,

:
1. ,.. HF/ aF
NaF
HF + H2O

--

Na + F
-+
F + H3O

2. , . NH3/NH4Cl
+
-NH4Cl
NH4 + Cl
NH3 + H2O

--

NH4 + OH

3. , .. HCOOH/ HCl
HCl + H2O
HCOOH + H2O

--

--

Cl + H3O
HCOO + H3O

4. , . NH3, NaOH
NaOH
NH3 + H2O

Na + OH

--

NH4+ OH

--

5. , . HF, CH3COOH
-+
HF + H2O
F + H3O
CH3COOH + H2O

--

CH3COO + H3O

6. , .. NH3, RNH2
NH3 + H2O
RNH2 + H2O

--

NH4 + OH
+

RNH3 + OH

--

 1
C
NaA C. :

NaA

Na

+ A

--

+ H3O

/. -x
I.I.
C-x

K ( HA )

Na+

HA + H2O
.

--

+x

C+x

+x

:
/C 0,1
x<< C
x<< C,
C-x C
C+ x C

(C . x ) x
C . x
[ A ] [H3O ]

K ( HA )
K ( HA )
[HA]
(C . x )
C .
C .

x K ( HA )
C .

C .

[H3O ] K ( HA )
C .

C.

(. HCl)
C. :

Cl

+
HCl + H2O
Cl + H3O

C

HA + H2O
.

/. -x
I.I.
C-x

--

A + H3O
C

+x
+x

+x

C+x

:
/C 0,1
, x<< C
C -x C
x<< C
C +
x C x C
C

x (C x )
[ A ] [H3O ]

x K
K
K
K
C
[HA]
C x
C
[H3O ] C x x<<,

[H3O ] C

pH
..

HA + H2O

--

+ H3O

x


C
K
Oswald
C