:

:
:
:

. .

, 2014

:
1. ...............................................................................................3
2. ........................................................................................................4
3. .................................................................................................8
4. ...............................................................................................................................10
5. ..................................................................................................................11
6. .............................................................................................................................15
:..........................................................................................................................16

1.

.
:
, ( e
, ),
, .
, ,
, ,
.

1.1:
U =U 2U 1=QL

(1.1)

:
Q
U

[J]
[J]

[J]

;
(
);
.

1. .
(
, , ) ,
1.2.
H=H 2H 1=QLt

(1.2)

:
Q

[J]
[J]

Lt

[J]

;
(
);

( ).

,
( 1.3):
E=E2E 1=QLt

(1.3)

:
Q

[J]
[J]

Lt

[J]

;
(
);

( ).

t 1 [ s ] e [J],
1

t 2 [ s ] e [J]. o ( 1.4 1.5):

2
E1=H 1 +E K 1 + E P 1

(1.4)

E2=H 2 +E K 2 + E P 2

(1.5)

:
1, 2
H1, H2
EK1, EK2
EP1, EP2

[J]
[J]
[J]
[J]

1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2.

2.

.
( , ),

, .
, (
) .
:
(
) ,
(
),
.
1.4 1.5 1.3, ( 2.1):

E=E2E 1=( H 1 + E K 1+ EP 1 ) ( H 2 + E K 2+ EP 2 ) =QLt

(2.1)

2.1 , :
Q=0

[J]

Lt=0

[J]

;
, ( ).

2.1 . ( 2.2
2.3):
E=E2E 1=( H 1 + E K 1+ EP 1 ) ( H 2 + E K 2+ EP 2 ) =0

(2.2)

H 1+ EK 1+ E P 1=H 2 + E K 2 + E P 2

(2.3)

1 2 [J] ( 2.4 2.5):

H 1=U 1 + p1 V 1

(2.4)

H 2=U 2 + p2 V 2

(2.5)

:
H1, H2
U1, U2
p1, p2
V1, V2

[J]
[J]
[Pa]
[m3]

1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2.

2.4 2.5 2.3, 2.6:

U 1 + p1 V 1 + E K 1 + E P 1=U 2 + p2 V 2+ E K 2 + E P 2

(2.6)

U1=U2 ( ),
2.7:
p1 V 1 + E K 1 + E P 1= p2 V 2+ E K 2 + E P 2

(2.7)

2.7 t1 t2
2.8, 2.9, 2.10 2.11, 2.12:
E K 1=

m 1 21
2

(2.8)

E K 2=

m2 2
2

(2.9)

E P 1=m1 g h1

(2.10)

E P 2=m2 g h2

(2.11)

:
m1, m2
1,

[kg]
[m/s]

1 2 t1 t2;
1 2 t1 t2;

h1, h2

[m]

1 2 t1 t2
( );
2
[m/s ] .

g
p1 V 1 +

m 1 21
m2 22
+ m 1 g h1= p 2 V 2 +
+ m2 g h2
2
2

(2.12)

m1=m2 ( ), 2.12
m, 2.13:
21
22
p1 v 1+ + g h1= p2 v 2 + + g h2
2
2

(2.13)

:
[m3/kg]

v1, v2

1 2 t1 t2.

2.14 2.15, a 1=2 ( ),
( 2.16):
1 =

1
1

12=

(2.14)

1
2

(2.15)

:
[kg/m3]

1, 2

1 2 t1 t2.

p1 1
p
+ + g h1= 2 + 2 + g h2
2
2

(2.16)

2.16 ( 1).

1.

(
), ,
, ( 2.17):
2

p1 1
p
+ + g h1= 2 + 2 + g h2+ Y V
2
2

(2.17)

:
Yv

[/kg]

1
2 t2- t1.

( 2.18, 2.19, 2.20):

Y V =Y Vusputno+Y Vlokalno

(2.18)

Y Vusputno=

d 2

Y Vlokalno=

(2.19)

[-]

(2.20)


[m/s]

[-]

l
d

[m]
[m]

1 2

;
.

2.19 2.20 2.17,

( 2.21):
2

p1 1
p
l
2
+ + g h1= 2 + 2 + g h2+ +
2
2
d
2

(2.21)

( 2):

(180, 90...);
;
;
;
;
;
...

,
.
,
(Re [-]) .
( 2.22):
Re =

(2.22)

[m2/s]

1:
1.

Re<2320

2320<Re<4000

( )
4000<Re<100000

( )
100000<Re

64

=0.0025 0.33

0.0025
0.25

=0.11

0.25

()

[-]

3.

( ).
.
.
[kg], . [kg/s]
, .
2:

2.

( 3.1):
m
1 m
2 m
3= m
4=const .

(3.1)

Ka [m3/s],
[kg/m3], 3.2:
1 V 1 2 V 2 3 V 3 =4 V 4=const .

(3.2)

K ( )
( 3.3):
1=2 =3= 4==const .
3.3 3.2, 3.4:

(3.3)


V 1 V 2 V 3=V 4 =const .

(3.4)

( 3.5):
V =

(3.5)

3.5 3.4 3.6:

1 1= 2 2= 3 3 =4 4 =const .

(3.6)

:
m

[kg/s]

[m3/s]

[kg/m3] ;

[m/s]

[m2]

3.6
, . .

4.
( 3)
2 . . :

10

3.

:
H = 3.4 m ( 1-1 1
3 3-3);
h = 2.6 m ( 2-2 2
3 3-3);
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m ( ).

5.

.

11

(0-0)
.
2. 3 je
,
, d.
,
1-1 ( 1) 2 ( x-x)
2 ( 3).
( 5.1 :)
21
p1 2x
p
+ g + = +g h x + x
2

(5.1)

:
H
hx

[m]
[m]
[m/s]

a 1 0-0;
x-x o 0-0;
1 ()
2;

[Pa]
[m/s2]
[kg/m3]

1 2;
(g=9.81 m/s2);
(=1000 kg/m3).

,
x

p1, px
g

0 m/s),

. 2
x-x, , hx=0 m.
, ( 5.2):
2

g+

p 1 x p x
= +

(5.2)

1-1 p1=pa [Pa]

2 , 2 px [Pa] ( 5.3):
px = p a+ g h

(5.3)

5.3 5.2, 1
, 5.4:
12

p a 2x p a+ g h
gH+ = +

(5.4)

:
pa
h

[Pa]
[m]

(pa=101325 );
2-2 2
0-0.

5.4, 5.5:
2

g H= x +g h
2
(5.5)
5.5

2x
2 , 5.6:

2x
=g Hg h=g ( Hh)
2

(5.6)

, 5.6 2 ( 5.7):
2x =2 g ( Hh )

(5.7)

5.7

[m/s] ,

( 5.8):
x = 2 g ( H h ) = 2 9,81(3,42,6)=3,96 m/s
2

(5.8)
[m/s],

x-x 3-3 ( ), ( 5.9):

px
2x p3
23
+ g h x + = + g h3 +

(5.9)

13

[m/s]

( 3-3);

p3
h3

[Pa]
[m]

;
3-3 0-0.

h x h3 =0

px = p a+ g h

, . 2
, 3-3 p3=pa [Pa].

, 5.10:
p a+ g h 2x pa 23
+ = +

2
2

(5.10)

5.10, 5.11:
23 2x
= +gh
2
2

(5.11)

5.11

[m/s]

( 5.12):
3 = 2x + 2 g h= 3.962+ 2 9.81 2.6=8.166 m/s

[m/s]

(5.12)

[m/s],

d [m], ( 5.13):
Q1=Q2=Q x =const

(5.13)

Q [m3/s] ,
e . ,
x-x 3-3 ( 5.14):
1 A 1= 2 A 2= x A x Q= A

(5.14)

,
( 5.15):
A=

d2
4

(5.15)

5.15 5.14 x-x,

Qx [m3/s], ( 5.16):

14

Qx = x A x = x

D
0,1
=3,96
=0,031 m3 /s
4
4

Q1=Q2=Q x =const

(5.16)

( 5.17):

Qx = 3 A 3
(5.17)
5.17 3 [m2],
5.18:
A 3=

Q2
3

Q 0,031
=
=3,79 103 m2
3 8,16

(5.18)
5.15, ,
d [m], ( 5.19):
2

d
A 3= 3
4

d 3=

d 23 =4 3,79 103

d 23=

4 3,79 103

4 3,79 103
4 0,00379
=
=69 mm
3,14
3,14

(5.19)
d [m], 69 mm, 0.069 m.

15

6.
(
)
.

.

.
,
69 mm.

16

:
1. .
. ;
2. . .
3. ( , ,
), . , . . .,
4. , , . , .
. .,
5. , . , . . .,

17