doesn't have the ball, he has to (4)
'
*

The Allstars have lost 4 matches in a row, and many fans (5)
Longshorts for
their terrible form. He is believed (6)
very depressed about reports in
some papers that he has been unfaithful to his wife. He is worried that the gossip will ruin his
(7)
Although the 1.98 m star has publicly (8)
that he has personal problems,
friends say that privately he has faced up to his mistakes. He (9)
he has
been playing badly, and believes the next season is the biggest (10)
of his
career.
1.

gossip

famous

celebrity

2.

wages

performances

matches

3.

casual

excessive

impressive

4.

attack

defend

progress

5.

blame

accuse

suspect

6.

that he

is

to be

7.

reputation

impression

favour

8.

admitted

denied

known

9.

admits

denies

claims

challenge

success

10. match

E.

Think of an ending for these sentences.

1.

He gets aggressive when...

2.

Although they have a bad reputation...

3.

He completely denied...

4.

They are excited about taking on...

5.

A man came up to me in the street and said...

UNIT 9
A.

Most of the lines in this text have one or two words that should not be there.

RE:

OUR MAGAZINE AD

Hi Claire
You asked me for feedback and here are my some suggestions. Firstly, we want to come
across as a family restaurant, rather than a children's restaurant. So we could do with some
adults in the picture.
Secondly, I don't think the colours are quite right. I know I asked for you to brighten it up a
bit, but I just think there are too many of different colours. Maybe we could get rid of the
orange, and just we have the blue and yellow?
The other thing is that the text is small. For example, I am not sure of people will notice it if
they just flick through the magazine. However that, I'm not sure what the solution is it.
Maybe to cut down the amount of text ? Anyway, I would be happy to come round and
discuss about it.
Cheers
Mark

B.

What's the opposite of...

getting the credit

a dream holiday
reasonable
bright
soften
take something for granted
to admit
impressive

justified
tame

C.

Change the word in brackets to fit the gap.

1.

I was really

2.

She feels

3.

What's the

4.

We need do think much more

5.

They looked

6.

They

7.

He will work under your

8.

The

9.

The drug is more

10. They weren't

D.

with the results.

(please)

because you never thank her.

between him and you ?
about this.

when I told them the good news.

me to sell the property last year.

(appreciate)
(connect)
(create)
(relief)
(advice)
(supervise)

damage was very serious

as a pill than an injection.
to each other, but enjoyed talking.

(environment)
(effect)
(attract)

Here is a piece of political gossip from the Web.

Which words were really used ?

(1) Controversy / controversial surrounds the Prime Minister last night after several
newspapers printed interviews with his personal motivation guru, Eileen Brewery. Ms
Brewery has been (2) advised / advising the PM for the last two years, and claims to (3) be /
have helped him reach a number of major decisions.
' T h e Brewery Approach is a life programme that helps people to use their natural creative
abilities more (4) effectively / well,' she explained. Ms Brewery went on to justify her
methods: ' T h e (5) whole / all thing is based on will power. It's genuine science. It's got
nothing to do (6) for / with magic or astrology, or anything like that.'
The Prime Minister's office (7) denied / refused that he used Ms Brewery's system for
professional purposes. 'He just uses her methods (8) like / as a means of relaxing - it's a
very stressful job', a spokeswoman said today.

Opponents in other parties were not (9) impressed / progressed. 'This is yet another sign that
the Prime Minister is losing touch (10) with / of reality,' Howard Michael told reporters.

E.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Collocations. Which words on the left go with those on the right ?

Only on
A tedious
Happy
At
I'm just
Make
House
See
Lost
Get

the attraction of it
putting you through
rid of all the rubbish
touch with each other
the last minute
process
condition that you accept the job
to help
of his dreams
a big fuss about it

UNIT 10
A.

Choose the best word.

REPORT INTO P R O P O S E D NEW PREMISES

INTRO
It (1)
been decided that the business needs more space. One
property that we are considering is 62 Carmichael Road. We have looked at the building and
(2)
our conclusions.
PRICE
The (3)
price is 100 per square metre, but they may be willing to
negotiate. This seems to be a reasonable price, particularly when you (4)
the location into consideration.
CONDITION
The interior is (5)
good condition, with several attractive original
fittings, and would be quite suitable for us. The (6)
however, is in a
relatively poor state. It needs cleaning and painting. The landlords claim that this would be
(7)
out before we occupied the building. They also agreed that all the (8)
of the building would be cleared out.
LOCATION
The building (9)
in a busy shopping area with a lot of passing
trade, which should bring in plenty of customers. (10)
suggests
that it would be one of the best parts of the city to locate a business (11)
as ours.
GENERAL
The building is believed to be worth (12)
on so that the business
can expand. (13)
we should try to bargain the price down a little
and ensure that the landlords claims are (14)
and that all the legal
documents are in order.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.

is
these are
cheap
make
in
building
given
contents
locates
Research
just

b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.

was
this is
official
have
the
exterior
taken
exterior
located
We
which

c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.

has
those are
expensive
take
some
contents
sorted
circumstances
is located
However
such

a. take
a. Whatever
. genuine

B.
1.

b. to take
b. Whenever
b. sufticient

c. taking
c. However
c. obvious

Use the word in brackets to write another sentence with the same meaning.
We gave him advice, but he didn't listen,
(notice)
He didn't

advice.

2.

It's because they tried so hard that they deserve praise,

(effort)
It's because they
they deserve praise.

3.

They won't give you the books unless you pay.

(only)
They'll
you pay.

4.

Whatever time you travel, it will be busy,

(whenever)
It will
you travel.

5.

I'd rather sleep in a tent than a dirty hotel,

(prefer)
I
in a tent than a dirty hotel

You would expect the match to be over by now.

(should)
The match
by now.

C.

Decide which word makes more sense.

I always knew it would be (1) extremely / sufficiently difficult to pass the FCE exam. But I
thought I might have a (2) chance / success if I really concentrated (3) to / on my studies for a
couple of months - instead of my social life, basically.
Our teacher told us that passing the exam had very little to do with how (4) many / much
grammar we knew, and more to do (5) with / to our communication abilities. I didn't believe
him, actually. Especially because most of the homework he set was grammar (6) items / stuff
I But I was pleased to see that (7) I had / was already studied most of it, and I just needed to
work on it more carefully.
The worst thing about the exam was the fact that we had to do 3 tests in a row, all on one
day. So (8) by /, at the time you finish you are exhausted. W h e n the big day finally came
I was really nervous, and that seemed (9) giving / to give me more energy.

Now all I have to do is wait for the result. Whatever grade I get, I'll be happy (10) as soon as
/ as long as I manage to pass.

D.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

E.

Think of one example of all these things. Use some examples from
your own country if you like - as long as you can explain it to the other students.

A famous unsolved mystery

A part of the world with an extreme climate
An idealistic hope
A generalisation you don't agree with
A controversial decision
Something you can't see the attraction of
Some really good advice you've had
Someone you'd like to get back in touch with

Confusions

Think of something that always confuses you. For example, it could be 2 words that you
always mix up, a piece of vocabulary that you don't know how to use, or a grammar rule that
is not clear to you.
Check with your neighbour, and see if he/she finds it confusing. If so, you can ask your
teacher and they will try to explain.

-en (suffix)
awhile
accept (to)
acceptable
according to
accusation
accuse (to)
achieve (to)
achievement
actual
actually
adapt (to)
adjust (to)
admit (to)
advice
advise (to)
against
ages
aggression
aggressive
aim
aim (to)
all in one go
along
alter (to)
always + present continuous
amount
any such thing
appear (to)
appreciate (to)
approach
approach (to)
artificial
as if
as long as
as though
ashamed
ask someone out (to)
assume (to)
assumption
at least
at the end (of)
at the most
attack (to)

88
100
8
8
20
78
78
26
26
14
14
120
120
79
97
97
55
100
82
82
61
61
32
49
117
23
6
14
13
83
80
80
18
13
111
13
27
101
16
16
112
8
112
81

attempt
attempt (to)
attitude
attract (to)
attracted (to be)
attraction
availability
available
average
back to front
bargain
basic
basically
bend (to)
benefit
benefit (to)
beyond
blade (to)
blame
blame (to)
block
block (to)
blow (to)
blunt
bone
border
bother (to)
break the ice (to)
breath
breathe (to)
bright
brighten (to)
bring up a subject (to)
broad
bulk
bump
bump (to)
by doing
by the end (of)
calm
calm down (to)
can (special use)
capable of (to be)
casual

108
108
82
101
102
101
47
47
68
73
9
4
4
84
76
76
84
87
74
74
65
65
121
87
59
81
22
32
40
40
91
91
32
39
7
18
18
48
8
51
51
114
26
83

die out (to)

differ (to)
directions
disappear (to)
discount
divide (to)
do someone a favour (to)
do with (can)
do without (can)
document
doubt
doubt (to)
draw (to)
dream
dull
edge
effective
effort
end up (to)
environment
equipment
escape
escape (to)
especially
essential
exact
exactly
exceed (to)
exception
excess
excessive
exciting
expect (to)
experiment
expert
extreme
extremely
face (to)
face a problem (to)
facility
factor
failure
fake
false

105
66
72
13
9
63
55
106
106
54
12
12
69
103
76
81
107
103
6
110
48
52
52
19
95
7
7
57
113
57
57
76
35
54
38
125
125
71
71
45
30
27
21
21

fancy (to)
fantasy
fault (1)
fault (2)
faulty
favour
feel like + gereund (to)
file
file (to)
find it + adj. + when / if
find something + adj. (to)
finish with someone (to)
fit
fitness
fix (1) (to)
fix (2) (to)
fix something to something (to)
flavour
flow (to)
for
for doing
freak out (to)
from hell
function
fuss
fussy
gain
gain (to)
gas
generalisation
generalise (to)
genuine
get + prep./adv. (to)
get across (to)
get by on (to)
get in touch with (to)
get on someome's nerves (to)
get over (to)
get something done
get something going
give something a try (to)
glad
go badly (to)
go out with (to)

102
102
74
75
75
55
68
112
112
75
75
102
119
119
61
123
123
21
65
55
48
52
103
117
109
109
76
76
65
113
113
21
56
87
121
92
22
59
32
32
29
95
37
101

caution
cautious
celebrity
central
centre
challenge
chance
chaos
chaotic
charge
charge (to)
cheat on someone (to)
cheer up (to)
cheerful
chew (to)
circumstances
claim
claim (to)
clash (to)
climate
colleague
come across (to)
come up to (to)
commute (to)
compensation
compete (to)
competitive
compromise
compromise (to)
concentrate (to)
concentration
condition (good / bad)
conditions
confirm (to)
confirmation
confuse (to)
confusion
connect (to)
connection
consequence
consider (to)
consideration
considered (to be)
contact

50
50
77
62
62
80
42
11
11
5
5
102
76
76
121
110
58
58
113
121
5
87
81
62
57
56
56
44
44
114
114
111
109
12
12
11
11
88
88
25
25
25
25
92

contact (to)
contain (to)
container
contents
controversial
controversy
convenience
convenient
cool (down) (to)
copy
copy (to)
cover
cover (to)
crack
crack (to)
cracked
crash
crash (to)
create (to)
creative
credit
cut down on (to)
cynical
darken (to)
date
debate
debate (to)
deep
defence
defend (to)
defensive
demand
demand (to)
deny (to)
depressed
depression
deserve (to)
design
design (to)
designer
determination
determined
develop (to)
development

92
22
22
22
106
106
45
45
122
20
20
31
31
59
59
59
18
18
95
95
105
$9
119
91
101
85
85
39
81
81
82
35
35
78
50
50
10
47
47
47
104
104
91
91

go through (to)
go together (to)
go up to (to)
go well (to)
go wrong (to)
good (thing) about
goods
grab (to)

31
113
81
37
37
38
33
79

grip (to)
hand-built
handle (to)
hand-made
hang up (to)
happily
happy to (to be)
harden (to)
harm
harm (to)
harmful
harmless
harsh
have (something) to do with (to)
have a go (to)
heal (to)
heat
heat (up) (to)
hold (to)
hold someone responsible (to)
hold up/onto (to)
how can I get to/do you get to?
however + adj./adv.
I must admit
ideal
idealistic
ignore (to)
illusion
image
impact
impress (to)
impression
impressive
in a row
in case (just)
in charge of (to be)

79
33
60
33
93
105
105
91
57
57
57
57
121
120
29
60
122
122
60
74
60
72
116
79
119
119
98
12
86
17
66
66
66
29
36
6

in favour of
in the end
inconvenience
incovenient
ingredients
injure (to)
injury
inside-out
insist on (to)
insist that (to)
into
involve (to)
involved
irrelevant
issue
item
it's / what a pity
it's / what a shame
job
justification
justify (to)
keep in touch with (to)
keep somebody on hold (to)
kit
knowledge
last minute / moment (at the)
lengthen (to)
let (someone) down (to)
light (to)
likelihood
likely
limit
limit (to)
limited
line
liquid
locate (to)
location
loosen (to)
lose touch with (to)
luxury
magic
major .
make an effort (to)

55
8
45
45
21
57
57
73
79
79
18
43
43
31
85
117
27
27
49
58
58
92
93
48
38
93
88
39
91
62
62
6
6
6
69
65
28
28
88
92
45
12
17
103

make conversation (to)

make do with (to)
manage (to)
management
manager
man-made
manufacture (to)
mark
mark (to)
market
match (to)
material
matter (to)
maximum
means
meant to (to be)
mend (to)
method
middle
mild
minimum
minor
muscle
mysterious
mystery
narrow
necessity
need + gerund (to)
negotiate (to)
negotiation
no matter how + adj./adv.
no matter what
no matter where
no matter who
no more than
no such thing as
notice (to)
number of
object
obvious
occasion
of your dreams
offer
offer (to)

32
121
108
5
5
33
33
62
62
56
113
33
4
112
46
15
61
46
68
121
112
17
59
110
110
39
45
49
44
44
116
115
116
116
112
14
94
7
117
99
24
103
9
9

officer
official
officially
on condition that
on the point of + gerund (to be)
one after the other
only if / when
opportunity
or else
order
origin
original
other way round
otherwise
out of reach
over- (prefix)
own up (to)
panic (to)
particularly
partner
partnership
passive - be + past part. + inf.
past
perform (to)
performance
please (to)
pleased
pleased with / for
plenty
point (in a conversation)
point (in time)
point (why it's worth doing)
pointless
praise
precaution
present (to)
presentation
prevent (to)
prevention
previous
previously
pride
priority
process

28
28
28
111
93
29
111
41
36
29
21
21
73
36
84
64
6
52
19
22
22
'77
49
10
10
104
104
104
124
85
89
87
87
105
53
86
86
53
53
77
77
26
30
89

produce (to)
production
progress
progress (to)
proof
pros and cons
proud
Public Relations (PR)
publicity
pump
pump (to)
purpose
put across {to)
put on (to)
put somebody on hold (to)
put up with (to)
quality
quantity
random
range
rather than
reach (to)
react (to)
reaction
read through (to)
realise (to)
realistic
reality
reasonable
reckon (to)
recognise (to)
recommend (to)
recommendation
record
record (to)
recover (to)
recovery
refuse
refuse (to)
reject (to)
rejection
related
relation
relative

33
33
55
55
14
55
26
86
86
65
65
47
87
33
93
64
7
7
29
19
122
84
67
67
31
43
18
102
93
20
94
98
98
54
54
59
59
55
55
8
8
24
24
24

relative
relatively
relevant
relief
relieved
reluctant (to be)
remove (to)
reputation
require (to)
requirement
research
research (to)
respect
respect (to)
right
right (adv.)
right way up
rip-off
ripped off (to be / get)
risk
risk (to)
risky (to) 41
rival
roughly
row
rural
sacrifice
sacrifice (to)
sake
sale
save (to)
save up (to)
savings
scar
search (to)
seem (to)
separate
separate (to)
set
set (to)
shade
shadow
shallow
shame

24
24
31
95
95
40
119
77
37
37
54
54
124
124
58
70
73
10
10
41
41
56
7
69
118
44
44
45
9
9
9
9
60
28
13
63
63
115
115
123
123
39
27

shameful
shamefully
sharp
sharpen (to)
shorten (to)
should
skeleton
skill
skilled
small talk
so that
sociable
socialise (to)
soften (to)
solid
solution
solve (to)
sort (to)
sort something out (to)
sound
sound (to)
special offer
speed
split (to)
spray
spray (to)
staff
stage (in a process)
stand someone up (to)
stick (to)
sticky
store (to)
straight (adj.)
straight (adv.)
strengthen (to)
stretch (to)
strong-willed
stuck (to be / get)
stuff
style
success
such a thing as
suck (to)
sufficient

27
27
87
87
88
123
59
38
38
32
17
4
4
91
65
107
107
72
72
16
16
9
84
59
65
65
5
89
102
61
61
112
69
70
88
84
104
53
118
20
27
14
121
124

suggest (to)
supervise (to)
supervision
supply
supply (to)
supposed to (to be)
surround (to)
survive (to)
suspect (to)
suspicion
suspicious
swallow (to)
take into consideration (to)
take effort (to)
take notice of (to)
take off (to)
take on (to)
take over (to)
take for granted (to)
take turns (to)
talk through (to)
tame
tame (to)
tear (to)
tedious
tell if / whether (to)
tell the difference (to)
tend (to)
tendency
think through (to)
thorough
thoroughly
tighten (to)
tools
train (to)
training
trap
trap (to)
trick
trick (to)
try on (to)
turn (to)
turn around (to)
turn back / over (to)

96
100
100
35
35
15
31
105
63
63
63
121
30
103
98
33
80
6
83
29
31
51
51
59
89
72
72
67
67
31
90
90
88
48
37
37
52
52
12
12
33
70
71
70

turn down (to)

turn up (to)
turning
typical
under- (prefix)
unlikely
unreasonable
unsociable
up (after a verb)
upset
upset (to)
upside-down
urban
use (noun)
varied
variety
vary (to)
vital
way
ways of giving advice
ways of making a suggestion
weaken (to)
whatever
what's the point
whenever
wherever
whoever
wide
widen (to)
wild
will
willing (to be)
willpower
wind someone up (to)
within
would rather
wound up (to get)
wrong way round
wrong with something

39
6
49
23
64
62
93
4
90
50
50
73
118
47
19
19
19
95
71
97
96
88
115
87
116
116
116
39
88
51
104
40
104
52
84
122
52
73
38

Unit 1
TO MATTER
BASIC
BASICALLY
TO SOCIALISE
UN/SOCIABLE

, ;
;
/ , , , ,

STAFF

MANAGER
, , -; , ,
, ,
MANAGEMENT
; , ,
COLLEAGUE

CHARGE
, ,
TO BE IN CHARGE OF , ,
TO TAKE OVER
(, ) ,
TO END UP
, ( , )
TO TURN UP

TO OWN UP
, ( )
AMOUNT
, ,
LIMIT
,
LIMITED

THE NUMBER OF... , ,

QUALITY

QUANTITY

IN BULK

EXACT

EXACTLY

ROUGHLY

IN THE END
( ), ;
AT THE END (OF)
(-)
BY THE END (OF)
(-)
TO ACCEPT
,
ACCEPTABLE
; ;
TO REJECT
, , ,
REJECTION
,
TO SAVE
, (), ,
TO SAVE UP

SAVINGS

TO OFFER

OFFER

BARGAIN
;
SALE

SPECIAL OFFER
[] (,
, )
DISCOUNT

RIP OFF
; , ;
, (
)
TO BE/GET RIPPED OFF
TO PERFORM
, ,
PERFORMANCE
, ,

TO DESERVE
, (-.)
TO CONFUSE
, ,
CONFUSION
, ,
CHAOS

CHAOTIC

DOUBT
,
TO CONFIRM

CONFIRMATION

TRICK
, , , , ; ,
MAGIC
,
ILLUSION
, ;
TO APPEAR
,
TO DISAPPEAR
, ,
TO SEEM/TO APPEAR
AS IF/THOUGH...
,
ANY SUCH THING/SUCH A THING AS...
PROOF

NO SUCH THING AS...- - ,

ACTUAL
, ,
ACTUALLY
, ,
TO BE MEANT TO/SUPPOSED TO ,
Unit 2
TO ASSUME
ASSUMPTION
SOUND
...SO THAT...
MAJOR
MINOR
IMPACT
CRASH

, ,
,
, , ;
; , ;
,
,

, , ; , ,
,
BUMP
; ( ); ;
, ; bump into - (-.) ,
(-.)
INTO
, ,
ARTIFICIAL
, ,
REALISTIC
,
PARTICULARLY
, ; , ;
ESPECIALLY
, ,
TO VARY
, , ; , ,

VARIETY/RANGE
, ; , , ,
VARIED
,
STYLE

TO COPY
, ,
COPY
,
ACCORDING TO (SOMEONE) , ,
TO RECKON
, , ,
ORIGIN

ORIGINAL
; , ;

GENUINE
FAKE
FALSE
FLAVOUR
INGREDIENTS
TO CONTAIN
CONTENTS
CONTAINER
BOTHER

, , ;
,
, , , ,
,
, ,
, , ;
, ,
, ,
, ; ; , ,
,
TO GET ON SOMEONES NERVES -. , ,
PARTNER
, ,
PARTNERSHIP
, ,
TYPICAL

RELATIVE/RELATION ,
RELATED

OCCASION
, , ; , , ,

RELATIVE/LY
, ; ,
UNIT 3
TO CONSIDER
, , , .
CONSIDERATION
, , .
CONSEQUENCE
, , , .
TO BE CAPABLE OF
ACHIEVE
, , .
ACHIEVEMENT
, , .
PROUD
, .
PRIDE
, , .
SHAME
, , .
ASHAMED
.
SHAMEFUL (LY)
(), ().
ITS A SHAME/PITY ,WHAT A SHAME/PITY! ! !
SUCCESS
, .
FAILURE
, , ; ; .
OFFICER
, , .
OFFICIAL
, , , .
OFFICIALLY
, .
TO SEARCH
, , .
TO LOCATE
, ().
LOCATION
(), , .
ORDER
, , , , , .
IN A ROW/ONE AFTER THE OTHER , .
TO TAKE TURNS
.
RANDOM
, ; , .
TO HAVE A GO
.
GIVE SOMETHING A TRY , .
FACTOR
, ; , .
PRIORITY
, , .
TO TAKE (SOMETHING) INTO CONSIDERATION .
RELEVANT
, .

IRRELEVANT
COVER

, .
, , , , , , ;
, , , , .
TO SURROUND
, .
TO TALK THROUGH
.
TO THINK THROUGH .
TO READ THROUGH
.
TO GO THROUGH
, , .
ALL IN ONE GO
.
TO BRING UP (A SUBJECT) , -.
MAKE CONVERSATION .
SMALL TALK
.
BREAK THE ICE
.
TRY ON
.
PUT ON
.
TAKE OFF
.
MATERIAL
, , .
MAN-MADE
, .
GOODS
, .
TO MANUFACTURE
, , .
TO PRODUCE
, .
PRODUCTION
, , .
HAND-MADE/BUILT
, .
Unit 4
SUPPLY
n. v. ,
DEMAND
n. v.
EXPECT

(JUST) IN CASE
,
OTHERWISE
, -;
GO WRONG
,
GO WELL/BADLY
/
TO TRAIN
(), ()
TRAINING
, ,
TO REQUIRE
,
REQUIREMENT
, ,
SKILL
,
SKILLED
,
EXPERT
n. , adj. ,
KNOWLEDGE

ANYTHING/NOTHING WRONG WITH - ,

GOOD (THING) ABOUT ,
TURN DOWN
, ,
LET DOWN
,
CUT DOWN (ON)

DEEP

SHALLOW

WIDE
,
BROAD

NARROW

TO BREATHE

BREATH

TO BE WILLING TO DO , ,
TO BE RELUCTANT TO DO
TO RISK

RISK

RISKY
,
OPPORTUNITY
,
CHANCE
, ,
INVOLVE
, , ()
INVOLVED
, ,
TO REALISE

TO NEGOTIATE
, ,
NEGOTIATION
,
SACRIFICE
n. v.
COMPROMISE
n. v. /
FOR THE SAKE OF (FOR SOMEONES/SOMETHINGS SAKE) -/-
CONVENIENT
,
CONVENIENCE

FACILITY
( )
LUXURY

NECESSITY
,
METHOD
(),
MEANS
,
Unit 5
USE
PURPOSE
AVAILABLE
AVAILABILITY
TO DESIGN
DESIGN
DESIGNER
EQUIPMENT
TOOLS
KIT
NEED + ING
JOB
PAST
ALONG
TURNING
CAUTIOUS
CAUTION
UPSET (to be/feel u.)
TO UPSET
DEPRESSED
DEPRESSION
WILD
TAME
TO TAME
TO CALM DOWN
CALM

, ,
,
,
,
, , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
,

, ,
,
, ,

,
, ,

, ,

, ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
()

TO WIND SOMEBODY UP , -
TO PANIC
, ,
TO GET WOUND UP

TO FREAK OUT
, ,
TRAP
, , ,
TO TRAP
, ,
ESCAPE
, ,
TO ESCAPE
, ( , ), ,
TO BE/GET STUCK = TRAPPED
TO PREVENT
, , ,
PREVENTION
,
PRECAUTION
,
RESEARCH
, ,
TO RESEARCH

EXPERIMENT
,
RECORD
, , ,
TO RECORD
,
DOCUMENT
,
PROGRESS
, ,
TO PROGRESS
, , ,
REFUSE
, ,
TO REFUSE
(),
FAVOUR
, , ,
TO DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR
IN FAVOUR OF
,
FOR/AGAINST /
PROS AND CONS /
TO COMPETE
, ,
COMPETITIVE
,
MARKET
, ,
RIVAL
,
TO GET OUT
,
TO GET IN
TO GET UP
, ,
TO GET OVER ( ), (),
TO HARM

HARM
, , ,
HARMFUL ,
HARMLESS , ,
EXCESS
,
EXCESSIVE

TO EXCEED
, ,
TO INJURE
-., , , ,
INJURY
, , , , ,
COMPENSATION , ,

Unit 6
V. TO JUSTIFY + gerund/noun ;
N. JUSTIFICATION
;
N. RIGHT
;
V. TO CLAIM + inf./clause , ,
N. CLAIM , ; ;
V. TO RECOVER
, , , ;
; ;
N. RECOVERY
, ; ; ;
V. TO GET OVER , ;
N. MUSCLE
, ;
N. BONE
;
N. SKELETON
, , , ;
V. TO TEAR
, , , ; ; , ;
V. TO SPLIT , ; ; ; ; ;
V/N. CRACK
, , , /, ;
, ; ;
ADJ. CRACKED
, ;
V. TO HEAL
, , ;
N. SCAR , , ;
V. TO HOLD ; ; ; ; , ; ;
;
V. TO HOLD UP/ONTO / -;
V. TO HANDLE
, ; , ; , ;
;
V. TO STICK
, , ; ; , ;
-;
ADJ. STICKY
, , ;
V. TO MEND
, , ; , ;
;
V. TO FIX ; ; , ;
; , ; , ;
, ; ; ; ; ;
, (,
. .); , ; ; ;
, ( . .); ;
, ; ; ; ,
(, -., -. - on, upon);
; (), ,
;
N./V. AIM
, ;/ , ; ,
; ; ;
V. TO MARK
, , ;
; , ; ,
; ( ); , ,
; , ; ;
, ; , , ;
, ; , , ; ,
; ;
, , ; (-.),
(-. -.);

N. MARK -

; ; ;
; ) , ; , ;
; ; ; , ; , ;
, , ; , ; ;
, ; , ; , ; ;
; ,

N. CENTRE
; ;
ADJ. CENTRAL
, ;
V. TO COMMUTE
, ;
V. TO BE UN/LIKELY (TO DO) / ;
N. LIKELIHOOD
;
V. TO SUSPECT , , ; ;
ADJ. SUSPICIOUS
, ;
N. SUSPICION
; , ;
V. DIVIDE ADJ. SEPARATE , ;
V. TO SEPARATE* , ; , ; ;
;
PHR. V. TO PUT UP WITH , , ;
OVER- (PREFIX) = too much ;
UNDER- (PREFIX) = not enough ;
ADJ. TO BLOCK , , ; ; ;
N. BLOCK
, ; ; ; ; ; ;
ADJ. GAS
;
ADJ. LIQUID
; ;
ADJ. SOLID
; ; ; , ; ;
;
V. TO FLOW , ;
V./N. TO SPRAY
, ;
V./N. PUMP
, , ;/ , ; -;
V. TO IMPRESS
; ; ; ;
;
N. IMPRESSION
; ; , , ;
ADJ. IMPRESSIVE , , , ;
V. TO DIFFER FROM
IN THAT - ,
V. TO REACT
; ; ;
N. REACTION
;
V. TO TEND + inf.
, ;
N. TENDENCY
;
V. TO FEEL LIKE + gerund/noun - , ;
N./ADJ. MIDDLE
/ ;
N./ADJ. AVERAGE
/ ;
V. TO DRAW , ; ; , ; ,
, ; , ; ;
, ; ; ; ; ,
, ; , , ; ;
, , ; ; , ;
; ; , ;
; , . .;
, ; , , ; ,
;
ADJ. STRAIGHT
, ; ; ;

N. LINE
N. ROW

; , ; , ; , ;
; ; ; , , ; ;
; ; ; , .
UNIT 7

adv. straight , ,
adv. right ,
v. to turn
v. to turn over/back /
v. to face
v. to turn around
expr. to face a problem
n. way
n. directions
expr. How do you get to... - ...
v. to sort
expr. to sort something (out)
expr. to tell if/whether ,
expr. to tell the difference
adj./adv. upside-down
adj./adv. inside-out
adj./adv. right way up -
adj./adv. back to front
expr. the other way round -
expr. the wrong way round
n./v. blame . , .
expr. hold someone responsible
n. fault(1)
n. fault(2)
adj. faulty
expr. to find something interesting
expr. to find it interesting + If ...
expr. to cheer up
adj. cheerful ,
adj. dull
adj. exciting
v. to gain
n. gain ,
v. to benefit
n. benefit ,
n. reputation
n. celebrity ,
adj. previous
adv. previously
considered to be
believed to be
v. accuse ,
n. accusation
v. to deny
v. to admit

expr. I must admit

v. to insist that/ on+noun, gerund /
v. to grab
v. to grip
phr. to take on ()
n. challenge
v. to approach
n. approach ,
go/come up to ,
n. edge
n. border
v. to attack/defend /
n. defence
adj. aggressive
n. aggression
adj. attitude ,
adj. defensive
v. to appreciate ()
v. to take something for granted
adj. asual ,
UNIT 8
v. to bend
v. to stretch
v. to reach
out of reach
n. speed
prep. within , ,
prep. beyond ,
n. point ,
v./n. debate ,
n. issue
v. to present
n. presentation
n. publicity
n. Public Relations (PR) - '
n. image
phr. put/get across
phr. come across
n. point , .
adj. pointless -
Whats the point ? - ?
adj. sharp
adj. blunt
v. to sharpen
n. blade
v. to connect `
n. connection `
n. process
adj. tedious
n. point (in time)

n. stage (in a process) ,

adj. thorough ,
adv. thoroughly ,
v. to light
adj. bright ,
v. to soften/harden /
v. to darken/brighten /
v. to develop
n. development
v/n. ontact , , `
expr. get/keep in touch with
v. to lose touch with `
phr. v. to hang up
v. to put/keep somebody on hold
phr. v. to put someone through ` adj. reasonable
adj. unreasonable
at the last minute/moment
on the point of + gerund
v. to recognise
v. to notice
adj. glad
n. relief
adj. relieved ,
adj. vital ,
adj. essential ,
v. to create
adj. creative
v. to suggest + clause/gerund
n. advice
v. advise
UNIT 9
to recommend - , ,
v. to ignore - , ,
expr. to take (a ny/no/some) notice of -
obvious - ,
n. a while - ,
n. ages -
v. to supervise - ( -.) ; ;
n. Supervision - , ; ,
v. to go out with -
n. date -
v. to ask someone out -
v. to attract -, (, )
n. attraction - ; , ,
v. to see the attraction of/in - -
wasp -
to be attracted to - passive of to attract
v. to fancy - 1) , 2) , 3) , ,

v. to stand someone up -
v. to finish with someone -

v. to cheat on -
n. fantasy - ,
n. reality - ,
expr. of your dreams - ,
expr. dream + noun (car)- ()
expr. from hell -
n. effort - , ;
v. to make (an/the/more etc.) effort - ,
v. to take (a lot of) effort -
n. Will -
n. willpower/determination -
adj. strong-willed - ; ,
adj. determined - , ,
v. to please - , ;
adj. pleased -
adj. pleased with/for - \ -
n. praise
-()
n. credit-,
v. to survive , ,
v. to die out ,
to be happy to - ( -.) ; (-.
adv. happily- ; ,
expr. (can/could) do without
(; )
expr. (could) do with - to find useful
adj. controversial -, ;
n. controversy -, , ,
n. solution -,
v. to solve -,
adj. effective -, ,
indigestion - ;
drowsiness -
n. make any/some/no/an/the attempt- , ,
to manage - , , ,
to make a fuss - , -
adj. fussy - ;
conditions (plural) -
environment - ,
n. circumstances (plural) - ; ;
n. mystery - , , ,
adj. mysterious - ; ,
mystery tour - an excursion to an unspecified destination
on condition that -
only if/when - never...except when - ,
as long as - 1) ; 2) , , ,
expr. in good/bad condition - /
unit 10
maximum
; ;
minimum
;
at least
,
no more than

at (the) most ,

to store
, ,
file
() ; , 2)
; , ,
to match
, ,
to go (well) together () ,
to clash
, ,
generalisation
,
to generalise ; ,
exception
, ,
to concentrate
, ,
concentration
;
set
, , ; ; , , , ,
;
whatever
-,
no matter what ,
whoever
-,
no matter who
,
whenever
, ,
wherever
, ; ( )
no matter where ,
however
, , (),
no matter how
,
to alter
; ; , ,
function
,
object
, ,
item
, , , ,
stuff
, , ,
rural
,
urban

ideal , , ,
idealistic

idealism

to remove
, ,
fit
, , ;
fitness
(), , ,
to adapt
; ,
to adjust
; ,
(got) something/anything/nothing to do with - ,

to get by (on) (-.)
to make do with
, (-., )
climate

harsh , ( , )
mild , ( ) ; , , , ( )
to blow

to suck
;
to chew
;
to swallow
,
to heat (up)
, ,
heat
,
to cool (down)

rather than , ,

would rather ... than , ,

shade
; ; ; ,
shadow
(. .)
to fix ; ; , , ;
to fix something to something else - -
plenty
; ; ;
sufficient
; ;
respect
; ; , ; ;
extreme
, , ,
extremely
, , ;
polar
;

AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH BOOK 4

UNIT 1
Dictation 61
If you want to have more time for your baby, you can work part-time. In our company the
staff are competent and always perform well. Thats why they deserve to be paid a lot of
money. There are, however, some unsociable people who dont get on well with their
colleagues. Moreover, they seldom accept boring tasks which have to be done no matter how
horrible they are. It seems as though they are not very interested in the job.
Dictation 62
Do you think it matters if people socialize outside wotk? Does it help them perform better?
Do you think it matters if you are treated roughly at work? He didnt get the job because he
wore scruffy clothes to the interview. He now owns a clothes shop and is quite successful.
Although he often speaks of such things as discounts, sales and special offers, he knows how
to rip his customers off.
UNIT 2
Dictation 63
Arranged marriages are popular in countries like India and Pakistan. Women are often forced
to make lots of sacrifices for the sake of their husbands. If they do not bring enough money
into the family, they often die in unexplained circumstances. Sometimes they are drowned by
their own jealous mother in law and sometimes even burned alive.
Dictation 64
Its typical of him to invite all his relatives to dinner and then spoil it all. Last week he
planned to prepare a fancy cake. The other day he used the wrong recipe and forgot to add
baking powder to the cake. He must have read the recipe carelessly because he mixed too
many ingredients together when preparing his favourite omelette. He really gets on my
nerves!
UNIT 3
Dictation 65
When starting a business you have to take into consideration such factors as location,
production, advertising costs, local laws, etc. If you are going to choose a manufacturing
business, the production should take place away from the city centre, whilst the services are
usually located in or near the central area. Its also worth buying insurance, which will cover
the cost of damages caused by fire, flood or even theft.
Dictation 66
Zaks parents and teachers were proud of his numerous achievements and many considered
him to be a genius. His latest success getting the highest possible mark in his finals has
been officially confirmed by the school authorities. Later on the success turned into a failure.
Zak was accused of dealing in drugs and his flat was searched by the police. You can imagine
the consequences when they found a considerable amount of heroine in his flat!
UNIT 4
Dictation 67
Ted had a nervous breakdown because everything went wrong during his holiday. First, the
weather was much worse than he had expected. Then, his son dived into shallow water and
had to go to hospital for a couple of days. After that, he lost the key to his hotel room and was

AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH BOOK 4

locked out for five hours until the receptionist found the spare key. Finally, he was fined for
double parking. It was the worst holiday he had ever had.
Dictation 68
Do you think that men and women have the same opportunities? If you are reluctant to give a
woman a job, you are sexist. My friend is involved in the project concerned with equal
opportunities. She hopes it will help women realize their ambitions without having to
compromise. Would you be willing to sacrifice your career? Or would you rather choose a
quiet lifestyle of a devoted wife and mother?
UNIT 5
Dictation 69
Luxury goods, such as designer clothes, are available in small quantities only. Each car should
contain such equipment as a first aid kit or an air-bag. When you visit our factory, we will
show you where the cars are assembled. Everyone should know what the purpose of insurance
is. If you want to get to the administration building, you have to go past the paint shop, where
the cars are painted.
Dictation 70
Hes an extremely mysterious person. No one knows him well enough. One day he is
depressed, the other day he gets wild and you have to calm him down. On another occasion he
gets wound up because everyone criticizes his research results. What can you do not to feel
trapped in a relationship? Are there any precautions against unhappy marriage?
UNIT 6
Dictation 71
She had split with her husband just to claim social benefit from the government. However, it
soon turned out that they were still living in the same house. They justified their decision by
saying that their financial situation was really complicated. It was partially due to the
husbands long recovery from his last illness. Another thing was the poor condition of their
house: cracked walls and a damaged roof. To make things worse, the wife had to commute to
Leeds five days a week.
Dictation 72
The average persons major aim in life is to find a good job, get married and have children.
Some people, however, differ from the vast majority in their ambitions and want a little more
than the relative security of a steady job and a family. They claim they deserve more and
sometimes tend to get bigheaded about themselves. Society will always remain divided into
separate social classes, with those at the bottom struggling to get to the top. How many of
them are likely to succeed in their attempts?
UNIT 7
Dictation 73
The previous minister was accused of bribery and corruption, which he denied it. However,
when he was shown the evidence, he admitted to the crime. No wonder he lost his reputation
soon after and his rivals benefited from his fall. I must admit his main fault was his

AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH BOOK 4

shortsightedness. During his trial he insisted on a thorough examination of the other ministers.
The judge was too cheerful throughout the trial and nobody took him seriously.
Dictation 74
Some clever people can balance a plate on its edge.A confident person does not get defensive
when criticised. I dont approve of your narrow-minded attitude to life. Would you wear
casual clothes to a party? I did him a favour but he did not show his appreciation. I dont
understand your obsession with celebrities.
UNIT 8
Dictation75
The managers position was completely beyond his reach. Are you interested in pursuing a
career in Public Relations? Legalizing freedom parades was one of the most debated issue in
the parliament. The class didnt like the maths teacher as they often had to listen to tedious
remarks about their lack of progress.
Dictation 76
When a blade of a knife gets blunt it needs to be sharpened. I couldnt eat the meat because it
hadnt been cooked thoroughly. I dont think fast food contains any essential nutrients. He
stretched his right arm out hoping to reach the table. Some people cant touch their toes
without bending their knees. The noun of the verb to widen is width.
UNIT 9
Dictation 77
We didnt follow your recommendations when choosing the place to live and now we regret
our decision. It was obvious that she didnt want to help you because her explanations were
somewhat strange. What are the drawbacks of having cameras installed in the workplace? I
dont think the workers will fancy being under constant supervision. On the contrary, theyll
be strong-willed enough to avoid any exposures.
Dictation 78
How long does it take to brew tea? The class wont be pleased to discuss such controversial
subjects as indigestion or overweight. When you set up a restaurant you ought to be familiar
with hygiene requirements. Whats more, your business ought to be environmentally-friendly.
In what circumstances would you ask your next-door neighbours out?
UNIT 10
Dictation 79
Try to avoid generalisations when judging people. The management of a business has to deal
with clashes of interests between the companys owners and the workers. They had to alter
the companys organization in order to save money. Children brought up in rural areas should
have the same opportunities as those living in urban areas. He couldnt concentrate, no matter
how hard he tried.