1HeatFlux

(Greenbookpg44,162;HFPEpg3274,Exampleon286)
"
/ 4

qrHeatfluxontargetperpendiculartoradiusfrom
pointsource
QrRadiativeheatreleasefromfire(20to30%ofQc)
rRDistancefromplumecenterath/2totarget
NEEDTOLOOKATHPFE14FORCONFIGURATION
(SHAPE)FACTORSTable14.1pg177&AppendixpgA43

7PoolFiresMassLossRate

2Emissivity

(GreenbookAnswerManualpg8)

QTotalHeatGenerated
Radiativefractionofcombustionenergy(calculated

(HFPE3277278)
q=esT4
q=flameemissivepowerkW/m2
e=1.0forablackbody
s=5.67x1012(kW/m2K4StefanBoltzmanConstant)
TisinKelvin

3BlastWaveEnergy
(Greenbookpg46)

EBlastwaveenergy(kJ)
AYield(Fractionofavailablecombustionenergy
participatinginblastwavegeneration.Conservative
valueis0.5)
HcCTheoreticalnetheatofcombustion(kJ/kg)
mFMMassofflammablevaporreleased(kg)

4TNTMassEquivalent
(Greenbookpg46)
_
4500
WTNTEquivalentweightofTNTinkg
EBlastwaveenergyinkJ

5BLEVE
(Greenbookpg49)

EBlastwaveenergy
mMassofliquidinvessel
UrInternalenergy(perunitmass)ofliquidatrupture
UaInternalenergy(perunitmass)ofvaporafterexpansion

6Fireball
(Greenbookpg49and50;HFPEpg3306)
5.25
12.73
828

/
.

DmaxMaximumdiameteroffireball(m)
mMassoffluid(kg)
ZpRiseofcenteroffireballabovetank(m)
VvaFuelvaporvolume(m3)
qmaxPeakthermalradiationfromfireball(kW/m2)
mmassoffuel(kg)
RDistanceofcenteroffireballtotarget(m)

(Greenbookpg103,163;NFPA92BAnnexB)
"
"
1

mlargepoolburningrate
mMasslossrateforaninfinitepooldiameter
kExtinctionabsorptioncoefficient(SPFEpg326or
NFPA92BTableB.5.1)

8TotalHeatGenerated

fromHFPEpg3111

mMassburningrateoffuel
HcHeatofcombustion
q=Q/4r2
qheatflux,rmetersfrompointsource

9EnergyAbsorbed
(GreenbookAnswerManualpg9)
"

EEnergyabsorbed
Emissivity
qHeatflux
AExposedarea
ttime

10HeatReleaseTimegrowth
(Greenbookpg139&HFPEpgs410to417)
1055

Q(t)Totalheatreleaserateattimet(kW)
tTimeinseconds
tgTimeforafiretogrowfromfirstappearanceofflame
to1,055kW(1,000Btu/s)
Commontg=75forultrafastfires,150forfastfires,300
formediumfires,and600forslowfires

11LowerFlammableLimit
(Greenbookpg147)
0.147
LFLlowerflammablelimit
VLFLVaporpressureofliquid@itsLFL,psia

1.01
LFLlowerflammablelimit
VLFLVaporpressureofliquid@itsLFL,kPa

100
LFLlowerflammablelimit
VVaporpressureofliquid@itsLFL@ambientpressure
PAmbientpressure

12Exitsignvisibility
(Greenbookpg152;HFPEpg2263265)
8

Kextinctioncoefficient(m1)
Svisibility(m)

BouguersLaw
10

D=K/2.303
Ds=DVc/A
Dm=DVc/DM
K=Kmm
IIntensityofLightthroughPathlength(L)ofSmoke
I0IntensityofIncidentMonochromaticLight
DOpticalDensityperMeter
DsSpecificOpticalDensity(dimensionless)
DmMassOpticalDensity(m2/g)HFPE2264Table213.5
VcVolumeofspacebeingfilledwithsmoke(m3)
AAreaofSamplebeingburned(m2)
Kextinctioncoefficient(m1)
Kmextinctioncoefficientperunitmass~7.6m2/g
(flamingfireofwoodandplasticsuseunless
otherinfogiven)OR~4.4m2/g(pyrolysisfire)
DMamountofmaterialthatburns(grams)
mmassconcentrationofsmokeaerosol

13CompartmentFires
(Greenbookpg154;HFPEpg3176;FPHpg3150thru
152)
UseLawsformulatocalculatepostflashover
compartmentfiretemperatures(HFPEpg3183;FPH
pg3127)

14McCaffreyFlashoverHeatReleaseEquations
(Greenbookpg164;HFPEpg3184186)
/
610

QflHeatReleaseraterequiredforflashover(kW)
hkEffectiveheattransfercoefficient((kW/m)/K)
ATTotalareaofcompartmentsurfaces(m2)
AOAreaofopening(m2)
HOHeightofopening(m)
wheretimeofexposure(t)>thermalpenetration
time(tp)
hk=(krc/t)wheret<=tp
kThermalconductivityofwallmaterialHFPEA2833
Thickness
tp=(rc/k)(d/2)2
rdensityofcompartmentsurface(kg/m3)
cspecificheatofcompartmentsurfacematerial(kJ/mK)
kthermalconductivityofcompartmtsurface(kW/mK)
dthicknessofcompartmentsurface(m)

14APreFlashoverCompartmentTempsNatural
Ventilation
(HFPEpg3175177;FPH3151)

480

DTg=TgT
DTgUppergastemperatureriseaboveambient(Kelvin)
TgUppergastemperature(Kelvin)
TAmbientgastemperature(Kelvin)
QTotalHeatReleaseRate(kW)
hkEffectiveheattransfercoefficient(thermalinertia)
hk=(kcr/t)(Note:c,rmaynotbesame)(kW/m*Kelvin)
ATTotalareaofcompartmentenclosingsurfaces(m2)
AOAreaofopening(m2)
HOHeightofopening(m)
g=9.8m/s2
cp=1.05kJ/kg*K(specificheat)
r=1.2kg/m3(density)
T=295K(Kelvin)

14BPreFlashoverCompartmentTempsNatural
Ventilation@STP
(HFPEpg3175177;FPH3151)

6.85

DTg=TgT
DTgUppergastemperatureriseaboveambient(Kelvin)
TgUppergastemperature(Kelvin)
TAmbientgastemperature(Kelvin)
QTotalHeatReleaseRate(kW)
hkEffectiveheattransfercoefficient((kW/m)/Kelvin)
ATTotalareaofcompartmentenclosingsurfaces(m2)
AOAreaofopening(m2)
HOHeightofopening(m)

14CPreFlashoverCompartmentTempsForced
Ventilation
(HFPEpg3177178;FPH3151)
.

0.63

DTg=TgT
DTgUppergastemperatureriseaboveambient(Kelvin)
TgUppergastemperature(Kelvin)
TAmbientgastemperature(Kelvin)
QTotalHeatReleaseRate(kW)
hkEffectiveheattransfercoefficient((kW/m)/Kelvin)
ATTotalareaofcompartmentenclosingsurfaces(m2)
cpspecificheatofgas(kJ/kgK)
mgcompartmentmassventilationrate(kg/s)
mgis(m3/s)(1.18kg/m3){5000cfm~2.4m3/s}

14DFlashoverReference
(ReviewSlides)

Whenflashoveroccurs,Tg~600oCandqr~20kW/m2

15VirtualOriginofPoolFire
(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg29;FPHpg3155)

1.02

0.083

19SprinklerSystemKFactortobalancepressures
(Greenbookpg195;NFPA1322.4.2.4.3;)

15AVirtualOriginofOtherFireTypes

Ktotal=Kbranch1+Kbranch2+.....+Kbranchn
KtotalSprinklerSystemKfactor
QtotalTotalSystemFlow(gpm)
PrequiredRequiredSystemPressure(psi)(NOTadditive
usehighestpressureofanysinglebranchline)

(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg29;FPHpg3155)

20SprinklerHeadflowusingSprinklerKFactor

Z0VirtualOrigin
DEffectivediameter(m)
QTotalheatreleaserate(kW)

0.175

z0VirtualOrigin
LFlameHeight(m)
QTotalheatreleaserate(kW)

16PeakHeatReleaseRate
(Greenbookpg163;NFPA92BAnnexB)
"

QPeakHeatReleaseRate(kW)
mmasslossrateperunitareaoffuelfromequation8
(kg/s)
AArea(m2)
HCHeatofCombustion(kJ/kg)

(Greenbookpg195;FPHpg1548;FPHpg1625)

k=29.84cd2
ddiameterofopening(inches)
ccoefficientoffriction(0.75forsprinklerheads)
QSystemFlow(gpm)
PSystemPressure(psi)

21SprinklerFlowNormalPressure

17PipeScheduleCorrectionFactor

(Greenbookpg195;NFPA1322.4.2.3)

PnNormalpressure
PtTotalpressure
PvVelocitypressure

(Greenbookpg242;NFPA1322.4.3.1.1)

22SprinklerFlowVelocityPressure

dactualPipediameterforschedulepipebeingused(in)
dactualPipediameterforschedule40pipe(in)

18HydrantFlowTest
(Greenbook258,GreenbookAnswerManualpg11;NFPA
24C.4.10.1.2)
.

.
.

(Greenbookpg196;NFPA1322.4.2.2)
0.001123

PvVelocitypressure(psi)
QFlowpriortoorifice(gpm)
dPipeinsidediameterpriortoorifice(inches)
FinddusingHFPEpgA47

23ConservationEquation/BernoulliEquation
(Greenbk235;FPHpg1329;1539;HFPEpg447)

QGFlow(gpm)
SStaticpressure(psi)
RPResidualpressure(psi)

(FPHpgs1540through1545)

29.84
cconstantbaseduponhydrantoutlet(.9,.8,.7)
ddiameterofopening(inches)
pitotvelocitypressureofwaterexitinghydrant(psi)

2
2
TotalEnergy1stloc.+&=TotalEnergy2ndloc.

2
pTTotalpressure(psi)
pNormalpressure(psi)
Fluiddensityinmassperunitvolume
VFluidvelocity(ft/s)
gGravitationalconstant
ZVerticaldistancefromanarbitraryelevation
HPluses&Minusesduetopumps,elevationchanges,
flowingheads,etc.

24DarcyWeisbachEquation(foamconcentrate,
antifreeze>40gal,&watermist)
(Greenbook236;FPH1552;HFPE437)
1 16

2
2

(Greenbookpg211;FPHpg1591)
Law1ConstantSpeed

2
hFrictionlossoveraunitlengthofpipe
hLFrictionlossoveraentirelengthofpipe
LLengthofpipe
fFrictionfactor
DPipediameter
vFluidvelocity
gGravitationalconstant
QFlowrate
0.0135

VKinematicviscosity

25PipingLoops
(Greenbook244)
1

.
.

Law2ConstantDiameter

fcomesfromMoodyDiagram=64/Re
Needtoknowpiperoughness,,fromHFPEpgs45153

ReynoldsNumber,

(Greenbook246;FPHpgs1559&60;HFPEpgs467thru
67)

28PumpAffinityLaws

27WaterHammer

LLengthofpipe(ft)
dPipediameter(in)
cPipeCfactor
QPipeflow(gpm)

EquivalentPipe:
Series:FLCe=FLC1+FLC2+FLC3+....
Parallel:(1/FLCe)0.54=(1/FLC1)0.54+(1/FLC2)0.54+
(1/FLC3)0.54+....
FLCe=4.52Le/(Ce1.85De4.87)
LeEquivalentLengthofpipe(ft)
DeEquivalentPipediameter(in)
CeEquivalentPipeCfactor
FLCeEquivalentPipeflow(gpm)

26PumpCaviation
(Greenbook245;FPHpg1325)
Cavitationoccurswhennormalwaterpressureinpipe
dropsbelowwatervaporpressure

QCapacity(gpm)
NSpecificspeednumber
HHead(ft)
bhpBrakehorsepower
DImpellerdiameter

29FirePumpTotalHead
(Greenbookpg210;FPHpg1589)

HTotalhead(ft)
hdDischargehead(ft)
hVdDischargevelocityhead(ft)

2
hsTotalsuctionhead(ft)

2
VVelocity(ft/sec)dischargeorsuctionvelocity
gAccelerationduetogravity(32.2ft/s2or9.81m/s2)

30PumpBrakeHorsepower
(Greenbookpg212;FPHpg159798)

1710
bhpBrakeHorsepower
hpHydraulicHorsepower=QP/1710
QFlow(gpm)
PTotalpressure(psi)=(Totalhead)(0.433)
EPumpefficiency(decimal);Usually60to75%(typically
assume65%@160%capacity)Remember,typicalpsiis
65%@150%capacityor55%@160%capacity.

DeratingsforAltitudeandTemperature:

Altitude:3%forevery1000ft.above300ft.
o
o

Temperature:1%forevery10 Fabove77 F

bhpbeforederating=bhpafterderating/(1(A+T))

MaxPumpChurn=1.4(ratedpsi)+citypsiifusingbooster
MaxFlow=1.5(ratedgpm)@0.65(ratedpsi)
bhpmaxflow=(maxflow)[(0.65)(ratedpsi)]/1710E
SeeFPHforSIunits.

31VelocityHead

34ISOWaterSupplyEquation

(Greenbook235;FPHpg1538)

(NFPA20,Chapter11)
1gallon/bhp+5%forexpansion+5%forsump,so
effectively,1.1gallons/bhp

(Greenbookpg204;FPHpgs1524)
1

NFFNeededFireFlow
ConstructionFactor(FPHpg1525)
OOccupancyFactor(FPHpg1525Table15.2.1)
1+(X+P)Exposurefactor(FPHpg1527Table15.2.3)
withamaximumvalueof1.6.Noteexceptionswhere
XorPisequalto0duetobuildingconstructionor
occupancyclassification.

18
fCoefficientrelatedtoclassofconstruction(FPHpgs15
25)
AEffectivebuildingarea
Forwoodroofsofbuildingorexposurebuilding,add500
gpmtototal.
Round tonearest250gpmbeforecalculatingNFF
Roundfinalcalctonearest250gpmifunder2500gpm
andtonearest500gpmifover2500gpm

32FirePumpControllerOperation

35ISU(IowaState)WaterSupplyEquation

(Greenbookpg224;NFPA20A.14.2.7(4))
Jockeypumpstop=Firepumpchurn+minimumstatic
suction
JockeypumpstartJockeypumpstop10psi
Firepump#1start=Jockeypumpstart5psi
Firepump#2start=Firepump#1start10psi
Firepumpstop=Firepump+minimumstaticsuction

(Greenbookpg205;FPHpg1525)
/100
RFFRequiredFireFlow
VEnclosedvolume(ft3)

891
hvVelocityhead(psi)
QFlowrate(gpm)
dPipeinsidediameter(in)

31ANetPositiveSuctionHead(NPSH_)

NPSHNetPositiveSuctionHead(psi)
PatmAtmosphericPressure(14.7psia)
Pstaticpressuretankpressureheight*0.433(psi)
ffrictionlossinline(psi)
PvaporVaporPressure(psig)adjustforTempandAltitude

31BDieselFuelTankCapacity

33SprinklerFlowPressureLossHazenWilliams
(Greenbookpg196;NFPA1322.4.2.1.2;FPH1553)
4.52 .

.
.
pPressurelostperfootofpipeinpsi
QFlowrate(gpm)
CHazenWilliamscoefficient
dInternalpipediameter(inches)

FindCinNFPA1322.4.4.7,FPHpg1556

33APressureDuetoElevation
P=0.433H
P=psi
H=Height(ft)

36IIU(IllinoisInstitute)WaterSupplyEquation
(Greenbookpg205;FPHpg1526)
ResidentialOccupancies
50 10

9 10

NonresidentialOccupancies
42 10
1.3 10

AAreaofthefire(ft2)

37DoorOpeningForces
(HFPEpg4281)

2
FTotaldooropeningforce(lb)[N]
FDCForcetoovercomethedoorcloser(lb)[N]
WDoorwidth(ft)[m]
ADoorarea(ft2)[m2]
PPressuredifferenceacrossdoor(inH2O)[Pa]
dDistancefromdoorknobtotheedgeoftheknobside
ofthedoor(ft)[m]
kdCoefficient(5.20)[1.00]

38ThrustBlocks
(NFPAA.10.8.2)

39ReactionForcesinNozzles
(Greenbookpg262;FPHpgs1532thru34)
1

1.57
FReactionforce(lbf)
cNozzleCfactor
d2Pipediameteratpoint2(in)
p2Dischargevelocitypressure(psi)

Simplified
1.57
or
1.5
NFNozzleforce(lbf)
NPNozzlepressure(psi)

45WindPressure

40RateofHeatRelease

(Greenbookpg419)

PWWindpressure(in.H2O)
CWDimensionlesspressurecoefficientrangingfrom0.8
to0.8,withpositivevaluesforwindwardwallsand
negativevaluesforleewardwalls
KWCoefficient,4.82x104
VWindvelocity(mph)

(Greenbookpg391;NFPA72B.2.3.2.3.2;FPHpg3126)

QRateofheatrelease(Btu/s)[kW]
Fireintensitycoefficient(Btu/s3)[kW/s2]
tTimeafterburningoccurs(sec)

41HeatDetectorRTI
(Greenbook390;NFPA72TableB.3.2.5pg72202;FPHpg
3126)

RTIResponseTimeIndex
ODetectortimeconstant(secs)
uOGasvelocity(ft/sec)[m/sec]

42FurnaceTestCorrectionFactor
(Greenbookpg482;NFPA251TableB.1)
2

3
CCorrectionFactor
IIndicatedfireresistanceperiod
AAreaunderthecurveofindicatedaveragefurnace
temperatureforthefirstthreefourthsoftheindicated
period
ASAreaunderthestandardfurnacecurveforthesame
partoftheindicatedperiod.FoundinNFPA251Table
B.1orGreenbookpage480481
LLagCorrection(54Fhor3240Fmin)
AddCtoAforfinalanswer

43TiedFireWalls
(Greenbookpg486;NFPA221A.5.4)

8
HHorizontalpullpertie(lb)
wDeadloadplus25%oftheliveloadoftheroof(lb/ft2)
BDistancebetweenties(ft)
LSpanofthestructuralmemberrunningperpendicular
tothewall(ft)
SSaginftthatmaybeassumedas:

0.07Lforopenwebsteeltrusses

0.09Lforsolidwebsteelbeams

0.06Lforwoodtrusses

44EquivalentThicknessofWallMaterialwithVoids
(Greenbookpg492)

TEEquivalentthickness(in)
VNetvolume(grossvolumelessvolumeofvoids)(in3)
LLengthofblock(in)
HHeightofblock(in)

46StairwellPressurization
(Greenbookpg428;FPEpg4288)

P=S+((B*Y)/(1+(A/O)^2)

PSBPPressuredifferencebetweenstairwelland
building(inchesofH2O)
PSBbSPressuredifferencebetweenstairwelland
buildingatthebottomofstairwell(inchesH2O)
ASBAFlowareabetweenstairwellandbuilding(ft2)
ABOOFlowareabetweenbuildingandoutside(ft2)
yYDistanceabovestairwellbottom

1
1

B=K((1/T)(1/S))

bBTemperaturefactor(in.H2O/ft)
KSK7.64
TOTAbsolutetemperatureofoutsideair(R)
TSSAbsolutetemperatureofstairwellair(R)

/
/

Q=K*((N*A)/(P^(1/2))*((T^(3/2)B^(3/2))/(TB))

QFlowrateofpressurizationair(ft3/min)
NNumberoffloors
ASBAFlowareabetweenthestairwellandbuilding(ft2)
PDensityofair(0.075lb/ft3)
PSBbBPressuredifferenceatthebottomofthe
stairwell(inchesofH2O)
PSBtTPressuredifferenceattopofstairwell(in.H2O)
Kq475

47StairwellPressurizationHeightLimitation

49ATemperatureofSmokeinaPlume

(Greenbookpg429)

1
1

(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg26;FPHpg3154;NFPA92B
AnnexApg25)
.
/

TTemperatureofSmokeinPlume(F)
TAmbienttemperature(F)
QcConvectiveheatreleaserate(kWorBtu/s)
MMassFlowRateofPlume(kW/sorlb/s)
cpSpecificheatofairatconstantpressure(1kJ/kgKor
0.24Btu/lboF)

H=K*((MN)/((1/O)(1/B)))*((1+(A/S)^2))

HmHHeightlimit(ft)
pmaxMMaximumallowablepressuredifference
betweenthestairwellandthebuilding(in.H2O)
pminNMinimumallowablepressuredifference
betweenthestairwellandthebuilding(in.H2O)
TOOAbsolutetemperatureofoutsideair(R)
TBBAbsolutetemperatureofbuildingair(R)
ASBAFlowareabetweenthestairwellandthebuilding
(ft2)
ASOSFlowareabetweenthebuildingandoutside(ft2)
KmK0.131

48LiquidFuelFlameHeight
(Greenbookpg44;HFPEpg3274;HFPEpg3152)

1.02
0.235 /
0.235 Q^ 2/5 1.02*D
hFlameheight
QcTotalheatreleaserateoffire
DDiameteroffire

Note:0.235isanaverage.SeeHFPEpg23forvaluesof
materials.(i.e.gasolineis0.200)
Note:Equivalentdiameterfornoncircularshapes:D=
4 / ifL/w~1.

49PlumeCenterlineTemperatureRise
(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg26;FPHpg3154;NFPA92B
AnnexApg25)

9.1

TO=TOT
TOTemperatureriseoncenterline(K)
TOCenterlineTemperature(K)
TAmbienttemperature(K)273.16K
gGravity9.81m/s2
cpSpecificheatofairatconstantpressure1kJ/kgK
Ambientdensity1.2kg/m3
Factorto9.1()1/3=25.0Km5/3kW2/3
QcConvectiveheatreleaserate(kW)
zElevationofInterest
z0VirtualOrigin=1.02D+0.083Q2/5
DEffectiveDiameter(m)
QTotalHeatReleaseRate(kW)

50PlumeRadiustopointwheretemperaturerise
hasdeclinedto0.5TO
(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg26;FPHpg3154)

0.12

bTPlumeradius(m)
TOCenterlineTemperature(K)
TAmbienttemperature(K)293K
zElevationabovefiresource
zOElevationofvirtualorigin(m)

51PlumeCenterlineVelocity
(Greenbookpg144;HFPEpg26;FPHpg3154)
/

3.4

UOMeanAxialVelocity
Factorto3.4()1/3=1.03m4/3s1kW1/3
QcConvectiveheatreleaserate(kW)
gGravity9.81m/s2
TAmbienttemperature(K)273.16K
cpSpecificheatofairatconstantpressure1kJ/kgK
Ambientdensity1.18kg/m3
z0VirtualOrigin
zElevationofInterest

52WeakPlumeDrivenTemperatureofCeilingJet
(GreenbookAnswerManualpg17;HFPEpg219)
16.9

/
/

forr/H<=0.18

5.38

forr/H>0.18

TmaxMaximumtemperature(C)
TAmbienttemperature(C)
QEitherconvectiveortotalheatreleaserate(kW)
HDistancefromfiresourcetotheceiling(m)
rRadialdistancefromplumecenterline(m)

52AWeakPlumeDrivenVelocityofCeilingJet

56MassFlowRateifH>zl

(HFPEpg219;FPH3160)

(Greenbookpg440;NFPA92BEqn6.2.1.1b)

0.96

0.022

forr/H<=0.15

0.0042

0.195

forr/H>0.18

Maximumceilingjetgasvelocityneartheplume

impingementpoint(m/s)
Maximumceilingjetgasvelocity(m/s)

57VolumetricFlowRate

QEitherconvectiveortotalheatreleaserate(kW)
HDistancefromfiresourcetotheceiling(m)
rRadialdistancefromplumecenterline(m)

53Heightof1stIndicationofSmokeforSteadyFires
(Greenbookpg438;NFPA92BEqn6.1.2.1a)

0.67 0.28 ln

Note:ForSIUnits,use1.11insteadof0.67
zHeightoffirstindicationofsmokeabovethebaseof
thefire(ft)
HCeilingheightabovethefiresurface(ft)
tTime(sec)
QHeatreleaseratefromsteadyfire(Btu/s)
ACrosssectionalarea(length*width)ofthespacebeing
2
2
filledwithsmoke(ft )andA/H istheaspectratio

54HeightofFirstIndicationofSmokeforUnsteady
(orGrowing)Fires
(NFPA92BEqn6.1.2.2a)

mMassflowrateofplumeatheightz(lb/sec)
QcConvectionportionofheatreleaserate(Btu/sec)
zHeightabovethefuel(ft)

(Greenbookpg440;NFPA92BEqn6.4a)
60

VVolumetricflowrate(ft3/min)
mMassflowrateofplumeatheightz(lb/sec)
PDensityofair(0.075lb/ft3)

58DensityofSmoke
(Greenbookpg440;NFPA92BEqn6.5a)
528

460

(P/O)=528/(460+T)

oODensityofair(0.075lb/ft3)
PDensityofsmokeatTemperatureT(lb/ft3)
TTemperatureofsmoke(F)

59AverageTemperatureofFirePlume
(Greenbookpg440;NFPA92BEqn6.5a)

P=T+(Q/(m*C))

0.23
/

OR
/
/

0.23

Note:ForSIUnits,use0.91insteadof0.23
zHeightoffirstindicationofsmokeabovefiresurface
(ft)
HCeilingheightabovethesurface(ft)
tTime(sec)
tgGrowthTime(sec)(timeforfiretoreach1000Btu/s
or1055kW)
ACrosssectionalareaofsmokefilledspace(ft2)

55HeightofFlameTip
(Greenbookpg439;NFPA92BEqn6.2.1.1a)
0.533
zlLimitingelevation(ft)
QcConvectionportionofheatreleaserate(Btu/sec)

TpPAverageplumetemperatureatelevationz(F)
ToTAmbienttemperature(F)
QcQConvectionportionofheatreleaserate(Btu/sec)
mMassflowrateofplumeatheightz(lb/sec)
CpCSpecificheatofplumegases(0.24Btu/lbF)

60AverageMassFlowRateofFirePlume
(Greenbookpg442;FPHpg1865)
/

M=((P^2*G)/2)^1/2*A*D^(1/2)

mpMMassflowrateoftheplume(lb/sec)
oPDensityofair(0.075lb/ft3)
gAccelerationofgravity(32.2ft/sec2)
AvAAerodynamicventarea(ft2)
dDepthofthesmokelayer(ft)

61MaximumFlowRatetoAvoidPlugholing

64VentedFireSmokeLayerTemperatureChange

(GreenbookAnswerManualpg63;NFPA92B6.3)

(GreenbookAnswerManualpg64;NFPA92BTableG1.3)

60 1

T=(60*(1X)*Q)/(P*C*V)

TTTemperatureriseinsmokelayer(F)
x1XTotalheatlossfactorfromsmokelayertoatrium
boundaries(assumemaximumtemperaturerisewill
occurx1=0
QcQ0.7QConvectiveheatreleaserate(Btu/sec)
oPDensityofambientair(0.075lb/ft3)
cpCSpecificheatofambientair(0.241Btu/lbF)
VVolumetricventrate(ft3/min)

0.354

mmaxMaximummassrateofexhaustwithoutplugholing
(lb/sec)
Exhaustlocation(Dimensionless)
dDepthofsmokelayerbelowtheexhaustinlet(ft)
TsAbsolutetemperatureofsmokelayer(R)
ToAbsolutetemperatureofambientlayer(R)

ThisequationisnolongerinNFPA92B.NFPA92Bnow
givesequationforvolumetricflowrate

T T /
452d /

V
T
V=452*G*D^(5/2)*((SO)/O)^(1/2)
VmaxVMaximumvolumetricflowratewithout
plugholingatTs(ft3/min)
GExhaustlocationfactor(PerNFPA92B6.3.4thru
6.3.6is:1forexhaustinletscenterednocloserthan
twicethediameterfromthenearestwall;0.5for
exhaustinletscenteredlessthantwicethediameter
fromthenearestwall;0.5forexhaustinletsonawall
dDepthofsmokelayerbelowthelowestpointofthe
exhaustinlet(ft)
TsSAbsolutetemperatureofsmokelayer(R)
ToOAbsolutetemperatureofambientlayer(R)

62RequiredOpposedAirflowforSmokeControl
(GreenbookAnswerManualpg64;NFPA92BEqn5.5.1)
/
T
460
T 460
38 gH

v
T 460
V=38*((G*H*(((F+460)(O+460))/(F+460)))^(1/2)

veVLimitingairvelocity(ft/min)
gAccelerationofgravity(32.2ft/sec2)
HHeightoftheopeningasmeasuredfromthebottom
oftheopening(ft)
TfFTemperatureofheatedsmoke(F)(Convertedto
R)
ToOTemperatureofambientair(F)(ConvertedtoR)

65AtriumASET
(HFPEpgs4297&298)

0.91

.
/

0.91

ttime(s)
tg(g)timegrowth(s)NFPA92AnnexC
HAtriumHeight(morft)
AAtriumArea(m2orft2)
zCriticallayerheight(morft)

66SmokeFlowAcrossanOpening/Pressurization
(Greenbookpg422;HFPEpg4280)
2

63LimitingAverageVelocitythroughCommunicating
Space

VVolumetricAirflowRate(CFM)
CFlowcoefficient(0.65)
AFlowarea(alsoleakagearea)(ft2)
PPressuredifferenceacrossflowpath(inH2O)
Densityofairenteringtheflowpath(lb/ft3)

VVolumetricAirflowRate(CFM)
KfFlowcoefficient(2610)
AFlowarea(ft2)
PPressuredifferenceacrossflowpath(inH2O)

(GreenbookAnswerManualpg64;NFPA92BEqn5.5.2)

67StackEffect/Bouyancy

17

veVLimitingairvelocity(ft/min)
QHeatreleaserateoffire(Btu/sec)
zDistanceabovethebaseofthefiretothebottomof
theopening(ft)

(Greenbookpg417,418;HFPEpg4274,276)

PPressuredifference(inH2O)
KSCoefficient(7.64)[3460]
TOAbsolutetemperatureofoutsideair(R)[K]
TIAbsolutetemperatureofinsideair(R)[K]
hDistanceaboveneutralplane(ft)[m]

68CriticalAirflowVelocityforSmokeControl

71VentingOneEndofElongatedEnclosure

(HFPEpg4279)

(Greenbookpg466;NFPA687.2.3.3)
12 /
L3Longestdimensionoftheenclosure(ft)
ACrosssectionalareathroughwhichtheburning
mixturemustvent(ft2)
pPerimeterofthatcrosssection(ft)

Forhighlyturbulentgasmixtures,thelengthtodiameter
ratioshouldnotexceed2:
8 / (NFPA687.2.3.4

VKCriticalairvelocitytopreventsmokebackflow(fpm)
[m/s]
QHeatreleaserateintocorridor(Btu/s)[kW]
WCorridorwidth(ft)[m]
KVCoefficient(86.9)[0.292]

69MinimumRecommendedVentAreaforVenting
ofLowstrengthEnclosuresfromGases,Gas
MixturesandMists
(Greenbookpg465;NFPA687.2.2;FPHpg1884)
/

72MinimumPredforNonRelievingWallConstruction
(Greenbookpg466;NFPA687.2.6.1)

V=((C*S)/(R^(1/2))
AvVMinimumrecommendedventarea(sqft)
CFuelconstantorventingparameter(psi1/2)[Canbe
foundinNFPA687.2.2.1]
AsSInternalsurfaceareaofenclosureincludingfloor,
roofandallwalls(sqft)
PredRMaximumpressuretobeattainedduringvented
deflagration(psi)
ForPSI1/2
6.1 10
6.1 10
0.0416
C=(6.1x105)*(S^2)+(6.1x104)*(S)+0.0416

Forbar1/2
0.0109
1.57 10
1.57 10
C=(1.57x105)*(S^2)+(1.57x104)*(S)+0.0109
CFuelconstantorventingparameter(psi1/2)[Canbe
foundinNFPA687.2.2.1]
SuSFuelfundamentalburningvelocity(cm/s)[Hasto
belessthan60cm/s.CanbefoundinNFPA68Table
D.1(a)pg6861orFPHTable18.6.3pg1882]

70BeamorColumnSubstitution
(Greenbookpg495;SFPE4220)

0.6

0.6
hThicknessofsprayappliedfireprotection(in)
WWeightofsteelbeam(lb/ft)
DHeatedperimeterofsteelbeam(seeFig.49.11SFPE
4220)

1Substitutebeamandrequiredprotectionthickness
2Thebeamandprotectionthicknessspecifiedinthe
referencedtesteddesignortestedassembly

0.024

50

0.35

73VentAreaforHighStrengthEnclosures
(Greenbookpg467;NFPA687.3;FPH1885)
2

DEquivalentdiameter(ft)
A*Crosssectionalareanormaltothelongestdimension
(ft2)
ForL/D2andvolume1000m3,then

.
0.127 log
0.0567
.
/
0.175
0.1

A=(((0.127*log(K)0.0567)*R^(0.582))+((0.175*R^(
0.572))*(S0.1)))*V^(2/3)

AvAVentarea(m2)
KGKDeflagrationindexofgas(barm/sec)550
PredR2barandatleast0.05bargreaterthanPstat
PstatS0.5bar
VEnclosurevolume(m3)

IfL/Dbetween2and5andPredisnogreaterthan2.0bar,
additionalventareamustbeaddedtoAv
/
2

750
X=((A*K*(((L/D)2)^2)/750

FinalAv=A+Av

74EffectsofVentDucts(NoncubicalVessels)
(Greenbookpg468&471;NFPA687.4.3.3and7.4.3.4)
.
0.779
3

.
3
0.172

75EffectsofVentDucts(CubicalVessels)

78ColumnResistiveRating

(Greenbookpg471;)

(Greenbookpg495;FPHpg1886)

RFireresistanceperiod(min)
C1andC2Materialdependentconstantsdeterminedby
ASTME119test
WMassofsteelshape(lbs/ft)
DHeatedperimeterofcolumn(in)fromGreenbookpg
494(remembertouse3sidesforbeamand4sides
forcolumn)
hThicknessofthecoating(in)

"

17.3

P/R=1+(((17.3*((A/(V^0.753))^1.6))*(L/D))
PredPPressureduringaventeddeflagrationwiththe
ventductinplace(bar)
PredRPressureduringaventeddeflagrationwithout
theventduct(bar)
AvAVentarea(m2)
VEnclosurevolume(m3)
LDuctlength(m)
DEquivalentdiameteroftheventduct(m)

76VentingofDeflagrationsofDustsandHybrid
Mixtures
(Greenbookpg469;NFPA688.2.2;FPHpg1886)
.0001 1

1.54

O=(0.0001)*(1+1.54*(S^(4/3)))*K*(V^(3/4))*SQRT(M/R1)
Av0OVentarea(m2)
PstatSNominalstaticburstpressureofvent(bar)
KstKDeflagrationindex(barm/sec)
VEnclosurevolume(m3)
PmaxMMaximumpressureofdeflagration(bar)
PredRReducedpressureafterdeflagration(bar)

Equationisvalidforthefollowing:
1) 5barPmax12bar
2) 10barm/secKst800barm/sec
3) 0.1m3V10,000m3
4) Pstat0.75bar

WhenL/Dis2,Av1shallbesetequaltoAv0
For2L/D6,Av1shallbecalculatedas:
.

0.6

exp

0.95

A=O*((1+0.6*(L/D2)^0.75)*exp(0.95*R^2))

77PartialVolumeDeflagrations
(Greenbookpg470;NFPA688.3;FPHpg1886)
/

V=A*(X^1/3)*((X(R/M)/(1R/M))^(1/2)
AvpvRequiredventareaforthePVD(m2)
Av0Requiredventareafortheentireenclosureiffilled
withanignitablemixture(m2)
XrFillfractionatthetimeofthePVD
PmaxMaximumpressureofdeflagration(bar)
PredReducedpressureafterdeflagration(bar)
Pred/Pmax

79VentAreaThresholdMass
(NFPA68Equation8.2.7.2)
.

6.67

.
.

T=((6.67*(R^2)*(N^0.3)*((V/(K^(0.5)))))^1.67

MTTThresholdmass(kg/m2)
PredRReducedpressureafterdeflagration(bar)
nNNumberofpanels
VEnclosurevolume(m3)
KstKDeflagrationindex(barm/sec)

80TimeValueofMoney
1

100
100

100

PPayment
FvFutureValue
PvPresentValue
IInterestRate(%)
Note:Thiswillyieldnegativenumbersforatleastone
resultduetothatnumberbeingavaluethatispaid.

HeatReleaseRatesHFPEpg310thru332
AlsoNFPA92BAnnexBandNFPA72AnnexB2
5kW/m2forapersontogetburnedin13seconbare
skin,40secfor2nddegreeburn(HFPEpg3310&3
309)
SkinBurns(HFPEpg2129&3308)
1stDegree1.331.667kW/m2(41.8kJ/m2)
2ndDegree412.17kW/m2(83.6kJ/m2)
3rdDegree16.67kW/m2(162.2kJ/m2)

NFPA92Bpg38AnnexCforT2firegrowthrates
UltraFast tg=75
Fast
tg=150
Medium
tg=300
Slow
tg=600
AlsoseeGreenbookpg102forT2fires

Flashoverisat20kW/m2or500600C(FPH3150)
SeeGreenbookpg159forEquivalentFireDuration

ASETAvailableSafeEgressTime
RSETRequiredSafeEvacuation(Egress)Time

FireClasses(NFPA13.3.80;NFPA113.6.5.2;NFPA
10.3.3):
ClassAFiresinordinarycombustiblematerials,
suchaswood,cloth,paper,rubberandmany
plastics.
ClassBFiresinflammableliquids,combustible
liquids,petroleumgreases,tars,oils,oilbased
paints,solvents,lacquers,alcoholsand
flammablegases.
ClassCFiresthatinvolveenergizedelectrical
equipment.
ClassDFiresincombustiblemetals,suchas
magnesium,titanium,zirconium,sodium,lithium,
andpotassium.
ClassKFiresincookingappliancesthatinvolve
combustiblecookingmedia(vegetableoranimal
oilsandfats).

FirePumps:
Canberatedat150%offlowcapacity@65%ofrated
head(NFPA205.8.1&6.2)
Greenbookpg213
FPH1585through15103

NFPA20A.14.2.7(4)forfirepumpcontroller
operation

NFPA20A11.4.3.1fuelfor8hrsoperation
NFPA2011.2.2.4&11.2.2.5fordieselfueltank
capacity

NFPA220forTypesofConstruction
NFPA24forThrustBlocks,Flushing,Backflow
Prevention10.8.1.1;10.8.2;A.10.8.1.1

FireHydrantMarkingisfoundinNFPA291orAnnexD
ofNFPA24pg2425

SprinklerSystems:
1. Determinesprinklerdensityperoccupancy
hazardclassification
2. Addhosedemand
3. Ifdrypipesystem,add30%torequiredarea
(NFPA1311.2.3.2.5)
4. Makeadjustmentforstorageheight
5. Makeadjustmentsifhightemperatureheadsare
used(NFPA1311.2.3.2.6)
6. Fromtypeofsprinkler,determinemaximumarea
ofsprinklerheadandspacing
7. UseNFPA30,30Band409forspecial
occupancies
8. Numberofsprinklersonabranch=
.

9. MakeadjustmentsforQRheads(NFPA13
11.2.3.2.3)

FireAlarm(NFPA72):
A. SupervisorySignalsGreenbookpg384
B. TroubleSignalsGreenbookpg385
C. OffPremisesMonitoringGreenbookpg385

ClassAcircuitsaremorereliablesinceitremains
operationalduringasingleopenorsingleground
fault.
ClassBcircuitsarelessreliablesinceitremainsonly
operationaluptothelocationoftheopenfault.

IDCInitiatingDeviceCircuit(Greenbookpg387)
NACNotificationApplianceCircuits(Greenbookpg387)
SLCSignalingLineCircuits(Greenbookpg387)
NFPA725.6.5forSpacingRequirements

VentingDeflagrations(NFPA68):
Greenbookpg463
Section9.1.2fordistancebetweenvents
Section9.2.6recommendsventmassnogreaterthan
2
2
12.2kb/m (2.5lb/ft )
Ventingwalls
Greenbookpg464

1W=1J/s
1kW=1kJ/s
1MW=1MJ/s

Conversions:
Rankin:tR=tF+459.69
Kelvin:tK=tC+273.16
Feet:1ft=0.3048m=30.48cm
Meter:1m=3.28084ft
Gallon:1Gallon=3.785412Liters
SquareFeet:1ft2=0.092903m2
Kilogram:1kg=2.204623lbs
Kilowatts:1kW=1055.87Btu/s
Psi:1psi=2.317feetofhead
FeetofHead:1ftofhd=0.433psi

Water:
8.34lbs/gal
7.48gal/ft3
62.4lbs/ft3

Volumeofapipe:V=0.25D2L

1Pa(Pascal)=1N/m2=1J/m3=1kg/(m*s2)

SoundPressurePa;SoundIntensityW/m2

Thresholdofhearing0dB0.00002Pa1x1012W/m2120dB=20Pa=1W/m2

Egress/BehaviorinSmoke
HFPE3315379;FPHChapter4(moreuptodate)

EvacuationTimePredictions
HFPE3354;FPH458

EvacuationSpeedofDisabledPersons
HFPE3360361;FPH43942,5557